by Clearchus on the right hand and all the Targetiers of the Grecians On the left hand of the whole Phalange Arieus Cyrus his Lieutenant Generall and the remnant of the Barbarians Cyrus himselfe held the middest with 600 Hors-men which were armed with great Curaces and tases and all of them with Caskes except Cyrus alone Cyrus stood waiting the fight with his head vnarmed It is said that other Persians also when they hazard battell fight with their heads vnarmed All the Horse that serued vnder Cyrus had both Frontlets and Brest-plates the Hors-men had Grecian Swords also It was now mid-day and the enemie was not yet come in sight but when mid-day was past first a dust appeared like vnto a Cloud and a little while after a kinde of blacknesse spread ouer the whole Plaine When they came somewhat neerer a man might discerne the shining of Brasse and their Speares and array were easily discouered And on the left Wing of the enemie were placed Hors-men armed with white Curaces who were reported to be vnder the command of Tissaphernes next to whom were placed the Wickar Targetiers and hard by them armed Foot that caried long Woodden Targets reaching downe to their feet They were said to be Aegyptians then other Hors-men and other Archers all according to their Nations and euerie Nation was cast into a Plesium or square battell full of men and before them the Sythed Chariots distant a good space one from another These Chariots had on the sides Sythes prominent and bearing straight forth from the Axeltrees and some from the former Seat of the Chariot with their points turned toward the ground to the end to cut a peeces whatsoeuer they met and strooke vpon The Kings purpose was to send them with high speed against the rankes of the Grecians to breake and rent them in peeces Cyrus in a speech heretofore deliuered exhorting and encouraging the Grecians gaue them to vnderstand it should be enough only to endure the cry and shout of the Barbarians But he was therein greatly deceiued for they aduanced not with a cry but with as great silence and quietnesse as was possible continuing still in an equall and slow pace Cyrus at this time galloping vp to the right Wing with Pigres his Interpreter and with three or foure more cried out to Clearchus to lead the Grecians against the middest of the enemies battell because the King was there for if it be ouercome quoth he there is no more for vs to doe Clearchus seeing the middest of the battell and hearing from Cyrus that the King was farre without the point of the left wing of the Grecian Phalange for the king so abounded in multitude that all the middest of his battell stretched and was extended without the left Wing of Cyrus his Troopes would not for all that draw away the right Wing from the Riuer fearing to be ouerfronted and incompassed on both sides but answered Cyrus He would haue a care that all things should goe well In the meane time the Barbarians Army aduanced equally but the Grecians remaining in the same place increased still and ordered their Troops as they came on And Cyrus putting forth a little before the rest viewed both Armies at a good distance casting his eyes sometimes vpon the enemie sometimes vpon his friends whom when Xenophon the Athenian being amongst the Grecians perceiued he spurred his Horse to meet him and when he was come vp asked if he would command any thing Cyrus pausing a little said Tell all your people that the beast sacrifâ—ced and the inwards promise vs good lucke In speaking this he heard a murmuring that ran along cleane thorow the Grecian Troopes and asked what noise it might be and what it meant Xenophon told him the Word was now giuen the second time He mâ—ruailed who had betraied the Word and asked what the new Word was Xenophon answered Iupiter the Sauiour and Victorie which Cyrus hearing I accept it said he and let it be so After he had thus spoken he returned to his owne plaâ—â— And now the two Phalanges were not aboue three or foure Furlongs one from another when the Grecians sang the Paan and set forward against the enemie The part of the Phalange which aduanced swelled toward the Front as it had been a waue of the Sea and the hinder part began to follow apace and all shouted as they are wont in a Furie Martiall and all ran on at once Some also report that they beat their Pikes vpon their Targets to the end to scare the Horses Before they came within an Arrowes shot the Barbarians turned their Horses and fled The Grecians followed the chace with all speed and cryed one to another not â—o run and haste too much but to follow in good order The Chariots void of guides were caried some vpon the enemies themselues some vpon the Grecians who vpon a forecast opened and let them passe thorow yet were there some that were ouerthrowne for feare as it is wont to happen in a Horse race who notwithstanding were reported to haue had no harme nor yet any other Grecian in this whole fight one only excepted who was strucken with an Arrow in the left side Cyrus seeing the Grecians haue the victorie against their aduersaries and hotly pursuing them reioiced much and was now worshipped of those that were about him as King Notwithstanding he brake not out to follow the câ—ace but keeping by him his Troope of 600 Horse close serred he obserued what the King had in intention to doe For he knew well that his place was in the middest of the Persian Phalange as it is the manner of all the Persian Commanders to leade in the middest of their Troopes conceiuing that they are there in greatest safetie both because their strength is equally diuided on both sides of them and in case of Commands the Armie may receiue directions in halfe the time it should if they were else-where placed So the King being then in his Station in the middest of his Phalange and yet without the point of Cyrus his left Wing and seeing no man to fight against him on the contrarie part nor yet against the Troopes that were ranged before him he wound and turned his battell to the left hand to the intent to ouerwing and encompasse in his aduersaries which Cyrus perceiuing and fearing lest comming on the backes of the Grecians he should cut them in peeces he galloped forth and met him in Front and charging with his 600 ouercame and put to flight the 6000 that were ordered before the King and with his owne hands as the report goeth slew Artagerses one of the Generals of the King They were no sooner put to flight but Cyrus his 600 pursuing hotly were dispersed here and there except a few that were left with him who were for the most part such as vsually sate at his Table being accompanied with
him than any one man of that age whatsoeuer All these he distributed especially amongst his friends hauing consideration of euery mans manner of life and of their need The things that were sent him for ornament of his bodie or else foâ— warre or for other trimmings and beautifyings of these he is reported to haue said that his owne body could not vse them all and that his opinon was that friends well adorned were a mans greatest ornament But it is no maruell that being of greater ability he ouercame his friends in kindnesse This rather seemeth a maruell that he went beyond them in care to gratifie and doe them good For Cyrus oftentimes when he happened vpon extraordinary pleasant wine would send them flaggons with this message Cyrus hath not tasted more pleasant wine a long time he hath therfore sent this to you and desireth you to day to drinke it out with those that you loue best Oftentimes also he sent halfe geese and halfe loaues and such like willing the messenger to say the taste of these pleased Cyrus and therefore he would haue you also to taste them If at any time there were small store of fodder it was easie to him to furnish himselfe by reason of the multitude and diligence of his seruants Being then so furnished he vsed to â—end part vnto his friends and willed them to giue that fodder to the beasts vpon which they rid lest they might suffer hunger after they had trauelled in carrying his friends If he iournied any whither in the sight of many he would call his friends to him and finde talke with them of purpose that it might appeare who they were that he honoured Out of which I may truely coniecture that no man was beloued of more either Grecians or Barbarians than hee Let this also be a testimony hereof that no man sought to flye from Cyrus who was but a seruant vnto the King that was Master of all except only Orâ—â—â—es who also found the man whom he thought his sure friend more friend to Cyrus than to himselfe but many after the enmitie brake out betwixt the two Brothers yea some whom the King loued best left him and came to Cyrus beleeuing the rewad of Vertue was greater with Cyrus than with the King That he was both good himselfe and could giue true iudgement who were faithfull louing and constant it is a great argument that chanced at the end of his life For when he died all his friends and such as were partakers of his Table died fighting ouer his body sauing onely Ariaeus he was Commander of the Horse on the left Wing and when he perceiued that Cyrus was fallen fled with the whole Troopes vnder his command There the head and right hand of Cyrus were cut off But the King and his folke following the chace chanced vpon the Campe of Cyrus The Troopes of Ariaeus made stand no where but fled out of the Campe to the place where they last before quartered The way thither was accounted foure Parasangs in distance But the King and his Armie spoiled both other things and tooke Cyrus his Phocean Concubine called the Wise and Beautifull For the Milesian younger in yeeres than the other being in hand to the Kings people escaped away naked to the Grecians that stood armed by the Baggage who hauing put themselues in order for fight flew many of the Spoilers though some of them also were slaine Notwithstanding they fled not but saued hir and saued all whatsoeuer both goodâ— men that were within their custodie Here the King and the Grecians were 30 Furlongs asunder thâ—se last giuing chace to those enemies that stood against them as if they had been Conquerors of the whole Armie enemie the other rifling the Campe of the Grecians as if their whole Armie had gained the victorie But when the Grecians vnderstood that the King and his Armie were amongst their Baggage and the King heard by Tissaphernes that the Grecians had ouercome those that were opposite against them and that they proceeded forward giuing chace he gathered together his dispersed Troopes and put them in order of battell And Clearchus calling to him Proxenus for he was the next vnto him consulted whether it were better to send away some few or whether with their whole Forces they should go to succor the Campe. In the meane time the King appeared againe aduancing forward as it seemed vpon the reare of the Grecians the Grecians wheeling about their battell prepared themselues to march on and to receiue the Kings charge that way But the King aduanced not but as before he passed by without the left Wing so he returned backe againe the same way taking with him those that fled to the Grecians during the time of sight as also Tissaphernes and his Troopes for Tissaphernes fled not in the first encounter but gaue vpon the Grecian Targetiers by the Riuer side yet killed he no man in giuing on for the Grecians opening their battell speedily left a passage for Tissaphernes striking and darting at him and his as they passed thorow Episthenes the Amphipolitan was Captaine of the Targetiers esteemed a man of good direction therefore Tissaphernes departed as hauing the worst and making toward the Grecian Campe met the King there and both ioining againe their Forces aduanced forward After they were now come as far as the left Wing of the Grecians the Grecians feared the enemie would charge their Wing and so wrapping in their battell on both sides cut it in peeces They therefore thought fit to draw out that Wing in length and to apply and set their backes against the Riuer Whilest they were in this consultation the King changing the forme he was in ordered his Phalange against them as at first aduancing as though he meant to charge And the Grecians seeing the enemie at hand and ordered for fight began the Paean againe and moued forward with much more alacritie than in the first fight The Barbarians receiued them not but fled with greater speed than before They followed the chace vnto a certaine Village where they made Alt. For aboue the Village was a hill vpon the which the Kings Forces were rallied and stood with their faces toward vs being no Foot but Horse alone and so many as couered the hill A man could not see what was to be done some said they discerned the Kings Standard a golden eagle with her wings displaied as on a little Target fixed to the end of a long woodden staffe When the Grecians aduanced thither also the Horse forsooke the Hill not in Troopes but dispersedly some scattering here some there in the end all vanished away Clearchus therefore ascended not the hill himselfe but making Alt with the Armie at the foot of the hill sent Lucius the Syracusian and another willing them to get vp the hill and to discouer and make report to him of that they saw Lucius galloped vp the hill and after
a Citie This Cities name was Mesphila the Medians sometimes inhabited it The foundation was of hollow carued stone and had 50 foot in bredth 50 foot in heighth Vpon it was raised a stone wall 50 foot broad and 100 foot high The circuit of the wall was 6 Parasangs It is said that Media the Kings wife fled hither when the Persians wrung the Empire out of the Medians hands and that the Persian King could not take it either by time or force till Iupiter sent a madnesse amongst the inhabitants and so it was ouercome From thence they marched 4 Parasangs in one encamping Here Tissaphernes appeared with his owne horse with the forces of Orontes who had with him â—he Kings daughter with the Barbarians that ascended with Cyrus with those that the Kings brother brought to the Kings aide and with as many other as the King gaue him So that the Armie seemed huge and mighty When he came neere he ordered some of his troopes against the reare of the Grecians some against the flanks yet durst he not charge nor had in minde to hazard battell He commanded only his Souldiers to sling and shoot When the â—hodians that were here and there dispersed amongst the Grecians began to sling and the Archers after the Scythian manner to shoot and no man missed his marke for he could not though he would in such a multitude both Tissaphernes quickly retired out of danger and his troopes likewise The rest of the day the Grecians marched on and the Persians followed but yet forbore to skirmish any more For the Rhodians slinged further than the Persians could sling and further than most of their archers shot The Persian bowes are great so that the arrowes that were gathered vp serued the Cretans to good purpose For they vsed them much and endeuoured by raising their compasse to send them a great distance In the villages thereabouts both many Bow-strings were found much Lead which they conuerted to the vse of slings And so this day after the Grecians had quartered in the villages which they happened vpon the Barbarians departed hauing the worst in the skirmish The next day they sate still and made prouision of victuals for there was plenty in the villages The next day after they marched forward thorow the Champeigne and Tissaphernes followed skirmishing Here they perceiued that a Plaesium or hollow battell with equall sides was no good forme to march in the enemy following in the reare For in case the wings of the Plaesium thronged together either by reason of the straight way or compulsion of mountaines or of a bridge the armed foot must needs be brought out of order and march at small ease being partly thronged partly forced out of the place they held and in this disarray there would be no great vse of them And when the wings were againe opened they that were so disordered must needes be broken asunder and the middest of the wings emptie the souldiers discomforted especially the enemy being at their heeles And if a Bridge were to be passed or some such straight euery man would haste desiring to be ouer first So that the enemy had then a faire opportunity to giue on The Coronels perceiuing this framed six Companies euery one consisting of an hundred men and appointed Captaines ouer them and Penteconters and Enomotarches These Captaines when the wings closed and thronged too neere in marching staid behinde and kept without the wings for feare of disordering them When the sides of the square battell opened too wide they filled the middest if the space were narrow by Companies if a little wider by fifties if very wide by Enomoties So that the middest was alway shut vp and full If a bridge or other straight were to be passed there was no disorder because the Captaines euery one led ouer his Company apart and when a Phalange was needfull sleeued vp one by another In this manner they marched foure encampings the fifth brought them to the sight of a Palace and of many villages about it The way leading to it was ouer high hills which began from a mountaine vnder which a village was situate The Grecians were glad to see the hills as was reason the most part of the enemies forces being Hors-men But when marching out of the Champeigne they had gained the first hill and descending from thence raised their battell vp against the second the Barbarians were forth with at hand and cast weapons at them downe from the higher ground being compelled with stripes to sling and shoot and they wounded many and had the better of the Grecian light armed and shut them vp within the battell of the armed so that this whole day the Slingers and Archers did little or rather no seruice being glad to hide themselues amongst the vnarmed multitude And when the Grecian armed being hardly laid vnto sought to fall out they had much adoe to climbe the hill in their armour whereas the enemy retired with ease Againe when they retired to the rest of the armed their danger was as great Whereupon the Coronels thought good not to moue the army from the third hill Notwithstanding they led certaine Targetiers from the right flanke of the square battell toward the mountaine After these had gotten aboue the heads of the enemy the enemy forbore to presse vpon such as descended fearing to be cut off by our Souldiers that enclosed them on both sides Thus marched the Grecians the rest of the day some by the way vpon the hills other some right ouer against them on the side of the mountaine till they came to the villages where they appointed eight Physicians because many of the Souldiers were hurt Here they staied three daies both to fauour the wounded and also for that much victuall was found meale wine and barley which last was laid vp for horses in abundance All these things were stored and laid vp for the ruler of the Prouince The fourth day they descended into the Champeigne where when Tissaphernes had ouertaken them with his forces he taught them by necessitie to encampe in the first village they reached vnto and to march no more fighting For many were vnfit to fight by reason of their wounds many by carrying the wounded and no lesse they that had the armes of both charged vpon their backes After they had taken vp their lodging the Barbarians comming to the village offered skirmish in which the Grecians had a great deale the better For it was much easier to sally and so represse the enemy than to march fighting with them as they followed at their backes When it was night the enemy was to depart For the Barbarians fearing to be assailed by night neuer encampe lesse than sixtie furlongs from the Grecians Their manner of encamping is dangerous also in the night Their Horse are tied and for the most part fettered left being loose they might happen to run away And
Villages they saw euery one went and tooke possession of his owne Polycrates an Athenian Captaine asked leaue to goe before and taking with him the light-armed and hasting to the Village that fell to Xenophons lot found within it all the inhabitants and the Comarch or chiefe Ruler of the Village and 17 Colts that were fed as a tribute for the King and the daughter of the Gouernour who had beene maried some nine daies before whose husband was then absent hunting the Hare and so came not to be taken in any of the Villages The houses were vnder ground and the doore of them like the mouth of a Well but broad and large beneath The entry for cariage beasts was digged men ascended by ladders In the houses were goats sheepe oxen and birds with their young ones by them All the beasts were fed within doores with fodder There was besides wheat and barley and pulse and wine in great vessels made of barley The barley filled the vessels to the very top and there lay vpon it Reeds without knots some great some little If a man were thirsty these Reeds were to be taken into the mouth and sucked and it was a strong drinke if vnmingled with water and very pleasant to them that were acquainted with it Xenophon tooke the Comarch vnto him and that night set him at his owne table and willed him to be of good cheere assuring him he should not lose his children and that if he would shew himselfe a friend to the Grecians in leading and directing their Army till they came to another Countrey he would at his departing fill his house with all things fit for vse The Comarch promised he would and in token of loue shewed the place where wine was stored vnder the earth So the Souldiers being thus lodged passed the night in abundance of all things they could desire hauing the Comarch in their custody and his children before their eyes The next day Xenophon taking the Comarch with him went to Cherisophus and passing thorow the Villages in his way visited them that were lodged there and found them banqueting and merry in euery place neither would they suffer him to depart vntill they had set dinner before him and in all houses the tables were furnished with lambe kid porke veale fowle and with much bread some made of wheat some of barley If any man of curtesie would drinke to another he drew him to the vessell to which he was to stoope and drinke supping like an Oxe They gaue the Comarch leaue to take what he list yet tooke he nothing vnlesse he espied by chance any of his kinsmen whom hee caried away with him When they came to Cherisophus they found all the Souldiers in the houses crowned with hay garlands and Armenian boyes clad in Barbarian apparell waiting vpon them to whom when they would haue any thing done they were faine to make signes as to deafe men After Cherisophus and Xenophon had beene merry together they asked the Comarch by an Interpreter what the Countrey was He answered it was Armenia Againe they asked him for whom those horses were bred and kept he answered they were the Kings tribute The next Countrey he said was the Chalybians countrey and shewed them the way that led thither After this Xenophon brought him home to his house and the old horse which he had taken he gaue him to be reserued for a sacrifice For he heard that he was consecrated to the Sunne and feared he would die because he fainted in the iourney He himselfe tooke to him one of the Colts and distributed the rest to the other Coronels and Captaines The horse of that Countrey are lesse than the Persian horse but much more deedy and full of metall The Comarch also taught them as often as their horse or cariage-beasts were to be driuen thorow the Snow to binde little bags about their feet for without these bags they fell vp to the belly in Snow When the eight day was come Xenophon deliuered the Comarch to Cherisophus to be their guide but left all his houshold to him except only one of his sonnes who was lately come to mans estate Him he deliuered to Episthenes the Amphipolitan to be kept vpon condition that if he guided the Armie well he might take his sonne home with him at his returne Besides they conueighed into his house as many things as they could and so rising with their whole Campe they marched forward The Comarch guided them vnbound because of the Snow and now they were in the third encamping when Cherisophus waxed angry with the Guide because he conducted them to no Villages He answered that there were none thereabout Cherisophus beat him but bound him not by reason whereof he shifted away by night leauing his sonne behinde him This was the only difference and distaste betwixt Cherisophus and Xenophon during this whole iourney For the Guide was ill intreated and yet not looked vnto nor made fast Episthenes was in loue with the boy and carrying him home into Greece found him alwaies after exceeding faithfull and trustie After this they marched forward seuen encampings fiue Parasangs euery day euen as farre as the riuer Phasis which is a plether broad From thence they marched 10 Parasangs in two encampings The Chalybians Taochans and Phasians shewed themselues on the top of a hill from whence the descent into the Plaine lay Cherisophus after he perceiued the enemy on the height of the hill made Alt about thirtie furlongs off being loth to approach them with his army led in a wing he gaue the word that the following Companies should sleeâ—e vp by the first to the end the army might be formed into a Phalange or broad fronted battell When the Reare was come vp immediately he called a Court of Coronels and Captaines and spake thus â—he enemy as you see hath taken the top of the mountaine It is time for vs to aduise how we shall most commodiously come to fight with them Mine opinion is therefore that we first command the Souldiers to dine and then in the meane space consult whether it be best to passe ouer the mountaine to day or to morrow And mine opinion is said Cleanor that after dinner we presently arme and with all celeritie goe against them For if we linger this day the enemy that beholds vs now will wax bolder and other animated with their boldnesse will ioyne vnto them After him Xenophon spake and said I conceiue thus that if we must needs fight we are to prepare our selues to fight with the greatest aduantage we are able But if we desire to passe the hill with least trouble we ought to consider how to receiue fewest wounds and lose fewest men The hill which we see is more than 60 furlongs in length and men no where appeare to hinder vs but onely vpon the way of our march It is better therefore to endeuour
