ever_o slay_v in_o battle_n by_o bite_v or_o stroke_n of_o a_o horse_n man_n they_o be_v that_o perform_v whatsoever_o be_v do_v in_o fight_n as_o for_o we_o the_o foot_n he_o mean_v our_o mount_a be_v much_o more_o firm_a and_o steadfast_a than_o they_o they_o hang_v upon_o their_o horse_n and_o be_v in_o fear_n not_o only_o of_o we_o but_o to_o be_v shake_v of_o and_o throw_v to_o ground_n we_o contrariwise_o have_v stable_a foot_n and_o shall_v be_v able_a both_o with_o great_a assuredness_n to_o strike_v and_o direct_v our_o aim_n with_o more_o certainty_n one_o advantage_n the_o horseman_n have_v they_o may_v more_o secure_o run_v away_o hitherto_o xenophon_n and_o so_o much_o be_v summary_o speak_v of_o the_o service_n of_o horse_n 1_o the_o thessalian_n who_o power_n be_v great_a in_o horse_n the_o thessalian_n inhabit_v about_o the_o mountain_n pelius_n be_v the_o first_o that_o fight_v on_o horseback_n and_o be_v therefore_o call_v centaur_n when_o they_o water_v their_o horse_n in_o the_o river_n peneus_n the_o horse_n head_n stoop_v to_o drink_v make_v the_o unskilful_a multitude_n who_o see_v the_o body_n of_o man_n join_v to_o the_o shoulder_n of_o the_o horse_n conceive_v that_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v man_n and_o the_o neither_o ox_n for_o it_o shall_v seem_v horse_n be_v not_o so_o well_o know_v then_o as_o ox_n with_o which_o they_o labour_v and_o plough_v their_o land_n the_o poet_n therefore_o feign_v that_o they_o be_v monster_n compound_v of_o two_o diverse_a nature_n man_n and_o ox_n or_o bull_n and_o that_o centaurus_n the_o beginner_n of_o the_o race_n be_v beget_v by_o ixion_n upon_o a_o cloud_n which_o be_v figure_v like_o juno_n howbeit_o servius_n give_v a_o better_a original_n of_o the_o name_n say_v that_o certain_a servant_n of_o a_o thessalian_a king_n see_v their_o master_n neat_n rage_v with_o the_o brimse_n a_o fly_n that_o bit_v cattle_n get_v a_o horse_n back_o and_o prick_v they_o with_o goad_n reduce_v they_o to_o their_o stable_n and_o that_o they_o be_v after_o call_v centaur_n para_n kentein_v tous_fw-fr taurous_a of_o prick_v the_o neat_a the_o great_a etymologicon_n give_v yet_o a_o other_o beginning_n of_o the_o name_n for_o where_o i_o have_v say_v that_o centaurus_n be_v beget_v by_o ixion_n upon_o a_o cloud_n which_o be_v figure_v like_o juno_n with_o who_o ixion_n be_v in_o love_n the_o etymologicon_n say_v the_o son_n of_o ixion_n and_o of_o the_o cloud_n be_v call_v centaurus_n apo_n thou_fw-mi ton_fw-fr patera_fw-la autou_fw-mi kentein_v ten_o auran_n but_o 189._o diodorus_n sicul._n report_v the_o history_n of_o the_o centaur_n speak_v not_o of_o centaurus_n the_o father_n of_o the_o race_n but_o say_v notwithstanding_o that_o they_o be_v breed_v of_o a_o cloud_n and_o that_o the_o nymph_n bring_v they_o up_o and_o that_o they_o be_v the_o first_o horseman_n and_o therefore_o call_v hippocentauri_fw-la which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o fable_n that_o they_o have_v two_o nature_n it_o be_v general_o agree_v that_o these_o centaur_n be_v thessalian_n and_o that_o they_o be_v the_o first_o horseman_n that_o be_v mention_v in_o any_o history_n and_o as_o they_o be_v the_o first_o so_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o long_a practice_n d._n they_o be_v account_v the_o best_a the_o most_o valiant_a and_o the_o most_o expert_a horseman_n of_o all_o greece_n even_o to_o the_o time_n of_o philip_n son_n of_o amintas_n king_n of_o macedonia_n who_o conquer_v all_o thessaly_n say_v c._n justin_n not_o of_o desire_n to_o make_v himself_o rich_a of_o the_o prey_n of_o that_o country_n but_o to_o win_v to_o his_o army_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o thessalian_a horseman_n who_o service_n he_o use_v afterward_o in_o all_o his_o war_n neither_o do_v they_o less_o service_n to_o his_o son_n 594._o alexander_n in_o who_o great_a alexand._n battle_n their_o virtue_n clearelie_o appear_v and_o be_v especial_o commend_v by_o history_n pyrth_n pyrrhus_n also_o principal_o by_o their_o valour_n put_v the_o roman_n to_o flight_n agesilao_n agesilaus_n return_v out_o of_o asia_n towards_o his_o country_n lead_v his_o army_n through_o thessaly_n and_o be_v much_o encumber_v in_o his_o mareh_n by_o the_o thessalian_a horseman_n that_o be_v his_o enemy_n he_o charge_v they_o a._n and_o overthrewe_v they_o and_o please_v himself_o marvellous_o therein_o because_o with_o troop_n of_o horse_n which_o himself_o have_v raise_v and_o discipline_v he_o have_v overthrow_v the_o thessalian_n that_o be_v say_v xenophon_n so_o high_o renown_v for_o horsemanship_n 2_o fashion_v and_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o horse_n battle_n mention_v by_o aelian_n the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n and_o the_o square_n and_o the_o square_n be_v either_o a_o just_a square_a or_o long_o in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n or_o in_o front_n then_o in_o flank_n the_o rhombe_n be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o thessalian_n and_o in_o that_o form_n they_o usual_o fight_v but_o where_o he_o make_v jason_n to_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o he_o afterward_o expound_v his_o own_o meaning_n attribute_v the_o invention_n to_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a from_o who_o also_o it_o be_v term_v isle_n but_o the_o chief_a practice_n to_o jason_n euclyde_n define_v a_o rhombe_n in_o this_o sort_n f_o a_o rhombe_n be_v a_o square_a figure_n that_o have_v the_o side_n equal_a but_o the_o angle_n not_o right_a 31._o that_o be_v the_o four_o side_n of_o the_o square_n be_v of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o length_n but_o the_o point_n which_o make_v the_o angle_n be_v two_o of_o they_o stretch_v out_o in_o great_a length_n and_o become_v more_o sharp_a two_o of_o they_o bring_v narrow_a together_o and_o make_v more_o blunt_a than_o the_o right_a angle_n of_o a_o tetragonall_a square_n see_v the_o figure_n it_o be_v the_o same_o figure_n in_o a_o battle_n that_o at_o this_o day_n we_o call_v the_o diamond_n battle_n which_o be_v sometime_o practise_v among_o the_o foot_n for_o show_v and_o evercise_v sake_n but_o among_o the_o horse_n i_o have_v not_o see_v it_o practise_v and_o as_o the_o square_n go_v to_o charge_v with_o all_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n that_o be_v with_o the_o front_n for_o the_o front_n be_v but_o a_o side_n of_o the_o square_a so_o the_o rhombe_n charge_v with_o one_o of_o the_o point_n which_o be_v the_o front_n of_o the_o rhombe_n whether_o of_o they_o be_v of_o most_o use_n in_o the_o field_n i_o be_o not_o to_o determine_v for_o the_o square_n stand_v the_o practice_n of_o our_o day_n beside_o the_o usage_n of_o the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o grecian_n as_o aelian_n say_v for_o the_o rhombe_n the_o thessalian_n alone_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v acknowledge_v the_o best_a horseman_n of_o greece_n unless_o we_o allow_v the_o wedge_n for_o a_o parcel_n of_o the_o rhombe_n a_o rhombe_n be_v but_o a_o double_a wedge_n as_o make_v two_o wedge_n when_o it_o be_v divide_v in_o two_o and_o then_o have_v we_o for_o the_o rhombe_n not_o only_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n both_o nation_n very_o good_a horseman_n but_o king_n philip_n amintas_n son_n and_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o his_o successor_n either_o of_o both_o form_n have_v their_o reason_n for_o the_o square_n they_o that_o use_v they_o hold_v opinion_n as_o aelian_n say_v that_o they_o be_v easy_a to_o frame_v and_o fit_a for_o joint_a move_n of_o horse_n and_o soon_o in_o order_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o that_o the_o commander_n joint_o charge_v the_o enemy_n which_o in_o no_o other_o form_n can_v be_v do_v for_o the_o easiness_n to_o frame_v i_o see_v no_o great_a difference_n only_a custom_n and_o use_v must_v in_o every_o for_o i_o yea_o in_o the_o square_n themselves_o make_v the_o horseman_n ready_a to_o know_v and_o take_v and_o keep_v his_o place_n the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v for_o the_o joint_a move_n of_o the_o horse_n now_o to_o file_n and_o rank_n be_v common_a to_o the_o square_n with_o some_o rhombe_n and_o as_o soon_o do_v in_o the_o one_o as_o in_o the_o other_o the_o number_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v once_o know_v and_o every_o horseman_n have_v his_o place_n assign_v and_o the_o form_n resolve_v upon_o into_o the_o which_o it_o must_v be_v cast_v for_o where_o there_o be_v 4_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n one_o that_o file_v and_o rank_v a_o other_o that_o file_v but_o rank_v not_o the_o three_o that_o rank_v but_o file_v not_o the_o last_o that_o neither_o fileth_n nor_o rank_v as_o aelian_n teach_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n the_o first_o will_v find_v no_o more_o difficulty_n of_o fiâ—ing_v and_o rank_v than_o the_o square_a the_o two_o next_o albeit_o the_o one_o rank_n not_o the_o other_o file_v not_o yet_o the_o want_n of_o file_v or_o rank_v
who_o will_n read_v of_o iphicrates_n let_v he_o go_v to_o c._n aemilius_n probus_n that_o write_v his_o life_n his_o act_n be_v also_o declare_v by_o xenophon_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n and_o polyaen_n and_o justin_n and_o divers_a other_o as_o they_o be_v incident_a to_o their_o general_a history_n he_o be_v esteem_v one_o of_o the_o best_a general_n of_o his_o time_n and_o be_v call_v out_o by_o name_n by_o darius_n king_n of_o persia_n to_o be_v general_a of_o the_o grecian_n his_o mercenary_n in_o the_o war_n he_o have_v against_o the_o egyptian_n his_o fame_n and_o estimation_n be_v so_o great_a with_o alexander_n the_o great_a that_o when_o his_o son_n who_o name_n be_v also_o iphicrates_n with_o other_o grecian_n be_v take_v prisoner_n by_o he_o for_o that_o they_o come_v ambassador_n into_o persia_n to_o darius_n he_o not_o only_o spare_v he_o for_o the_o love_n of_o the_o city_n of_o athens_n and_o for_o the_o remembrance_n of_o his_o father_n glory_n c._n the_o word_n of_o arrian_n but_o hold_v he_o about_o he_o in_o honour_n so_o long_o as_o he_o live_v and_o after_o his_o decease_n send_v his_o relic_n to_o athens_n there_o to_o be_v inter_v by_o his_o friend_n and_o kinsfolk_n 9_o posidonius_n the_o stoic_a posidonius_n in_o his_o time_n be_v a_o philosopher_n of_o high_a renown_n and_o of_o the_o sect_n that_o be_v call_v stoic_n tully_n cit_v he_o often_o in_o his_o work_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o tusculan_a quaestion_n he_o recount_v 146._o that_o pompey_n the_o great_a on_o a_o time_n come_n to_o rhodes_n be_v desirous_a to_o hear_v he_o but_o understanding_n he_o be_v extreme_a sick_a of_o the_o gout_n he_o forbear_v not_o notwithstanding_o to_o visit_v he_o be_v a_o most_o noble_a philosopher_n who_o after_o he_o have_v see_v and_o salute_v and_o use_v with_o honourable_a word_n and_o tell_v he_o he_o be_v sorry_a he_o can_v not_o hear_v he_o discourse_n you_o may_v if_o you_o please_v quoth_v posidonius_n and_o i_o will_v not_o suffer_v pain_n to_o be_v cause_n that_o so_o great_a a_o man_n seek_v i_o in_o vain_a then_o as_o he_o lie_v in_o his_o bed_n begin_v he_o grave_o and_o copious_o to_o dispute_v that_o nothing_o be_v good_a but_o that_o which_o be_v honest_a and_o when_o firebrand_n as_o it_o be_v of_o torment_n towch_v he_o to_o the_o quick_a amidst_o his_o disputation_n he_o break_v forth_o often_o into_o these_o word_n sorrow_n all_o this_o be_v nothing_o though_o thou_o trouble_v i_o never_o so_o much_o i_o will_v not_o yet_o confess_v that_o thou_o be_v of_o thyself_o evil_a so_o tully_n 115_o pliny_n likewise_o tell_v that_o pompey_n after_o the_o war_n of_o mithridates_n go_v into_o the_o house_n of_o posidonius_n a_o man_n famous_a in_o philosophy_n forbid_v his_o sergeant_n to_o knock_v at_o the_o door_n as_o the_o manner_n be_v and_o the_o sergeant_n bundle_n of_o rod_n say_v he_o be_v submit_v to_o a_o door_n by_o he_o to_o who_o east_n &_o west_n have_v submit_v themselves_o the_o same_o â—7_n tully_n attribute_v to_o this_o posidonius_n the_o invention_n of_o a_o sphere_n who_o particular_a conversion_n do_v work_v the_o same_o in_o son_n &_o moon_n and_o the_o other_o five_o planet_n that_o be_v wrought_v by_o the_o motion_n of_o heaven_n every_o day_n and_o night_n the_o preparation_n of_o warlike_a force_n and_o division_n of_o they_o and_o how_o they_o be_v arm_v chap._n ii_o i_o will_v then_o begin_v with_o such_o 1_o preparation_n as_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a for_o