was day there came Fugitiues from the great Kings Campe and brought newes to Cyrus touching the Armie of the King Cyrus calling together the chiefe Commanders and the Captaines of the Grecians consulted with them how he might best order his Armie for fight and admonished and incouraged them in these words I made choice of you ô Grecians to be my Companions in Armes not because I wanted or might not haue had plentie of Barbarians but I chose you for that I esteemed you better and more to be valued than many multitudes of Barbarians Shew your selues therefore men worthy of the libertie you enioy in respect whereof I hold you also happie For I would haue you know that I prise libertie aboue all things I possesse and aboue many more of greater worth than those I possesse But to the end you may vnderstand what fight you are at this present to vndergoe I will in few words declare it vnto you The number of the enemie is great and they charge with a great cry Endure the first and I am ashamed of the rest and am likewise ashamed what manner of men you shall finde the Inhabitants of these Countreys to be And in case you shew your selues men and be couragious and valiant whosoeuer desireth to returne to his home I will so send him away that at his returne his fellow Citizens shall haue cause to enuie his good hap But I thinke so to vse the matter that many shall rather chuse to remaine and take such part as I shall haue than to returne home to their Countreys Hereupon Gaulites a Fugitiue of Samos but faithfull to Cyrus replied There are ô Cyrus that say you make large promises by reason of the perill at hand but in case the successe be good you will forget all Other some that although you remember and would you cannot performe what you promise Cyrus hearing these things answered My Fathers Kingdome stretcheth toward the South so farre that for heat no man is able to inhabit toward the North that no man can inhabit for cold the middlemost parts are vnder the gouernment of my Brothers friends If we get the victorie I can doe no lesse than establish you my friends in the possession of them So that I feare not if my iourney prosper not to haue enough wherewith to pleasure euerie one of my friends but I feare rather I shall not haue friends enow to pleasure But to you ô Grecians to euerie one of you I will giue ouer and aboue my promise a Crowne of Gold They that heard these things were much more forward than before and related them to the rest Many both of the chiefest Commanders and also some other of the Grecians went in to Cyrus demanding what should be their reward in case they won the day whom Cyrus sent away full of good hopes About that time Clearchus asked Cyrus Doe you thinke Cyrus your Brother will hazard a battell If quoth Cyrus he be the Sonne of Daerius and Parisatis and my Brother I shall neuer obtaine the things I seeke for without fight Here the Grecians being in Armes were numbred to be 10400 Armed and 2400 Targetiers the Barbarians with Cyrus 10 Myriades Sythed Chariots about 20. The enemie was said to be 120 Myriades and about 200 Sythed Chariots Besides there were 6000 Horse vnder the leading of Artagerses they were ranged before the King There were foure Rulers or Generals or Leaders of the Kings Armie of whom euerie one had 30 Myriades vnder his charge to wit Abrocomas Tissaphernes Gobryas and Arbaces But of this number there were no more then 90 Myriades present in the battell and 150 Sythed Chariots For Abrocomas although he posted with all speed out of Phoenicia came fiue daies after the battell The Fugitiues from the Kings Armie brought this information to Cyrus before the battell and those of the enemie that were intercepted after the battel confirmed the same From hence Cyrus in one encamping marched 3 Parasangs his whole Armie both Grecians Barbarians being in battell array for he thought the king would haue fought that day because at the end of this halfe daies iourney he found a deepe Trench cast the bredth whereof was fiue Fathomes the depth three Fathomes The trench ran vp into the Countrie 12 Parasangs thorow the Plain euen as far as the wall of Media where the Channels begin that are deriued out of the Riuer Tygris being in number foure each of them 100 Foot in bredth and verie deepe so that Ships of burthen doe saile in them They fall into Euphrates euerie one distant a Parasang from other and euerie one hauing a Bridge laid ouer it of the bredth of 20 Foot A narrow way was betwixt the Riuer Euphrates and this Trench The great King caused this Trench to be cast for a Fortification assoone as he heard that Cyrus was on foot Cyrus and his Armie passed ouer this narrow way and were come within the Trench The great King ioined not battell this day but many Tracts of men and beasts that retired might hereabouts be euidently perceiued Vpon the same day Cyrus calling to him Silanus the Diuiner of Ambracia gaue him 3000 Daricks because 11 daies before offering Sacrifice he told him that the King would not fight within ten daies If he fight not within ten daies quoth Cyrus he will neuer fight but if thy saying proue true I promise to giue thee 10 Talents and he gaue him that gold then because the ten daies were past Now seeing the King did not hinder the passage of Cyrus his Armie ouer that Trench Cyrus and the rest were strongly perswaded that he determined not to fight which was the cause that Cyrus had not so great care of his march the next day and he aduanced the third day after sitting in his Chariot and the most of his Armie marched confusedly and many of the Souldiers Armes were put vpon the Waines vpon the cariage beasts Now it was the time the Market was full and the place of encamping where they should quarter was at hand when Patagyas a Persian one of the faithfullest of Cyrus his Traine was seene to come vpon the spur his Horse dropping with sweat crying out in the Persian and Greeke Language that the King was hard by with an huge Armie readie and prepared for fight This newes made a great confusion and as well the Grecians as all the rest imagined they should be charged in this disorder Cyrus leaping from his Chariot put on his Curace and getting on Hors-back tooke his Darts in his hand and commanded the rest to Arme and euerie man to take his place Then with great diligence they ordered themselues Clearchus in the point of the right Wing by the Riuer Euphrates Proxenus next vnto him and the other after Proxenus Menon and his Regiment had the point of the left Wing of the Grecian battell Of the Barbarians about 1000 Paphlagonian Hors-men stood
one of the targetiers came to Xenophon and told him that he had serued as a slaue in Athens added that he seemed to know the language of the enemy I thinke quoth he that this is mine own country and if you thinke good I would faine speake with them You may do it freely quoth Xenophon if you lift and know of them first what people they are They answered they were Macrons Aske them againe quoth he why they oppose against vs in armes desire to be our enemies They answered because you go about to inuade our countrey The Coronels willed the interpreter to say they came not to offer wrong but hauing made war against the king they returned into Greece and would faine come to the Sea The Macrons asked the Grecians againe whether they would giue assurance of that they said Who answered they were readie to giue take assurance Hereupon the Macrons gaue to the Grecians a Barbarian speare and the Grecians a Grecian speare to them For they said that this was the manner of assurance amongst them But both parties called the gods to witnesse After assurance giuen the Macrons helped the Grecians to cut down trees leuelled the way to further our passage came and conuersed with the Grecians furnishing out such a market as they were able and led them forward three daies iourney till they had set them vpon the Colchan mountaines There was in that countrey a high Mountaine but yet passable vpon which the Colchans had ranged themselues in battell At the first the Grecians ordered their troops against them in a Phalange as if they purposed to inuade the Mountaine in that forme Xenophon aduised them that laying aside the forme of a Phalange the best course would be to put themselues into single Companies drawne out in File For a Phalange said he will soone be broken by reason of the inequalitie of way which in some part of the Mountaine will be easie enough in other parts hard to ascend And it will quickly discourage the Souldiers to see the Phalange disordered in which they march Furthermore if we aduance in a large Front the enemie that exceedeth vs in number will ouer-front vs and vse his multitude to most aduantage if in a narrow Front it will be no maruell to see our Phalange cut in peeces with the number of missiue weapons and with multitude of men that will fall vpon it which comming to passe in any part the whole Phalange will be distressed Therefore as I said I hold it best to order our selues in companies stretched out in file or depth euery companie hauing such distance from other that the out-most companies may ouer-front and be without the points of the enemies wings So shall we both gain the aduantage of ouer-fronting their army marching on the companies being in file our best men shall first giue on vpon the enemie And let euerie companie make choise of the fittest way for ascent Now for the spaces betwixt each companie it will not be easie for the enemie to enter them the companies flancking euerie space nor yet to cut off a companie aduancing in such depth And if any companie chance to be distressed the next companie is to succour it And in case any one of the companies attaine the top of the Hill assure your selues no enemie will keepe his ground The aduice was approued by all and they drew their companies euerie one into a File Xenophon going from the right wing to the left said to the Souldiers These ô Souldiers whom you see are the only hindrance of our passage thither whither we haste with so great desire If it be possible we must deuoure them raw When euerie man was in his place and euerie companie in File the companies of the armed amounted to about 80 in number and euerie companie contained well-neere 100 men The Targetiers and Archers were diuided into three parts One part marched without the left Wing another without the right the third in the middest Then the Coronels commanded the Souldiers to pray When they had praied they sang the Pâ—an and so aduanced forward and the enemie made head against them Cherisophus and Xenophon and the Targetiers with them being without the points of the enemies battell marched on The enemie perceiuing it sought to meet them and some of them drawing to the right some to the left hand they rent their Phalange asunder and left much void space in the middest When the Arcadian Peltasts whose Captaine Aeschines the Acarnan was saw them distracted and seuered they imagined they fled and ran on with as much speed as they could They were the first that gained the Mountaine The armed Arcadians commanded by Cleanor the Orchomenian followed at their heeles The enemie stood firme in no place after they saw them come running on but fled some one way some another So the Grecians ascending the Mountaine quartered in many Villages replenished with all things necessarie In other things there was no cause of maruell only there were many Bee-hiues the Hony-combes whereof whosoeuer eat they became euerie man mad and scoured vpward and downeward and none was able to stand vpon their feet They that eat but a little were like drunken that eat much like mad and some like dead men and there lay so many vpon the ground that a man would haue thought an ouerthrow had been receiued from an enemie which caused much discouragement amongst the Troopes The next day there was no man found dead and they came to their right sense about the same houre they fel into their malady The third fourth day after they arose as if they had receiued some medicine From thence they marched seuen Parasangs in two encampings came to the sea side to Trapezond a Grecian city well inhabited which is situate vpon the Euxine Sea being a Colonie of the Sinopeans planted in the Colchan Countrey They remained about 30 dayes in the Colchan countrey spoiling preying it The Trapezuntines exhibited a Market to the Campe and gaue the Grecians gifts of hospitalitie viz. Oxen Meale and Wine entertaining them kindly They transacted likewise for the next neighbour Colchans especially for those that inhabited the Plaine from whom also were sent gifts of hospitalitie which were for the most part Oxen. Here the Armie prepared the sacrifice which they had vowed for a sufficient number of Oxen was sent vnto them to Iupiter the sauiour to Hercules who had so well guided and protected them in their whole iourney They praied likewise to other gods Besides they ordeined Games of exercise in the Mountaine where they encamped chose Dracontius the Lacedemonian who being yet a boy fled his Countrey for killing another boy with the stroke of a Cimitery against his will to order the running and to be president of the Games When the sacrifice was ended they gaue the beasts skins to Dracontius willed him to leade
Horse and Foot vpon the mountaines ouer against the Army ordered in a Phalange For Spithridates and Rathines were come thither with forces sent from Pharnabazus When the enemy espied the Grecians they made Alt about 15 Furlongs off Hereupon Arexion the soothsayer of the Grecians sacrificed and the entrailes were faire at the very first Then said Xenophon I thinke it best ô Coronels to chuse out certaine Companies and to order them in the Reare of the Phalange for seconds that if need be there may be some to giue aid to the Phalange and that the enemy being disordered may fall vpon them standing in order and readie for fight All yeelded to this opinion You then quoth he lead on against the enemy that we make no stay after we see and are seene of them If you thinke good I will go take some of the Reare Companies and separate them for this seruice Hereupon they marched on leasurely But Xenophon taking three Companies of 200. apeece from the Reare sent one to follow the Phalange on the right hand about a Plethers distance Samolas the Achâ—â—â— was the leader thereof another he separated to follow in the middest the command whereof Pyrias the Arcadian had the third on the left hand vnder the command of Phrasias the Athenian As they marched they chanced vpon a great Forrest and hardly passable where they made Alt being ignorant whether they might get thorow it or no and the word was giuen for the Coronels and Captaines to come vp to the Front Xenophon maruelling at the sâ—ay of the march and hearing the word that was giuen galloped vp to the Front with all speed When they were come together Sophoâ—etus the eldest of the Coronels said he thought not fit that such a Forrest as that should be trauersed thorow Xenophon quickly answering him spake thus My coÌ„panions you know as I thinke that I neuer willingly brought you into any danger For I see that you need no glory that may be purchased with valour but rather stand in need of safetie alone The case now standeth thus that we cannot depart hence without fight For if we goe not against the enemy he will follow and charge vs in our retreat Consider then which of the two is the better to goe against them with armes in our hands or facing about to see them fall vpon our Reare You cannot be ignorant that to dismarch from an enemy was euer held dishonourable by a man of valour as contrariwise that to pursue giueth courage euen to a coward For my part I had rather follow with halfe the number we haue than dismarch with twice so many I know also that there is none of you feareth they will stand our first charge if we seeke them Whereas no man is ignorant that they dare and will be readie to follow vpon vs if we retire If any man conceiue it a matter of danger to haue the Forrest behinde vs in our fight I hold it rather an aduantage to be sought for To the enemies I could wish that all places might seeme easie to shift away that they may haue occasion to turne their backes For you you ought to learne of the place it selfe that there is no saâ—etie but in victory But I should not a little maruell if any of you could once imagine that this Forrest is more fearefull for vs to trauerse than other places which wee haue alreadie passed For how could we haue gone thorow the plaine countrey if we had not ouercome the enemies Horse or ouer the mountaines if so many Peltasts had pressed vs Admit now we come safe to the Sea how gâ—eat a Forrest is the Sea Where if we remaine we shall finde neither shipping to transport vs nor victuall to nourish vs. And we shall no sooner arriue there but we must immediately issue out of our Campe to seeke prouision Is it not therefore better to fight with the enemy now we haue dined than to morrow fasting The sacrifice is faire and the presage of the euent fortunate and the entrailes of the beasts portend good lucke Let vs march against them and since we are come into their sight let vs not giue them leaue either to sup with content or to sleepe where themselues are disposed Hereupon the Captaines willed him to lead on and no man gainsaid it Leading on hee gaue the word that euery man should passe the Forrest in the very place where he was For he conceiued that the Army should more easily passe singling themselues as the way fell out than if they clustrâ—d and thronged at a Bridge which might be in the Forrest When all were thorow hee rid along the Phalange and said Remember ô Souldiers what battels you haue by the helpe of the gods gained together against your enemies and what they haue suffered that fled from the enemy and withall call to minde that you are at the gates of Greece Follow Hercules your guide and exhort one another by name It will be a pleasure for him that doth or speaketh any thing worthy of a braue minde to leaue a memorie of his worth in any place where hee will These words he spake riding in haste along the Front and withall led on the Phalangâ— and ordered the Peltasts on either wing thereof and so went against the enemy He also commanded them to carry their pikes on their right shoulders till he gaue a signe with the trumpet then charging them to follow leisurely and no man to giue chase running Then was the word giuen Iupiter the sauiour and Hercules the guide The enemy kept his ground trusting to the strength of the place When they came neere one to another the Grecian Peltasts giuing a shout ran forth against the enemy without command and were encountred and put to flight by the Bithynian horse and foot But when the Phalange of the armed marching speedily came vp and the trumpet sounded and they sang the Paean and afterward gaue a shout and charged their pikes the enemy forsooke the place and fled and Timasian with his horse which were not many in number killed as many as he could So the left wing of the enemy vpon which the Grecian horsmen followed was quickly dispersed but the right being not so muâ—h pressed in the chase stood still vpon a hill Whom when the Grecians saw remaining in the field they thought they might safely charge them and without all danger Singing therefore the Paean they aduanced against them But the enemy presently tooke themselues to their feet The Peltasts gaue chase till that wing was also scattered Few of them were slaine because of the multitude of the enemies horse who put the Peltasts in feare of following too farre The horsemen of Pharâ—abaziâ— stood yet vnited together to whom the Bithynian horsemen gathered and from a hill beheld what was done in the field Which when the Grecians saw albeit they were sore trauelled
THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON CONTAINING The Ascent of CYRVS into the HIGHER COVNTRIES Wherein is described THE ADMIRABLE IOVRNEY OF TEN thousand GRECIANS from ASIA the Lesse into the Territories of BABYLON and their retrait from thence into GREECE notwithstanding the opposition of all their Enemies Whereunto is added A COMPARISON OF THE ROMAN MANNER OF WARRES with this of our Time out of IVSTVS LIPSIVS Translated by IOH. BINGHAM LONDON Printed by Iohn Haviland for Raphe Mabb 1623. TO THE RIGHT VVORSHIPFVLL HVGH HAMERSLEY ONE OF THE ALDERMEN AND CORONELS OF THE CITIE OF LONDON AND President of the worthy Societie of CITIZENS exercising Armes in the ARTILLERIE Garden of LONDON and to all the CAPTAINES and Generous CITIZENS professing Armes there GENTLEMEN I doe not present this Translation vnto you to the end to incite you to Militarie cogitations Your forwardnesse that way is such alreadie as rather deserueth commendation than requireth any mans words of incitement or exhortation neither will I at this time enter into the large field of the praise of the Art of Warre especially lest I should haply incurre the censure of the old Prouerbe Suum cuique pulchrum But seeing you haue taken the laudable paines to attaine to the knowledge of handling your Armes and of the seuerall motions of a battell requisite for the seruice of the Field wherein many of you may iustly challenge the praise of equalling if not exceeding the greatest number of Souldiers that haue a long time followed the warres in forein parts in which also it hath pleased you to vse my poore endeuour I haue thought good to adioine to your former Speculation I hope I may vse that word considering you haue not yet come to the sight of an Enemie nor proceeded vsque ad sanguinem and to present vnto you in your owne Language a Precedent of Warre of another nature than you haue hitherto beene exercised in that is to say the greatest March and Retreat that euer was found in any Historie wherein are notable Stratagems set out of resisting a multitude of Enemies in an open Field of passing Mountaines possessed by an Enemie of leading an Armie thorow Straights thorow Forests thorow Woods thorow Riuers ouer Bridges of laying and auoiding Ambushes of Marching by night of resisting Horse of stilling Souldiers mutinies of escaping Enemies machinations of taking in Forts of making prouision for an Armie in a word of all accidents that may fall out in a long and dangerous March In reading whereof besides the varietie of discourse you may obserue many documents fit for a worthy Souldiers consideration For they are not to be heard that contemne the experience of former Times and thinke that the policies vsed by ancient Generals match or sute not with our moderne Warres From whence I pray are deriued our Motions and whole manner of exercise now in vse but from Antiquitie Neither is there any other true difference to be found betwixt vs and Antiquitie in the vniuersall course Militarie saue only in the vse of Gunnes Of which the great Ordinance succeed in the place of ancient Engines of Battery the smaller Peeces in place of Arrowes Slings and Darts Now as I must confesse that the force and violence of Gunnes is farre greater than of the weapons missiue vsed in time past so me thinks I may truly maintaine that their place in Battell and elsewhere is altogether the same Shot must haue defence either from Pikes or from other aduantage of ground or else they are subiect to be scattered or ouer-runne by Horse or the like as well as the light-armed of old time But hereof I shall haue other opportunitie to speake My desire is at this instant that you will be pleased to accept this presentation with the same minde it is offered vnto you by 16 Maij 1623. Your seruant to doe all seruice IOHN BINGHAM THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger out of Asia the Lesse into the Higher COVNTREYS DARIVS and PARISATIS had two Sonnes of whom the eldest was named Artaxerxes the younger Cyrus And when Darius fell sick and suspected he should not liue long he desired to haue a sight of both his Sonnes The eldest happened then to be present he seâ—t for Cyrus from the Prouince whereof he had made him Satrapa or Ruler and had declared him Generall of all the people that vpon Musters resorted to the plaine of Castolus Cyrus therefore iourneyed vpward to his Father taking with him Tissaphernes as a friend and hauing for his Guard 300 armed Grecian Foot vnder the leading of Xenias the Parrhasian After the death of Darius and crowning of Artaxerxes Tyssaphernes accused Cyrus to his Brother as though he intended treason against him who being easily perswaded and induced to beleeue caused Cyrus to be apprehended with intent to put him to death But his Mother made intercession for him set him at libertie and remised him to his gouernment He hauing been thus in perill and dishonoured deliberated after his departure how to exempt himselfe from his Brothers subiection and to make himselfe King in his Brothers stead Their Mother Parisatis inclined more to Cyrus louing him better than she did Artaxerxes that reigned And Cyrus if any were sent to him from King Artaxerxes won them so by his courtesies that they departed better affected to him than to the King Besides he had that regard of the Barbarians which were about him that he both made them good Souldiers and purchased their loue As for the Grecians he waged them as secretly as he could to the intent to take his Brother altogether vnprouided When therefore he made leuies of such as should lye in Garrison in his Cities he commanded the Captaines of the Garrisons euerie man apart to wage as many and the best Peloponesians they could vnder pretence that Tissaphernes sought to surprise the Cities For the Ionian Cities were before deliuered to Tissaphernes by the King but then they all reuolted to Cyrus excepting only Miletus And Tissaphernes being in Miletus and perceiuing they also would turne and take part with Cyrus put some to death some other he chased and banished out of the Citie Cyrus receiuing these banished men and gathering an Armie together besieged Miletus both by Sea and Land seeking to restore them to their Countrey And this was also another pretence of raising an Armie Besides he sent to the King and desired him that being his Brother the rule of those Cities might rather be committed to him than to Tissaphernes wherein he was seconded by his Mother so that the King perceiued not that reason was intended against him at any hand but imagined that Cyrus waged that Armie to warre against Tissaphernes for which warre he was not greatly sory because Cyrus sent to the King the Tribute of those Cities whereof Tissaphernes had the command Another Armie was collected for Cyrus right ouer against Abydus in this manner
For my part I know not whether I am in the right or not I will rather chuse you and with you partake such fortune as God shall send Neither shal any man euer say that I led the Grecians against the Barbarians embracing the friendship of the Barbarians betrayed the Grecians And because it pleaseth you neither to be perswaded by nor yet to follow me I will follow you and with you willingly vndergoe whatsoeuer shall happen For my resolution is that you are my countrey my friends and my fellowes in Armes and that with your presence I shall be honorable wheresoeuer I become Being depriued of you I shall neither be able to pleasure a friend nor to be reuenged vpon an enemie Wherefore I would haue you thinke assuredly that whithersoeuer you goe thither will I goe with you Thus he spake His owne Souldiers and others hearing these words and that he purposed not to goe against the King commended him much and aboue 2000 of Xenias and Pasions Souldiers taking with them their Armes and Carriages came and encamped with Clearchus Cyrus doubting the sequell of these things and somewhat aggrieued in his minde sent for Clearchus who refused to goe vnto him but secretly without the Souldiers knowledge willed him to be of good courage for he doubted not but all should be well Onely he desired him to send for him once more albeit he signified before hand that he would denie to come Afterward gathering together his owne Souldiers and the other that quartered with him and as many besides as list to heare he said thus My fellow Souldiers the affaires of Cyrus with vs and ours with him stand almost vpon one foot and carrie no great difference For neither are we his Souldiers any more because we follow him not nor yet is he to giue vs any more entertainment I know well he thinketh himselfe much wronged by vs which is the cause I refused to goe vnto him when I was sent for especially being ashamed touched in conscience that I had deceiued his hopes Further I feared lest laying hands vpon me he might perhaps inflict some seuere punishment for the wrong I haue done him I am therefore of opinion that it is high time for vs not to sleepe nor be carelesse of our selues but to take counsell what is to be done for if we be forced to stay here it is to be considered after what sort we may stay with most safetie If to depart how we may most securely depart and how recouer things necessarie for our iourney For without these neither Geâ—erall nor common Souldier is able to atchieue any thing As for Cyrus where he is a friend he is a sure friend and highly to be prised where an enemie no man more sowre nor more enemie-like Besides he hath Forces of Foot of Horse and Shipping which we all see and verie well vnderstand as being quartered not farre from his Campe. So that it is high time for any man to vtter what he thinketh Hauing spoken thus he held his peace Then arose some of their owne accord who deliuered their opinions Other some by his subornation shewed the impossibilitie of going or staying without the good will of Cyrus One making semblance of hasting into Greece with all speed aduised to chuse other Generals quickly in case Clearchus refused to leade away and to buy things requisite for the iourney for there was a Market said he in the quarter of the Barbarians and immediatly to trusse vp their baggage and goe to Cyrus and require Shipping to depart in And in case he refuse to giue them to desire a guide to leade vs thorow the Countrey as friends If he refuse that also then presently to put the Armie in Battell array and to dispatch away some to seise vpon the height of the Straights that neither Cyrus preuent vs nor yet the Cilicians abundance of whose persons and goods we haue preid and carrie with vs. Thus much spake he Then answered Clearchus in this manner Let no man once imagine that I will take vpon me the place of Generall ouer this Armie for there are many things that disswade me from it But if you shall thinke good to chuse any other man I will not faile to obey him to my vttermost that you may see I know as well to be commanded as any man else whosoeuer After Clearchus another arose shewing the simplicitie of him that aduised to require Shipping of Cyrus as though he had no further vse for it and what a shallownesse it would be to require that of a Generall which if he granted his enterprise should be quite ouerthrowne And if we were in any thing to trust the guide that Cyrus should giue vs why commanded we not Cyrus to take the top of the Hils for vs For my part I would be thorowly aduised ere I went into Ships of his prouiding lest he sinke both vs and them and would feare his guide left he leade vs to a place from whence there were no comming off I had rather goe hence without Cyrus his knowledge if there were any meanes to hide my departure from him but that is a thing impossible as also I say these are all idle conceits for my aduice I would thinke it expedient to send fit men with Clearchus vnto Cyrus to enquire wherein he will be pleased to vse our seruice and if the action be like vnto those wherein he hath heretofore imployed Strangers to follow him and to shew our selues no worse then they were that heretofore ascended to his father with him But if the enterprise seeme greater and of more labour and more perill than other former enterprises haue been to desire him either to perswade vs and so to leade vs with him or else to yeeld to our perswasions and friendly to dismisse vs. For so both in following him we shall follow as friends readie to doe him seruice and in returning returne with safetie What answer he maketh I thinke necessarie to be reported to the Armie that we may consult vpon it accordingly This was decreed by the whole assembly and chosen men sent with Clearchus to make demands to Cyrus according to the resolution of the Assembly Cyrus answered that he had newes that Abrocomas an enemie of his was at the Riuer Euphrates which was about 12 encampings from thence That he went against him and if he found him there he would be reuenged vpon him if he fled away we will deliberate then said he what is to be done The chosen men made report hereof to the Souldiers who albeit they had a suspition they were led against the King yet decreed to hold on When they demanded of Cyrus an augmentation of pay hee promised them halfe as much more as they had before namely in stead of one Darick the month a Darick and an halfe to euery souldier But all this while no man heard in publike that they were led against the King From thence he