service_n in_o war_n the_o force_n whereof_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n the_o one_o land_n force_n the_o other_o ship_n force_n land_n force_n be_v such_o as_o fight_v on_o land_n ship_n force_v such_o as_o be_v order_v for_o fight_v in_o ship_n upon_o sea_n or_o river_n but_o the_o order_n of_o sea_n service_n i_o will_v reserve_v for_o another_o place_n and_o entreat_v now_o of_o thing_n pertain_v to_o land_n service_n the_o levy_n then_o for_o land_n service_n be_v either_o of_o those_o that_o fight_n and_o manage_v arm_n or_o else_o of_o those_o that_o fight_v not_o but_o remain_v in_o the_o camp_n for_o necessary_a use_n they_o fight_v that_o stand_v order_v in_o battle_n and_o with_o arm_n assail_v or_o repulse_n the_o enemy_n the_o rest_n fight_v not_o as_o physician_n merchant_n servant_n and_o other_o which_o follow_v the_o camp_n to_o minister_v unto_o it_o such_o as_o fight_v be_v either_o footman_n or_o rider_n footman_n proper_o that_o serve_v on_o foot_n of_o rider_n some_o use_v horse_n some_o elephant_n they_o that_o use_v horse_n be_v carry_v â—ither_o one_o horseback_n or_o else_o in_o chariotts_n and_o these_o be_v the_o difference_n in_o general_n but_o in_o special_a the_o foot_n and_o horse_n receive_v many_o other_o division_n only_o the_o elephant_n and_o chariotts_n never_o vary_v footman_n than_o be_v repart_v into_o three_o kind_n one_o be_v arm_v another_o targeteer_n the_o three_o light_n or_o naked_a 2_o the_o arm_a bear_v the_o heavy_a furniture_n of_o all_o footman_n 3_o use_v according_a to_o the_o macedonian_a manner_n large_a round_o targett_v and_o 4_o long_a pike_n 5_o the_o light_n contrariwise_o bear_v the_o light_a have_v neither_o cuirass_n nor_o greve_v nor_o long_o or_o round_a targett_n of_o any_o weight_n but_o 6_o fly_v weapon_n only_o as_o 7_o arrow_n 8_o dart_n 9_o stone_n either_o for_o hand_n or_o sling_z to_o this_o kind_n be_v refer_v the_o 10_o armour_n of_o the_o argilos_n who_o have_v his_o furniture_n like_a to_o the_o macedonian_a but_o something_o light_a for_o he_o carry_v 11_o a_o little_a slight_n torgett_v 12_o and_o his_o pike_n be_v much_o short_a than_o the_o macedonian_a pike_n which_o manner_n of_o arm_v seem_v a_o mean_a betwixt_o the_o light_n or_o naked_a and_o that_o which_o be_v proper_o call_v heavy_a as_o be_v light_a than_o the_o heavy_a and_o heavy_a than_o the_o light_n and_o that_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o many_o place_n it_o among_o the_o light_n the_o force_n of_o horse_n which_o we_o distinguish_v before_o from_o chariotts_n as_o be_v order_v in_o troop_n be_v either_o 13_o cataphract_n or_o not_o cataphract_n they_o be_v cataphract_n that_o cover_v their_o own_o and_o their_o horse_n body_n all_o over_o with_o armour_n of_o not_o cataphracts_n some_o be_v lancier_n some_o acrobolist_n 14_o lancier_n be_v such_o as_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n and_o fight_v hand_n to_o hand_n with_o the_o lance_n on_o horseback_n of_o these_o some_o bear_v long_a target_n and_o be_v thereupon_o call_v targeteer_n other_o some_o lance_n alone_o without_o target_n who_o be_v proper_o call_v 15_o lancier_n and_o of_o some_o xestophori_n 16_o acrobolist_n on_o horseback_n be_v such_o as_o fight_v a_o far_o of_o with_o fly_v weapon_n of_o these_o some_o use_v dart_n some_o bow_n they_o use_v dart_n who_o we_o call_v 17_o tarentines_n of_o tarentines_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n for_o some_o throw_v little_a 18_o dart_n a_o far_o of_o and_o be_v term_v darter_n on_o horseback_n but_o proper_o tarentines_n other_o use_v light_a dart_n &_o 19_o after_o they_o have_v spend_v one_o or_o two_o close_o present_o with_o the_o enemy_n like_o the_o lancier_n which_o we_o speak_v of_o and_o fight_v hand_n to_o hand_n these_o in_o common_a speech_n be_v name_v light_a horseman_n so_o that_o of_o tarentines_n some_o be_v proper_o call_v tarentines_n who_o manner_n be_v to_o dart_n a_o far_o of_o some_o light_a horseman_n who_o join_v and_o fight_v hand_n to_o hand_n 20_o the_o horseman_n that_o use_v bow_n be_v term_v archer_n on_o horseback_n and_o of_o some_o scythian_n these_o than_o be_v the_o difference_n of_o such_o as_o be_v in_o the_o camp_n the_o kind_n of_o soldier_n be_v in_o number_n nine_o of_o footman_n arm_v targeteer_n light_v arm_v or_o naked_a of_o horseman_n lancier_n darter_n archer_n cataphract_n and_o last_o chariot_n and_o elephant_n note_n in_o this_o chapter_n the_o kind_n of_o soldier_n be_v distinguish_v according_a to_o their_o several_a arm_n bear_v in_o fight_n and_o therefore_o of_o foot_n some_o be_v call_v arm_v because_o they_o bear_v heavy_a arm_n other_o lightarmed_n or_o naked_a because_o they_o wear_v no_o defensive_a arm_n other_o some_o targeteer_n because_o their_o chief_a defence_n rest_v in_o a_o slight_a target_n wherewith_o they_o cover_v their_o body_n the_o horse_n also_o have_v their_o appellation_n as_o their_o arm_n be_v and_o some_o be_v cataphract_n because_o themselves_o &_o horse_n be_v arm_v complete_o other_o lancier_n for_o that_o they_o use_v a_o lance_n other_o some_o acrobolist_n by_o reason_n they_o fight_v with_o fly_v weapon_n a_o far_o of_o the_o first_o thought_n of_o a_o prince_n or_o state_n that_o be_v resolve_v to_o put_v a_o army_n into_o the_o field_n aught_o to_o
think_v though_o the_o name_n in_o the_o story_n fail_v yet_o the_o kind_n of_o soldier_n so_o arm_v and_o so_o appoint_v as_o aelian_n describe_v may_v easy_o be_v find_v and_o that_o under_o the_o name_n of_o hypaspistes_n which_o name_n albeit_o most_o usual_o signify_v he_o that_o carry_v another_o man_n target_n yet_o be_v it_o also_o apply_v to_o soldier_n that_o be_v neither_o light_n nor_o heavy-armed_n of_o which_o kind_n the_o targeteer_n be_v as_o a_o mean_v bet_v wixt_n both_o that_o hypaspistes_n signify_v no_o heavy_a arm_v may_v be_v evident_a by_o the_o word_n of_o arrian_n â—_o alexander_n when_o he_o see_v the_o straits_n of_o cilicia_n possess_v with_o a_o strong_a guard_n leave_v parmenio_n behind_o withal_o that_o be_v heavy_a arm_v himself_o about_o the_o first_o watch_n take_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la and_o the_o archer_n and_o the_o agrian_o who_o be_v darter_n as_o i_o have_v show_v lead_v on_o in_o the_o night_n towards_o the_o straits_n purpose_v to_o fall_v upon_o the_o wyche_n before_o he_o be_v look_v for_o he_o leave_v all_o the_o heavy-armed_n with_o parmenio_n and_o take_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la with_o he_o and_o in_o another_o place_n he_o say_v a._n alexander_n command_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la first_o to_o pass_v the_o river_n and_o after_o they_o the_o macedonian_a arm_v he_o distinguish_v the_o hypaspistae_fw-la from_o the_o arm_a and_o straight_o after_o â—_o three_o day_n after_o alexander_n understand_v that_o cleitus_n &_o glaucias_n be_v ill_o lodge_v with_o their_o army_n &_o neither_o hold_v watch_n nor_o have_v cast_v a_o trench_n for_o their_o own_o security_n for_o they_o imagine_v alexander_n march_v away_o for_o fear_n and_o that_o their_o camp_n be_v stretch_v out_o to_o a_o needless_a length_n secret_o repassed_a the_o river_n a_o little_a before_o night_n lead_v with_o he_o the_o hypaspist_n and_o the_o archer_n and_o the_o agrian_o and_o the_o phalanges_fw-la of_o perdiccas_n and_o coenus_n and_o in_o the_o same_o book_n at_o the_o assault_n of_o thebes_n when_o perdiccas_n have_v engage_v himself_o and_o bring_v amyntas_n with_o his_o troop_n in_o the_o same_o danger_n alexander_n loath_a to_o leave_v they_o in_o hazard_n advance_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o army_n and_o give_v a_o sign_n to_o the_o archer_n and_o agrian_o to_o enter_v the_o trench_n the_o agemata_fw-la livy_n translate_v they_o legion_n and_o hypaspist_n he_o hold_v without_o so_o that_o in_o all_o these_o place_n he_o distinguish_v they_o from_o the_o heavy_a arm_v and_o make_v the_o hypaspist_n one_o the_o heavy-armed_n another_o i_o may_v allege_v other_o passage_n out_o of_o the_o same_o author_n but_o these_o will_v suffice_v that_o they_o be_v not_o of_o the_o light_a arm_a may_v be_v prove_v by_o the_o same_o place_n of_o arrian_n where_o they_o be_v always_o distinguish_v from_o the_o archer_n and_o darter_n there_o target_v make_v they_o unfit_a for_o slinger_n and_o mention_v of_o slinger_n i_o find_v in_o other_o place_n the_o very_a name_n she_o weth_z that_o they_o carry_v target_n and_o the_o great_a etymologicon_n allo_fw-la weth_z they_o spear_n beside_o their_o target_n whereby_o they_o be_v clear_o exempt_v from_o the_o light_n arm_v â—t_z remain_v then_o that_o they_o be_v the_o peltastae_fw-la which_o aelian_n here_o speak_v of_o especial_o since_o they_o be_v arm_v with_o target_n and_o spear_n which_o arm_n he_o give_v to_o his_o targeteer_n and_o to_o no_o other_o except_o it_o be_v to_o the_o arm_a 13_o cataphracts_n the_o horseman_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n cataphract_v complete_a arm_v and_o not_o cataphract_n cataphract_n be_v those_o that_o cover_v themselves_o and_o horse_n with_o armour_n not_o cataphract_n that_o fight_n with_o lance_n or_o with_o fly_v weapon_n livyterm_v 5._o cataphracts_n loricatos_n because_o they_o wear_v curass_n the_o other_o sort_n be_v either_o lancier_n or_o acrobolist_n acrobolist_n come_v not_o to_o the_o shock_n but_o ply_v the_o enemy_n a_o far_o of_o with_o fly_v weapon_n the_o lancier_n close_v and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o their_o lance_n the_o word_n cataphrasso_n to_o cover_v with_o arm_n give_v name_n to_o the_o horseman_n cataphract_n and_o as_o the_o horseman_n be_v call_v cataphract_v so_o be_v the_o furniture_n of_o horse_n and_o man_n call_v cataphragma_n how_o they_o be_v arm_v aelian_n show_v when_o he_o say_v they_o cover_v themselves_o and_o their_o horse_n with_o armour_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o always_o that_o the_o whole_a horse_n be_v arm_v a_o for_o xenophon_n speak_v of_o the_o persian_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o elder_a cyrus_n say_v they_o arm_v there_o horse_n with_o frontlet_n and_o pectoral_o &_o cover_n for_o there_o thigh_n as_o much_o he_o say_v of_o d._n the_o six_o hundred_o horse_n that_o follow_v cyrus_n the_o young_a against_o artaxerxes_n savinge_v they_o want_v cover_v for_o there_o thigh_n the_o horseman_n themselves_o he_o give_v great_a curass_n and_o cuisse_n and_o headpiece_n so_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o horse_n be_v not_o all_o over_o arm_v but_o only_o their_o head_n their_o breast_n and_o there_o forethighe_n yet_o pâ—utarch_n speak_v of_o the_o cataphrastâ—_n in_o the_o time_n of_o lucullus_n sai_z their_o leg_n and_o thigh_n be_v unarm_v concern_v the_o parthian_n suidas_n i_o know_v not_o out_o of_o what_o author_n have_v thus_o the_o cuirass_n of_o the_o parthian_a horseman_n be_v make_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o part_n before_o cover_v his_o breast_n and_o thigh_n and_o his_o hand_n to_o the_o finger_n end_n and_o his_o leg_n the_o hinderpart_n his_o back_n and_o neck_n and_o all_o his_o head_n there_o be_v button_n make_v for_o the_o side_n with_o which_o both_o the_o part_n be_v fasten_v it_o make_v the_o whole_a horseman_n seem_v as_o if_o he_o be_v make_v of_o iron_n the_o iron_n neither_o hinder_v the_o stretch_v out_o nor_o the_o gather_n up_o of_o his_o limb_n it_o be_v so_o exact_o fit_v to_o the_o nature_n and_o size_n of_o all_o part_n of_o the_o body_n likewise_o they_o arm_v there_o wâ—ole_a horse_n with_o iron_n except_o his_o hoof_n because_o their_o own_o armour_n will_v little_o avail_v in_o case_n their_o horse_n miscarry_v cuâ—tius_n describe_v the_o form_n in_o the_o persian_a horseman_n who_o furniture_n he_o say_v be_v make_v of_o plate_n fasten_v together_o in_o continue_a dependence_n of_o scale_n of_o iron_n d_o appian_n speak_v how_o the_o parthian_n seek_v to_o terrify_v crassus_n and_o his_o army_n upon_o the_o sudden_a cast_v away_o the_o cover_v of_o their_o armour_n and_o both_o themselves_o appear_v in_o shine_a curass_n and_o headpiece_n the_o maâ—gian_a iron_n of_o which_o they_o be_v make_v dart_v forth_o a_o flash_a and_o disperse_v twinkle_a light_n and_o their_o horse_n glister_v in_o brazen_a and_o iron_n furniture_n yet_o do_v appian_n in_o the_o sâ—me_n plaâ—e_v note_n that_o the_o bell_n of_o these_o horse_n be_v not_o arm_v crasso_fw-la for_o the_o french_a horseman_n say_v he_o that_o follow_v young_a crassus_n when_o they_o perceive_v how_o little_a they_o prevail_v with_o their_o staff_n against_o the_o sure_a and_o unpierceable_a armour_n of_o the_o parthian_n light_v from_o their_o own_o and_o creep_v under_o the_o parthian_a horse_n stroke_v they_o into_o the_o bell_n and_o they_o impatient_a of_o pain_n and_o fling_v here_o and_o there_o and_o tread_v under_o foot_n as_o well_o their_o rider_n as_o their_o enemy_n die_v in_o the_o place_n plutarch_n have_v the_o like_a the_o cataphract_n beside_o their_o armour_n of_o defence_n have_v a_o lance_n or_o horsemans_n staff_n to_o fight_v with_o all_o 〈◊〉_d plutarch_n affirm_v it_o lucullus_n say_v he_o after_o he_o see_v tigranes_n his_o cataphract_n horseman_n who_o be_v of_o most_o acount_n defend_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o hill_n that_o have_v the_o ground_n above_o plain_a and_o broad_a &_o the_o ascent_n which_o be_v about_o four_o furlong_n in_o length_n not_o very_o hard_a or_o steep_a command_v the_o thracian_a and_o gall_v horseman_n he_o have_v to_o give_v upon_o the_o flank_n and_o to_o put_v by_o the_o lance_n with_o their_o sword_n for_o the_o only_a strength_n of_o the_o cataphract_n be_v his_o lance_n and_o it_o alone_o he_o be_v able_a to_o use_v either_o in_o defence_n of_o himself_o or_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o weight_n and_o harshness_n of_o his_o furniture_n like_o a_o man_n shut_v and_o lock_v up_o in_o a_o wall_n hitherto_o plutarch_n likewise_o the_o parthian_a cataphract_n albeit_o they_o use_v boâ—e_n and_o arrow_n yet_o they_o have_v also_o lance_n with_o which_o they_o come_v to_o the_o shock_n with_o the_o enemy_n 〈◊〉_d when_o the_o army_n of_o anthony_n say_v the_o same_o plutarch_n see_v the_o parthian_n ready_a to_o give_v on_o the_o armed_z turn_v their_o face_n about_o towards_o the_o enemy_n take_v in_o