other purpose but for a speedy shifting and running away But fortune afterward was a better guide for vs. As soone as it was day all set forward hauing the sunne on the right hand imagining that by sun-set they should reach to Villages of the Babylonian Territorie Neither were they deceiued in their imagination About euening they thought they saw the enemies Horse and both the Grecians which were out of order ranne to their places and Ariaeus for he rode on a Waggon because of his wound receiued in the battell alighted and put on his curace as did the rest likewise that were in his Company But while they were arming the scouts brought tydings that they were no Horse but onely carriage-beasts at pasture and streightwaies euery man easily coniectured that the Kings Campe was some where not farre of Howbeit Clearchus led not against the enemy both because our Souldiers courages began to fall and also because they had beene fasting that whole day and now it grew something late Yet turned not out of the way left hee might seeme to flie but holding on right forth by sunne-set he reached to the villages with the Vant-guard and there quartered The tymber of the houses of some of the villages was broken downe and carried away by the Souldiers of the Kings armie Therefore they that came first lodged themselues reasonably well the last being benighted euery one tooke vp his lodging as fell out and calling one vpon another made a great noise so that the Kings army heard it Whereby came to passe that the enemy next at hand fled out of their tents This appeared the next day For neither was there carriage-beast nor campe nor smoake at hand to be seene The King also as it should seeme was terrified with the accesse of our armie which he declared by the next dayes worke Yet in the processe of the night a feare seised vpon the Grecians themselues and the tumult and hurliburley was such as is wont when men are possessed with feare Clearchus in this distresse called Tolmides the Elean whom hee had with him the best Cryer of those times and after silence enioyned willed him to make proclamation that the Coronells signified whosoeuer in generall could bring forth the author of this tumult should haue a talent of siluer for his reward By the proclamation the Souldiers perceiued that their feare was vaine and their commanders in safetie As soone as it was day Clearchus commanded the Grecians to fall into the same order they held when the battell was fought And where I before wrote that the King was put into a feare by our accesse it hereby appeared to be so because the day before he sent an Imperious commandement to deliuer vp our armes and now this day he imploied messengers about a truce They after they came to our out-guards asked for the Coronels The out-guards aduertised Clearchus hereof who was then viewing the order of our embatteling and he willed them to say to the messengers that they should stay where they were till his further leasure After he had so ordered the Armie that the whole Phalange appeared in a faire thicknesse well compacted together and no vnarmed man in sight he called for the messengers and both himselfe taking with him some of the best armed and gallantest Souldiers of the Troopes and willing the other Coronels to do the like he aduanced to meet them Meeting together he demanded the cause of their comming They said they came about a â—â—uce and had full power to deliuer the Kings pleasure vnto them and to returne their answer to the King Clearchus answered Tell the King now from me that there is no other way but first to fight For we haue no dinner neither dares any man speake a word to the Grecians about Truce without offering them meat to eat The messengers hearing this posted away and returned presently Whereby also appeared that the king was at hand or at least some other man that had authoritie about this negotiation They said the King allowed the motion and if the Truce were concluded would send guides to conduct them to sufficient prouision Clearchus asked whether the Truce should stretch to all in generall or to those only which were to goe betweene They answered to all till your propositions be related to the king After these things spoken Clearchus fell to counsell with the Coronels It seemed good to all to embrace a Truce forthwith and quietly to goe to the place where the prouision was and there to take it I am of your minde quoth Clearchus but I would not signifie so much to the messengers but linger a little to put them in feare of our refusall of Truce and I thinke our Souldiers are in the like feare When he iudged it time he told the messengers he accepted the Truce and willed them to leade immediatly to the place where prouision might be found which they did Clearchus albeit he purposed to accept Truce yet marched on with his Armie in order of battell himselfe following in the Reare He chanced vpon Ditches and draines full of water which were not passable without Bridges Yet framed they a passage with Palme trees of which some were alreadie fallen to the ground othersome they felled themselues A man might hereby perceiue the sufficiencie of Clearchus his command who carying in the left hand a Pike in the right a Trunchion in case any man appointed to worke seemed to slacke chusing a fit man in his place he chastised and put him off and withall thrusting into the dirt himselfe set his hand to the worke So that it seemed a shame to all that had the worke in hand not to make haste and be earnest in it The worke was by him laid vpon the Souldiers of 30 yeeres of age But the elder sort vndertooke it also when they saw Clearchus so busie about it And he hasted the more suspecting that the Ditches were not at all times so full of water for it was no time of the yeere to water the Plaine but that the King had let the water in to the end that the difficulties of the iourney might seeme to the Grecians greater and more in shew than they were in deed Marching on they came to the villages in which the guides assigned their prouision There was much Wheat and Wine of Palme to be found and Vineger boiled out of Palme nuts Those Nuts of Palme such as are not to be seene in Greece were reserued for the Seruants but the Masters had other chosen out from the rest of wonderfull beautie and greatnesse The colour of them nothing differeth from Amber and being dried some of them were vsually set vpon the Table for dainties The Wine is pleasant but raising paine in the head This was the place where the Souldiers first fed vpon the Marrow of the Nuts of Palme and many wondred at the kinde and propertie of pleasantnesse of them This also bred
extraordinarie paine in the head The Palme when the head is taken out waxeth wholly dry Here they rested three daies and hither Tissaphernes and the Kings Wiues Brother and three other Persians with many attendants came from the great King When the Coronels of the Grecians met them Tissaphernes by an Interpreter began thus I ô Grecians haue my habitation neere Greece and seeing the dangers misaduentures which you are fallen into to be without issue I besought the King that he would be pleased to giue me some meanes whereby if possibly I could I might deliuer you into Greece in safetie For I imagine the doing hereof would be acceptable to you and to all Greece beside In this minde I made suit to the King alleaging he had good cause to be gracious in my suit for that I first brought newes that Cyrus raised an Armie against him and withall brought him aid and alone of all that were ordered in battell against the Greciaâ—s fled not but brake thorow them and ioined with him in their Campe whither the King came after he had slaine Cyrus and with those that are now in my company who are most faithfull to the King followed the chace vpon the Barbarians that serued Cyrus Whereupon he promised mee to aduise But he commanded me to goe to you and demand the reason why you tooke vp armes against him I would counsell you therefore to make a milde answer that I may more easily compasse the good which shall lie in my power to doe for you After this the Grecians withdrew themselues to consult and giue answer and Clearchus in the name of the rest said Wee neither assembled our selues to make warre nor did we take this iourney in hand against the King Cyrus found many pretences as you very well know to ingage vs and bring vs hither When we saw him in distresse we were ashamed before gods and men to betray him hauing in former times addicted our selues to his seruice Now Cyrus is dead we neither oppose against the Kings gouernment nor is there cause for vs to infest his Countries or to seeke his death but we would without offence of any man returne to our countrey If wrong be offered vs we will by the helpe of God defend our selues as well as we can If on the other side any man shew vs fauour we will not to our power be behinde in kindnesse Thus much Clearchus which Tissaphernes hearing said I will report these things to the King and to you againe what the Kings pleasure is Let the truce continue till I come We will exhibite you a market The next day he came not so that the Grecians were in a perplexitie and knew not what to thinke The third day he came and said he had obtained power of the King to preserue the Grecians albeit many gainesaid and vrged that it stood not with the Kings honour to suffer those that had made warre against him to depart quietly He added at last you may now take assurance of vs if you will to make the countrey your friend and that without fraud we shall lead you into Greece exhibiting all the way a market of things necessarie for you and that where you haue it not you may lawfully take prouision of the countrey as you finde it You on the contrary side must sweare that you will passe thorow the countrey peaceably taking onely meat and drinke where you haue no market where you haue buying and paying for such things as you stand in need of These points were concluded and Tissaphernes and the Kings wiues brother gaue their oathes and right hands to the Coronels and Captaines of the Grecians and tooke the like of them Afterward Tissaphernes said I must for the present depart to the King When I haue my dispatch I will come with my baggage readie both to guide you into Greece also to return to my gouernment The Grecians and Ariaeus encamping neere together waited for Tissaphernes more than twentie daies In the meane space Ariaeus his brother and many other of his friends came to him and to the Persians with him some encouraging them other some bringing the Kings right hand and assurance that he would forget that they had serued Cyrus in his warre and all things else that were past after which it might easily be perceiued that Ariaeus and his armie made small account of the Grecians in comparison of that they did before so that this also was not greatly pleasing to the most part of the Grecians who came to Clearchus and the other Coronels saying Why stay we here know we not that the King would giue any thing to haue vs destroied to the end that other Grecians may hereafter be put in feare of bearing armes against him And now he keepeth vs here because his armie is dispersed which being againe assembled he will in all likelihood set vpon vs. It may be also hee is intrenching or raising a wall somewhere to blocke vp our way For he would not willingly haue vs returne into Greece and report that being so few in number we haue vanquished his forces euen before his owne gates and now depart homeward in scorne and derision of him Clearchus answered them that so discoursed The things you speake are likewise in my minde But I conceiue withall that if we now depart we shall seeme to depart as men that seeke warre and besides doe against the truce Furthermore no man will furnish vs with a market nor shall we haue corne in any place Then who shall be our guide Further I know not whether we haue any other Riuer to passe For it is impossible to passe ouer Euphrates the enemie opposing against vs. And if we chance to fight we haue no Horse whereas the enemies Horse are many and much esteemed so that albeit we get the victorie whom shall we kill If we be beaten not a man of vs can escape If therefore the King should harbour so much as a thought to make vs away I cannot see why in so many aduantages he should sweare giue his right hand adiure the gods and so eleuate his bands of assurance both with the Grecians and with the Barbarians He spoke many other things to this purpose About this time came Tissaphernes with his owne Forces making semblance to march homeward and with him Orontes and his Forces which last led with him the Kings daughter whom he had lately maried From thence the Grecians proceeded in their iourney Tissaphernes being their guide and exhibiting a market of all things needfull Ariaeus also hauing with him the Armie of Barbarians that serued Cyrus marched with Tissaphernes and Orontes and lodged in the same Campe. The Grecians being iealous hereof marched alone by themselues with their guides They euer encamped a Parasang or little lesse one from another and they obserued and watched one another as enemies are wont which straightway bred a suspicion
at one and the same signe hands were laid vpon those within and those without were cut in peeces and some of the Barbarian hors-men scouring the Plaine killed all the Grecians they lighted vpon free and bond The Grecians perceiuing these things out of the campe maruelled at their manner of riding vp and downe and doubted of the sequell till Nearchus the Arcadian came running with his entrailes in his hands after a wound receiued and told what had happened in the campe of Tissaphernes Hereupon all the Grecians affrighted snatched vp their armes imagining the Persians would presently inuade their campe But there came no more than Ariaeus Artoasus and Mithridates men of chiefest credit with Cyrus The interpreter of the Grecians said He saw and knew Tissaphernes his brother amongst them About three hundred Persians followed them in Curaces These when they came neere willed if there were amongst the Grecians any Coronell or Captaine he should come forth and heare the Kings pleasure Thereupon after assurance giuen Cleanor the Orchomenian and Sophenetus the Stymphalian both Grecian Coronels issued out and with them Xenophon the Athenian to learne what was become of Proxenus Cherisophus chanced then to be absent being gone to a certaine village to make prouision Comming within hearing Ariaeus said Clearchus ô Grecians hauing falsified his Oath and broken the truce hath his iudgement and is dead Proxenus and Menon are in great honour because they reuealed his treason and the King demandeth of you your Armes He saith they are his because they belonged to Cyrus his Seruant The Grecians answered hereto by the mouth of Cleanor O Ariaeus the most execrable of men and all ye that were Cyrus his friends Blush you not before the gods and men that hauing sworne to vs to haue the same friends and enemies you now seeke to betray vs with Tissaphernes a most godlesse and faithlesse man and after you haue made away them to whom you gaue your Oath you goe about to destroy the rest and come with our enemies against vs. Ariaeus answered Clearchus sought first to entrap Tissaphernes and Orontes and all of vs that were with them Hereunto Xenophon replied If Clearchus haue against his Oath broken the truce he hath his iudgement For it is iust to punish periured men But Proxenus and Menon hauing behaued themselues towards you as friends being our Coronels let them be restored vnto vs. For being friends to both no doubt they will aduise you and vs for the best The Barbarians hauing long conferred together departed without giuing answer hereto but the Coronels so caught in the snare were deliuered ouer to the King and ended their daies being made shorter by the head Of whom Clearchus by consent of all that had acquaintance with him was held a man of martiall disposition and extremely desirous of warre For as long as warre continued betwixt the Lacedemonians and Athenians he remained at home Peace being made he perswaded his Citie that the Thracians wronged the Grecians And vsing all meanes he could obtained of the Ephori a Commission to be General to goe against them and shipped himselfe with purpose to inuade those Thracians which inhabit aboue Cherronesus and Perinthus But after his departure the Ephori changed their mindes and sent to call him home from Istmos which message of theirs he obeied not but continued his nauigation to Hellespont Whereupon the Magistrats of Sparta condemned him as a disobedient Subiect vnto death Being now a banished man he iournied to Cyrus whose friendship after what sort he gained I haue written else-where Cyrus gaue him 10000 Daricks which he spent not in idlenesse but waging an Army therwith made warre against the Thracians And first he vanquished them in a battell afterward harried spoiled their Countrey and continued that warre till Cyrus stood in need of his Armie Then he departed with intent to follow the seruice of Cyrus These therefore were the actions of a man that delighted in warre who when he might haue liued in peace without shame or dammage chose to be in warre might haue rested in idlenesse gaue himselfe to labour and warre might without danger haue enioied riches plenteously bestowed them rather vpon warre Such was his disposition to warre and he spent as willingly vpon warre as if it had been vpon loue or other pleasures It appeared also that he was of a warlike inclination because he loued danger and led his people as well by night as by day against the enemie and demeaned himselfe wisely and circumspectly when he was in perill as all that followed him confesse Besides he was said to be an excellent Commander according to his manner For if any man else Clearchus knew how to make necessarie prouision for his army and to supply the wants thereof in time of need and how to breed an opinion in his Souldiers that Clearchus his command was not to be disobeied This he effected by his sourenesse and austeritie being sterne in visage and harsh in voice and alwaies vsing extremitie in punishment and somtimes with choler so that the time was when he repented of his hastinesse He chastised his Souldiers of set purpose thinking an Armie vnpunished to be of no vse This saying of his is also reported That a Souldier ought rather to feare his Commander than his Enemie in case he were to stand well to his guard or to abstaine from spoiling his friends or to goe without refusall against an enemie Therefore the Souldiers heard him willingly and required no other Commander in time of danger They said that sternenesse then seemed cheerfulnesse in his countenance and sourenesse a kind of strengthening against the enemie So that now it was no more austeritie but as it were a preseruatiue When they were out of danger might follow other Commanders many forsooke him For he had nothing in him to win fauour but was alwaies soure and cruell so that Souldiers affected him as children doe their Schoolemaster Neither had he any man that followed him for loue but whosoeuer were put vnder his command either by the citie or else by necessitie and want they were wonderfully obedient to him after they had ouercome the enemy vnder his leading his meanes were great to make his Souldiers seruiceable For they marched against the enemy with great assurance and the feare of punishment kept them in good order Such a Commander was Clearchus It was said he had no great desire to be vnder an other mans command Hee was about fiftie yeares old when he died Proxenus the Boeotian sought euen from his childhood to become a man fit for great employments and out of this desire he gaue entertainment and addicted himselfe a scholar to Gorgias the Leontine and after he had conuersed with him a time thinking himselfe now both able for gouernment and also that being in estimation with the greatest he should not faile of meanes to
scourged wounded and scorned and yet cannot die poore men albeit I perswade my selfe they infinitely desire it All this you see and say notwithstanding they speake idlely that aduise to stand vpon our defence and would haue vs to sue to the King anew to obtaine his fauour For my part Companions I hold this fellow not only vnfit henceforward to be admitted into our societie but also worthy to lose his Captaines place and no otherwise to be employed than as a carriage-beast because in bearing this base minde he both shames his countrey and besides disparages the whole Grecian nation Hereupon Agasias the Stymphalian replied This fellow hath nothing in him at all that sauours of Boeotia or Greece For I haue seene both his eares which are boared thorow like as are the Lydian slaues And indeed they were so Therefore they droue him away The rest going about the campe where they found a Coronell aliue called forth the Coronell where he wanted the Lieutenant Coronell and where a Captaine was aliue the Captaine When all were assembled they set downe before the place of Armes and the Coronels and Captaines that came together were about a hundred in number This fell out almost at midnight Then Ierome the Elaean the eldest Captaine of Proâ—cenus his Regiment began to speake after this sort We worthy Coronels and Captaines seeing the desperate estate of our present affaires haue thought good both to meet here our selues and to call you together to the end to aduise vpon some good course of proceeding Xenophon quoth he I pray relate to the assembly the things which you deliuered vnto vs. Xenophon hereupon began thus We all know that the King and Tissaphernes haue laied hands vpon as many of vs as they could and that they lie in wait for the rest to cut them off Therefore mine opinion is that we leaue nothing vndone to auoid the snares of the Barbarians nay rather to become their masters if it be possible And you cannot be ignorant likewise that being so many as you are here assembled your demeanour will bring forth effects of great consequence The eies of the whole army are cast vpon you If they perceiue that you faint in courage you must expect the like from them But if you appeare resolute against the enemy and stirre vp the rest and hearten them you know well they will follow and endeuour to imitate your example And doubtlesse it is reason you should carrie brauer mindes than they you are their Coronels you their Taxiarchs and Captaines In time of peace you enioy more wealth and honour than they and now in time of warre it behoueth you to surmount the multitude and as need shall require to goe before them in counsell and paines taking For the present first I thinke you will much aduantage the Army in making choice of new Coronels and Captaines in stead of them that are lost For without rulers nothing that is good or profitable can be administred in a word any where but especially in matters of warre For as good order seemeth to preserue so disorder hath ouerthrowne and vndone many After you haue appointed so many Commanders as are needfull if then you call the Souldiers together and confirme their mindes you shall not doe it out of season as J thinke Now you perceiue as well as I how heauily and drowsily they goe to Armes how drowsily to the Watch In which case as long as they remaine I know not what vse may be had of them night or day But if a man stirre vp their mindes and represent not only what they are to suffer but to doe also it will greatly enhance their courage For you know that it is neither multitude nor strength that giueth victory in warre but which side soeuer goe by the fauour of the gods into the field with brauer and gallanter resolutions they for the most part preuaile It commeth besides into my minde that whatsoeuer he be that seeketh by all meanes he can to saue his life in warres he commonly dies a vile and dishonourable death But they which know that death is common and vnavoidable to all men and that striue to die with honour I see them much sooner reach to old yeares and spend the remainder of their life in happinesse Which we should doe well to consider especially in this hard time and both our selues be couragious and also excite other to valour and forwardnesse So much he spake and held his peace After him Cherisophus spake and said Heretofore I knew you Xenophon thus farre that you were reported to be an Athenian Now I commend both your speech and actions and could wish we had many such as you are It would be a common good to all It remaineth that we slug not at this instant but depart euery man to his quarter and you that want choose your Commanders When they are chosen come and bring them into the middest of the campe and present them vnto vs. Then will we assemble the rest of the Souldiers And let Tolmides the Crier come likewise vnto vs. Hauing thus said he arose because he would not hinder the dispatch of things needfull to be doâ—e Then were the Coronels chosen Timasion the Dardanian in stead of Clearchus in stead of Socrates Xanticles the Achaean Cleanor the Orchomenian for Agias the Arcadian Philesius the Achaean for Menon and for Proxenus Xenophon the Athenian The day almost appeared before the election ended and the Commanders came to the middest of the Campe and it was decreed that a watch should be set before the Campe and the Souldiers of the whole Armie called to the assembly When the rest of the Souldiers were come together Cherisophus the Lacedemonian arose and spake to this effect My companions in Armes we are fallen into great straights being bereaued of such Coronels Captaines and Souldiers Besides the Armie of Ariaeus which before were our confederates hath betraied vs. Notwithstanding it becommeth valiant Souldiers to lift vp their heads and to make way thorow these euils and not to faint but endeuour as much as in vs lieth to saue our selues by obtaining a noble victorie against the enemie and if we faile thereof to die an honorable death and not to come aliue into their hands lest we suffer such things as I pray God to turne vpon their owne heads Next Cleanor the Orchomenian stood vp and said You see fellow Souldiers the periurie and impietie of the King you see likewise the falsenesse of Tissaphernes who pretending he was a Neighbour to Greece and that he would at any price be a meanes of our safetie and hereupon himselfe giuing his Oath himselfe his right hand deceiuing vs himselfe hath apprehended the Coronels and not fearing Iupiter the protector of guests inuiting Clearchus to his Table and thereby circumuenting the rest hath put them all to death As for Ariaeus whom we would haue made King of Persia
to whom we gaue and from whom we tooke assurance by oath not to betray one another he also neither fearing gods nor men nor reuerencing Cyrus that is dead being most of all other whilest he liued respected and honoured by him reuolting to his greatest enemies goeth about to worke vs mischiefe who were Cyrus his friends But the gods will reuenge our wrongs vpon such men It behoueth vs hauing these things before our eyes to be no more ouerreached by them but with our Swords in hand and fighting valiantly to expect whatsoeuer it shall please the gods to lay vpon vs. Then Xenophon stood vp hauing apparelled himselfe as brauely as he could for the warre conceiuing if God gaue victorie that the fairest furniture was most befitting victorie if he should be slaine it would not be amisse to end his daies in his best ornaments He spake in this manner Cleanor hath discouered vnto you the periurie and faithlesnesse of the Barbarians which I thinke is also well knowne to your selues If therefore we purpose againe to treate with them by way of friendship we must needs doe it with great distrust setting before our sight the miserable case of the Coronels who vpon trust permitted themselues to their hands But if we seeke reuenge by Armes for that wherein they haue wronged vs and hereafter prosecute all manner of warre against them we haue by the fauour of the gods many and faire hopes of safetie Whilest he was speaking these words one of the Souldiers neesed which when the rest heard all of them at one instant worshipped god and Xenophon said Seeing whilest we were speaking of safetie a good foretoken of Iupiter the sauiour presented it selfe vnto vs I hold it fit to make a vow to that god that when we come into a Country that is friend we offer a health-offring vnto him and sacrifice withall to other gods according to our abilitie You that are of the same minde hold vp your hands They held vp their hands euerie man and made a vow and sung the Paean After all things appertaining to the worship of the gods were duly ended he thus began againe I was euen now saying that many and faire hopes of safetie presented themselues vnto vs. For first we haue performed our Oathâ—s which we made before the gods whereas our enemies as periured persons haue broken both the Truce and their Oathes Which being so there is no question but we shall finde the gods who are of power sufficient both to humble the mightie and on the suddaine to preserue the lowly in what danger soeuer they be aduersaries to our enemies and assistants to vs. Next I will put you in remembrance of the noble acts of your ancestors that you may know it behooueth you by their example to be valiant and that valiant men are by the gods preserued from all dangers and distresse For when the Persians and their alies came with a mightie Armie to destroy Athens the Athenians being not afraid to meet them fought with them and had the victorie And making a vow to Diana to offer vnto her so many Goats as they killed enemies when there were not so many to be found they made a Decree to offer yeerely 500 which number they offer also at this present Afterward when Xerxes raising an Host without number came against Greece euen then also our Ancestors ouercame their Ancestors both by Sea and Land whereof the Trophees erected are tokens But the greatest testimonie is the freedome of the Cities in which you were borne and bred For you worship no man as Lord but the gods alone of such Ancestors are you descended I speake not this as though you degenerated from them For many daies are not past since ordering your selues in battell in the Field against these their posteritie by the fauour of the gods you ouercame them being many more in number than your selues And at that time you shewed your selues valiant to the end to make Cyrus King Now when the fight is for your owne safetie you ought to be much more forward and resolute Besides you ought to be more confident now than at that time for then hauing had no triall of them albeit you saw their number infinite yet you durst charge them with braue Grecian mindes now finding by experience that though their number were neuer so great yet they had not the heart to abide you why should you be afraid of them And let it not trouble you that Cyrus Souldiers haue forsaken you that before tooke your part They are greater cowards than the other you haue alreadie beaten It is true they haue left you and are fled to them and for my part whosoeuer beginneth first to run I had rather see them with the enemie than on your side But if any of you faint in minde because the enemy hath many you haue no horse let him consider that ten thousand horse are no more than ten thousand men For no man was euer slaine in battell by the biting or stroke of a horse Men they are that performe whatsoeuer is done in fight As for vs our mounting is much more firme and stedfast than theirs They hang vpon their horse and are not only in feare of vs but to be shaken off also from their horses and fall to the ground We contrariwise haue sure footing and shall be able with more assurednesse to strike any man that approcheth vs to direct our aime with more certainty One aduantage the hors-men haue that they may more securely run away than we But in case you feare not to fight but mislike only that Tissaphernes will not be your guide nor the King prepare a market for you you shall doe well to consider whether is better to haue Tissaphernes your guide who euery where seekes to entrap you or to take guides of your owne choice who if at any time they proue false offend against their owne soules and bodies As for prouision whether is it better to buy a poore pittance for much mony which now being out of pay will grow scant amongst vs out of a market which they shall furnish or hauing the victory to vse what measure euery man thinketh fittest for his owne turne But if you know these things to be so and feare notwithstanding the passage of riuers thinking it will be deceitful and dangerous for you consider if the Barbarians haue not herein also notably plaid the fooles For all riuers albeit farre from their springs they haue hard passage yet at their heads a man may go ouer without wetting his knees But say we can neither passe the riuers nor finde guides yet are we not to despaire For we know the Mysians whom we cannot esteeme better than our selues inhabite many and great and rich cities in the Kings territorie and that in despight of the King As much we know of the Pisidians As for the Lycaonians our selues haue seene that
if any tumult arise a Persian must saddle and bridle and put on his Curace and so get vpon his Horse All which are hard to be done in the night especially in a tumult When the Grecians perceiued that the enemy purposed to depart and had giuen open notice thereof they proclaimed in the hearing of the enemy that the army should make readie to march The Barbarians hereupon staid awhile but the night beginning to draw on they went their waies For they hold it not expedient to march and come to their quarter by night After the Grecians saw plainly that they were departed they also trussing vp their baggage began to march and iourneied sixtie furlongs and the space between the armies was so great that neither the next nor the third day the enemy could come vp to vs. The fourth day the Barbarians aduancing forward by night seised vpon a high place by which the Grecians must passe of necessitie namely vpon a mountaine vnder which the way lay which led into Champeigne When Cherisophus saw the height of the mountaine possessed by the enemy he called for Xenophon from the Reare willing him to bring his Targetiers with him and come to the Front Xenophon brought not the Targetiers with him for he saw Tissaphernes and his whole Armie appeare at their backes but himselfe speeding came and asked Cherisophus why he sent for him You may see quoth he The hill hanging ouer our way is before hand taken by the enemy and we cannot continue our march vnlesse he be beaten from thence But why brought you not your Targetiers with you Because I thought it not good quoth he to leaue the Reare vnguarded especially the enemy being in sight But it is time quoth Cherisophus to aduise how we shall driue these folks from the hill Here Xenophon marked that the top of the mountaine was ouer the head of our Armie and that from thence a way led to the hill where the enemy stood and said Me thinks Cherisophus it should be best for vs with all speed to gaine the top of the mountaine which if we once haue they cannot keepe their ground ouer the way I will goe if you please to stay with the Armie if you please to goe I will stay here I giue you the choice quoth Cherisophus And I because I am the younger quoth Xenophon will choose to goe Onely he required that he might haue Souldiers of the Front to accompanie him for it was too long to wait for any from the Reare Cherisophus sent with him the Targetiers of the Front and those that were in the middle of the hollow square battell he willed also the chosen 300 men which he had about him in the Front to follow Xenophon Then they hasted all they could to get vp the Mountaine The enemie vpon the Hill perceiuing that their intent and proceeding was to possesse the height of the Mountaine began in emulation forthwith to post thither There was a great cry in the Grecian Armie a great cry in the Armie of Tissaphernes each inciting and animating those of their owne side Xenophon riding from one to another exhorted the Souldiers Now Companions you striue for Greece now for your wiues and children now taking a little paines we shall cleere the rest of our iourney from fight Soteridas the Sicyonian answered You and I Xenophon stand not vpon like termes of marching You ride I am on foot by reason of the weight of this Target haue much adoe to get vp the Hill Xenophon hearing this alighted from his Horse and taking from him his Target thrust him out of his Ranke and marched on with all speed possible He had on at that time a hors-mans Curasse wâ—erwith he was heauily laden yet proceeding he exhorted the formost to mend their pace and those in the Reare who had much adoe to march to hasten after The other Souldiers beat and threw at reuiled Soteridas till they compelled him to take his Target againe and to march on Xenophon mounting againe to Horse rid as farre as the ground would giue him leaue When it began to be rough and not passable for a Horse he hasted forward on foot By this time they had gained the top and preuented the enemie who vpon sight thereof forsooke their ground and fled euerie man as he could The Grecians made good the top Then the Armie of Tissaphernes and Ariaeus departing diuerted another way but Cherisophus descending into the Plain quartered in a Village that had plentie of good prouision in it In this Plaine were many other rich Villages situate by the Riuer Tygris When it was now night the enemie suddenly shewed himselfe in the Pâ—aine and cut in peeces some Grecians that were dispersed here and there â—unting after prey For many Herds of Cattell transported ouer the Riuer were here intercepted Tissaphernes and they that were with him diâ— all they could to fire the villages and many of the Grecians were mucâ— discomforted therewith conceiuing they should hardly recouer victuall if the villages were thus burnt and destroied Cherisophus had sent out some of his people to succour their companions against the enemy who returned as Xenophon descended from the Mountaine With these Xenophon meeting rid from ranke to ranke said You see fellow Souldiers that the enemy confesseth the Country is none of theirs For in the truce they capitulated with vs to preserue the Kings Country from burning now they burne it themselues as if it were not their owne But doe what they list if they haue victuall for themselues in any part they shall soone see vs there for our portions But Cherisophus quoth he me thinkes we should doe well to giue aid as to our owne Country against these burners I am not of that aduice quoth Cherisophus but rather I would burne for company to make them the sooner giue ouer When they came to the campe the rest busied themselues about prouision the Coronels and Captaines assembled together in counsell Here was disputing aduising what to doe On the one side were high Mountaines on the other a riuer so deep that the water couered the ends of Pikes wherewith the bottome was sounded While they were in consultation a Rhodian came vnto them and said I will vndertake to carie you ouer by 4000 at once if you furnish me with such things as I want giue me a Talent for reward Being asked what things he wanted I want said he 2000 water-budgets and I see here many Sheepe Goats Kine and Asses whose skins being flead and blowen will easily giue vs meanes of transportation I shall need also the bands which you vse about your cariage-beasts With these I will binde your water-budgets and fit them one to another and hang stones vpon them and let them downe like ankers laying them vpon the water and fastening them on both sides I wil throw Rise vpon them then earth and that
in their march one while fighting and another while giuing themselues to rest The next day fell a sharpe storme and yet a necessitie was laid vpon vs to continue our march because our prouision failed Cherisophus led the Vaunt Xenophon brought vp the Reare and the enemy pressed vs sore and the Countrey being full of straights they came vp close and plied vs wirh arrowes and stones out of slings so that the Grecians sometimes giuing chace sometimes retiring were forced to march on slowly It fell out often that Xenophon sent word to that Vaunt to stay especially at that time being roundly put to by the enemy Cherisophus that at other times vpon the receit of such messages made vsually Alt made not Alt then but led away apace and commanded the rest to follow So that it appeared there was some great occasion and yet there was no leisure to send and know the cause The march seemed to the bringers vp to be a plaine running and there was then slaine Cleonymus a braue and valiant Lacedemonian being strucken into the side with an arrow thorow his target and Souldiers coat and Basius an Arcadian pierced in the head When they were come to their quarter Xenophon attired as he was stepped forthwith to Cherisophus and blamed him he made not Alt whereby he forced them in the Reare to fight in their flight and now quoth hee we haue lost two gallant and worthy Souldiers and were neither able to bring them off nor yet to bury them Cherisophus answered Looke vp quoth he to those mountaines and behold how vnpassable they are There is no way but that steepe one you see and vpon it you may discerne the huge multitude which haue taken and doe guard the passage The cause of my speeding and not staying for you was to trie if by any meanes I might preuent their seising vpon the height For the guides affirme there is no other way but this But I haue two guides quoth Xenophon For when they ceased not to molest vs I laid an ambush whereby both we found way to breathe and also killed some of them and some other wee endeuoured to take aliue for this cause especially that we might vse such as knew the Countrey for guides and immediately bringing forth the men they examined them apart whether they knew any other way than that which was in sight One of them albeit he were diuersly put in feare would not confesse When they could get nothing out of him that was to purpose they slew him the other looking on Hee that remained aliue said that his Companion would confesse nothing because he had bestowed a daughter of his in mariage to a man dwelling thereabout But I said he will teach you a way thorow which the very carriage may easily passe Being demanded If that way had no impediment or incumbrance he answered There was a top of a hill which vnlesse it were possessed it would be impossible to proceed further Hereupon it was thought good to call for the Captaines of the Targetiers and of the armed Foot and to impart vnto them the estate of the present affaires and to aske if any would shew himselfe a gallant and willingly vndertake the iourney There offered their seruice Aristonimus an Arcadian of Methydria and Agasias another Arcadian of Stymphaly Callimachus a Parrhasian Arcadian and this Agasias were alwaies at emulation and stroue one with another in all imploiments He offered himselfe vpon condition he might be permitted to take with him the voluntaries of the whole army For I know quoth he that many of the youth will follow if I haue the leading Then they asked if any of the light-armed or Taxiarchs would beare the armed Company Aristarchus the Chian a worthy man and one that in the like case had often heretofore done good seruice to the army presented himselfe It was now late and the Souldiers were commanded to sup and presently to march away The guide was deliuered bound vnto them and order giuen that if they tooke the top of the hill they should make good the place that night and as soone as it was day giue a signe with the trumpet and descend and charge the forestallers of the knowne way and the rest of the army beneath ascend and ioine with them in as great speed as was possible This order being taken there marched out to the number of two thousand In the meane time fell much raine Xenophon hauing with him the Reare-commanders led toward the knowne passage to the end the enemy might be intentiue vpon that way and those that were appointed to take the top might the better passe by vnespied When the Reare was come to a hollow bottome thorow which they must needs passe ere they came to ascend the steepe hill the Barbarians tumbled downe round stones of which euery one was of weight sufficient to load a waggon and many other great and little stones which rolling and beating vpon the rockes came bouncing with such force as if they had beene sent out of a sling and made it impossible to come neere the way Some of the Captaines seeing that way shut vp sought to finde another This continued till it was darke The Grecians when they imagined that their departure could not be discerned went hence to supper For the Reare had not dined that day The enemy ceased not the whole night to send downe stones which might easily appeare by the continuall sound and noise of the fall In the meane time those that had the guide fetching a compasse fell vpon the enemies guards as they sat by the fire and killing some and giuing chace to the rest themselues maintained the place that night as if they had gained the top But they were deceiued for there remained yet a little knop aboue them neere which the straight it selfe was where the enemies guards did sit There was indeed a passage from thence that led to the enemy That night therefore they spent there As soone as day appeared they aduanced silently and in good order against the enemy They were neere before they could be descried because of a mist that fell at the same instant When they saw one another the trumpet sounded and the Grecians giuing a shout aduanced against the enemy who receiued not the charge but forsaking the way and flying lost some few of their people For they were light-armed The rest of the army with Cherisophus hearing the sound of the trumpet made all haste to ascend by the common way Some of the Coronels tooke by-pathes euery one as it came to hand and climbing as they could drew one another vp by the pikes and so they were the first that ioyned with them that had won the top Xenophon with halfe the Reare followed the way that the guide had showne to the first for it was the easiest for the carriage-beasts the other halfe he ordered after the carriage-beasts Marching
forward they chanced vpon a hill hanging ouer the way which was held by the enemy by reason whereof they were driuen to a necessitie either by force to dislodge the enemy from the place and cut him off or else to be secluded from the rest of the army The souldiers might haue followed the way that the rest held so haue freed themselues from danger but the carriage could be led no other way Exhorting therefore one another they charged vp the hill ordering their Companies euery one in File not incompassing the enemy but giuing them roome to flie if they were so disposed The Barbarians seeing them ascend each one as he could make shift for himselfe did neither shoot nor sling at them as they approched the way but presently forsooke the Hill This Hill the Grecians tooke and seeing another before them held likewise by the enemie they resolued to goe against that also Notwithstanding Xenophon reputing in his minde that if he should leaue the Hill alreadie gained without a Guard the enemie seising againe vpon it might distresse the cariage in passing by for the cariage by reason of the straights were extended into a great length he left vpon the Hill the Captaines Cephisodorus the Sonne of Kephisophon an Athenian and Archagoras a banished Argiue himselfe with the rest continued his march against the second Hill which also was taken after the same manner There remained yet another Hill more steepe than the two former euen the same that the night before was by the first ascenders won from the enemies Guards that sat by the fire to which when the Grecians approched the Barbarians forsooke it without fight which made the Grecians wonder and imagine they feared to be round encompassed and charged on all sides but the truth was that descrying from the top what was done behinde they hasted away to fall vpon the Reare Xenophon and the youngest sort of Souldiers had gotten vp the Hill and he commanded the rest to follow till the last Captaines were come vp and then he willed them to march forward in the way and when they came to euen ground to lay downe their Armes At this instant came Archagoras the banished Argiue and brought newes that they whom Xenophon left behinde were beaten from the first Hill and that Cephisodorus Amphicrates and as many other as leaped not from the Rocke and saued themselues amongst the rest of the Reare were slaine The Barbarians hauing wrought this feat conueied themselues toward the Hill opposite against the top where Xenophon was and he by an Interpreter treated with them about truce and about recouering the dead bodies out of their hands They answered they were readie to deliuer them vpon condition the Villages might be spared from fire to which Xenophon accorded In the time while this parley was in hand the rest of the Armie passed by and were freed from danger of the place The enemie staied there and when the Grecians began to descend from the top to the place where the formost had laid downe their Armes they in great number and tumult ran vpward and hauing gained the height from whence Xenophon descended rolled downe stones and broke a leg of one of the Souldiers Xenophons Target-bearer was then away with his target which Eurylochus the Arcadian borne at Lusium a heauy armed Souldier perceiuing came running vnto him and retiring by little and little protected both himselfe and Xenophon with his Target So they all came vp to the vant which stood in order of battell Now were all the Grecians come together and they quartered in many faire houses hauing large prouiâ—ion and plentie of all things There was much Wine kept in Cisternes plaistered with morter Afterward Xenophon and Cherisophus so wrought with the Barbarians that they recouered the bodies of the dead in exchange for the Guide whom they deliuered vp and they buried them with as great honour as was possible to be giuen to worthy and valiant Souldiers The next day we marched on without a Guide The enemie fighting with vs and taking the straights which lay in our way endeuoured to hinder and shut vp our march But when they opposed against the Vant Xenophon from the Reare ascending the Mountaines and gaining the vpper ground remoued all the impediments the enemie could cast vpon the way when against the Reare Cherisophus ascending tooke the vpper ground likewise and freed the way for them that came behinde So they alwaies succoured and had mutuall care one of another Sometimes also the Barbarians after the Grecians had got vp to the heights annoied them spightfully in their descent They were light-Armed and comming close vp they might easily shift away at their pleasure because they caried no other furniture then Bowes and Arrowes and Slings They were excellent Archers and had Bowes well nigh three Cubits Arrowes more than two Cubits long When they shot they drew the string applying their hand somewhat toward the nether end of the Bowe and â—etting their left foot forward With their Arrowes they pierced both Curaces and Targets The Grecians putting thongues to the middest of them sent them backe againe at the enemies in stead of Darts The Cretans were verie vse-full in these places Stratocles the Cretan was their Commander They quartered that day in the Villages which lay vpon the Plaine neere the Riuer Centrites the bredth whereof is 200 Foot and this Riuer parteth Armenia and the Carduchans Countrey Here the Grecians rested The Riuer is distant from the Carduchan Mountaines about some six or seuen Furlongs They quartered here with great pleasure both in regard of the plentie of all things which they found and also because they gladly remembred their trauell ouergone For in seuen whole daies in which they marched thorow the Carduchans Countrey they were put to continuall fight and suffered more distresse than whatsoeuer the King and Tissaphernes could worke them Being therefore freed from that danger they slept and tooke their rest with great content Assoone as it was day they might discerne beyond the Riuer Armed horse that seemed readie to hinder their passage and Foot-men ordered vpon the bankes aboue the Horse to stop their entry into Armenia These were Armenians Mygdonians and Chaldeans Mercenaries to Orontes and Artuchus The Chaldeans were said to be a free Nation and warlike Their Armes were long wicker Targets and Speares The banks vpon which they were embattelled were distant some three or foure Plethers from the Riuer and no way ouer but one could be discerned which led vp to the higher ground and seemed to be made with hand The Grecians sought to passe that way But making triall and finding the water to reach vp aboue their breasts and the Riuer rough with many great and slipperie stones and perceiuing that they could not hold their Armes in the Riuer which by reason of the swiftnesse and violence of the streame would