or_o xeo_n to_o shave_v or_o polish_v as_o our_o joiner_n do_v and_o the_o lance_n be_v make_v of_o wood_n shave_v or_o polish_a be_v name_v xysta_n or_o xesta_n of_o the_o form_n as_o i_o say_v that_o be_v give_v they_o by_o shave_v and_o the_o lancier_n that_o bear_v these_o lance_n xestophoroi_n or_o xystophoroi_n and_o here_o i_o be_o once_o to_o note_v for_o all_o that_o we_o be_v not_o to_o press_v word_n according_a to_o the_o proper_a signification_n of_o their_o primitives_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v derive_v for_o consider_v there_o be_v more_o thing_n than_o name_n of_o thing_n as_o logician_n say_v the_o most_o copious_a language_n that_o be_v can_v give_v proper_a name_n to_o all_o hereof_o come_v the_o word_n of_o divers_a signification_n and_o howsoever_o name_n seem_v at_o first_o rough_a &_o strange_a use_n and_o custom_n make_v they_o smooth_a and_o give_v they_o passage_n as_o the_o coin_n of_o a_o prince_n be_v currant_n by_o the_o stamp_n he_o set_v upon_o the_o mettalle_n what_o mettalle_n so_o ever_o it_o be_v fine_a or_o base_a 16_o acrobolist_n the_o word_n import_v such_o as_o throw_v aloft_o or_o from_o aloft_o ballo_fw-la signify_v to_o throw_v acron_n the_o high_a or_o the_o uttermost_a by_o common_a usage_n acrobolizo_n be_v take_v for_o to_o dart_n and_o by_o consequent_a to_o skirmish_v a_o far_o of_o because_o such_o as_o cast_v fly_v weapon_n as_o dart_n and_o stone_n and_o the_o like_a come_v not_o to_o steadfast_a fight_n but_o lay_v aloof_o and_o only_o throw_v their_o weapon_n at_o the_o enemy_n and_o of_o so_o do_v be_v call_v acrobolist_n acrobolismos_n in_o polybius_n be_v interpret_v skirmish_v and_o 468._o diodorus_n siculus_n join_v acrobolismos_n and_o a_o short_a meddley_n in_o fight_n together_o c_o which_o xenophon_n term_v acrobolisis_fw-la by_o another_o word_n flow_v from_o the_o same_o fountain_n 17_o tarentines_n they_o be_v so_o call_v of_o a_o city_n in_o italy_n tarentum_n by_o name_n the_o inhabitant_n whereof_o that_o be_v horseman_n use_v this_o manner_n of_o fight_n but_o he_o make_v two_o kind_n of_o tarentines_n one_o that_o ever_o fight_v a_o far_o of_o with_o dart_n and_o never_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o that_o after_o a_o dart_n or_o two_o cast_n come_v close_o up_o and_o fight_v hand_n to_o hand_n c._n livy_n speak_v of_o a_o three_o kind_n of_o tarentines_n who_o use_v in_o fight_n two_o horse_n at_o once_o make_v fast_o together_o and_o one_o be_v weary_a leap_v upon_o the_o back_n of_o the_o other_o 18_o some_o use_n dart_v a_o far_o of_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o fight_n of_o these_o horseman_n the_o passage_n of_o xenophon_n be_v worth_a repeat_n c_o after_o these_o thing_n do_v say_v he_o the_o aid_n of_o dionysius_n which_o he_o send_v the_o lacedaemonian_n arrive_v be_v more_o than_o twenty_o galley_n they_o bring_v french_a and_o spaniard_n and_o above_o fifty_o horse_n the_o next_o day_n the_o theban_n and_o their_o confederate_n embattail_v their_o army_n and_o fill_v therewith_o the_o whole_a plain_a even_o to_o the_o seaside_n &_o to_o the_o hill_n that_o lie_v about_o the_o city_n of_o corinth_n destroy_v whatsoever_o may_v serve_v to_o any_o use_n the_o horseman_n of_o the_o athenian_n and_o corinthian_n see_v the_o strength_n and_o multitude_n of_o the_o enemy_n come_v not_o near_o unto_o they_o but_o the_o horseman_n of_o dionysius_n albeit_o few_o in_o number_n gallop_v here_o and_o there_o dispersedly_z and_o put_v spur_n to_o their_o horse_n charge_v they_o with_o their_o dart_n and_o in_o case_n the_o enemy_n follow_v they_o return_v with_o all_o speed_n and_o then_o turn_v again_o and_o throw_v dart_n afresh_o in_o do_v these_o thing_n they_o use_v to_o alight_v from_o their_o horse_n and_o rest_v themselves_o and_o if_o any_o of_o the_o enemy_n single_v out_o to_o fall_v upon_o they_o leap_v quick_o again_o to_o horseback_n they_o flee_v and_o be_v pursue_v any_o distance_n from_o the_o army_n as_o soon_o as_o those_o that_o pursue_v they_o retire_v the_o tarentines_n follow_v and_o ply_v they_o with_o their_o dart_n and_o put_v they_o to_o great_a distress_n force_v the_o whole_a army_n to_o advance_v and_o retire_v as_o they_o list_v themselves_o so_o far_o xenophon_n another_o example_n i_o will_v add_v out_o of_o livy_n of_o the_o numidian_n who_o manner_n of_o fight_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o tarentine_n manner_n b._n in_o liguria_n say_v he_o nothing_o worthy_a of_o memory_n be_v do_v a_o long_a time_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n all_o thing_n be_v bring_v to_o extreme_a hazard_n for_o both_o the_o consul_n camp_n be_v assault_v be_v hardly_o defend_v and_o not_o long_o after_o when_o the_o army_n be_v lead_v through_o a_o forest_n the_o way_n whereof_o be_v straight_o and_o narrow_a the_o ligurian_n possess_v themselves_o of_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o straits_n through_o which_o when_o the_o consul_n can_v find_v no_o passage_n he_o turn_v about_o his_o army_n and_o purpose_v to_o reduct_v it_o the_o way_n he_o come_v but_o the_o mouth_n of_o those_o straits_n be_v likewise_o possess_v by_o a_o part_n of_o the_o enemy_n force_n and_o now_o the_o remembrance_n of_o the_o desaster_n of_o caudium_n present_v itself_o not_o only_o to_o the_o mind_n but_o even_o almost_o to_o the_o eye_n of_o every_o man_n there_o be_v wellnigh_a eight_o hundred_o numidian_a horse_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o camp_n the_o commander_n of_o they_o promise_v the_o consul_n to_o break_v through_o on_o which_o side_n he_o please_v only_o he_o desire_v to_o know_v on_o which_o side_n most_o hamblet_n and_o village_n be_v upon_o they_o say_v he_o i_o will_v fall_v and_o set_v the_o house_n on_o fire_n present_o that_o that_o fear_n may_v compel_v the_o ligurian_n to_o forsake_v the_o straits_n they_o hold_v and_o run_v several_a way_n to_o defend_v their_o own_o the_o consul_n much_o commend_v the_o man_n and_o jade_v he_o with_o hope_n of_o promise_n the_o numidian_n up_o to_o horse_n and_o begin_v to_o ride_v here_o and_o there_o before_o the_o enemy_n guard_n provoke_v yet_o no_o man_n nothing_o at_o the_o first_o sight_n be_v more_o contemptible_a the_o horse_n and_o man_n be_v little_a and_o lean_a the_o horsman_n ungirded_a and_o unarm_v save_v that_o he_o carry_v dart_n the_o horse_n without_o a_o bridle_n gallop_v deform_o with_o a_o stiff_a neck_n and_o a_o head_n thrust_v out_o at_o length_n they_o purposely_o augment_v this_o contempt_n slide_v from_o their_o horse_n and_o dally_v and_o sport_v to_o bring_v the_o enemy_n to_o a_o gaze_n wherefore_o the_o enemy_n which_o at_o first_o be_v intentive_a and_o ready_a for_o a_o charge_n become_v gazer_n on_o and_o the_o most_o part_n unarm_v themselves_o &_o set_v down_o upon_o the_o ground_n the_o numidian_n ride_v up_o near_o and_o then_o back_o again_o and_o by_o little_a and_o little_a get_v to_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o forest_n as_o if_o their_o horse_n be_v resty_a have_v carry_v they_o forward_o against_o their_o will_n at_o last_o put_v spur_n to_o they_o break_v through_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o enemy_n guard_n &_o enter_v into_o a_o large_a field_n they_o set_v fire_n on_o all_o the_o house_n next_o the_o way_n then_o burn_v they_o the_o next_o village_n and_o waste_v and_o fill_v all_o thing_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n the_o smoke_n first_o scene_n than_o the_o cry_n of_o the_o people_n affright_v last_o old_a man_n and_o child_n fly_v for_o succour_n raise_v a_o tumult_n in_o the_o camp_n therefore_o without_o counsel_n or_o command_v every_o man_n of_o himself_o run_v to_o the_o defence_n of_o his_o own_o and_o in_o amoment_a both_o the_o enemy_n camp_n be_v forsake_v &_o the_o consul_n deliver_v from_o his_o siege_n come_v to_o the_o place_n intend_v by_o these_o two_o example_n the_o kind_n of_o fight_n that_o these_o darter_n one_o horseback_n maintain_v may_v he_o perceive_v which_o be_v b._n not_o to_o come_v near_o the_o enemy_n but_o to_o keep_v a_o loof_o and_o let_v their_o dart_n fly_v beside_o not_o to_o observe_v any_o order_n in_o file_n or_o rank_n but_o stragling_o to_o gallop_v the_o field_n seek_v by_o their_o disband_n to_o tolle_fw-la the_o enemy_n out_o of_o his_o strength_n and_o so_o to_o work_v their_o advantage_n and_o albeit_o in_o the_o second_o example_n the_o numidian_n use_v not_o their_o dart_n yet_o they_o will_v have_v do_v it_o if_o need_n have_v be_v and_o you_o shall_v find_v in_o other_o place_n of_o b._n livy_n and_o polybius_n they_o do_v usual_o as_o also_o in_o 415_o caesar._n 19_o after_o they_o have_v spend_v one_o or_o two_o these_o darter_n on_o horseback_n differ_v from_o the_o other_o before_o mention_v because_o at_o the_o last_o they_o join_v and_o fight_v hand_n
to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n which_o the_o other_o do_v not_o and_o what_o fight_v they_o with_o all_o not_o with_o lance_n for_o than_o shall_v they_o be_v lancier_n of_o who_o we_o have_v speak_v but_o they_o fight_v with_o battleax_n sword_n and_o such_o other_o short_a weapon_n suidas_n affirm_v it_o allege_v by_o 7._o arcerius_fw-la these_o say_v he_o at_o first_o cast_v light_n dart_v a_o far_o of_o and_o afterward_o approach_v join_v with_o the_o enemy_n fight_v with_o battell-ax_n or_o sword_n which_o kind_n they_o call_v light-horseman_n 20_o the_o horseman_n that_o use_n bow_v i_o need_v not_o allege_v any_o thing_n to_o show_v that_o the_o scythian_n be_v good_a archer_n it_o be_v know_v to_o any_o man_n that_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o history_n i_o will_v only_o note_v that_o in_o fly_v from_o the_o enemy_n thâ—y_o harm_v as_o much_o as_o in_o fall_v on_o for_o as_o they_o flee_v they_o turn_v half_a their_o body_n backward_o and_o shot_n at_o he_o that_o follow_v and_o expect_v no_o such_o thing_n of_o which_o fashion_n of_o fight_n plutarch_n give_v this_o judgement_n c._n the_o parthian_n say_v he_o in_o their_o flight_n shoot_v backward_o &_o do_v it_o best_o of_o all_o other_o except_o the_o scythian_n the_o invention_n be_v witty_a both_o to_o save_v themselves_o by_o that_o defence_n and_o also_o to_o take_v away_o the_o shame_n of_o flight_n that_o which_o plutarch_n attributcth_v to_o the_o scythian_n and_o parthian_n d._n xenophon_n say_v the_o persian_n use_v also_o both_o for_o manner_n of_o fight_n and_o flight_n the_o frame_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o definition_n of_o the_o art_n tactick_a chap._n iii_o but_o see_v every_o phalange_n contain_v a_o unite_n of_o body_n office_n of_o command_n order_n in_o place_n a_o convenient_a number_n of_o man_n and_o word_n of_o direction_n aswell_o for_o daily_a exercise_n or_o train_n as_o for_o true_a fight_n it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o deduce_v every_o of_o these_o thing_n into_o perticularity_n the_o first_o 1_o labour_n therefore_o in_o the_o art_n tactick_a be_v for_o a_o general_n out_o of_o a_o multitude_n that_o come_v to_o hand_n confuse_v to_o choose_v the_o fit_a man_n and_o dispose_v they_o into_o convenient_a place_n that_o be_v to_o order_v they_o into_o file_n and_o body_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a number_n to_o proportion_v a_o 2_o reasonable_a levy_v &_o fit_v the_o service_n in_o hand_n 3_o for_o to_o dispose_v and_o enable_v a_o army_n skilful_o to_o march_v to_o encamp_v &_o to_o embattle_n be_v a_o matter_n of_o no_o small_a consequence_n in_o asmuch_o as_o we_o often_o find_v mighty_a army_n through_o their_o disorder_n to_o have_v be_v defeat_v by_o 4_o a_o handful_n of_o man_n well_o discipline_v &_o exercise_v wherefore_o aeneas_n define_v this_o art_n to_o be_v a_o science_n of_o warlike_a motion_n polybius_n to_o be_v a_o skill_n whereby_o a_o man_n take_v a_o multitude_n serviceable_a order_v it_o into_o file_n and_o body_n and_o instâ—teth_v it_o sufficient_o in_o all_o thing_n pertain_v to_o war_n note_n 1_o the_o first_o labour_n after_o provision_n of_o armour_n follow_v choice_n of_o man_n what_o man_n and_o out_o of_o what_o climate_n and_o of_o what_o profession_n and_o of_o what_o age_n and_o of_o what_o constitution_n of_o body_n and_o of_o what_o education_n be_v to_o be_v choose_v because_o aelian_n refer_v to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o general_n not_o set_v down_o any_o particular_a i_o will_v likewise_o pass_v over_o note_v only_o some_o place_n where_o he_o that_o be_v dispose_v to_o seek_v may_v find_v the_o circumstance_n of_o choice_n of_o soldier_n xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 1._o 32._o a._n b._n polyb._n lib._n 6._o 406._o c._n et_fw-la li_n ad_fw-la polyb._n lib._n 1._o dialogo_fw-la 2._o 3._o 4._o 5._o veget._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o 3._o 4._o 5._o 6._o 7._o et_fw-la stewechius_fw-la ad_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la cap._n 31._o 2_o a_o reasonable_a levy_v and_o fit_v the_o service_n levyes_n be_v to_o be_v make_v according_a 4._o to_o the_o war_n which_o be_v undertake_v the_o enemy_n be_v not_o always_o of_o one_o strength_n sometime_o the_o force_n against_o which_o we_o be_v to_o lead_v our_o army_n be_v more_o sometime_o less_o the_o roman_n if_o the_o number_n of_o enemy_n be_v not_o very_o great_a use_v but_o c._n a_o consular_a army_n which_o consist_v of_o two_o legion_n of_o roman_n and_o of_o as_o many_o foot_n of_o their_o ally_n when_o great_a only_o join_v two_o consular_a army_n together_o and_o for_o ally_n their_o foot_n as_o i_o say_v be_v equal_a with_o the_o roman_a foot_n their_o horse_n be_v treble_a as_o many_o and_o the_o roman_n have_v three_o hundred_o horse_n to_o a_o legion_n the_o ally_n have_v nine_o hundred_o yet_o in_o case_n of_o great_a c._n necessity_n we_o read_v that_o the_o number_n of_o the_o legion_n be_v increase_v in_o a_o consular_a army_n polybius_n report_v that_o a_o little_a before_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n the_o consul_n lucius_n aemilius_n and_o c._n terentius_n have_v allow_v in_o their_o army_n which_o they_o lead_v against_o hannibal_n eight_o legion_n which_o never_o be_v do_v before_o 571._o alexander_n the_o great_a be_v to_o invade_v the_o kingdom_n of_o persia_n which_o for_o wealth_n multitude_n of_o man_n and_o largeness_n of_o territorie_n be_v esteem_v the_o rich_a mighty_a and_o great_a empire_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o world_n have_v not_o in_o his_o army_n above_o one_o and_o thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o five_o thousand_o and_o odd_a horse_n â—_o army_n compose_v of_o multitude_n be_v neither_o fit_a to_o be_v guide_v and_o command_v nor_o yet_o to_o be_v provide_v for_o and_o he_o that_o trust_v to_o multitude_n esteem_v not_o great_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o soldier_n â—_o xerxes_n say_v he_o be_v not_o foil_v by_o the_o grecian_n through_o default_n of_o number_n but_o because_o he_o want_v man_n as_o it_o be_v folly_n to_o levy_v more_o man_n then_o be_v needful_a so_o be_v it_o rashness_n or_o agesilao_n rather_o madness_n to_o put_v a_o few_o soldier_n to_o hazard_v against_o force_n that_o exceed_v in_o number_n and_o valour_n brief_o all_o levy_n be_v to_o be_v temper_v with_o consideration_n of_o person_n time_n place_n and_o other_o circumstance_n 3_o for_o to_o dispose_v and_o enable_v a_o army_n here_n be_v set_v down_o in_o a_o word_n as_o it_o be_v the_o principal_a head_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n march_v in_o camp_a and_o embattail_v to_o which_o head_n all_o other_o may_v very_o well_o be_v refer_v and_o of_o these_o three_o aelian_n handle_v in_o this_o treatise_n but_o two_o namely_o embattail_v and_o march_v of_o embattail_v so_o much_o as_o pertain_v to_o form_v of_o a_o common_a macedonian_a phalange_n of_o march_v no_o more_o then_o belong_v to_o embattail_v in_o a_o march_n that_o be_v to_o order_v of_o your_o man_n in_o that_o figure_n which_o shall_v yield_v most_o advantage_n against_o the_o enemy_n that_o meet_v you_o except_v that_o he_o short_o touch_v the_o marshal_n of_o baggage_n in_o your_o march_v the_o other_o consideration_n of_o march_v as_o lay_v or_o avoid_v ambush_n send_v out_o to_o discover_v when_o to_o march_v by_o night_n when_o by_o day_n how_o to_o deceive_v and_o avoid_v the_o enemy_n lie_a near_o remedy_n against_o horse_n against_o shot_n against_o multitude_n passage_n of_o mountain_n of_o wood_n of_o river_n of_o plain_n of_o dry_a and_o sandy_a place_n these_o i_o say_v and_o such_o like_a he_o touch_v not_o in_o a_o word_n and_o for_o the_o skill_n of_o encamp_v which_o comprehend_v the_o seat_v of_o your_o camp_n and_o provision_n of_o all_o thing_n belong_v thereto_o as_o also_o the_o siege_n and_o defence_n of_o city_n and_o fortress_n he_o likewise_o pass_v it_o over_o with_o silence_n as_o a_o thing_n not_o incident_a to_o his_o purpose_a discourse_n 4_o a_o handful_n of_o man_n well_o discipline_v and_o exercise_v what_o exercise_n do_v for_o the_o make_n of_o good_a soldier_n experience_n of_o former_a time_n will_v teach_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n of_o all_o famous_a general_n to_o bring_v their_o soldier_n to_o perfection_n by_o exercise_n â—3_n vegetius_n say_v very_o well_o it_o be_v not_o length_n of_o life_n or_o number_n of_o year_n that_o teach_v the_o art_n of_o war_n but_o continual_a discipline_n &_o meditation_n of_o arm_n let_v a_o soldier_n serve_v never_o so_o many_o year_n so_o long_o as_o he_o be_v unexercised_a he_o shall_v be_v still_o a_o raw_a soldier_n the_o knowledge_n and_o science_n of_o arm_n make_v a_o soldier_n which_o be_v not_o gain_v but_o by_o action_n as_o long_o as_o a_o soldier_n handle_v not_o his_o weapon_n he_o be_v no_o actor_n but_o a_o looker_n on_o for_o as_o all_o ability_n in_o
art_n which_o be_v call_v habit_n arise_v out_o of_o a_o number_n of_o action_n precae_v so_o can_v no_o man_n atteyne_v to_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v with_o care_n and_o diligence_n employ_v his_o study_n and_o labour_n therein_o and_o upon_o the_o foundation_n of_o practice_n raise_v the_o frame_n of_o sound_n and_o perfect_a skill_n no_o man_n be_v natural_o bear_v a_o soldier_n one_o may_v more_o incline_v to_o war_n then_o another_o but_o the_o skill_n come_v not_o without_o industry_n and_o pain_n pelop._n plutarch_n say_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o eurotas_n nor_o the_o place_n betwixt_o babyx_n and_o gnation_n that_o bring_v forth_o valiant_a and_o warlike_a man_n but_o they_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o place_n where_o youth_n be_v breed_v up_o in_o shame_n of_o vice_n and_o boldness_n to_o undergo_v peril_n for_o virtue_n sake_n eurotas_n be_v a_o river_n near_o lacedaemon_n lycur_n babyx_n and_o gnation_n two_o river_n with_o in_o the_o same_o city_n the_o lacedaemonian_n be_v account_v the_o most_o valiant_a people_n of_o greece_n and_o plutarch_n speak_v this_o of_o the_o victory_n which_o the_o theban_n have_v against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o theban_n which_o till_o that_o day_n have_v no_o reputation_n of_o valour_n but_o afterward_o by_o exercise_n &_o use_v of_o arm_n under_o epaminondas_n and_o pelopidas_n become_v the_o brave_a soldier_n of_o greece_n not_o unlike_o be_v the_o say_n of_o pyrrhus_n to_o his_o muster-master_n choose_v you_o say_v he_o good_a body_n and_o i_o will_v make_v they_o good_a soldier_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o body_n be_v requisite_a in_o a_o soldier_n to_o undergo_v the_o labour_n of_o war_n 1_o but_o exercise_v it_o be_v that_o give_v the_o perfect_a skill_n and_o the_o desire_n to_o handle_v weapon_n therefore_o â—22_n as_o demosthenes_n be_v demand_v what_o be_v the_o first_o and_o principal_a thing_n in_o the_o art_n oratory_n answer_v action_n what_o the_o second_o action_n what_o the_o three_o action_n so_o may_v we_o true_o say_v that_o in_o the_o art_n military_a exercise_n be_v not_o only_o the_o first_o second_o &_o three_o principal_a thing_n to_o make_v a_o soldier_n but_o also_o all_o in_o all_o aelian_n speak_v not_o of_o exercise_n but_o in_o general_n what_o particular_a exercise_n be_v fit_a for_o a_o soldier_n he_o that_o desire_v to_o know_v let_v he_o read_v xenoph._n cyrop_n lib._n 2._o 42._o b._n c._n &_o lib._n 3._o 77._o c._n d._n veget._n lib._n 1._o ad_fw-la caput_fw-la 9_o ad_fw-la caput_fw-la 19_o &_o lib._n 2._o caput_fw-la 23._o 24._o iust._n li_n comment_n ad_fw-la polyb._n lib._n 5._o dialog_n 14._o leo._n caput_fw-la 7._o patric_n parallel_n parte_fw-la 2._o 139._o now_o for_o the_o victory_n that_o have_v be_v obtain_v by_o a_o small_a number_n of_o man_n well_o exercise_v against_o a_o multitude_n unskillful_a and_o untrained_a i_o need_v say_v nothing_o history_n be_v plentiful_a witness_n therein_o i_o will_v only_o recite_v one_o example_n wherein_o the_o difference_n may_v be_v see_v not_o between_o skilful_a and_o unskillful_a but_o between_o skilful_a and_o skilful_a both_o enure_v to_o labour_n and_o both_o bring_v up_o under_o the_o same_o practice_n and_o discipline_n of_o arm_n at_o what_o time_n after_o the_o death_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a his_o chief_a commander_n fall_v at_o odds_n amongst_o themselves_o and_o seek_v every_o man_n to_o establish_v himself_o in_o the_o possession_n of_o his_o conquest_n it_o chance_v that_o antigonus_n and_o eumenes_n come_v together_o in_o two_o sundry_a battle_n in_o the_o first_o antigonus_n have_v in_o his_o army_n above_o 28000._o foot_n 8500._o horse_n &_o 65._o elephant_n eumenes_n less_o foot_n 17000._o in_o all_o but_o amongst_o they_o 3000._o argyraspides_fw-la who_o have_v serve_v in_o all_o alexander_n battle_n &_o be_v invincible_a &_o strike_v a_o great_a fear_n into_o the_o enemy_n heart_n &_o about_o the_o number_n of_o horse_n his_o enemy_n have_v &_o so._n elephant_n 7._o when_o the_o foot_n come_v to_o join_v say_v diodorus_n siculus_n the_o fight_n continue_a a_o good_a while_n &_o at_o last_o many_o fall_n on_o either_o side_n eumenes_n his_o foot_n have_v the_o better_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o valour_n of_o the_o macedonian_a argyraspides_fw-la they_o albeit_o they_o be_v strike_v in_o year_n yet_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manifold_a peril_n they_o have_v be_v in_o excel_v in_o courage_n &_o skill_n of_o fight_n in_o so_o much_o that_o no_o man_n be_v able_a to_o withstand_v they_o and_o therefore_o be_v but_o 3000._o in_o number_n they_o be_v notwithstanding_o set_v against_o the_o enemy_n as_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n in_o the_o other_o battle_n he_o speak_v of_o their_o age_n 693._o at_o that_o time_n say_v he_o the_o young_a of_o the_o argyraspides_fw-la be_v no_o less_o than_o 60._o year_n old_a or_o thereabouts_o the_o most_o of_o the_o rest_n about_o 70._o &_o some_o be_v elder_a all_o of_o they_o unmatcheable_a in_o skill_n &_o readiness_n of_o fight_n &_o strength_n of_o body_n such_o be_v their_o dexterity_n and_o courage_n gather_v in_o continuance_n of_o danger_n which_o they_o have_v pass_v afterwards_o rehearse_v the_o battle_n he_o say_v the_o argyraspides_fw-la serring_n themselves_o close_a and_o with_o lively_a force_n fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n kill_v some_o and_o put_v other_o some_o to_o flight_n and_o fight_v against_o