priuily to steale if we can and to lay bold of and as it were to snatch away by preuention a peece of the void mountaine than to fight both against a strong place and against men ready and resolued to trie their fortune For it is much more easie to mount a steepe passage without fight than to trauerse a Plaine beset on euery side with enemies and a man not fighting shall by night better discerne any thing before his feet than by day if he be in fight and rough places are more euen to his feet that fighteth not than plaine ground to him whose head is in danger And it seemeth to me not impossible to steale some part or other of the hill in regard that we haue both the benefit of the night not to be seene and mâ—y vse such circuit in ascending that the enemy shall neuer perceiue vs and if we make a shew as though we meant to passe the way we are in we shall finde the rest of the mountaine more cleere and void of resistance because it is likely he will make good the place which he holdeth with all his forces But what doe I talke of theft before you Cherisophus For I heare that you Lacedemonians as many of you as are of the equalls meditate from your childhood how to steale that it is no shame but a praise-worthy thing to steale such things as the law forbiddeth not to steale to the intent you steale and conceale your theft with more cunning the law ordaineth that if you be taken with the manner you shall be well whipped for your paines Now therefore it is a fit time for you to shew your education and to beware that in stealing the mountaine we be not taken with the manner lest we be beaten with many stripes Cherisophus replied And I likewise heare that you Athenians steale the riches of your State most artificially albeit it be no small danger for him that stealeth and that the best of you if the best desire to beare rule in the State are guilty of this crime So that it is good time for you also to shew your education I quoth Xenophon am ready after we haue supped to goe with the Reare and seize vpon the top of the mountaine Guides I am prouided of For our light-armed tooke some of the theeues that followed to surprise vs and I heare that the mountaine is not vnpassable but is fed with Goats and Neat. So that if we take any part thereof we shall finde also a way for our cariage-beasts and I hope the enemy after we haue once gained the height and are in euen ground with them will no longer maintaine the place the rather because they haue no great minde to descend now vnto vs into the Plaine Yea but what need you goe quoth Cherisophus and leaue the Reare Rather if no man be willing to goe of himselfe let vs make choice of some one or other Hereupon Aristonymus the Methydrian came vp and presented himselfe with armed foot and Aristaeus the Chian with light-armed and Nicomachus the Oetaean likewise with light-armed and the signe was agreed vpon namely to make fires after the top was taken All things being thus concluded they dined Then Cherisophus led the Army forward toward the enemy some 10 furlongs as though he had a purpose to continue his march that way When they had supped and it was night those that were appointed proceeded on and tooke the top of the mountaine the rest of the Armie remained in the place where they were The enemy perceiuing that the top of the mountaine was taken watched and made fires all the night By breake of day Cherisophus offered sacrifice and led the Armie in the way they marched before and they that had wonne the hill and the height thereof made head against the enemy who in greatest number remained vpon the ordinarie way that lay toward the top but a part of them aduanced against the Grecians that had gained the height who came to hands before the whole Armie ioyned in which conflict the Grecians had the better and followed the chace vpon the enemy In this meane time the Peltasts of the Grecians that were in the Plaine ran vp the hill to their companions that had the victory Cherisophus with the armed followed as fast as he could without disordering their troupes The enemy that lay vpon the way when they saw their companions beaten on the height of the hill abandoned the place and fled Many of them were slaine and they left behinde many wicker targets which the Grecians cutting in peeces with their swords made for euer after vnprofitable and of no vse When they came to the top of the mountaine they offered sacrifice and erecting a Trophey descended into the Plaine and into Villages stored with plenty of all things After this they marched toward the Taochans 30 Parasangs in fiue encampings Their victuals here began to wax scant because the Taochans inhabited strong holds into which they had conueighed all their vsefull prouision they crept into a Hold that had neither city nor house in it and in it men and women and many beasts were gathered together Cherisophus presently marched against it and so disposed his troupes that when the first was weary another streight succeeded and then another For they could not with their whole forces beset the place round because it was prerupt in all the circuit When Xenophon came vp with the Reare both Peltasts and armed Cherisophus told him he was welcome For the place said he must needs be forced because henceforth we shall haue no prouision for the Armie if we omit this Hold. Hereupon they aduised in common and when Xenophon asked what impediment there was why it might not be entred Cherisophus answered There is no other way but this one that you see and when any man proffereth to ascend they tumble downe stones from the high rocke hanging ouer and vpon whomsoeuer the stones light thus is hee serued and withall shewed many Souldiers that had their legs and sides crushed and broken a peeces But when the stones are spent quoth Xenophon what other impediment shall we haue For we see but these few oppose against vs and of them but two or three armed men And the space which is so dangerous is not aboue three halfe Plethers and thereof about a Plether is beset with a thicket of great Pine trees after which the Souldiers standing what hurt can they haue either from stones throwne or tumbled downe There remaineth then but halfe a Plether which must be passed running in the time whilest the stones cease But quoth Cherisophus we can no sooner moue toward the thicket but the stones come rowling downe in abundance So should it be quoth Xenophon for so they will the sooner be spent But let vs if we can haste thither from whence least way remaines afterward to run and
against Seuthes They had besides a ship of thirtie owers ouer which they made Captaine Polycrates the Athenian Who when he tooke any ships brought them to the Campe where the merchandise was taken out and keepers set to preserue it safe for the owners The ships themselues were retained for the iourney Whilest these things were doing the Grecians went abroad to seeke the prey of the Countrey and some of them sped other some missed of their purpose Cleâ—netus leading forth his owne and another Company to a place rough and dangerous was slaine himselfe and many other with him When there was no more prouision to be got within such a distance as that the Souldiers going out a foraging might returne to the Campe the same day Xenophon taking guides from the Trapezuntians led out halfe the army into the Countrey of the Drylans the other halfe he left to guard the Campe. For the Colchans being driuen from their owne houses were many in number and sat downe on the top of the hills The Trapezâ—â—tians guided them not to the place where prouision might easily be made because that part of the Country was their friends but against the Drylans from whom they had suffered hostility against a mountainous country hard to passe thorow the inhabitants whereof are accounted the most warlike people of all that liue in Pontus After the Grecians were come into the high countrey the Drylans setting afire all the holds that seemed easie to be forced went their waies neither was any thing found in the country but a hog or an oxe or some such other cattel as escaped the fire There was a Fort that was called their mother Citie or Metropolis whither they all fled Round about it was a hollow bottome strongly deepe and the accesse to the Fort was hard The Peltasts speeding on some fiue or six furlongs before the armed passing the bottome and espying there many sheepe and other riches went on against the Fort and were seconded by many Speare-men that followed to make prouision for the Campe So that the number of those that passed ouer the bottome was more than two thousand men When they could not force the place for there was a deepe diâ—ch cast about it and sharpe stakes fixed on the ascent of the rampier and many woodden Towers raised they began to make their retreat and the enemy fell out vpon them Now when they could not well retire for the descent from the Fort to the bottome was capable of no more than of one man at once they sent to Xenophon who led the Targetiers The messenger said that the Fort was replenished with much riches but they could neither take it by reason of the strength thereof nor yet come off without danger because the enemy was fallen out and fought with them and the place thorow which they were to come off was narrow Xenophon when he heard this leading on to the brinke of the hollow bottome commanded the armed to lay downe their armes Himselfe passing ouer with the Captaines aduised whether it were better to bring off those that were already in the Fort or to passe ouer the armed also which he led to try if the Fort might be won For the Captaines held that the retreat could not be made without the losse of many and that the Fort was not impregnable to whose opinion Xenophon assented the rather because of the sacrifice For the soothsayers signified that they must vndergoe a fight but the issue would be good and such as was to be desired Therefore he sent backe the Captaines to bring ouer the armed himselfe remained behinde and gathering together the Peltasts suffered none to send a missiue weapon at the enemy After the armed were come vp hee willed the Captaines to order their Companies euery one as they thought fittest for fight For the Captaines stood neere together betwixt whom there was alwaies an emulation about manhood and seruice The Captaines did accordingly and Xenophon gaue commandement to all the Peltasts to goe with their fingers inserted into the thongs of their darts and the Archers with their arrowes nocked and the light-armed with their leather bags full of stones that they might be readie when a signe was giuen and he chose out fit men to see these things executed When all were in readinesse and the Captaines and Lieutenants and they that accounted themselues nothing inferiour to them had taken their places and looked one vpon another for it was a gallant sight to behold the army standing so imbattelled in the field they began the Paan the trumpet sounded the army gaue a shout and the armed ran on with all speed Now the missiue weapons began to flie at all hands darts arrowes bullets and stones out of slings and many stones from hands There were also that threw fire The enemy oppressed with multitude of missiue weapons forsooke both the Rampier and the Towers so that Agasias the Stymphalian and Philoxenus the Pelenian laying downe their weapons ascended the Rampier in their coats alone and one drawing and helping vp another and many entring the Fort seemed now to be taken and the Peltasts and light-armed ranging vp and downe fell a spoiling all they could Xenophon stood at the gate keeping out the armed For there appeared other enemies vpon some strong heights of the mountaines Not long after a cry arose within and the Grecians fled some with things taken in the Fort some being wounded and the throng about the gate was great Those that ran out of the gates being asked what the matter was said There was a Citadell within and a multitude of enemies which fell out and charged the light-armed and Peltasts Wherupon Xenophon proclaimed by Tâ—lmides the crier that whosoeuer would haue his part in the prey of the Fort should enter Many therefore entred and beat backe those that salied out and again shut vp the enemy into the Citadell The Grecians spoiled and carried away all that was found without the Citadell But the armed laid downe their armes partly by the Rampier partly at the way that led to the Citadell Xenophon and the Captaines in the meane time cast their eies about to resolue whether the Citadell were possible to be taken or not For so all should be safe otherwise the retreat must needes be full of danger After they had viewed it they held it impregnable Thereupon they put themselues in order for retreat and euerie man pulled vp the stakes of the Rampier as they came in his way The vnseruiceable were sent out with the prey and most of the Armed euerie Captaine retaining only such as he trusted Assoone as they began to retreat a multitude of enemies armed with wicker Targets and Speares and Greeues and Paphlagonian head-peeces salied out of the Citadell Many other climed vp on the Houses which stood on either side the street that led to the Citadell whereby it grew dangerous to
giue chace toward the Gates of the Citadell For they threw downe mightie Timber logs from aboue and made it vnsafe either to stand still or goe off and the night approching brought terror with it Fighting in this sort and irresolued what to doe some God gaue a meanes of safetie For suddainly a House on the right hand it was vnknowne by whose kindling burst out into a flame The House no sooner fell but the enemies that were gotten vp to the Houses on the right hand shifted away When Xenophon saw this worke of Fortune he commanded the Houses on the left hand to be likewise fired which being made of Wood caught fire quickly whereby the enemie forsooke the Houses on that side also and the Armie was annoied only by those in Front who doubtlesse were like to fall vpon the Reare in their retreat and departure Here Xenophon gaue order that all who were without the reach of missiue weapons should bring Wood and lay it betwixt the enemie and them and when the store was sufficient it was set on fire The Houses were also fired that stood next the Rampier of the Towne ditch that the enemie might be busied on all sides So by the helpe of fire betwixt the enemie and them they made a hard retreat With this fire were consumed the whole Citie the Houses Turrets Rampier and all things else except the Citadell The next day the Grecians hauing gained sufficient prouision retired toward their Campe but because they feared the way that led toward Trapezond as being steepe and narrow they laid a false ambush There was in the Campe a Mysian by nation and name who taking vnto him foure or fiue Cretans remained in a wooddy plat of ground making semblance to the enemie as though he meant to hide himselfe Their Targets being of Brasse cast glimmering light here and there thorow the Wood which the enemie descrying feared as much as if it had been a true ambush In the meane time the Armie was descended into good ground and the Mysian thinking they had now gained way enough gaue the word to his companions euerie man to shift away amaine and immediatly he his consorts fled The Cretans forsaking the ordinarie way for they said the enemie might out-run them and take them prisoners and conueying themselues into Woods and tumbling downe thorow steepe and rough Forrests came safe to the Armie but the Mysian flying in the ordinarie way cried out for succour He was rescued brought away wounded and the Souldiers that rescued him retired by little and little casting Darts hauing also amongst them a few Cretans who shot at the enemie So they came all safe to the Campe. When neither Cherisophus returned and no more prouision was to be found for the Campe they decreed to proceed on their iourney and put on ship-board the sicke and those that were aboue fortie yeeres of age and children and women and vessels vnnecessary for the iourney and shipping likewise Philesius and Sophonetus the eldest of the Coronels they committed the charge of all to them The rest went on by Land The way was prepared and made plaine and euen and in three daies march they reached as farre as Cerasunt a Grecian Citie standing vpon the Sea being a Colonie of the Sinopeans situate in the Colchian Countrey Here they remained ten dayes and tooke a muster of Armes and of the number of their people and found 8600 men So many were left of the 10000 or thereabouts that ascended with Cyrus into Persia the rest were consumed by the enemies hand and by Snow and some by sicknesse Here also they diuided the money that arose out of the sale of Captiues and the Coronels tooke into their hands the tenth part which was seuered as an offering to be made to Apollo and Diana of Ephesus euerie one keeping and preseruing a share for the gods Neon the Asinean was appointed to receiue the portion which should haue been deliuered to Cherisophus Xenophon therefore making readie the offering for Apollo bestowed and hallowed it in the treasurie of the Athenians at Delphos and inscribed thereon both his owne name and the name of Proxenus the Baeotian who was put to death with Clearchus For Proxenus was Xenophons Host. The offring for Diana of Ephesus because himselfe was like to incurre hazard at such time as he departed out of Asia toward Baeotia with Agesilaâ—s he left with Megabyzus Dianaes Priest and willed him in case himselfe escaped the danger to make restitution to his owne hands if he miscaried to consecrate it to Diana and bestow it in such sort as in his opinion should be most acceptable to the goddesse But afâ—erward when Xenophon was banished his country and dwelled now at Scylunt which Towne was built by the Lacedemonians neere to Olympia Megabyzus came to Olympia to see the Games and restored to Xenophon the money left in his custodie and Xenophon receiuing it bought a portion of Land for the goddesse in a place designed by Apollo thorow which the Riuer Sellenus runneth At Ephesus also there runneth a Riuer Sellenus hard by Dianaes Temple and either of these Riuers nourisheth both other fish fish with shels But in the Scyluntine portion of Land there are beasts of all sorts fit to be hunted He built a temple also and an altar with the consecrated mony and from thenceforth gathering alwaies the tenth of the fruits growing on the land he offered sacrifice to Diana and all the Citizens and neere-dwellers as well men as women are partakers of the feast The goddesse alloweth them that come meale bread wine and iunkets and a portion of the flesh of those beasts which are either taken from the consecrated ground and sacrificed or else killed in hunting The sonnes of Xenophoâ— and of other Citizens exercise the hunting against the time of the feast and other men also hunt with them such as are desirous of the sport There are taken partly out of the Holy-land partly out of Phaloe wilde Boares Goats and Red-deere The place lieth in the way as you goe from Lacedemon to Olympia distant about twentie Furlongs from the Temple of Olympian Iupiter There are in the consecrated ground groues and mountaines stored with trees sufficient to nourish hogs and goats and sheepe and horses so that the carriage-beasts of such as come to the feast are largely prouided for About the Temple it selfe there is a groue of fruit-trees of all kindes that are fit to be eaten after they wax ripe The Temple it selfe as much as a little one may resemble a great is like to the Ephesian Temple and the Image made of Cypres like to the golden Image at Ephesus By the Temple is a pillar erected inscribed with these words The ground consecrated to Diana He that hath the possession and vse of it let him pay the tenth of euery yeares increase and with the ouer-plus repaire and maintaine
the Temple In case he neglect this the goddesse will take order for her owne From Cerasunt they that were before shipped held on their course by Sea the rest made forward by land When they were come to the borders of the Mosynecans they sent vnto them Timositheâ—s a Trapezâ—â—tâ—â—e who was their guest to demand whether they should passe thorow their countrey as friends or as enemies They trusting to the strength of their countrey answered It would be all one to them which they did Timositheos after this answer returned gaue the Grecians to vnderstand that there were other Mosynecans dwelling further off that were enemies to those whereupon it was thought good to send vnto them to see if they would enter into fellowship of warre with the Greciâ—â—s Timositheos being sent returned bringing with him the chiefe Magistrates After their arriuall they and the Grecian Coronels assembled together Xenophon began in this manner Timositheos being his Interpreter We ô Mosynecans because we want shipping are desirous to passe into Greece on foot They who hinder vs as we vnderstand are your enemies You haue now an opportunitie presented vnto you if you lift to imbrace it by entring into societie of war with vs to be reuenged of them for all the wrong they haue any time hereâ—ofore done you and to make them henceforth your vassals If you at this present let vs passe by without taking the opportunitie consider with your selues if euer hereafter you are like to haue the like forces ioine with you in league The chiefe Magistrate of the Mosynâ—cans answered he was desirous to effect the proposition and to ioyne in society of warre with the Greciâ—â—â— Goe to then quoth Xenophon wherein will yoâ— imploy vs if we become your confâ—derates and you what aide can you giue vs to further our passage They replied We are of strength enough to enter our common enemies countrey on the further side and to send you shipping and men both to assist you in the field and to be guides of your iourney Vpon this taking and giuing assurance they departed The next day they came with 300 boats euery boat made of one peece of wood In each boat were three men of whom two landing laid downe their armes in order one remained behinde in the boat And they which remained in the boats sailed away straightwaies the other staied behinde and embattelled themselues in this manner They stood a hundred deepe like as the stage-dancers are wont filing themselues one opposite to the other hauing all Wicker Targets couered with white hayrie oxe-hydes the Targets in forme like to an Iuie leafe In the right hand each man held a dart of about six cubits long armed with a head before the stele being round They had coats that couered their knees were as thicke as a hempen cord that you binde a couerlet withall VpoÌ„ their heads they had leather head-peeces like to them which the Paphlagonians weare in the middest whereof ariseth a Cone resembling the forme of a Tyara They bore iron hatchets besides After this one of them beginning all the rest sung and marched forward by measure and passing through the rankes and armes of the Grecians forthwith aduanced against the enemy toward a Fort which seemed easie to be won It lay before the Citie which is called the Metropolis or mother Citie and is held in chiefe estimation amongst the Mosynecans and for it they warred one against another For they who enioyed it had their feet vpon the neckes of the other Mosynecans They said that the present possessours had no right nor lawfull possession but being common to all they had done wrong in entring detaining it to themselues alone Some of the Grecians also followed them not by order or appointment of the Coronels but in greedinesse of pillage The enemy held himselfe coy a while but when he saw them neere the Fort he sallied out and putting them to flight killed a great number of the Barbarians and some of the Grecians thatascended with them and followed the chace till he might see the army of the Grecians ready to come to reskue Then turning about he retired and cutting off the heads of those that were slaine shewed them to the Grecians and to their enemies and withall danced singing a kinde of measure The Grecians were much grieued that by this action the enemy was emboldned and that the Grecians in good number were seene to flie which they neuer did before in all this iourney But Xenophon calling the Souldiers together spake vnto them in this sort Be not dismayed O Souldiers with that which is happened The good of it is as great as the euill For first of all you now know certainly that those that shall be our guides are enemies to them vnto whom of necessitie we must be enemies Then those Grecians that seemed to contemne our order and thinking themselues to be able to â—o as much with the Barbarians as with vs feele the smart of their owne folly will hardly hereafter be brought to leaue our company But you must prepare your selues to shew the Barbarians your friends that you are better men than they and to let the enemy know that they haue at this present to do with another sort of people than with those who fought disorderly with them of late This day therefore they rested The next day after they had sacrificed and the sacrifice portended good fortune they dined and ordering their companies in file and placing the Barbarians on the left hand they aduanced against the enemy hauing the Archers betwixt the companies that were in file somwhat more backward than the front of the armed For some of the light-armed of the enemy ran forth and cast stones which quickly were repressed by our Archers Peltasts The rest aduanced leisurely first toward the Fort from which the day before the Barbarians and Grecians were put to flight For there the enemie stood embattelled and made head against the Grecians And first they fought and made good the place against the Peltasts but when the armed approached immediatly they turned their backs The Peltasts followed with speed giuing chace vpward toward the mother City or Metropolis the armed moued forward in order When they were come vp to the houses of the Metropolis the enemies ioyned and fought all together and threw darts and hauing thicke and long pikes such as a man could hardly weild with those they endeuoured to defend themselues hand to hand When the Grecians gaue no ground but ioyntly pushed forward the Barbarians fled and all of them forsooke the Fort. Their King that was in a woodden Tower built in the Citadell whom in common they nourish as long as he remaineth there and guardeth the place sought not to escape away nor they that were in the Fort before taken in but were burnt together with the woodden houses The Grecians rifling and spoyling the place found