the_o whole_a phalange_n of_o the_o enemy_n with_o irresistible_a fury_n not_o lose_v one_o of_o their_o own_o man_n &_o yet_o through_o skill_n &_o manhood_n slayeng_v of_o the_o enemy_n above_o 5000._o &_o rout_v their_o whole_a foot_n which_o in_o number_n be_v many_o time_n more_o than_o themselves_o thus_o write_v diodorus_n siculus_n of_o the_o old_a practise_a macedonian_n who_o yet_o fight_v not_o against_o stranger_n or_o raw_a soldier_n or_o such_o as_o be_v new_o bring_v into_o the_o field_n but_o against_o man_n of_o their_o own_o nation_n that_o have_v long_o handle_v arm_n &_o win_v many_o victory_n &_o be_v institute_v and_o train_v in_o the_o same_o discipline_n and_o course_n military_a that_o they_o themselves_o have_v be_v before_o such_o difference_n long_o practice_v and_o experience_n wrought_v in_o the_o one_o against_o the_o other_o what_o a_o file_n or_o decury_n be_v and_o of_o how_o many_o man_n it_o consist_v chap._n four_o to_o order_n into_o file_n be_v r_o to_o make_v file_n a_o file_n be_v a_o number_n of_o man_n begin_v at_o one_o leader_n and_o contineve_v in_o order_n of_o follower_n to_o the_o last_o man_n the_o number_n of_o a_o file_n be_v diverse_o give_v 2_o for_o some_o allow_v it_o eight_o some_o twelve_o and_o some_o sixteen_o man_n we_o for_o this_o time_n will_v retain_v the_o number_n of_o sixteen_o both_o because_o that_o number_n be_v proportionable_a to_o the_o indifferent_a length_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o also_o if_o use_v require_v at_o any_o time_n to_o double_v the_o depth_n thereof_o and_o to_o give_v it_o thirty_o two_o man_n or_o to_o lessen_v and_o contract_v it_o and_o make_v it_o but_o eight_o neither_o of_o both_o shall_v hinder_v the_o service_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n behind_o 3_o for_o whether_o they_o use_v dart_n or_o sling_n or_o arrow_n they_o may_v easy_o with_o their_o fly_v weapon_n overreache_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n note_n next_o after_o arm_v and_o choice_n of_o soldier_n it_o follow_v to_o put_v they_o in_o order_n for_o service_n that_o be_v first_o to_o file_v they_o then_o to_o band_v they_o which_o be_v join_v of_o file_n and_o last_o to_o embattle_n they_o which_o be_v to_o make_v a_o phalange_n of_o these_o in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n 1_o to_o make_v file_n the_o tactic_n have_v not_o express_v the_o precept_n of_o this_o art_n all_o in_o the_o same_o word_n a_o file_n be_v here_o call_v lochos_n the_o signification_n whereof_o be_v divers_a sometime_o it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o 21._o ambush_n and_o lochan_n signify_v to_o lie_v in_o ambush_n it_o signify_v beside_o a_o number_n of_o man_n that_o be_v of_o one_o body_n as_o it_o be_v and_o under_o one_o commander_n who_o be_v call_v lochagos_n and_o lochizo_n be_v to_o set_v in_o file_n the_o number_n of_o this_o body_n have_v be_v diverse_o take_v the_o theban_n lochos_n hieros_n first_o institute_v by_o gorgida_n gorgidas_n or_o as_o other_o say_v by_o 602._o epaminondas_n consist_v of_o three_o hundred_o man_n the_o lochos_n of_o the_o pelop._n lacedaemonian_n of_o five_o hundred_o and_o twelve_o xenophon_n in_o his_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n tell_v that_o the_o number_n of_o the_o d_o lochoi_n of_o the_o grecian_n which_o he_o lead_v be_v almost_o a_o hundred_o arm_a man_n and_o when_o they_o choose_v extraordinary_a man_n to_o preserve_v the_o plaesium_n a_o hollow_a form_n of_o square_a
the_o spaniard_n be_v all_o arm_a and_o set_v in_o order_n show_v their_o c._n battle_n about_o a_o mile_n from_o the_o roman_a camp_n the_o ansetans_n be_v in_o the_o midst_n the_o illergetes_n hold_v the_o right_a wing_n other_o obscure_a people_n of_o spain_n the_o left_a betwixt_o the_o wing_n and_o the_o middle_a part_n they_o leave_v broad_a intervall_n to_o c._n give_v passage_n to_o their_o horse_n when_o time_n shall_v be_v to_o send_v they_o through_o to_o charge_n the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n only_o then_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n â—_o lentulus_n imagine_v that_o party_n and_o none_o other_o shall_v have_v use_n of_o their_o horse_n that_o first_o possess_v these_o intervall_n of_o the_o adverse_a battle_n command_v cornelius_n the_o tribune_n to_o give_v direction_n to_o the_o horseman_n present_o to_o charge_v through_o the_o foot_n on_o both_o side_n come_v to_o blow_n and_o the_o fight_n be_v hard_a when_o the_o roman_a horseman_n pass_v through_o the_o space_n and_o fall_v upon_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o enemy_n at_o once_o disorder_v the_o battle_n of_o foot_n and_o shut_v â—p_v the_o way_n against_o the_o spanish_a horse_n by_o which_o mean_n after_o no_o long_a fight_n the_o enemy_n be_v utter_o defeat_v where_o livy_n say_v the_o roman_n embattle_v after_o their_o wont_a manner_n his_o meaning_n be_v they_o order_v themselves_o in_o maniple_n or_o battallion_n as_o we_o now_o term_v they_o for_o that_o be_v their_o wont_n but_o when_o he_o add_v they_o imitate_v the_o enemy_n in_o leave_v open_a way_n for_o the_o horse_n betwixt_o the_o legion_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o a_o legion_n be_v thus_o embattle_v c._n first_o they_o divide_v their_o legion_n in_o to_o thirty_o maniple_n ten_o of_o the_o hastati_fw-la ten_o of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o ten_o of_o the_o triarij_fw-la the_o ten_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la they_o set_v first_o in_o a_o even_a front_n leave_v so_o much_o distance_n or_o void_a ground_n betwixt_o every_o maniple_n as_o a_o maniple_n itself_o take_v up_o in_o stand_v at_o a_o reasonable_a space_n behind_o be_v the_o principes_fw-la place_v in_o as_o many_o maniple_n but_o so_o that_o their_o maniple_n stand_v direct_o behind_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o against_o the_o body_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la they_o leave_v likewise_o space_n in_o the_o principes_fw-la to_o the_o end_n the_o hastati_fw-la be_v overlay_v may_v retire_v within_o those_o space_n or_o else_o themselves_o may_v advance_v against_o the_o enemy_n through_o the_o intervall_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la last_o at_o a_o large_a distance_n behind_o these_o be_v the_o triarij_fw-la set_v and_o divide_v with_o space_n betwixt_o every_o maniple_n which_o space_n be_v great_a enough_o to_o receive_v the_o principes_fw-la in_o case_n they_o retire_v also_o now_o the_o horse_n be_v order_v in_o the_o rear_n after_o the_o triarij_fw-la if_o from_o thence_o they_o have_v go_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n front_n through_o the_o space_n of_o the_o triarij_fw-la they_o must_v of_o necessity_n have_v fall_v upon_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la whoe_o be_v set_v direct_o against_o the_o intervall_n or_o space_n to_o give_v therefore_o free_a passage_n to_o their_o horse_n the_o roman_a general_n remove_v the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la from_o their_o ordinary_a place_n and_o bestow_v they_o in_o a_o right_a line_n after_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o make_v a_o open_a lane_n as_o it_o be_v from_o the_o rear_n of_o their_o battle_n to_o the_o front_n so_o that_o nothing_o hinder_v the_o horse_n but_o they_o may_v free_o fly_v up_o to_o and_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n front_n and_o yet_o i_o take_v not_o aelians_n meaning_n to_o be_v that_o the_o horse_n set_v in_o the_o rear_n shall_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n still_o remain_v there_o for_o so_o will_v no_o great_a service_n be_v have_v of_o they_o but_o he_o place_v they_o there_o the_o rather_o to_o avoid_v confusion_n in_o order_v the_o foot_n and_o that_o after_o their_o embattel_v they_o may_v be_v lead_v from_o thence_o to_o any_o place_n front_n or_o flank_n or_o wheresoever_o they_o may_v yield_v most_o use_v for_o in_o the_o fifteen_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n he_o will_v have_v both_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n so_o place_v that_o they_o may_v answer_v all_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o his_o caution_n follow_v he_o say_v if_o occasion_n require_v both_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n may_v be_v otherwise_o place_v that_o they_o be_v usual_o place_v in_o the_o wing_n i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o example_n declare_v they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o rear_n sometime_o of_o place_v in_o the_o front_n there_o be_v also_o example_n a._n the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o leuctra_n against_o the_o theban_n place_v their_o horse_n before_o their_o phalange_n and_o try_v their_o fortune_n with_o â—hem_fw-mi and_o be_v beat_v before_o the_o foot_n join_v f._n the_o persian_n at_o the_o river_n granicus_n esteem_v their_o horse_n to_o be_v their_o chief_a strength_n oppose_v they_o upon_o the_o bank_n against_o alexander_n that_o be_v to_o pass_v over_o and_o embattail_v their_o foot_n behind_o the_o horse_n and_o alexander_n encounter_v they_o first_o with_o his_o horse_n before_o his_o foot_n can_v get_v over_o one_o example_n more_o i_o will_v add_v to_o show_v the_o reason_n why_o horse_n be_v sometime_o place_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n 64â—_n eumenes_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o craterus_n and_o neoptolemus_n both_o great_a general_n that_o have_v serve_v under_o alexander_n in_o all_o his_o war_n order_v the_o fight_n thus_o because_o he_o under-stood_a that_o their_o army_n confisted_a of_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n the_o most_o part_n macedonian_n renown_v for_o their_o valour_n and_o skill_n in_o fight_n in_o who_o they_o set_v their_o great_a trust_n and_o of_o more_o than_o two_o thousand_o horse_n and_o know_v his_o own_o foot_n albeit_o they_o be_v as_o many_o in_o number_n yet_o all_o to_o be_v ramass_n of_o diverse_a kind_n of_o people_n and_o that_o his_o own_o horse_n be_v five_o thousand_o with_o exceed_v the_o enemy_n both_o in_o number_n and_o valour_n he_o determine_v to_o hazard_v the_o battle_n upon_o his_o horse_n before_o the_o two_o phalanges_fw-la of_o foot_n shall_v come_v together_o advance_v therefore_o with_o his_o horse_n far_o before_o his_o foot_n he_o take_v the_o right_a wing_n himself_o and_o give_v the_o leave_v to_o two_o stranger_n to_o pharnabarus_n a_o persian_a the_o son_n of_o artabazus_n and_o to_o phoenix_n a_o tenedian_n craterus_n stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o his_o own_o horse_n and_o place_v neoptolemus_n on_o the_o left_a and_o see_v the_o enemy_n horse_n come_v forward_o with_o great_a fury_n charge_v they_o first_o and_o fight_v brave_o but_o his_o horse_n fail_v under_o he_o he_o fall_v to_o ground_n and_o it_o be_v not_o know_v who_o he_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o medley_n and_o throng_n of_o those_o that_o give_v back_o and_o flee_v he_o be_v trample_v under_o foot_n and_o end_v his_o life_n after_o a_o strange_a manner_n by_o his_o death_n the_o enemy_n take_v courage_n and_o encompass_v their_o adversary_n on_o all_o side_n make_v a_o great_a slaughter_n and_o the_o right_a wing_n after_o this_o manner_n with_o might_n overpress_v and_o put_v to_o the_o worst_a be_v fain_o to_o fly_v for_o succour_n to_o the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n in_o the_o left_a wing_n neoptolemus_n stand_v direct_o against_o eumenes_n and_o the_o mutual_a sight_n of_o each_o breed_v a_o great_a emulation_n betwixt_o the_o general_n and_o a_o fervent_a desire_n to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o be_v easy_o know_v both_o by_o their_o horse_n and_o other_o mark_n they_o fly_v one_o upon_o another_o and_o out_o of_o their_o single_a fight_n make_v away_o to_o a_o consequent_a victory_n and_o first_o they_o assail_v one_o another_o with_o sword_n and_o after_o fall_v into_o a_o unlooked_a for_o and_o wonderful_a monomachy_n for_o be_v transport_v with_o anger_n and_o mutual_a hatred_n quit_v the_o reins_n of_o their_o bridle_n with_o their_o left_a hand_n they_o each_o seize_v and_o take_v hold_v upon_o the_o body_n of_o other_o which_o hapen_v and_o the_o horse_n continue_v their_o careare_fw-la and_o spring_v from_o under_o they_o they_o both_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n neither_o of_o they_o can_v well_o arise_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o sudden_a &_o violent_a fall_n and_o of_o the_o heaviness_n of_o their_o armour_n yet_o eumenes_n get_v up_o first_o and_o prevent_v neoptolemus_n strike_v he_o on_o the_o ham_n the_o wound_n be_v wide_a and_o his_o strength_n of_o foot_v thereby_o fail_v
yet_o for_o the_o trumpet_n i_o can_v say_v that_o all_o the_o grecian_n hold_v themselves_o precise_o unto_o it_o lytâ—rgo_n plutarch_n much_o commend_v the_o lacedaemonian_a manner_n of_o join_v with_o the_o enemy_n and_o write_v it_o be_v in_o this_o sort_n when_o the_o king_n have_v offer_v the_o goat_n that_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a sacrifice_n when_o they_o be_v to_o give_v battle_n he_o straight_o command_v all_o the_o army_n to_o crown_v their_o head_n and_o the_o flute_n to_o sound_v the_o measure_n of_o 2._o castor_n and_o himself_o withal_o begin_v the_o 33._o paean_n the_o song_n they_o use_v when_o they_o be_v to_o charge_v and_o advance_v first_o against_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o it_o be_v a_o brave_a and_o no_o less_o fearful_a thing_n to_o behold_v they_o pace_v according_o to_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o flute_n neither_o dissolve_v their_o order_n nor_o show_v any_o astonishment_n of_o mind_n but_o mild_o and_o joyful_o approach_v the_o danger_n of_o conflict_n divide_v out_o their_o march_n to_o the_o sound_n of_o the_o instrument_n for_o it_o be_v not_o likely_a that_o man_n so_o demeaning_a themselves_o can_v be_v transport_v with_o fear_n or_o choler_n nay_o rather_o they_o must_v needs_o have_v a_o settle_a mind_n full_a of_o hope_n and_o assurance_n as_o if_o god_n be_v present_a on_o their_o side_n thus_o plutarch_n out_o of_o who_o word_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n use_v no_o trumpet_n in_o fight_n but_o flute_n and_o make_v they_o their_o instrument_n to_o dance_v as_o it_o be_v the_o measure_n of_o war_n by_o for_o they_o use_v a_o easy_a a._n and_o slow_a pace_n frame_v 1._o to_o the_o cadence_n of_o the_o sound_n which_o may_v well_o be_v resemble_v to_o the_o solemn_a measure_n in_o dance_v a._n athenaeus_n rehearse_v out_o of_o herodotus_n that_o the_o lydian_n use_v the_o like_a but_o he_o add_v that_o the_o cretan_n make_v choice_n of_o the_o harp_n for_o their_o instrument_n of_o war_n as_o though_o it_o have_v be_v peculiar_a to_o that_o nation_n 193._o pausanias_n testify_v the_o like_a of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n e._n polybius_n go_v not_o so_o far_o but_o affirm_v only_o that_o the_o cretan_n and_o lacedaemonian_n in_o stead_n of_o trumpet_n bring_v in_o flute_n and_o measure_n into_o the_o war_n and_o if_o it_o be_v so_o that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n use_v harp_n it_o be_v like_a they_o take_v they_o from_o the_o cretan_n for_o i_o find_v in_o lycurgo_n plutarch_n that_o lycurgus_n bring_v many_o of_o his_o law_n from_o crete_n and_o have_v great_a familiarity_n with_o thales_n the_o cretan_a who_o he_o also_o send_v to_o lacedaemon_n to_o make_v a_o overture_n for_o the_o establish_n of_o his_o law_n that_o be_v then_o new_o finish_v yet_o 475._o diodorus_n siculus_n report_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n use_v also_o trumpet_n in_o their_o battle_n he_o write_v of_o a_o fight_n that_o be_v betwixt_o the_o theban_n and_o lacedaemonian_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o agesilaus_n use_v these_o word_n in_o effect_n there_o be_v a_o strong_a fight_n betwixt_o they_o a_o long_a time_n and_o at_o first_o agesilaus_n have_v the_o better_a but_o afterward_o when_o the_o theban_n issue_v out_o of_o the_o city_n at_o all_o hand_n agesilaus_n see_v the_o multitude_n cause_v the_o trumpet_n to_o sound_v a_o retreat_n the_o sign_n of_o retreat_n here_o be_v give_v by_o trumpet_n and_o it_o seem_v the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o use_n both_o of_o trumpet_n and_o flute_z 93._o of_o the_o flute_n in_o pace_v towards_o the_o enemy_n to_o join_v battle_n of_o the_o trumpet_n in_o all_o other_o military_a signal_n such_o i_o have_v before_o note_v it_o as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o grecian_n give_v by_o trumpet_n the_o place_n of_o the_o trumpet_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v within_o the_o phalange_n by_o the_o ensign_n 393._o thucydides_n place_v the_o flute_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n within_o the_o battle_n where_o they_o can_v find_v no_o room_n unless_o they_o stand_v by_o the_o ensign_n and_o albeit_o 1._o polienus_n say_v the_o flute_n lead_v the_o army_n and_o go_v before_o yet_o that_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v in_o the_o march_v for_o in_o case_n of_o a_o march_n or_o exercise_n â—_o leo_n also_o give_v the_o trumpet_n place_n by_o the_o captain_n in_o front_n when_o the_o fight_n come_v he_o retire_v himself_o to_o his_o place_n in_o the_o battle_n with_o the_o rest_n 9_o a_o sergeant_n the_o word_n hyperetes_n signify_v a_o minister_n which_o be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o french_a word_n sergeant_n as_o appear_z by_o the_o interpretation_n of_o our_o law_n itself_o wherein_o the_o sergeant_n next_o degree_n to_o justice_n be_v call_v seruientes_fw-la ad_fw-la legem_fw-la i_o retain_v therefore_o the_o name_n of_o sergeant_n because_o it_o be_v familiar_a among_o soldier_n and_o a_o sergeant_n have_v the_o same_o office_n in_o our_o war_n that_o hypenetes_n have_v among_o the_o grecian_n what_o his_o duty_n and_o service_n shall_v be_v be_v declare_v out_o of_o ectactos_n suidas_n there_o be_v of_o these_o officer_n as_o well_o among_o the_o horse_n as_o the_o foot_n as_o appear_v in_o a._n xenophon_n the_o estimation_n and_o worth_n of_o their_o place_n be_v express_v by_o the_o same_o xenophon_n d._n cyrus_n hold_v the_o sergeant_n in_o war_n say_v he_o worthy_a of_o no_o less_o honour_n than_o kerux_n messenger_n and_o ambassador_n in_o peace_n he_o conceive_v that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v trusty_a skilful_a in_o matter_n of_o war_n understanding_n quick_a swift_a industrious_a and_o void_a of_o fear_n beside_o endue_v with_o all_o quality_n requisite_a in_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o man_n &_o that_o they_o be_v to_o accustom_v themselves_o to_o refuse_v no_o manner_n of_o service_n but_o willing_o undergo_v whatsoever_o be_v lay_v upon_o they_o by_o their_o commander_n these_o sergeant_n attend_v their_o commander_n in_o march_n and_o other_o time_n save_v only_o when_o battle_n be_v to_o be_v join_v and_o always_o expect_v his_o command_n during_o the_o fight_n they_o retire_v to_o some_o place_n where_o they_o may_v be_v ready_a at_o call_v for_o as_o i_o say_v before_o they_o can_v have_v no_o place_n in_o front_n 10_o a_o crier_n concern_v the_o office_n of_o a_o crier_n suidas_n have_v teach_v we_o that_o he_o be_v to_o deliver_v the_o commander_n pleasure_n by_o voice_n 16._o leo_n call_v he_o mandator_n from_o the_o latin_a word_n because_o he_o signify_v to_o the_o soldier_n mandata_fw-la the_o commandment_n of_o the_o captain_n in_o exercise_n he_o stand_v at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o troop_n take_v from_o the_o commander_n the_o word_n of_o direction_n and_o make_v as_o it_o be_v proclamation_n of_o they_o to_o the_o soldier_n and_o serve_v often_o when_o neither_o trumpet_n nor_o signal_n may_v be_v give_v he_o be_v otherwise_o also_o of_o great_a use_n for_o in_o all_o business_n which_o require_v distinct_a signification_n of_o any_o sudden_a alteration_n in_o the_o army_n the_o crier_n have_v his_o part_n alone_o â—_o xenophon_n tell_v in_o the_o grecian_n return_v out_o of_o persia_n that_o clearehus_fw-la their_o general_n lead_v they_o not_o against_o the_o enemy_n both_o because_o their_o courage_n begin_v to_o fall_v and_o also_o because_o they_o be_v all_o the_o day_n fast_v and_o it_o grow_v somewhat_o late_o but_o yet_o he_o turn_v not_o out_o of_o the_o way_n lest_o he_o may_v seem_v to_o fly_v but_o hold_v on_o right_o forward_o he_o come_v with_o the_o vanguard_n to_o the_o next_o village_n by_o sunset_n there_o quarter_v the_o very_a timber_n of_o the_o house_n of_o some_o of_o those_o village_n be_v break_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o by_o those_o of_o the_o king_n army_n the_o first_o therefore_o lodge_v themselves_o reasonable_o the_o last_o be_v be-nighted_n every_o man_n take_v up_o his_o lodging_n as_o it_o fall_v out_o and_o make_v a_o great_a noise_n call_z one_o after_o a_o other_o so_o that_o the_o enemy_n hear_v it_o whereby_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o next_o of_o they_o flee_v out_o of_o their_o tent_n this_o appear_v the_o next_o day_n for_o neither_o be_v there_o carriage-beast_n nor_o camp_n nor_o smoke_n near_o at_o hand_n to_o be_v see_v the_o king_n also_o be_v terrify_v as_o it_o shall_v seem_v with_o the_o access_n of_o the_o army_n which_o he_o declare_v by_o the_o next_o day_n work_n yet_o in_o the_o process_n of_o night_n a_o fear_n seize_v the_o grecian_n themselves_o and_o the_o tumult_n and_o hurly-burly_n be_v such_o as_o be_v wont_a when_o man_n be_v possess_v with_o fear_n clearchus_n in_o this_o distress_n command_v tolmides_n the_o elean_a who_o he_o then_o have_v with_o he_o the_o best_a crier_n of_o those_o time_n after_o silence_n to_o make_v proclamation_n that_o the_o commander_n signify_v general_o that_o whosoever_o can_v
which_o respect_n a_o place_n fit_a have_v always_o be_v seek_v for_o their_o service_n to_o secure_v they_o from_o the_o access_n of_o the_o horse_n or_o of_o the_o enemy_n arm_v which_o place_n be_v either_o behind_o the_o phalange_n as_o aelian_n here_o will_v have_v it_o or_o else_o in_o the_o wing_n betwixt_o the_o horse_n and_o the_o arm_a or_o if_o they_o skirmish_v loose_a before_o the_o front_n and_o chance_v to_o be_v press_v with_o the_o enemy_n they_o retire_v into_o the_o interuall_n and_o convey_v themselves_o behind_o the_o phalange_n in_o safety_n 105._o leo_n say_v if_o there_o be_v any_o place_n of_o strength_n it_o will_v much_o help_v the_o lightarmed_n for_o after_o their_o fly_a weapon_n spend_v retire_v thither_o they_o will_v be_v in_o more_o security_n as_o a_o steep_a rocky_a place_n or_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o river_n or_o a_o high_a hill_n or_o such_o other_o our_o story_n report_v that_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o agincourt_n in_o france_n 200_o english_a archer_n be_v bestow_v in_o a_o meadow_n fence_v with_o a_o deep_a ditch_n from_o whence_o they_o so_o gaul_v the_o french_a horse_n and_o foot_n that_o they_o be_v a_o great_a help_n to_o the_o victory_n the_o like_a happen_v before_o at_o poitiers_n where_o that_o brave_a prince_n of_o wales_n elder_a son_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o have_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o whole_a power_n of_o france_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o their_o king_n give_v safeguard_n to_o his_o archer_n with_o hedge_n and_o ditch_n and_o other_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o frenchhorse_n have_v no_o access_n to_o disorder_v they_o be_v overwhelm_v with_o the_o tempest_n and_o storm_n of_o their_o arrow_n and_o such_o a_o victory_n obtain_v by_o our_o nation_n as_o may_v maâ—ch_v the_o most_o renown_a of_o all_o antiquity_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o the_o invention_n which_o henry_n the_o five_o use_v against_o the_o horse_n of_o france_n for_o secure_v his_o archer_n the_o story_n say_v he_o devise_v stake_n of_o two_o yard_n long_o and_o arm_v both_o end_n with_o pike_n of_o iron_n the_o one_o to_o stick_v into_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o other_o to_o gall_n and_o enter_v the_o horse_n belly_n in_o case_n they_o come_v to_o charge_v our_o archer_n home_o by_o mean_n whereof_o he_o carry_v the_o famous_a victory_n of_o agincourt_n this_o for_o the_o assurance_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v when_o they_o come_v to_o fight_v without_o which_o assurance_n their_o service_n will_v be_v weak_a and_o scarce_o worth_a the_o have_v their_o service_n then_o according_a to_o aelian_n have_v many_o particular_n and_o they_o be_v good_a to_o provoke_v the_o enemy_n if_o the_o enemy_n be_v in_o a_o wood_n a_o fenâ—e_n a_o hill_n a_o fort_n a_o town_n or_o other_o place_n of_o strength_n that_o admit_v no_o access_n the_o manner_n have_v be_v to_o send_v out_o the_o light_a army_n to_o show_v themselves_o and_o with_o a_o bravado_n to_o toll_v he_o out_o of_o his_o advantage_n and_o bring_v he_o into_o the_o field_n where_o he_o may_v