that are in ieopardy to be cast away And it may be that God hath so disposed of this businesse to humble these high-minded men wise in their owne conceits and to honour vs who in all our actions take our beginnings from the gods You are then to follow your Leaders and to giue heed to that which is commanded you Hauing said thus much he led on The horsemen dispersing themselues as much as was conuenient put all in a flame as they went forward and the Pelâ—asts hauing gained the tops of the Hils burnt all that would take fire as did the Armie also where they found any thing left vnburnt So the whole countrey seemed to be on a light fire and the Armie to be great When it was time they ascended vp to a hill and quartered there From thence they might discerne the enemies fires for they were not distant aboue 40 furlongs and themselues kindled as many fires as they could When they had supped the word was giuen to quench and put out all the fires and hauing placed their guards they gaue themselues to sleepe By breake of day they made their prayers to the gods and ordering their troops for fight marched forward with all speed Timasion and the horsemen hauing with them the Guides and spurring on were before they were aware vpon the hill where the Grecians were besieged but neither saw friends nor enemies forces whereof they aduertised Xenophon and the Armie only they found a few old women and men and some sheepe and oxen left behinde And first that which hapned seemed a maruell Afterward they vnderstood from them that were left that the Thracians departed away in the euening the Grecians as soone as it was day but whither they were gone no man knew Xenophon vpon these tidings dined and trussing vp his baggage marched away with intent in all haste possible to ioyne with those that were at the Hauen of Calpe In their march they might perceiue the tract of footing of the Arcadiaâ—s and Achaeans in the way which led to Calpe and meeting together they gladly saw one another and saluted as brethren The Arcadians asked Xenophons souldiers why they put out their fires For we thought said they at the first when we saw no fires that you marched against the enemy by night and the enemy as we conceiued fearing the same arose with their Campe. For iâ— was about that time that they departed But when you came not forward and the time was now past we imagined that hearing our distresse you hasted all you could to the Sea side for feare We therefore thought it good not to leaue you and thereupon came also hither So this day they encaâ—ped vpon the Sea shore neere the Hauen The place which they call the Hauen of Calpe lieth in that Thrace which is in Asia Thrace it selfe beginneth from the mouth of Pontus and stretcheth to Heraclea on the right hand as a man saileth to Pontus The distance betwixt Byzâ—â—tium and Heraclea is as much as a Galley can fetch vp with oares in a very long day In the way there is no friend or Grecian City but Thraciâ—ns or Bithynians alone who if they lay hands vpon any Grecian either casâ— ashore by shipwracke or comming thither by other occasion are reported to vse them with all despight and villany The Hauen of Calpe lieth in the mid-way to them that saile from Heraclea to Byzantium or contrariwise from Byzantium to Herâ—clea The land beareth out into the Sea and that part which stretcheth into the Sea is a craggy rocke oâ— the height where it is least of 20 fathoms The necke of land that ioyneth to the Continent is at least foure plethers in bredth and the space of land within the necke sufficient to giue habitation to 10000 men The Hauen lieth vnder the rocke hauing the shore trending to the West Within it there is a plentifull fountaine of sweet water running along the Sea but so that the place may command it and it bringeth forth both much other timber hard by the Sea and besides much that is fit for the building of ships As for the mountaine that ouershadoweth the Hauen as it runneth 20 furlongs into the mid-land it is pure earth without stones but toward the Sea more than 20 furlongs it is rough with many and all kinde of great trees The rest of the Land is beautifull and large and there are many Villages in it and well inhabited The countrey bringeth forth barley and wheat and pulse-corne of all sorts and Bucke and Sesamum and figs sufficiently and many Vines pleasant in taste and all other kinds of fruit excepting only Oliues This is the nature of the Soile The Armie incamped by the Sea-side In the Towne they would not quarter being of opinion they were fraudulently brought thither by some that had an intention to plant a Colony there For the most part of the Souldiers sailed out of Greece to follow this warre not for want of meanes to liue by but hearing of the bounty of Cyrus some brought to his seruice men that had consumed their estates some other runne away from their fathers and mothers and some left behind them their children as minding to inrich them at their returne For they heard that all that followed Cyrus gathered mountaines of wealth Being people of this condition they desired to returne into Greece in safety When the day of assembly of the Armie for this purpose was now come Xenophon sacrificed about the issuing of it out of the Campe because they must needs be led out to make prouision His purpose was also to bury their dead The sacrifice being fauourable the Arcadians also followed and they buried the most part of the dead euery man where he fell for it was now the fift day since they were slaine so that there was no possibilitie to conueigh them from thence And bringing some together out of the high-waies they buried them according to their meanes as decently as they could and for those they found not they raised a great emptie monument and kindled a Funerall fire and laid vpon the monument Crownes of flowers Hauing performed these Rites they returned to the Campe and after Supper gaue themselues to rest The next day the Souldiers assembled Captaine Agasias the Stymphalian and Captaine Ieronymus the Elian and other the eldest of the Arcadians were the cause of this assembly They made a Decree that if any man hereafter propounded to separate and diuide the Armie he should be punished with death and that the Armie should depart out of the Countrey in the manner it was wont and that the former Coronels should command Cherisophus was alreadie dead by drinking a medicine in his ague and Neon the Asinite was substituted in his place After this Xenophon stood vp and said It seemeth fellow Souldiers that the rest of our iourney is to be performed by Land in regard we
haue no shipping and hauing likewise no prouision necessitie forceth vs to be readie to march We therefore the Coronels will offer sacrifice As for you you are if euer heretofore to prepare your selues to fight inasmuch as the enemie hath gathered courage So the Coronels sacrificed taking to them Arexion the Arcadian Southsaier For Silanus the Ambraciote had stollen away in a Ship of Heraclea which he hired They sacrificed about their departure but the entrailes of the sacrifice were not faire They stayed therefore that day There were some that durst giue out that Xenophon intending to plant in that place had perswaded the Southsaier to say that the sacrifice allowed not of their departure Hereupon Xenophon caused Proclamation to be made that the next morning euerie one that list might be present at the sacrifice and if there were any Southsaier amongst them he commanded him to come and view the entrailes and so sacrificed in the presence of many When they had now thrice sacrificed about their departure the entrailes assented not The Souldiers were ill apaid herewith For their prouision which they brought with them failed and there was no Market to be had Hereupon when they againe assembled Xenophon spake thus The sacrifices as your selues are eie-witnesses are not fauourable to our departure and I see you are destitute of victuall wherefore I hold it necessarie to aske counsell by sacrifice about this matter alone Then one of them arising said It is not without cause that the sacrifice crosseth our departure For as I heard of one that by chance came by Ship hither yesterday Cleander the Gouernour of Byzantium is about to crosse ouer to vs with Ships and Gallies Hereupon it seemed good to all to remaine in the place But yet they were forced by necessitie to fall out into the Countrey for victuall and prouision for the Campe and sacrifice was offered hereabout three times which notwithstanding opposed their going out They came then to the Tent of Xenophon and told him of their wants I may not quoth he leade you out vnlesse the sacrifice be fauourable The next day they sacrificed againe and because they were perplexed and the businesse touched all well-nigh the whole Armie encircled the sacrifice And now there was no more sacrifice left The Coronels therefore albeit they led not out the Armie yet did they call an assembly and Xenophon said It may be the enemie is gathered together and we shall be driuen to fight by necessitie If therefore leauing our baggage in this place of strength we issue out prepared for fight and then offer sacrifice perhaps the sacrifice will giue better allowance The Souldiers hearing this cried out that there was no need of leading them out but willed them to renew the sacrifice with all speed There were now no Sheepe to be had and they were faine to buy Oxen out of the Waine to offer in sacrifice And Xenophon desired Cleanor the Arcadian to gather vp his spirits and be in a readinesse if the sacrifice portended any good but this sacrifice was also crosse Neon was Coronell of that part of the Armie which Cherisophus commanded He when he saw the Souldiers discontented with their wants desirous to gratifie them finding an Heraclean who affirmed that he knew Villages at hand from whence prouision might be had made proclamation that euerie one that would might goe abroad for prouision proffered himselfe to be their Leader There issued therefore out of the Campe to the number of two thousand with Darts Bladders Bags and other Vessels After they came into the Villages and were dispersed in rifling the Hors-men of Pharnabazus fell vpon them for they gaue aid to the Bithynians desirous with the Bithynians to hinder the Grecians from entring into Phrygia if they could These Hors-men killed no lesse than fiue hundred Grecians the rest fled vp into a Mountaine and one of them that fled brought newes hereof to the Campe. Xenophon because the sacrifice was not agreeable that day taking an Oxe out of the Waine for there was no other to kill offered it and went to the rescous taking with him all the Souldiers vnder fiftie yeeres of age and bringing those off that were left aliue returned to the Campe about Sun-set and sat downe to Supper being full of griefe and sorrow for that which had happened Vpon the suddaine some of the Bithynians thorow the thickets falling vpon the out-Guards killed a few of the Grecians and chaced the rest to the Campe and a great cry being raised the whole Armie ran to Armes It seemed not safe to pursue the enemie or to moue the Armie by night the Countrey being full of thickets They watched therefore that night in Armes putting forth Guards sufficient to fight with the enemie if need were So was the night spent In the morning the Coronels led into a stronger place and the Souldiers followed with their Armes and baggage and before it was Dinner time they cast a Trench all along the Face of the Campe which led into the Countrey and strengthened all the Rampier with Palizadoes leauing only three Gates to passe in and out the Campe. In the meane time came a Ship from Heraclea fraughted with Barley-meale and with beasts for sacrifice with Wine Xenophon rising early in the morning sacrificed about issuing out of the Campe and the entrailes of the first beast offered were faire The sacrifice being ended Arexion the Parrhasian southsaier espied an eagle of good fortune and willed Xenophon to lead out the army and the Coronels passâ—ng ouer the trench laid downe their Armes and made Proclamation that the Souldiers should first dine and then issue out of the campe with their Armes leauing the many and the Captiues behinde All the rest issued except Neon For it was thought best to leaue him Commander of those that remained in the Campe. His Regiment being left behinde by the Coronels and Captaines were ashamed to stay seeing the rest marched out and putting the guard of the Campe into the hands of the Souldiers that were 45 yeeres of age they followed after the Army So these remaining behinde the other marched forward They had not gone 15 Furlongs when they happened vpon the dead lately slaine vnder the command of Neon and staying the Reare of their Wing by the first dead that they lighted vpoÌ„ they buried all that lay next by the wing When they had buried the first they moued forward and staying againe the Reare against the first that were vnburied they after the same sort buried as many as the Army had lying by it But after they came to the way that led from the villages where they lay in heapes they gathered them together so buried them And being now past mid-day they aduanced and tooke what prouision euery man saw without the villages and conueied it within the Phalange when suddenly they might discerne the enemy being many
notwithstanding they thought it conuenient to seeke them as they could lest haply taking heart they might be againe emboldned Therefore embattelling themselues they led against them The enemy seeing them comming cast themselues downe the steepe places no otherwise than if horsemen had followed them in chase A Forrest receiued them that fled which the Grecians were not acquainted with Wherefore night drawing on they returned and when they came to the place where the battels first ioyned they erected a Trophey and so about Sunne-set retired to the Sea for the Campe was about 60 furlongs off Henceforward the enemies began to looke to themselues and remoued as farre from thence as they could as well the inhabitants as their goods and substance The Grecians lay still expecting Cleander and the Gallies and Ships which they thought would come And going forth euery day without feare hauing with them their cariage-beasts and slaues they brought in wheat barley wine pulse-corne bucke and figs. For the Territorie bare all fruit plentifully Oliues only excepted And as long as the Armie kept within the Campe any man might goe forth to spoile and deteine that he found for his priuate vse But a decree was made that when the whole Armie went abroad whatsoeuer was taken by any man going apart it should be to the vse of the generalitie Now was there plenty of all things For prouision came from the â—recian Cities on euery hand and they that arriued there by ship came willingly on shore because they vnderstood a Citie was there planting and that it was a good Hauen and many of the enemies being neere borderers sent to Xenophon for they heard that he was the planter demanding vpon what conditions they might be receiued into his friendship whom Xenophon shewed to the Souldiers About this time Cleander came with two Gallies but with neuer a ship It fell out so that at his arriuall the Army was abroad and some gone into the plaine countrey to prey other to the mountaines and had gotten together many sheepe and fearing they would be taken away they spake to Dexippus who stole the ship of 50 oâ—res from the Armie when it lay at Trapezond and praied him to keep them and to retaine part for himselfe and restore the rest to them He presently beat away the Souldiers that stood thereabout albeit they told him that the prey pertained to the generality and imâ—ediaâ—ly went to Cleander and informed him that they sought to steale the sheepe Cleander commanded that whosoeuer he was that went about to take them away should be brought vnto him Dexippus laid hold vpon one and began to leade him toward Cleander whom Agasias by chance comming that way rescued because he was one of his company The rest of the Souldiers that were present cast stones at Dexippus calling him Traitor Many Mariners of the Gallies being affrighted ranne to the Sea and Cleander himselfe shifted away Xenophon and the other Coronels pacified the Souldiers and told Cleander it was no matter of danger and that the decree of the Armie was cause of that that hapned Cleander incensed by Dexippus and of himselfe discontented because it might be perceiued that he was in feare said he would saile away and cause proclamation to be made that no Grecian Citie should receiue them as being common enemies to all for at that time the Lacedemonians commanded all Greece This seemed a hard and dangerous thing to the Grecians and they desired him not to doe so He said he would relent vpon no other condition than that the caster of the first stone and the party that made the rescous should be deliuered into his hands Agasias was the man he sought who had beene a friend to Xenophon euen to the last which was the cause that Dexippus accused him The Commanders knowing not what to doe called an assembly of the Armie Many made small account of Cleander Xenophon thought the businesse to be of no meane consequence and arising spake thus Fellow Souldiers if Cleander departing hence carry that minde toward vs which hee professeth I take it to be a matter not to be contemned For now the Grecian Cities are at hand and the Lacedemonians are rulers of Greece and euery Lacedemonian of power sufficient to worke any City to what he list If therefore he first shut vs out of Byzantium and signifie to the rest of the Gouernours not to receiue vs into their Cities as being disobedient to the Lacedemonians and notto be gouerned this rumor will come to the eares of Anaxibius the Admirall so that it will be hard for vs either to stay here or to saile away For at this time the Lacedemonians haue the Souereigntie of Greece both by Sea and Land It is not fit therefore that for one or two mens sakes we the rest be debarred from Greece but we are rather to obey whatsoeuer they command For our Cities from whence euery one of vs is are vnder their subiection I therefore for I vnderstand that Dexippus informeth Cleander that Agasias would not haue done this vnlesse I had bid him I I say cleare both you and Agasias of this fault if Agasias will say that I am the cause thereof and I condemne my selfe and will willingly vndergoe all extremitie of punishment if it may appeare that I were the beginner either of casting of stones or of any other violence I say further if any man else be accused by Cleander he ought whosoeuer he be to yeeld himselfe to Cleanders iudgement So shall you be free from all fault But as matters goe now it will be hard if thinking to receiue praise and honour in Greece we in stead thereof shall not be in the case that other are but be excluded out of all Grecian Cities After this Agasias stood vp and said I ô Souldiers sweare by the gods and goddesses that neither Xenophon nor any other willed mee to take away the man but when I saw an honest and worthy Souldier of mine led away by Dexippus whose traiterous dealing toward you you well know I thought it a matter not to be suffered And albeit I confesse that I rescued him yet would I not that you should deliuer me vp I my selfe as Xenophon aduiseth will yeeld my selfe into the hands of Cleander to vse me at his discretion Neither would I for this cause haue you make warre with the Lacedemonians nor haue any man impeached to saue himselfe where he list Only I desire you to make choice of some of your selues to send with me to Cleander who in case I omit any thing may speake and doe what they thinke auaileable in my behalfe The Army gaue him leaue to choose whom he thought good and he chose the Coronels So Agasias and the Coronels and the man that was rescued went together toward Cleander to whom the Coronels vsed this speech The Army O Cleander hath sent vs vnto you and desire you if you thinke
them all guilty to vse your owne iudgement in punishing all if one or two they are willing to put them into your hands to be iudged by you If therefore you lay the fault vpon any of vs we here present our selues vnto you if vpon any man else we desire you to name him For no man shall be with-held from you that will acknowledge our command Then Agasias stepped forth and said I am the man Cleander which tooke this Souldier from Dexippus who was leading him away and willed stones to be cast at Dexippus For I knew this man to be a worthy Souldier and that Dexippus being by the Army chosen Captaine of a Galley of 50 oares which wee craued from the Trapezuntians to gather other ships to saue our selues in both runne away from vs and also betrayed the Army with which himselfe was saued And by his meanes we not only defrauded the Trapezuntians of their ship but incurred the imputation of vniust men and as much as lay in him we all perished For he heard as well as we how impossible it was marching on foot to passe ouer the riuers that lay in our way and to come in safety into Greâ—ce He therefore being such a one I tooke the Souldier from him But if you Cleander or any about you that was no run-away from vs had apprehended him you may well conceiue I would haue forborne to doe as I did And I would haue you thinke if you take away my life you shall put an honest man to death for a cowards and a scundrels sake Cleander hearing this said I commend not Dexippus if he behaued himselfe as you haue related notwithstanding admit Dexippus were neuer so vile yet violence was not to be offred vnto him but he was to be brought to iudgement as you are at this time Now therefore you the Coronels may depart leauing this man behinde you and when I giue you notice returne to assist the Court in iudgement concerning these offences and I haue neither cause to accuse the Army nor any other man in priuate in as much as himselfe confesseth that it was he that made the rescous Then he that was rescued spake thus Lest you should thinke Cleander that I was apprehended as an offender I neither strooke any man nor threw stone I said only that the sheepe appertained to the generalitie For it was decreed that when the Armie went abroad all boot taken in priuate should be deliuered vp to the vse of the generalitie This was all I spake and for this Dexippus laid hands on me and would haue caried me away that all mens mouthes being stopped he might haue had his part and preserued the rest for those that contrary to the decree went about to deceiue the Army Hereunto Cleander answered Seeing you are so acute and witty stay you here also that we may aduise what to doe with you So went Cleander to dinner but Xenophon assembling the Army counselled them to send to Cleander and to make intercession for the prisoners Hereupon they decreed that the Coronels and Captaines and Dracontius the Lacedemonian and other that were fit should goe to Cleander and by all meanes intreat for their deliuerie Xenophon therefore being come to Cleander spake thus You haue O Cleander in safe keeping the men you desired and the Army hath referred vnto you not only to dispose of the prisoners as you please but also of themselues in generall Now they desire and intreat you to bestow the men vpon them and not to put them to death because in former times they haue done good seruice to the Army Obtaining this fauour at your hands they promise in regard thereof if it shall please you to accept the command ouer them to make manifest how modest they are and how dutifull to their Generall and the gods being propitious how fearelesse of the enemy Further they are humble suiters that you would be pleased to come vnto them and to make proofe of Dexippus and of them and of other whether shall be most respectiue and dutifull to their Commanders Cleander hearing this said he would streight-waies giue them answer and I release vnto you quoth he the men that are in durance and will my selfe come vnto you and conduct you into Greece if the gods permit The reports which are spread abroad of you are much differing from that which I my selfe now heare namely that the Armie should be in minde to reuolt from the Lacedemonians The Coronels much extolled him for his bounty and departed hauing the prisoners restored vnto them Cleander offred sacrifice about the iourney and vsed Xenophon with all kindnesse and contracted hospitalitie with him and when he saw the Armie orderly doe what was commanded he much rather desired to be their Generall But when he had sacrificed three dayes and the sacrifice assented not he called the Coronels together and said The sacrifices allow not that I should be your Generall Yet be not you therefore out of comfort For as it seemeth you are the men that are appointed to leade the Armie home Goe forward When you come where we haue to doe we will entertaine you in the best manner we can Hereupon the Souldiers offered him the sheepe that pertained to the generalitie which he receiued and gaue backe againe So he sailed away But the Souldiers diuiding amongst themselues the corne and other things which they had gathered together marched on thorow the countrey of Bithynia And when they found nothing in their right way for they held on as if the countrey had beene friend it seemed good to returne backe a day and nights iourney Doing this they tooke many slaues and sheepe and the eighth day came to Chrysopolis a Citie in the country of Chalcedon and staied there seuen dayes selling their spoile Finis Libri Sexti THE SEVENTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger out of Asia the Lesse into the Higher COVNTREYS WHat the Grecians did in their Ascent with Cyrus vntill the battell and what after Cyrus was slaine in their iourney till they came into Pontus and what marching on Foot and sailing out of Pontus till they had passed the mouth of Pontus and came to Chrysopolis in Asia is described in the former discourse After this Pharnabazus fearing that the Armie would inuade his gouernment sent to Anaxibius the Admirall who then happened to be at Byzantium and desired him to transport it out of Asia promising him in that respect to doe whatsoeuer he required at his hands Anaxibius sent for the Coronels and Captaines to Byzantium promising to giue them pay if they would come ouer to him The other Coronels said they would aduise and returne him answer But Xenophon answered that he purposed to leaue the Armie and saile away Anaxibius commanded him first to come ouer with the Armie and gaue him libertie to depart afterward at his pleasure which
Xenophon assented vnto In the meane time Seuthes the Thracian sent Medosades and desired Xenophon to be a meanes and furtherance to the transportation of the Armie adding he should not repent himselfe in so doing Xenophon answered that the Armie without all question was to come ouer and in regard thereof Seuthes need not giue any thing either to him or to any man else After the transportation quoth he I am to depart Let him therefore addresse himselfe in such sort as he thinketh best to those that remaine behinde and shall be most for his purpose So all the Armie came ouer to Byzantium Anaxibius gaue them not pay according to his promise but made proclamation that taking their Armes and baggage they should depart out of the Citie as if he had a purpose to send them away and to take muster of them Hereupon the Souldiers weâ—â— discoâ—tenâ— because they wanted money to make prouision for their iourney and they made no great haâ—â—e in trussing vp their baggage Xeâ—â—phâ—â— being become now a Guest to Cleander the Gouernour went to him and saluted him hauing in minde â—o take shipping presently You shall not doe so â—oth he If you doe you will be blamed For alreadie they lay the fault vpon you that the Armie is so slow in departing the Citie Yet am not I in fault quoth Xenophon For the Souldiers wanting victuall and money for their iourney are in that regard loth to leaue the Citie Yet would I counsell you quoth he to goe out as though you meant to march with them and when the Armie is out of the Gates to depart whither you list Let vs goe then to Anaxibius quoth Xenophon and take order accordingly Comming to him they told what they had resolued He willed them so to doe and that the Souldiers should presently issue with their baggage and further to signifie that whosoeuer appeared not at the musters and view to be taken should thanke himselfe if any thing fell out contrarie to his expectation Hereupon the Coronels first went out and after them the rest and now were all out but a few and Ereoâ—â—â—s stood at the Gates readie to shut them and put in the barre assoone as all were gone Anaxibius calling then the Coronels and Captaines to him said For prouision you may take it out of the Thracian Villages There shall you finde plentie of Barley and of Wheaâ— and other victuall After you are furnished march on to Cherronesus where Cynisous shall giue you your pay Some of the Souldiers ouer-heard these words or else some of the Captaines reported them to the Armie The Coronels asked Seuthes whether the Countrey were enemie or friend and whether they were to march ouer the holy Mountaine or in circle thorow the middest of Thrace During this conference the Souldiers snatching vp their Armes ran with full speed to the Gates minding to enter within the Wals. Etâ—onicus and those with him when they saw the armed come running shut the Gates and made fast the barre The Souldiers beat at the Gates crying they were extremely wronged thus to be thrust out to the enemie and threatned to breake the Gates asunder if they opened them not of their owne accord Other some ran along by the Sea side and climbed vp the wall by the great stones that were laid betwixt the Sea and the wall to breake the violence of the waues There were of the Souldiers that remained yet within the Citie who when they saw the stirre about the Gates cut asunder the barres with axes and set the Gates wide open Xenophon beholding what was done fearing left the Armie should fall to spoile and worke inestimable damage to the Citie to him and to themselues ran amongst the rest and in the crowd was carried within the Gates As soone as the Byzantians perceiued that the Armie had entred the Citie by force they fled out of the market-place some toward the ships some to their houses They that were within the Citie fled out and some put the Gallies afloat hoping to finde safetie in them All accounted themselues lost none otherwise than if the City had beene taken by the enemie Anaxibius fled to the Sea taking a Fisher-boat and recouered the Castle from whence out of hand he sent for succour to Chalcedon thinking the Garrison of the Castle insufficient to make the place good against the Armie The Souldiers when they saw Xenophon said to him Now ô Xenophon it is in your owne hands to make your selfe a man you haue a Citie you haue Gallies you haue riches you haue so many men now if you please you may doe vs good and we will make you great You say well quoth Xenophon and I will follow your counsell onely if this be your desire put your selues in order of battell without delay Both himselfe gaue this command and he willed the other Coronels to giue direction to imbattell the Souldiers thereby to still and appease the vproare They putting themselues in order the armed stood in short time fiftie deepe and the Peltasts ran to both wings The place was fit to embattell in called Thracium being void of houses and an euen plot of ground After they had laid downe their Armes and were still Xenophon called the army together and made this speech vnto them I maruell not ô Souldiers that you are angry thinke you haue cause of discontent in regard of the deceit that is vsed towards you But if we giue reines to our anger and seeke reuenge vpon the Lacedemonians that are present and put the Citie that is blamelesse to sacke cast in your mindes what will be the issue And what kinde of war this will be they may iudge that haue seene and remember the euents of things lately passed For we the Athenians entred into war against the Lacedemonians and their Allieâ— being owners of no lesse than foure hundred Gallies which were in part abroad in part in our Arsenall And albeit that the Citie had much riches and a yeerely reuenew arising from the Citizens and from strangers no lesse than 1000. talents and besides was mistresse of all the Ilands and possessed many Cities in Asia many in Europe and amongst the rest this Byzantium it selfe where we now are yet were we ouercome as you all know Now then what can we expect to befall vs the Lacedemonians and Achaeans being linked in societie and the Athenians and all their confederates that then were being of the partie Tissaphernes and the other Barbarians on the other side of the Sea our enemies and the great King most of all other whose kingdome we sought to bereaue him of and to take his life if we could All these things being so is any man so simple to conceiue that wee shâ—ll haue the vpper hand For Gods sake let vs not be franticke nor cast away our selues shamefully in becomming enemy to our fathers friends and kinsfolke For they liue