more_o easy_o be_v deal_v withal_o example_n be_v plentiful_a but_o i_o will_v content_v myself_o with_o a_o macedonian_a example_n lib._n alexander_n lead_v his_o army_n against_o the_o triball_n that_o have_v hide_v themselves_o in_o a_o wood_n command_v his_o archer_n and_o slinger_n to_o run_v out_o and_o to_o shoot_v and_o sling_v among_o the_o barbarian_n to_o see_v if_o he_o can_v toll_v they_o into_o the_o plain_a the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n spare_v not_o to_o let_v fly_v and_o the_o triball_n be_v wound_v with_o arrow_n throw_v themselves_o out_o of_o the_o wood_n with_o all_o speed_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o unarmed_a archer_n alexander_n present_o command_v philotas_n with_o the_o horse_n of_o upper_a macedonia_n to_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n on_o which_o part_n they_o cast_v out_o themselves_o farthest_o and_o heraclide_n and_o sopolis_n with_o the_o horse_n of_o bottiâ—a_n and_o amphipolis_n the_o left_a himself_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n the_o phalange_n of_o foot_n &_o set_v the_o rest_n of_o horse_n before_o the_o phalange_n lead_v against_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o enemy_n as_o long_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o skirmish_n the_o triball_n have_v not_o the_o worst_a but_o after_o the_o phalange_n close_o ser_v come_v up_o roundly_o to_o they_o and_o the_o horseman_n charge_v they_o no_o long_o with_o dart_n but_o press_v and_o overbear_v they_o with_o their_o horse_n they_o flee_v through_o the_o wood_n to_o the_o river_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n â—04_n leo_n agree_v if_o say_v he_o we_o have_v lightarmed_n enough_o let_v they_o before_o the_o army_n join_v send_v their_o dart_n and_o arrow_n at_o the_o enemy_n and_o b._n after_o the_o fight_n of_o the_o arm_a be_v begin_v ply_v the_o flank_n with_o their_o missive_a weapon_n that_o at_o ouce_fw-fr both_o their_o flank_n may_v be_v assault_v it_o have_v be_v and_o be_v now_o the_o ordinary_a course_n to_o begin_v the_o fight_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o because_o we_o shall_v read_v of_o no_o battle_n almost_o wherein_o it_o be_v not_o so_o i_o will_v forbear_v example_n to_o wound_v a_o farreof_o the_o light_n serve_v to_o great_a purpose_n if_o the_o general_n desire_v not_o to_o come_v near_o to_o fight_v but_o seek_v to_o annoy_v his_o enemy_n a_o far_o of_o without_o danger_n of_o his_o own_o folk_n b._n livy_n tell_v of_o cn._n manlius_n volso_o that_o be_v to_o make_v war_n against_o the_o gallo_n grecian_n that_o flee_v into_o the_o mountain_n and_o await_v the_o roman_n there_o and_o seek_v to_o defend_v themselves_o by_o advantage_n of_o the_o place_n he_o prepare_v great_a plenty_n of_o dart_n arrow_n bullet_n and_o small_a stone_n for_o slinge_n and_o leave_v his_o legionariâ—_n soulâ—iers_n behind_o lead_v his_o light_n arm_v against_o the_o enemy_n that_o possess_v certain_a straits_n by_o which_o his_o army_n must_v pass_v after_o some_o fight_n the_o gallo-graecians_a being_n not_o sufficient_o arm_v to_o defend_v their_o body_n from_o the_o missive_a weapon_n the_o lightarmed_n of_o the_o roman_n force_v the_o passage_n and_o follow_v they_o even_o to_o the_o camp_n where_o their_o companion_n come_v to_o their_o aid_n they_o first_o drive_v they_o into_o their_o camp_n and_o after_o the_o legionarie_a soldier_n come_v up_o they_o win_v it_o i_o have_v before_o rehearse_v the_o history_n of_o iphicrates_n who_o with_o his_o targetire_v that_o come_v seldom_o to_o hand_n blow_v but_o ply_v the_o enemy_n with_o darâ—s_n a_o far_o of_o overthrow_v and_o slay_v a_o whole_a moira_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o acarnans_n likewise_o with_o this_o kind_n of_o fight_n much_o encumber_v agesilaus_n that_o make_v a_o excursion_n into_o their_o country_n the_o story_n be_v this_o a_o agesilaus_n have_v take_v a_o great_a prey_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o acarnan_n d._n rest_v that_o day_n where_o he_o have_v take_v it_o be_v busy_a in_o sell_v of_o it_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n many_o acarnan_a targeteer_n assemble_v themselves_o together_o where_o agesilaus_n be_v encamp_v upon_o the_o side_n of_o a_o mountain_n and_o with_o dart_v and_o sle_v they_o force_v his_o camp_n to_o descend_v to_o the_o plain_a themselves_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n be_v free_a from_o hurt_n the_o next_o day_n agesilaus_n lead_v away_o his_o army_n the_o passage_n out_o of_o the_o place_n be_v straight_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mountain_n lie_v about_o in_o a_o circle_n which_o the_o acarnans_n possess_v ply_v the_o lacedaemonian_n with_o dart_n and_o stone_n from_o the_o high_a ground_n and_o sometime_o descend_v to_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o hill_n they_o press_v the_o army_n so_o that_o it_o can_v not_o move_v forward_o and_o when_o the_o arm_a foot_n or_o horse_n fall_v out_o upon_o they_o they_o profit_v little_a for_o the_o acarnans_n retire_v immediate_o to_o their_o strength_n agesilaus_n perceive_v it_o will_v be_v hard_a for_o his_o army_n to_o wind_v out_o of_o those_o straits_n so_o long_o as_o the_o enemy_n so_o hang_v upon_o they_o resolve_v to_o charge_v those_o on_o his_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o ascent_n on_o that_o side_n be_v more_o easy_a both_o for_o his_o horse_n and_o arm_a foot_n command_v therefore_o his_o man_n to_o charge_n the_o arm_v of_o 29_o year_n of_o age_n first_o fall_v on_o and_o the_o horse_n after_o they_o upon_o the_o spur_n himself_o follow_v with_o the_o rest_n the_o acarnans_n therefore_o that_o be_v descend_v and_o busy_a a_o dart_a be_v quick_o put_v to_o flight_n and_o many_o slay_v in_o seek_v to_o remount_v the_o hill_n but_o their_o arm_a foot_n and_o most_o of_o their_o targeteer_n stand_v imbattail_v on_o the_o top_n and_o from_o thence_o both_o throw_v other_o missive_n and_o lance_v javeline_n wherewith_o they_o wound_v horseman_n and_o kill_v
the_o right_a hand_n 2_o ecperispasmos_n i_o can_v never_o hitherto_o conceive_v any_o use_n of_o a_o treble_a wheel_a for_o so_o aelian_n take_v the_o word_n unless_o a_o perispasmos_n be_v first_o make_v and_o the_o battle_n have_v the_o front_n already_o bring_v to_o the_o rear_n and_o so_o a_o epistrophe_n add_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o same_o hand_n otherwise_o see_v that_o one_o wheel_v be_v soon_o make_v than_o two_o and_o therefore_o soon_o than_o three_o i_o see_v no_o need_n of_o three_o wheeling_n especial_o see_v we_o may_v do_v that_o we_o desire_v with_o one_o for_o example_n let_v we_o wheel_v our_o battle_n thrice_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o front_n will_v come_v to_o be_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o left_a flank_n the_o same_o will_v be_v perform_v as_o well_o with_o one_o wheel_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n et_fw-la frustra_fw-la fit_a per_fw-la plura_fw-la quod_fw-la potest_fw-la fieri_fw-la per_fw-la pauciora_fw-la especial_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n where_o the_o least_o moment_n of_o time_n often_o carry_v the_o whole_a business_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o ecperispasmos_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n the_o use_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o wheel_a and_o double_a wheel_a be_v when_o the_o battle_n be_v close_v and_o the_o enemy_n come_v to_o assault_v you_o in_o any_o other_o one_o place_n than_o the_o front_n you_o seek_v to_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v for_o if_o you_o be_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o two_o place_n at_o once_o or_o more_o wheel_a help_n little_a except_o it_o be_v to_o turn_v the_o front_n to_o one_o enemy_n and_o in_o that_o case_n your_o only_a shift_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n against_o they_o that_o come_v to_o charge_n on_o what_o side_n soever_o they_o come_v example_n of_o these_o two_o motion_n i_o mean_v epistrophe_n and_o perispasmos_n meet_v we_o almost_o in_o every_o greek_a history_n of_o which_o i_o will_v represent_v one_o or_o two_o especial_o of_o the_o latter_a the_o rather_o because_o practice_v give_v both_o light_n and_o life_n to_o precept_n pyrrh_n plutarch_n recount_v that_o after_o king_n pyrrhus_n have_v in_o vain_a assault_v sparta_n he_o be_v invite_v by_o a_o argivan_n name_v aristaeus_n to_o receive_v argos_n into_o his_o protection_n and_o that_o he_o march_v thitherward_o with_o his_o army_n arieus_fw-la the_o king_n of_o lacedemonia_fw-la lay_v ambush_n for_o he_o and_o take_v the_o principal_a straits_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o pass_v charge_v his_o rear_n wherein_o the_o galatian_n and_o molossian_n be_v when_o pyrrhus_n hear_v the_o bruit_n and_o noise_n he_o send_v his_o son_n ptolemy_n with_o the_o band_n of_o companion_n to_o aid_n himself_o with_o all_o speed_n march_v out_o of_o the_o straits_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n the_o medley_n be_v sharp_a about_o ptolemy_n and_o the_o choose_a lacedaemonian_n command_v by_o eualcus_n stand_v close_o to_o their_o business_n oroesus_n a_o candiot_n of_o aptera_n valiant_a of_o his_o hand_n and_o swift_a of_o foot_n run_v cross_a against_o the_o young_a prince_n give_v he_o a_o deadly_a stroke_n and_o overthrow_v he_o his_o fall_n make_v the_o rest_n to_o fly_v and_o the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v the_o victory_n and_o follow_v the_o chase_n come_v into_o the_o champion_n ground_n still_o kill_v but_o not_o remember_v they_o be_v not_o follow_v with_o arm_a foot_n upon_o who_o pyrrhus_n have_v even_o then_o hear_v of_o and_o be_v much_o move_v with_o the_o death_n of_o his_o son_n wheel_v about_o the_o molossian_a horseman_n and_o himself_o first_o advance_v upon_o the_o spur_n imbrue_v himself_o with_o the_o slaughter_n of_o lacedaemonian_n he_o always_o seem_v mighty_a and_o terrible_a in_o arm_n but_o then_o he_o exceed_v himself_o in_o dare_v and_o valour_n for_o turn_v his_o horse_n upon_o eualcus_n who_o shun_v he_o shift_v a_o side_n and_o with_o all_o strike_v at_o his_o bridle_n hand_n as_o he_o pass_v by_o and_o want_v but_o little_a of_o cut_v it_o off_o but_o miss_v the_o hand_n he_o light_v upon_o the_o reins_n and_o carve_v they_o quite_o a_o sunder_o pyrrhus_n with_o all_o strike_v he_o through_o the_o body_n with_o his_o lance_n then_o leap_v from_o his_o horse_n and_o fight_v a_o foot_n he_o cut_v in_o piece_n the_o choose_v lacedaemonian_n that_o fight_v to_o recover_v the_o body_n of_o eualcus_n this_o be_v the_o fight_n that_o pyrrhus_n make_v by_o wheel_v about_o his_o horseman_n against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n that_o follow_v upon_o his_o rear_n another_o example_n of_o wheel_v about_o be_v report_v by_o polybius_n and_o it_o be_v of_o amilcar_n annibals_n father_n this_o be_v the_o history_n the_o mercenary_a soldier_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n revolt_v from_o they_o and_o overthrow_v some_o of_o their_o general_n and_o shut_v they_o up_o within_o the_o city_n of_o carthage_n possess_v both_o other_o straits_n that_o lead_v into_o the_o country_n and_o also_o a_o bridge_n lay_v over_o a_o river_n call_v macar_n which_o river_n be_v not_o passable_a but_o by_o that_o bridge_n beside_o they_o build_v a_o city_n for_o defence_n of_o that_o bridge_n amilcar_n seek_v to_o dislodge_v the_o enemy_n from_o that_o bridge_n and_o have_v no_o way_n to_o come_v at_o they_o convenient_o observe_v that_o when_o certain_a wind_n blue_a the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n towards_o the_o sea_n be_v common_o fill_v up_o with_o sand_n and_o will_v give_v passage_n sufficient_a for_o his_o army_n find_v then_o a_o fit_a time_n he_o put_v over_o his_o army_n in_o the_o night_n and_o before_o day_n or_o ere_o any_o man_n know_v of_o it_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n and_o present_o lead_v against_o they_o that_o hold_v the_o bridge_n spendius_n he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o chief_a rebel_n hear_v thereof_o advance_v to_o meet_v amilcar_n in_o the_o plain_a and_o both_o ten_o thousand_o from_o the_o city_n at_o the_o bridge_n foot_n and_o fifteen_o thousand_o more_o from_o utica_n come_v out_o one_o to_o aid_v another_o think_v to_o wrap_v in_o the_o carthaginian_n between_o they_o who_o be_v not_o above_o ten_o thousand_o soldier_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o 