towne situaâ—e by the Sea But if endeuouring this we bring it not to passe and some feare arise from the Lacedemonians if any of vs come vnto you will you receiue him into your countrey He answered yea I will hold them as my brothers and place them in seats and make them partakers of all I shall possesse But to you Xenophon I will giue my daughter and if you haue a daughter I will buy her after the Thracian manner and will giue her Bisanthe lying vpon the Sea-coast to dwell in which is the goodliest countrey I haue Hearing these things and giuing and taking hands they rode away and before day came to the Campe and euery one returned answer to them from whom he was sent When it was day Aristarchus called againe the Coronells and Captaines who thought it not good to come at Aristarchus but to call an assembly of the army All came together except the Souldiers of Neon who were about ten Furlongs from the rest Being assembled Xenophon arose and spake thus We cannot ô Souldiers saile ouer whether we would by reason that Aristarchus with his Gallies hindreth vs so that it is not safe for vs to go aboord He also commandeth vs to make way thorow the Holy Mount by force and so to come to Cherronesus which if we do he faith he will no more sell vs for slaues as he did in Bizantium nor yet beguile vs but will surely giue vs our pay nor shall we need to looke about vs as wee doe now being destitute of necessary prouision Seuthes promiseth if you will come vnto him to vse you kindly I would haue you therefore to consider whether you will stay here and debate of these things or march away to a place where you may refresh your selues with victualls I am of opinion seeing we neither haue money to goe to market nor are suffered to take victuall without money that we were best to returne to the villages which were allotted vs and hauing there such things as we want to heare the propositions of such as desire your seruice and to chuse that which shall be most expedient for your selues You that like hereof hold vp your hands All held vp their hands Goe then quoth he and presently trusse vp your baggage and when you are commanded follow your leaders After this Xenophon led and the army followed And albeit Neon and other from Aristarchus endeuoured to perswade them to returne yet they would giue no eare When they had now marched about thirtie Furlongs Seuthes met them Whom when Xenophon saw he desired him to draw neere that in the hearing of the multitude they mought conferre about some things which tended to the good of the army Being come vp Xenophon said We are now marching thither where we may finde food There after we haue heard what you and this Lacedemonian will say wee will resolue vpon that which shall seeme best for vs. If therefore you will lead vs to a place where we shall haue plentie we shall be the more beholding vnto you and thinke you make vs your guests I know quoth Seuthes where many villages stand not farre asunder which abound in store of prouision and are no further off than we may well reach by dinner time Lead then quoth Xenophon They came to the villages in the afternoone and the Souldiers assembling Seuthes vsed this speech I desire you â— Souldiers to take entertainment of me I promise euery one of you a Cyzicene for his monthly pay and to a Captaine and a Coronell as much as is vsually giuen Meat and drinke you shall haue of the â—ountrey as you haue now Whatsoeuer is taken from the enemy I will challenge as mine owne that disposing of it as I shall thinke best I may make vp your pay We of our selues shall be of force sufficient to giue chace to the enemy that flyeth with your helpe we shall easily ouercome those that resist Xenophon then asked him how farre from the Sea he desired the army should march No further than seuen daies iourney quoth he and oftentimes selfe After this it was permitted that any man that would might speake Many said that Seuthes propounded things not to be contemned For it was Winter and no man though he would neuer so faine could get home by Sea and wanting mony to buy things necessary they were not able to remaine in a friends countrey and in the enemies it was safer to stay and be nourished in the company of Seuthes than being alone especially so many commodities offering themselues Besides to haue pay was a thing found ere it could be looked for Xenophon added if any man be of a contrarie minde let him speake if not let a decree be made hereof When all were silent they gaue their consent and a decree was made accordingly Xenophon therefore presently informed Seuthes that the Souldiers would take entertainment of him After this the rest quartered euery man as the lot fell to his company but Seuthes called the Coronels and Captaines to supper in a village hard by Comming to the doore where they should sup they found one Heraclides a Maronaeaâ— he insinuated himselfe to each of them who he thought was able and had to giue Seuthes and spake first to certaine Parians that came to make a league with Medocus the King of Odryssians bringing with them gifts for him and for the Queene He told them that Medocus liued in the countrey that was twelue daies iourney from the Sea and that Seuthes with the helpe of that army would be master of the Sea and being their neighbour would bee able both to pleasure and hurt them If you be wise therefore turne the gifts which you bring to Seuthes and it will be better than if you presented them to Medocus that dwelleth so farre off Thus he perswaded them Then he came to Timasion the Dardanian for he heard he had cups and carpets taken from the Barbarians and said It was the manner when Seuthes bid any to supper that the guests inuited offered presents vnto him He quoth Heraclydes if he become great in this kingdome will be able either to restore you to your countrey or else to make you rich here Thus admonished he euerie one before they entred to supper He came likewise to Xenophon and said You are both of the greatest Citie and of greatest name with Seuthes and it may be that Seuthes will thinke you worthy to possesse cities and land in this countrey as many of your countreymen haue done heretofore It is fit therefore for you to honour Seuthes with the richest presents For I know the royaller your presents be the more gratuitie you shall obtaine at his hands Xenophon hearing this was displeased in minde For he brought no more out of Pariâ—â— with him than a boy and money to defray his charges When the greatest men of Thrace thâ—t were then present and the Coronels and Captaines
that as soone as they see vs they will gather together willingly This day so ended The next day Seuthes and Heraclides brought the Lacedemonians to the armie and the armie assembled together The Lacedemonians said Our City is resolued to make warre vpon Tissaphernes who hath wronged you If therefore you will goe with vs you shall both reuenge your selues vpon your enemy and also haue euery one of you a Daricke the month for your pay a Captaine twice a Coronell foure times as much The Souldiers gladly heard this newes and by and by there stood vp an Arcadian accusing Xenophon Seuthes remained there to heare what the issue would be and hee stood within hearing hauing an Interpreter with him albeit he also of himselfe vnderstood the most part of that which was spoken in Greeke Then the Arcadian said We ô Lacedemonians had beene with you long agoe if by Xenophons perswasion we had not beene brought hither where lying in the field this sore Winter we neither night nor day haue taken rest He in the meane time hath the fruit of our labour Seâ—thes hath priuately made him rich and defrauded vs of our pay So that if I that speake first If I said he might see him stoned to death and punished for leading vs into this countrey I should account my selfe satisfied of my pay and not be grieued hereafter with any thing that is past After him stood vp another and then another Hereupon Xenophon spake thus What may not a man expect when I am accused by you of that wherein my conscience witnesseth with me that I haue beene most desirous to doe you good I was now returning home when hearing that it was not well with you nay rather that you were brought to all extremitie I returned to doe you seruice and to assist you in any thing I could After my comming Seuthes sending many messengers vnto me and promising many things in case I perswaded you to come vnto him you know I refused and led you thither from whence I thought you might with most facilitie be transported into Asia For I held it the best course and knew you most desired it But when Aristarchus with his Gallies intercepted our passage I thereupon called you together as it was needfull to consult what was to be done You would not then heare Aristarchus that commanded you to march into Cherronesus but yeelded to Seuthes that desired to entertaine you and it was not one but all of you that desired to goe with Seuthes and all of you made the decree Say then wherein I haue wronged you hauing led you to the place whither you all desired to goe But when Seuthes began to defraud you of your pay if I then commended him or allowed of his dealing you haue good cause to accuse hate me But if before that time I was most in his fauour and now furthest out is it right that preferring you before him you should accuse me for that which is the cause that he and I are at difference But you will say now I haue gotten from Seuthes that which was yours I may cast a faire colour before your eies Is it not then manifest that if Seuthes haue giuen me any thing he hath so giuen it that hee meant not to lose it and yet pay you your due I should thinke that in bestowing on me the lesse his purpose was to hold the greater from you If your opinion be such you may if you please make the negotiation betwixt him and me void by demanding your pay For it is plaine that if I haue beene bribed he will demand the bribe againe in case I performe not the contract But my conscience telleth me that I am farre from intercepting any thing of yours For I sweare vnto you by all the gods and the goddesses that Seuthes hath not performed to me that he promised me for mine owne particular Hee is present and heares and knowes whether I forsweare my selfe or no. And that you may maruell the more I haue not receiued so much as other Coronels nor so much as some Captaines And why haue I done this Mine opinion was the more I suffered pouertie with him the more he would be my friend when his abilitie was greater Now I both see him in prosperitie and know what disposition he is of Some will say Shame you not to be so childishly deceiued Truly I should be ashamed if I were ouer-reached by an enemie But it is more shame for a friend to deceiue than to be deceiued And if there be any caution to be vsed toward a friend I know you all haue carefully endeuoured not to giue occasion of withholding from you that which he hath promised you We haue neither wronged him in any thing nor fore-slowed his affaires nor for feare left any thing vndone that he hath commanded But you will say assurance that he should not deceiue though he would was then to be taken Heare I pray you that which I would neuer say against him were not you too vniust and vnthankfull toward me For you may remember in what case you were when I led you to Seuthes If you were disposed to goe into Perinthus did not Aristarchus the Lacedemonian shut the gates against you and keepe you out of the Citie Encamped you not in the field Was it not the middest of Winter The market you had how was it furnished What monie had you wherewith to buy You must remaine in Thrace for the Gallies lay at anchor forbidding your transport Remaining there you must be in the enemies countrie where there were many Horse and Peltasts You had armed Foot indeed with which approching the village wee might haue seised vpon corne though not much but chace we could not giue nor take slaues nor cattle For I was with you and neither saw many Horse nor Peltasts In this necessitie if I ioined Seâ—thes vnto you who had both Horse and Peltasts when you wanted both had I not deserued well albeit I had procured you no pay For after you were assisted with them found you not more plentie of come in the villages because the Thracians were driuen to a speedie flight And you failed not of captiues and cattle nor saw we an enemie since we had Horse whereas before he followed vs boldly with Horse and Peltasts and suffered vs not to disperse in little troopes or to take prouision in any quantitie If therefore he that wrought this securitie for you had added no pay vnto it this would haue beene the greatest wrong you had suffered and for this were he in your iudgement vnworthy to liue But now how depart you Spent you not the Winter in plentie of all things And for ouer-plus had you not that which was giuen you by Seuthes You haue all this while liued vpon the enemie and neither seene any of the Armie slaine nor miscarrying aliue Besides if you haue done any thing praise-worthy against the Barbarians in Asia you
giues or receiues and your yeerely reuenue is now more than the worth of all you possessed before These things did I forecast in minde as your friend that both you might seeme worthy of that which the gods haue bestowed vpon you and I not leese my reputation with the Armie For you know well that at this present I can neither harme an enemie nor succour you hereafter though I would neuer so faine Such is the affection of the Armie toward me And I take your selfe and the gods that know all things to witnesse that I haue neither receiued any thing of you in regard of them nor demanded ought of theirs to my priuat vse no nor any of those things you promised me And I sweare further vnto you I would neuer haue taken gift of yours vnlesse the Souldiers had receiued that which is their owne For it would be a shame for me hauing been so much honoured by them to procure mine owne aduantage and neglect theirs But Heraclides esteemeth all things trifles saue only money howsoeuer it is gotten I contrariwise ô Seuthes thinke that a man especially a Ruler can haue no fairer possessions than Vertue Iustice Generositie The possessor of these is enriched with many friends for the present and enriched with other that hereafter will seeke for his friendship and in good fortune he hath them that will reioice with him in ill that will be readie to assist and helpe him But if by my deeds you perceiued not that I was your friend from my heart nor yet knew it by my words remember notwithstanding the words of the Souldiers For you were present and heard what was spoken by them that sought to bring me into hatred who charged me to the Lacedemonians that I made more account of you than of the Lacedemonians and for themselues likewise that I more regarded your well-fare than theirs They said I had receiued gifts of you And when they accused me of these gifts do you thinke they saw in me an ill affection toward you or rather a desire to do you seruice I am of this minde that whosoeuer receiueth gifts he ought to loue and esteeme of him that is the giuer Before I came to your seruice you entertained me kindly in countenance and in words and hospitall gifts made no end of promises now you haue compassed your desire and are as great as I can make you seeing the small estimation the Souldiers haue me in you dare contemne me But I firmely beleeue time will teach you that this money is to be paid and that you will giue no cause of complaint to those that haue so well deserued at your hands Only this is my desire that when you pay it you would haue a care to restore me to the same place with the Souldiers wherein you found me at the first Seuthes hearing this cursed him that was the cause why the Souldiers were not paid long before euerie man imagined he meant Heraclides For I quoth Seuthes will pay the arrerages and neuer had in minde to defraud the Souldiers of the least part of their due Then spake Xenophon againe Seeing it is your pleasure to make paiment let me entreat you to doe it by my hands and not to see me in worse case with the Souldiers for your cause than I was when I came to your seruice Seuthes answered You shall not by my meanes But if you will stay with me and hold with you 1000 Armed I will giue you the Townes and other things I promised you Xenophon told him It could not be as matters stood But I pray quoth he send vs away I know quoth Seuthes it will be safer for you to remaine here than to depart Xenophon againe replied I thanke you for your care of me but I cannot stay Howbeit wheresoeuer I become the more estimation I haue it shall not be the worse for you Then quoth Seuthes I haue no money but a little viz. one Talent which I will deliuer vnto you but you shâ—ll haue 600 Oxen 4000 Sheepe and 120 Captiues Taking these and the pledges of them that wronged you goe your waies Then Xenophon smiling said If these suffice not to make vp the pay whose Talent shall I say I haue But seeing I cannot depart hence without danger is it not better to stay here and take heed of stones For you heard their threatnings So he remained there The next day Seuthes deliuered that which he promised and sent men to driue the cattell The Souldiers in the meane time gaue out that Xenophon was gone to remaine with Seuthes and to receiue the things which were promised him But when they saw him come they reioyced and ran to meet him Xenophon as soone as he saw Charminns and Polynicus You quoth he are the men that haue preserued these things for the Souldiers and I deliuer them into your hands dispose you of the sale and deliuer the price to the Souldiers They taking and appointing men to sell them raised money for the Souldiers but not without imputation of much corruption Xenophon came not neere but openly made ready to goe to his countrey For it was not yet signified vnto him that he was banished but some especiall men of the Armie came vnto him desiring him not to depart till he had conducted the Armie and deliuered it vnto Thymbro From thence they sailed ouer to Lampsacus where Euclydes the Phliasian Soothsayer the sonne of Cleagoras who painted the dreames in the Lycaum met Xenophon He was glad to see Xenophon in health and asked him how much gold he had Who swore he had not enough to bring him home vnlesse he sold his horse and other things which were about him Euclydes beleeued him not but when the Lampsacens sent hospitall gifts to Xenophon and Xenophon offering sacrifice to Apollo desired Euclydes to be at the sacrifice Euclydes then looking vpon the Sacrifice said he beleeued now that Xenophon had no money and I know quoth he if hereafter you happen to get any you will haue an impediment if no other you will be an impediment to your selfe Xenophon confessed this to be true Euclydes proceeded Iupiter Milichius quoth he will hinder you He further asked him whether he had sacrificed as I quoth he am wont for you at home and burne the whole beast Xenophon said he had not offred to that god all the time of his trauell Euclydes aduised him therefore to sacrifice vnto the god your affaires said he will prosper better The next day Xenophon marching on to Ophrynium sacrificed and burnt whole Hogs after his countrey manner The same day came Bitoâ— and Euclydes to pay the Armie and they were Xenophons guests and tâ—ey released and restored to Xenophon refusing to take the price of the redemption the horse which he had pawned at Lâ—mpsacus for 50 Daricks suspecting he pawned him for need because they heard that he delighted in him Then marching
thorow the Territorie of Troy and passing ouer Ide they came first to Antandrum and then held on along the Sea side of Lydia to the Plaine of Thebe From thence marching forward by Adramyttiâ—m and Certâ—nium not farre from Atarna to the Plaine of Caycus they reached to Pergamus a Citie of Lydia Here Hellas the wife of Gongylus the Eretrian mother of Gorgyâ—â— and Gongylus entertained Xenophon for her guest Shee told him that Asidates a Persian was in the Plaine If you goe by night quoth shee with 300 men you may take him his wife and children and much riches Shee gaue him for Guides her cosin germane and Daphâ—agoras a speciall friend of hers Xenophon therefore hauing these with him offered sacrifice Agasias the Elaean soothsayer being present said that the entrailes were faire and that Asidates might be taken prisoner They went to supper and after supper Xenophon taking the Captaines to him that were his best friends and had alwaies beene faithfull vnto him and therefore desiring to doe them a kindnesse proceeded on his iourney There went also with him whether he would or no other about 600 Souldiers But the Captaines posted away before to preuent them of partage as though the money had beene ready to their hands Comming to the place about midnight they suffered the slaues that lay neere the Castle and many other things to slip away their care being only to take Asidates and his companie When they could not take the Castle by assault for it was high and great and had many bulwarks defendants expert in fight they went about to sap the foot thereof The wall was of the thicknesse of eight bricks By breake of day it was pierced thorow and when it was light one of the defendants strooke him that stood next thorow the thigh with an Oxe-goad and further with their arrowes they made it dangerous for any man to approach to the Tower or come in sight When those in the Castle made an outcry and put out fire for a signe Itabelius with his owne forces and with the Garrison of Coâ—ania being armed foot and with about 80 Hircanian horsemen which were in the Kings pay and other Peltasts about 800 came to rescous Othâ—r also out of Parthenion other out of Apollonia and the neighbour Cities being horsemen Now was it time to thinke how our Retreat should be made Therefore taking the Oxen and other cattell and the captiues and couching them within a hollow square they hasted away not so much thinking vpon the riches as that if they should depart leauing that behinde them which they had gotten their Retreat might seeme a plaine running away besides that that the enemy would grow into heart and the Souldiers be discouraged Now they retreated fighting as it were for the prey When Gongylus saw the Grecianâ— so few and the enemy that pressed them so many in number he by compulsion of his mother issued out with his owne forces to be partaker of the fray And Procles out of Alisarna and Teuthranias who was descended from Demaratus came likewise to rescous Xenophons souldiers being ouerlaid with arrowes and Ilings casting themselues into a Ring to the end to oppose their armes against the arrowes with much adoe passed ouer the riuer Caijcus well-nigh halfe of them being wounded Amongst the number of whom was Agasias the Stymphalian who continued the fight against the enemy during the whole Retreat Thus they came safe home hauing 200 captiues and cattell sufficient for sacrifice Xenophon sacrificing the next day led out his Armie by night that he might goe as far as he could into Lydia and giue no cause of feare to the enemie by being so neere but make him negligent vpon his guard Asidates hearing that Xenophon had the second time sacrificed about him and that he was marching with all â—is Armie went out of his Castle and lodged in the Villages not farre from the Citie Parthenium There Xenophons souldiers lighted vpon him and tooke him prisoner and his wife and his children and his horse and all that he had So that the former sacrifice tooke effect now Afterward they returned backe againe to Pergamus and thenceforth Xenophon had no cause to complaine of that god For the Lacedemonians also and Captaines and Souldiers consented to giue him an extraordinary share of horse and oxen and other things so that he was thereby able to gratifie a friend Not long after came Thymbro and tooke the Armie and ioyning it to the rest of the Grecian forces made warre against Tissaphernes These were the Gouernours of the Kings Prouinces that we iournied thorow Artymas of Lydia Artacamas of Phrygia Mithridates of Lycaonia and Cappadocia of Cilicia Synesis of Phoenicia and Arabia Dernes of Syria and Assyria Belesis of Babylonia Roparas of Media Arbacas of the Phasians and Hesperites Tâ—ribazus The Carduchans Chalybes Chaldaaâ—s Macrons Choicans Mosynaecans Coitans and Tibarens are people vnder no mans subiection Paphlagonia is ruled by Corylas the Bithynians by Pharnabazus the Europaean Thracians by Seuthes The totall number of the Ascent and Descent is 215 Encampings 1150 Parasangs 34255 Furlongs The time of the Ascent and Descent one yeere and three moneths FINIS A COMPARISON OF THE ROMANE MANNER OF WARRE WITH THIS OF OVR TIME OVT OF THE END OF THE FIFTH Booke of IVSTVS LIPSIVS De Militia Romana WE haue considered 5. things in the Roman warfare their Musters their Armes their degrees distribution of Bands their Embattelling and their Discipline To make a true comparison betwixt our manner of warre and theirs we must weigh the one with the other in equall ballance of all these generalities and obserue by the consequents and aduantages which of them is to be preferred before other Therfore to speake first of Musters it is no doubt but that they vsed an excellent course in making choice of the best most honest men Which notwithstanding will hardlie at this daie be imitated by vs as our fashions and gouernment are vnlesse happilie it be in some Free-estate But they amongst vs are few or else but weake And the Venetian alone which is of meanes and abilitie sufficient for certaine priuate regards debarreth her people for the most part from seruice I except the seruice of the Sea Kings and Princes will not be tied to this Romane forme and haue their causes It would be hard to rate their Souldiers after such a Subsidie or Assessment and scarce safe to allow them the like libertie of Armes But of things of this nature we haue discoursed in our Politikes Now I hold thus much that euerie Prince may to his great commoditie deuise another course than is in vse now adaies in Musters It is not vnknowne what the Turke doth in his Ianizars I would haue many or few Legions according to abilitie or reuenues of State be leuied of fit men and bound and framed to seruice from their youth till a prefixed
whether there be any good in them to serue our purposes Duties extend to Guards Ministeries Workes and to those things whereof I haue intreated at large For Guards wee haue some shew and that not ill digested Yet doe I beleeue that in time past there haue beene better or safer as the Stations before the gates of the campe the Guard-tallies the continuall Round the relieuing of Guards the differences and diuâ—sion of houres and such like which an industrious Generall may marke and put in practise Ministeries are either out of date amongst vs or else voluntarie and without law Yet who can deny but that such like may with comelinesse be vsed towards the Coronels and Commanders without vexation of the Souldiers being parted amongst them by turnes But Workes are the chiefe and most profitable yea the most necessarie part not only for victorie but also for safetie And yet why is entrenching of the Campe altogether cast off Wee set downe open and without any certaine order and when we will seeme more circumspect we inclose our selues with our carriage both an inuention and terme Barbarous But see me the Roman Campe so formed so quartered out how beautifull is it in sight apt for vse strong against all incursion and force of the enemy How many of our owne and stranger-stranger-armies haue beene cut in peeces or put to flight by carelesnesse herein And euen of late those gallant Christian forces at the Donaw whom the most cruell enemy surprised on the sudden Say I beseech you if the Roman Campe and Guards had beene there would this haue happened But they like not or rather are ashamed to be Labourers Should a Souldier put his hand to the Spade It is an ignominy Away hire them that list to fall to such drudgerie These be their words But whose You would thinke them of the blood Royall at the least or else men of great riches Yet looke vpon them you shall perceiue them most abiect of all other whom Need and Despaire haue compelled to seruice My fellow art thou ashamed to doe that which many excellent men yea Senators haue done This pettie conceit wherewith they couer their sloth will packe away with one onely warning or Proclamation of a Prince No man will hold that reproachfull which shall be done in common which shall be done by the better sort and sometimes by commanders themâ—elues for example sake Polybius commeth to my minde who writeth that a man is counted Most wise of all liuing creatures but hee esteemeth him most foolish Because other things if they once offend take heed The Fox will hardly bee brought againe to the snare nor the Woolfe to the piâ—-fall nor the Dog to the staffe Onely man from age to age doth faile almost in the same things Let mee apply this to vs and our affaires What profit is more apparant than of these Workes What more common in Writings and Bookes Yet wee neglect them and had rather cast away our selues than our opinions And concerning Workes how profitable are they without the Campe being the only meanes and remedie neuer deceiuing against great Ordinance and to make your approches without perill to any Citie Workes are of wonderfull effect to blocke vp Townes to defend your selfe in them against the enemy and with Workes you may performe that which otherwise is not to bee done with great Bands of men They haue likewise their place in the battell either to fortifie your selfe suddenly on any side against the enemy or to traine and draw him on or else to make an orderly retreat You shall reade that trenches were cast by Sylla against the sudden circumuention of Mithridates huge Armie and infinite multitude of Horse And that the like was done by Caesar vpon another reason and occasion What need words The effect will proue the saying of Domitius Corbulo true that An enemy is to be ouercome with the spade that is with Workes Would God we had mindes to trie and to lead the Souldier hither by little and little and that one would not be faultie herein by the example of another The second thing in Discipline is Exercise That also is neglected of vs. Where are our Field-teachers Where is our daily meditation of Armes And when no man professeth an Art which he hath not learned men thinke they perfect in warre alone as soone as they come to it The Drum is strucke they runne together their names are entred in the muster-booke they disguise themselues in apparell they looke grim vpon the matter they play the Ruffians and bouse it out in drinke streight way they are become Souldiers Are these things to be laughed at or pitied Goe goe you that be wise to our forefathers and by their example fashion your Souldiers in all manner and kinds of Armes For neither the length of age as Vegetius saith nor number of yeeres doe teach the Art of Warre but continuall meditation of exercise An vnexercised Souldier is alwaies raw though he haue serued neuer so long The Lawes are last Come hither my Commanders shew me your Lawes that I may match them with the Roman Lawes Why are you so silent Haue you none or few Those that you haue are they voide and without effect Truly this is our life Lust ruleth in stead of Law and the Sword challengeth the place of Right Who at this day punisheth Theft Who Rapes Nay who Murther For Whoredome and Adulterie are now counted braue exploites and worthy to be rewarded with a Crowne If I speake of abstinence and frugalitie in Diet I shall be scorned with the tongue out of swearing or periurie I shall be thrust out of dores by the head and shoulders Shamefastnesse and honour whither are you gone How are you banished from the most part of our Europe-seruice I protest againe my complaint and accusation is not against the good I write against you you spots and wems of noble Mars which make the warres a refuge and sanctuarie for your villanies I haue sufficiently declared that the Romans held another course There Iustice Chastitie and Innocencie dwelt in Campe and their Souldiers were in no place fierce and violent but against the enemie I rip not vp those things which I a while agoe spake of But truly they are such as albeit many will debase in speech yet can they not but extoll them in minde And yet who is so haire-braind that dares controll them They doe not so but say that those times are gone that this age requires other manners O good and sweet conceites As though men were other now then they were wont or another reason gouerned and that which is iust not iust in all ages and so that which is vniust The matter is they are hardly laid vnto being enioined to abstinence from outrage and vices to turne their hands against Enemies not Citizens to reserue their strength for Mars not for Venus in summe not to consume their entertainment or pay in
cause of long marches Carmanda Boats for a shift Seditious Souldiers put all in danger 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Coronels marâ—hed by turnes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cyrus stilleth the contention 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A faire pretence of a traitor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The manner of proceeding in iudgement against Orontes His condemnation His execution 45 Mile 15 a day Ordering of the battell The largenesse of the Persian Kingdome Cyrus foot were 112800. a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 b Euery Myriade is 10000. The kingâ— foot 900000. A Fathome containeth two yards The order of Cyrus his battel The place of the Commanders Of the battell of Grecians Light armed of the Grecians Ariaeus is afterward called General of the Horse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The order of the Persians The arming of the Aegyptians A Plesium Battalions The place of the Chariots See my Notes vpon the 11 ch of Aelian Plutarch accounteth this a fault in Clearchus in vita Artaxerxis Remedy against ouer-winging The Word A Militarie Song Alexander gaue direction to his souldiers to doe the like The victorie of the Grecians Cyrus warinesse in his good successe The place of the K. of Persia in a battell Horse in front An error in too â—arnest pursuit Cyrus his valor The death of Cyrus The praise of Cyrus His childhood The K. of Persiaes Gate His keeping of his word His thankfulnesse Strictnesse in punishment His esteeme of Souldiers Loue kindnesse to his seruants To his friends The loue that all men bore to Cyrus 15 Miles The Greâ—ian Caâ—pe taken by the King Three Mile three quarters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tissaphernes chargeth the Grecians Remedy against encompassing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians return to their Campe. Cyrus his prouision for the Grecians For Demaratus see Herodot lib. 6.175 Pausaniâ—s in Laconicis l. 3.171.30 Ariaeus his message to the Grecians A countrey of Asia the lesse Clearchus his answer Firing to dresse their meat The kings message to the Grâ—cians Answer of the Grecians Reply of Phalinus Xenophon Clearchus his answer The aduice of Phalinus The doubtfull answer of Clearchus 2000. Miles and aboue 382 Miles and a quarter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ariaeus his counsell for the way of their return A Panicall fear amongst the Graecians The King maketh an ouerture of Truce The Grecians accept the Truce The diligence and sufficiency of Clearchus in his command Palme nuts 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A dissembling speech of Tissaphernes The answer of the Grecians The conclusion of truce with the conditions annexed The assuraÌ„ce of truce Ariaeus practised to returne to the Kings obeysance Suspition of the Grecians Clearchus confident in the truce Ariaeus ioyneth with the Kings Forces Three miles three quarters The Wall of Media The height 33. yards The bredth 6. yards and more The length 75 miles or thereabout .30 Miles 15 mile a day Draineâ— of Tygris Sitaca A mile three quarters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ariaeus his message A practice of the Barbarians A true coniecture about the message A Bridge vpon Ships 75 miles euery day 18 more Fyscus a Riuer Opis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The army must take vp fiue mile in length being 10000 and betwixt euerie ranke six foot 112 miles euerie day 18 and more 75 miles euery day 15. Caenae a Citie Zabatus a riuer 400. footbroad Distrusts betwixt the Grecians and the Barbarians Conference betwixt Tissaphernes and Clearchus The speech of Clearchus Tissaphernes answer Tiara was an attire that the Persians wore on their heads Clearhus ouer-reached by the cunning of Tissaphernes Fiue Coronels The Coronels taken prisoners by Tissaphernes False pretences of a foule action The falsenesse discouered A description of Clearchus his naturall disposition The Island in Thrace bordering vpon Hellespont A towne lying vpon the same Sea The narrow Sea beside Constantinople Lacedemon His diligence His skill Seueritie Ambition Proxenus His industry being young His ends Modestie Remisnesse Menon His desire of wealth Impudencie Deceitfulnesse Calumniation Impudicitie Death About 1250 mile The distressed estate of the Grecians Xenophon Inuited to serue Cyrus Soâ—rates his counsell to Xâ—nophâ—n To the Oracle of Apollo Mispropounding his question Xenophons griefe His dreame His discourse in minde His resolution His speech to the Captaines of his owne Regiment Apollonides a harsh counseller Assembly of the army 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ierome the Eleans speech Xenophons speech Taxiarchs are the Captaines of the light armed Lochagi the Captaines of the armedfoot Cherisophus New Coronels 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cherisophus his exhortation 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cleanor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophon The superstition of the Gentiles A warlike song which they vsed when they went to charge the enemie Braue exploits of ancestors a great incitement to valour Darius the Father of Xerxes sent his Generall Datis with a great Armie which was ouerthrowne by the Athenians at Marathon The Persians were slaine to the number of 6300. Herodotus lib. 6. But Iustin reporteth that there were slaine 200000. Herodotus lib. 7. A man is neerest to himself Experience of an enemie Horse in the field Scarcitie of prouision Passage of Riuers Seating in a strange countrey A goldeÌ„ bridge is to be made for an enemy to runne away See Diod. Sicul. l. 1.21 and the Lexicon in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the tree and fruit see Pliny l. 13. c. 17. pag. 234. The fruit is so pleasant that they that taste it are loth to retâ—rn to their owne countâ—y Vnnecessarie cariage Care of the Commâ—nders 〈◊〉 of Souldiers A square hollow battell fit for a march when it is feared the enemy will charge round about 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Commanders of the Front flanks reare Mithridates fained speech He discouers himselfe by accident Messengers from the enemie Zathe a riuer Order of march in an open country Faire words turned into a storme of hostilitie An errour of Xenophon Aduantage of missiue weapons Necessity mother of inuention The Rhodian slings Means to procure readinesse to serue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A vaine promise vpon an vnsure ground A â—ile Omnia repentina terrenâ— Larissa a Citie Bredth 8 yards one 25. part Height 33 yards one 100 part Circumference miles seuen a half 6 yards 2 foot 200 yards 400 yards 22 mile and a halfe Mesphila a city 16 yards three 50 parts 33 yards c. 22 miles and a halfe 15 miles Tissaphernes with horse Horse against the reare and flanks of the Plesium at once It is like they were heauier than the arrowes of the Cretans 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 It is to be vnderstood that these new CoÌ„panies were led euery one in file and being ioyned together they made sixe files If then the breach in the Plaesium were small they inserted the sixe files rank-wile to make it vp if wider they
1200 Foot Resolution to goe by Sea 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Intention of planting a Colonie A Daricke a peece of mony with Darius image vpon it the value of the peece 13. s. A slight of those of the contrary opinion Timasions speech that desired to goe to his owne countrey A Cyzicenâ— is 18. s. Thorax the Boâ—otian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophons speech 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Beanes they vsed for voices to absolue or condemne in many Cities The Thracian daunce The Aeâ—ian and Mâ—â—netian dance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Mysian dance The Persian dance The Mantinaean dance The Pyrrhice It was a Lacedemonian dance in armes inuented by one Pyrrhicus a Lacedemonian Athenaeus 630. E. The Grecians take ship Sinope A Mâ—dimne is about a bushel â—mphâ—ra a meâ—surâ— of 30 gallons or thereabouts One Generall The affection of the Army to Xenophon Iupiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bird-gazers Iupiters answer Xenophon refuseth to be Generall Peninsula that is ioined to the continent with a neck of Land only A Medimne is about one of our bushels Amphora was a vessel that contained thirtie gallons and a halfe 200. Foot A Cyzicen was in value about 18. s. Sedition of the Arcadians and Achaeans Their number was 4500. The Army diuided 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Euery one had 450 vnder his command Xenophons zeale without knowledge The Hauen Calpe The seuerall marches of the army being seueâ—ed Of the Arcadians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Thraâ—ians besiege the Aâ—cadians Of Cherisophus Of Xenophon Xâ—nophon hath newes of the distâ—esse of the Arcadians His counsell for their releefe Furning the enemies countrey to make shew of a great Armie Fiue mile The siege raised Xenophon ouertaketh the Arcadians They ioyne in marching There are two Thraces one in Europâ— the other in Asia In European Thrace standeth Constantinople in the other was the Hauen of Calpe The barbarous cruelty of the Thraâ—tans A description of Calpe 40 yards 400 foot The Hauen Two mile and a halfe The quality of the Grecians that followed this warre A decree not to separate their Forces hereafter The death of Cherisophus A meanes to still suspicion Neons rashnesse And ill successe Pharnabazus Lieutenant in Phrygia to the King of Persia. A difference of age in Souldiers The enemy beats in the Grecian guards Fortification of the Campe. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Grecians issue out of the Campe. They bury the dead 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Two mile well-neere Seconds Ordering of the seconds 100. Foot that is 20 paces Geometricall A doubt to enter a wood Xenophons resolution Passing a Wood. The Grecians moue against the enemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The demeaning of their pikes Their Peltasts repulsed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A charge A second charge Chace giuen by the Peltasts 7 mile and a halfe Cleander Gouernour of Byzance now Constantinople Dexippus his fraud and wrong He laieth hold vpon a Souldier Rescous of the Souldier Cleanders feare and threatning Agasias The Souldiers contemne Cleander Xenophons speeâ—h to the contrary The Souldier rescued and the rescuer yeelded vp to Cleander Agasias in his owne defence Exceptions against Dexippus Violence not to be vsed Intercession of the Armie for the prisoners Cleander releaseth the prisoners Accepteth the place of Generall The sacrifice gaine say it Anaxibius the Lacedemonian Admirall Draweth the Armie ouer to Byzance Xenophons purpose to leaue the Armie Seuthes King of Thrace sendeth to Xenophon The Armie at Byzance Anaxibius seeketh to deceiue the Armie The Army goeth out of Byzance The Army findeth the deceit of Anaxibius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Returneth to Byzance discontented Breake open a gate The feare of the Citie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophon stilleth the commotion Messengers to 〈◊〉 â—â—â—otades oâ—feâ—eâ—h himselfe Generâ—ll The army goeth out of the Citie and followeth him Xenophon departeth from the Army Cyrotades his prouision too scant He renounceth his command The Coronels of diuers mindes Cruelty of Anaxibius and Arâ—starchus against the Souldiers The faithlesnesse of Pharnabazus Anaxibius sendeth Xenophon to the Army againe Seuthes desireth to haue the seruice of the Army The Army at Perinthus a Citie in Thrace Aristarchus hindereth their passage into Asia Xenophons danger His sacrifice He posteth into Thrace 6 Mile and a quarter Fires before the Guards The Thynes Xenophon with Seuthes His propositions to Seuthes Why Seuthes desired the army The offers of Seuthes to the army Aristarchus sendeth for the Coronels who refuse to come The army goeth to Seuthes Seuthes meets the army 18 Shillings Seuthes to the Armie Reasons why the Armie should follow Seuthes They agree to follow him Hee inuiteth the Coronels and Captaines to supper Gifts to the King The manner of sitting and seruice at supper See Iul Poll. pag. 187. lin 12. The Watch. Surprising the enemie The order of matching in the night Pallas is in Greeke Athenaea From hence did Athens take the name and Seuthes was of the blood of the Athenians by Progue whom Tercus King of Thrace one of Seuthes his ancestors maried Choice of souldiers by the age 〈◊〉 speed The prey The cold of the Countrey Seuthes executeth his rebels Episthenes Spies of the enemy A Camisado by the Thynes The Thracians Peltasts Fit Hostages Constantinople which lieth in the European Thrace Want of pay Heraclides his calumniations The credit of Xeâ—â—phon with the Coronels 6 Mile and more The Army displeased with Xâ—nâ—phon about pay The Generall of the Lacidemonians in Asia the lesse The Army waged by the Lacedemonians 13. Shillings Seuthes his opinion of Xenophon 13. Shillings Xenophon accused for the pay due to the Souldiers Xenophons defence Charminus excuseth Xâ—nophon Heraclides the with-holder of the pay Xenophon in danger from the Lacedâ—monians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Medosades angry with the Grecians complaineth Xenophons answer The two Lacedemonians are meanes to recouer the Souldiers pay Xenophon sent to Seuthes about the pay His words to Seuthes A Talent is valued at 175 li. sterling and 50 Talents are 875â— li. sterling Seuthâ—s assenteth to pay the Souldiers The pledges of the Thracians that gaue the Camisado to Xenophon before The Armie satisfied Xenophon banished his countrey for following Cyrus who was a friend to the Laâ—edemonians Lampsacus a Citie in Asia the lesse Xenophon not greedy of riches An Epithet giuen to Iupiter signifying fauourable or gentle A Citie in the countrey Troas Xenophons horse released being pawned 32 li. 10 s. Xenophon vpon an exploit Sapping of a Castle A signe for succour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Xenophons retreat A Ring 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Assidates taken prisoner Xenophon rewaâ—ded with a large portion 4281 mile and more Musters Ordo Arma. Tragula Arrowes Armour The Target Pikes Acies Discipline Duties Guards Ministeries Workes Exercise Lawes Rewards Punishment
he had taken view returned and told him that the enemie fled vpon the Spur. Whilest these things were in doing the Sunne was almost set Here the Grecians made a stand and rested themselues laying downe their Armes and withall they wondred they saw not Cyrus nor any man that came from him for they knew not that he was dead but imagined that either he followed the chace or else hasted forward to take in some place of importance they consulted whether it were better to remaine still in the place where they were to cause their baggage to be brought to them or to returne vnto the Campe. At last they resolued to depart and about supper time they came to the campe and so the day ended When they came there they found the most of their other goods rifled and especially the meat and drinke and the wainesladen with flower wine which Cyrus had prepared to releeue the Grecians in case the Armie should at any time be driuen to penurie and need They were as was said 400 waines which the Kings Armie spoiled so that the most part of the Grecians were supperlesse as also they wanted their dinner that day for the King came in sight before the Army could rest themselues and take their dinner Thus therefore they passed that night Finis Libri Primi THE SECOND BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF XENOPHON TOVCHING THE Ascent of CYRVS the younger out of Asia the Lesse into the Higher COVNTREYS IN the booke next before-going is declared how Cyrus at such time as he warred against his brother Artaxerxes leuied his forces out of Greece and what happened in the iourney and how the battell was fought and after what manner Cyrus ended his life and how the Greekes thinking themselues masters of the field and Cyrus to be aliue returned to their campe and tooke themselues to rest As soone as it was day the chiefe Commanders gathering together maruelled that Cyrus neither sent vnto them nor came himselfe to giue direction what was to be done Therefore they thought good to trusse vp their baggage that was left and to put themselues in armes and march forward and ioyne their forces with Cyrus Whilest they were busie herein by sun-rising came Procles sometimes gouernour of Teuthrania a man of the posteritie of Demaratus the Lacedemonian and Glus the sonne of Tamon They brought word of the death of Cyrus and that Ariaeus with the other Barbarians being put to flight in the battell were retired to the campe from whence they dislodged the day before and said further that Ariaeus would stay for them that whole day if they thought good to come vnto him and the next day set forward toward Ionia from whence they first began their iourney The chiefe Commanders and the rest of the Greekes hearing this newes were much perplexed Clearchus hereupon said Would God Cyrus had liued But seeing he is dead carry word to Ariaeus that we haue vanquished the King and that no man as your selues are eye-witnesses fighteth or lifteth vp his hand against vs and had you not come we were euen at this instant marching against the King But say to Ariaeus if hee please to come ioyne with vs we will install him in the Kings throne For they that are conquerors haue also power to dispose of the gouernment of the Kingdome Hauing spoken thus much he sent away the messengers and with them Cherisophus the Laâ—edemonian and Menon the Thessalian For Menon himselfe being a friend and guest to Ariaeus desired to goe So these men departed leauing Clearchus behinde with the army The army in the meanetime victualled it selfe in the best manner it could with the carriage-beasts cutting the throats of Oxen and Asses And going a little further to the ground where the battell was fought they gathered vp arrowes which were many in number which also they compelled the run-awayes from the King to pull out of the ground wicker targets woodden Aegyptian targets for fire-wood There remained also in the campe a multitude of targets and emptie waines with which they sod their meat and so fed that day By this time was the market-place replenished with people when messengers came from the King and from Tissaphernes The other were Barbarians amongst them was one Phalinus a Greeke who followed Tissaphernes and liued in good account with him For he professed skill of embattelling an army and of the vse of armes These comming neere and calling for the Grecian Coronels said that the King hauing gained the victory and slaine Cyrus commanded the Grecians to deliuer vp their armes and to repaire to the Kings gate and submit themselues to his mercy This was the effect of the message The Grecians tooke the message in euill part Notwithstanding Clearchus answered that it was not the manner for conquerours to deliuer vp their armes But you the Coronels said he giue answer to these men as you shall thinke best and most fitting our affaires I will streightwaies returne to you For he had at that present a sacrifice in hand and one of the Serieants came for him to the end he might looke vpon the intrailes of the beast Then Cleanor the Arcadian the eldest Coronell spake and said he had rather die than deliuer vp his armes and the next after him Proxenus the Theban replied I wonder quoth he whether the King require our armes as a conquerour or by way of friendship and as a gift If he would haue them as a conquerour why doth he rather aske them than take them by force If by way of perswasion let him tell vs what we that are Souldiers shall haue left after we haue gratified him herein Hereunto Phalinus answered The King thinkes himselfe master of the field because he hath slaine Cyrus and who is he that now contendeth with him about the kingdome He thinkes also that you are his for that he hath you in the middest of his territory inclosed with vnpassable riuers and is able to bring such a multitude against you as you shall not be able to put to the sword though they were by him deliuered into your hands Then said Xenophon the Athenian Phalinus you see we haue nothing left vs besides our armes and valour As long as we keepe our armes wee shall haue vse of our valour deliuering them vp wee imagine wee shall not long be owners of our bodies or liues Thinke not then Phalinus that wee are so vnaduised as to yeeld vp our onely riches by the helpe whereof we purpose to make triall if we can possesse your riches also Phalinus hearing this fâ—ll into a great laughter and said Young man you looke like a Philosopher and speake not vnpleasingly Know notwithstanding wise man as you are that your valour will not ouermatch the Kings power The report is that some other spake to câ—rrie fauour namely that as they had been faithfull to Cyrus so would they