70_o elephant_n amilcar_n lead_v on_o his_o army_n before_o be_v the_o elephant_n the_o horse_n and_o light_v arm_v follow_v next_o the_o arm_a foot_n come_v last_o and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n that_o follow_v his_o rear_n press_v hard_o upon_o he_o he_o command_v his_o whole_a army_n to_o turn_v about_o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o vanguard_n of_o the_o march_n he_o will_v to_o return_v to_o he_o with_o speed_n the_o other_o that_o at_o first_o have_v the_o rear_n he_o wheel_v about_o and_o straight_o oppose_v against_o the_o enemy_n the_o lybian_o and_o mercenary_n imagine_v the_o carthaginian_n flee_v for_o fear_n fall_v upon_o they_o disorderly_o and_o bold_o come_v to_o hand_n but_o when_o they_o see_v the_o horseman_n be_v now_o turn_v about_o and_o come_v up_o near_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o already_o put_v in_o order_n make_v a_o stand_n they_o themselves_o by_o reason_n they_o look_v for_o nothing_o less_o fall_v into_o a_o fear_n turn_v their_o back_n flee_v present_o as_o before_o they_o give_v on_o unaduised_o and_o stragling_o and_o some_o of_o they_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o people_n that_o be_v come_v on_o wrought_v both_o they_o and_o their_o own_o destruction_n othersome_a be_v trample_v upon_o and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o horse_n and_o elephant_n that_o follow_v the_o chase_n thus_o far_o polybius_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o wheeling_n the_o figure_n and_o word_n of_o command_n be_v reserve_v for_o the_o 32_o chapter_n where_o the_o manner_n of_o wheeling_n and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v set_v down_o of_o file_v rank_v and_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n chap._n xxvii_o to_o file_n be_v when_o every_o particular_a man_n keep_v equal_a distance_n from_o other_o stand_v in_o his_o own_o file_n lineal_o betwixt_o the_o file-leader_n and_o bringer-up_a to_o rank_n be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o right_a line_n even_o with_o his_o sideman_n in_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o sight_n of_o the_o soldier_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n he_o have_v before_o the_o first_o turn_v as_o if_o his_o face_n be_v at_o first_o towards_o the_o enemy_n be_v command_v to_o turn_v towards_o the_o pike_n and_o thence_o to_o return_v to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o be_v again_o to_o return_v his_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n note_n of_o file_v and_o rank_v enough_o be_v speak_v before_o 1_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n this_o motion_n differ_v from_o anastrophe_n before_o specify_v for_o anastrophe_n bring_v back_o again_o the_o whole_a body_n to_o the_o first_o place_n after_o a_o wheeling_n this_o the_o soldier_n face_n
happen_v a_o like_a to_o both_o they_o find_v a_o safe_a retreat_n within_o the_o battle_n of_o foot_n but_o when_o the_o army_n be_v come_v within_o 500_o pace_n one_o of_o a_o other_o scipio_n give_v a_o signal_n of_o retreat_n and_o open_v his_o battle_n receive_v all_o the_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o two_o part_n placed_z they_o as_o seconds_z behind_o the_o wing_n now_o when_o time_n be_v come_v to_o begin_v the_o fight_n he_o command_v the_o spaniard_n who_o have_v the_o middle_a ward_n to_o march_v on_o leisurely_o and_o send_v a_o messenger_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n for_o he_o command_v there_o to_o syllanus_n and_o martius_n will_v they_o to_o stretch_v out_o the_o left_a wing_n as_o they_o see_v he_o stretch_v out_o the_o right_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n before_o the_o middle_a ward_n may_v be_v able_a to_o come_v up_o and_o join_v the_o wing_n be_v thus_o stretch_v out_o they_o lead_v with_o all_o possible_a speed_n three_o cohort_n of_o foot_n and_o three_o troop_n of_o horse_n a_o piece_n against_o the_o enemy_n beside_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o those_o that_o be_v receive_v into_o the_o rear_n who_o follow_v a_o thwart_n there_o be_v a_o great_a empty_a space_n in_o the_o midst_n because_o the_o ensign_n of_o the_o spaniard_n come_v slow_o on_o and_o now_o the_o wing_n be_v in_o fight_n when_o the_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o army_n be_v not_o yet_o come_v to_o use_v their_o dart_n neither_o dare_v they_o run_v into_o the_o wing_n to_o help_v they_o that_o fight_v for_o fear_n of_o open_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o enemy_n who_o be_v come_v on_o against_o they_o the_o wing_n be_v press_v with_o a_o double_a medley_n the_o horse_n lightarmed_n &_o velite_n wheel_v about_o their_o troop_n charge_v their_o flank_n the_o cohort_n push_v on_o in_o front_n to_o the_o end_n to_o break_v of_o the_o wing_n from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o the_o conflict_n be_v unequal_a both_o in_o all_o other_o respect_n and_o especial_o because_o a_o rabble_n as_o it_o be_v of_o drudge_n and_o untrained_a spaniard_n be_v oppose_v against_o the_o roman_a and_o latin_a soldier_n the_o day_n be_v now_o far_o spend_v the_o army_n of_o asdrubal_n oppress_v with_o the_o morning_n tumult_n and_o compel_v to_o take_v the_o field_n before_o they_o have_v strengthen_v their_o body_n with_o meat_n begin_v to_o faint_v and_o fail_v in_o strength_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o scipio_n linger_v out_o the_o day_n &_o make_v the_o fight_n somewhat_o late_o for_o it_o be_v pass_v the_o seven_o hour_n before_o the_o wing_n of_o foot_n attach_v one_o a_o other_o and_o yet_o the_o fight_n come_v late_a to_o the_o middle_a ward_n so_o that_o the_o scorch_a heat_n of_o the_o south-sunne_n and_o the_o labour_n of_o stand_v arm_v and_o hunger_n and_o thirst_n first_o afflict_v their_o body_n before_o they_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o they_o stand_v lean_v upon_o their_o target_n and_o be_v weary_a both_o in_o body_n and_o mind_n they_o give_v back_o at_o last_o keep_v notwithstanding_o their_o array_n no_o otherwise_o than_o as_o if_o the_o battle_n be_v yet_o entire_a have_v retreat_v at_o the_o commandment_n of_o the_o general_n but_o when_o the_o victor_n perceive_v they_o to_o shrink_v so_o much_o the_o more_o eager_o press_v on_o the_o brunt_n can_v hardly_o be_v endure_v any_o long_a and_o although_o asdrubal_n restrain_v and_o stop_v they_o that_o give_v ground_n cry_v that_o hill_n and_o a_o safe_a place_n of_o retreat_n be_v at_o their_o back_n if_o they_o can_v be_v but_o entreat_v to_o retire_v easy_o yet_o fear_v overcome_v shame_n and_o the_o enemy_n kill_v they_o that_o be_v next_o to_o hand_n they_o forthwith_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o universal_o pour_v out_o themselves_o into_o flight_n this_o stratagem_n of_o scipio_n rest_v principal_o in_o shift_v his_o best_a man_n the_o roman_n into_o the_o wing_n the_o spaniard_n his_o worst_a into_o the_o midst_n and_o in_o keep_v the_o spaniard_n aloof_o from_o join_v and_o in_o haste_v to_o try_v the_o day_n with_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o weak_a of_o the_o enemy_n hasdrubal_n way_n to_o meet_v with_o this_o stratagem_n have_v be_v to_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n half_a his_o carthaginian_n and_o african_n into_o one_o wing_n and_o half_a into_o the_o other_o and_o by_o that_o mean_v his_o spaniard_n shall_v have_v have_v the_o midst_n against_o the_o roman-spaniard_n and_o his_o old_a soldier_n carthaginian_n and_o african_n be_v oppose_v in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o latin_n and_o the_o advantage_n elude_v that_o scipio_n seek_v as_o the_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n so_o be_v the_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n namely_o the_o macedonian_a the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o the_o choraean_a the_o macedonian_a begin_v to_o move_v at_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o enemy_n the_o enemy_n appear_v to_o either_o flank_n and_o therefore_o incur_v the_o same_o imputation_n that_o be_v lay_v upon_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n by_o file_n as_o seem_v to_o run_v away_o because_o it_o dismarch_v from_o the_o enemy_n yet_o be_v there_o use_v of_o it_o as_o well_o as_o of_o that_o by_o file_n for_o by_o this_o countermarch_n you_o may_v set_v the_o strong_a part_n of_o your_o army_n against_o the_o enemy_n and_o apply_v the_o weak_a to_o some_o river_n lake_n hill_n or_o such_o like_a so_o that_o the_o enemy_n can_v not_o come_v to_o encompass_v it_o it_o take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o contrary_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_a take_v the_o ground_n that_o lie_v on_o the_o side_n of_o that_o wing_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o bring_v the_o best_a man_n to_o be_v foremost_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o begin_v the_o move_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v when_o your_o force_n be_v such_o as_o be_v able_a to_o encounter_v the_o enemy_n and_o you_o desire_v to_o bring_v your_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v the_o choraean_a keep_v the_o same_o ground_n the_o battle_n have_v at_o first_o &_o bring_v one_o wing_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o or_o else_o the_o section_n to_o possess_v the_o place_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o may_v have_v be_v do_v in_o the_o last_o example_n cite_v concern_v scipio_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o manner_n of_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o countermarch_n by_o file_n in_o countermarch_n by_o file_n the_o motion_n be_v in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n and_o either_o the_o front_n remove_v towards_o the_o rear_n or_o the_o rear_n towards_o the_o front_n and_o take_v one_o a_o other_o place_n in_o this_o the_o motion_n be_v in_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n flanke-wise_a the_o wing_n either_o march_v into_o the_o midst_n or_o else_o clean_a through_o to_o the_o other_o wing_n in_o do_v it_o the_o soldier_n that_o stand_v uttermost_a in_o the_o flank_n of_o the_o wing_n must_v move_v first_o to_o the_o contrary_a wing_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o every_o rank_n several_o follow_v they_o in_o order_n the_o figure_n will_v show_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o motion_n patritius_fw-la utter_o mistake_v the_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n and_o ground_v himself_o upon_o a_o wrong_a principle_n namely_o that_o in_o all_o countermarch_v the_o fileleader_n must_v march_v towards_o the_o rear_n and_o the_o bringers-up_a towards_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o in_o change_v the_o wing_n into_o section_n he_o make_v the_o wing_n to_o fall_v of_o behind_o in_o the_o rear_n the_o fileleader_n wheel_v about_o and_o there_o to_o join_v themselves_o as_o near_o as_o the_o middle_a section_n will_v give_v leave_n and_o the_o section_n fall_v back_o likewise_o to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o flank_n of_o they_o that_o be_v the_o wing_n whereas_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o euolution_n be_v clear_o to_o leave_v the_o fileleader_n in_o front_n and_o bringers-up_a in_o rear_n as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o and_o albeit_o the_o fileleader_n than_o change_v their_o place_n yet_o change_v they_o their_o place_n with_o none_o but_o with_o file_n leader_n and_o the_o change_n be_v but_o a_o change_n of_o hand_n the_o right_a hand_n for_o the_o left_a or_o the_o left_a hand_n for_o the_o right_n for_o whereas_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o right_a wing_n have_v before_o the_o right_a hand_n now_o in_o countermarch_n by_o rank_n be_v transpose_v to_o the_o left_a wing_n they_o have_v the_o left_a hand_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o fileleader_n as_o likewise_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o other_o
number_n when_o the_o front_n have_v twice_o as_o many_o file_n as_o it_o have_v before_o this_o be_v double_v in_o number_n or_o in_o man_n or_o in_o person_n for_o the_o person_n or_o man_n make_v the_o number_n in_o the_o file_n and_o the_o file_n carry_v a_o even_a depth_n of_o man_n and_o be_v double_v double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o front_n or_o length_n aelian_n speak_v but_o of_o one_o kind_n of_o double_v namely_o of_o number_n and_o that_o must_v be_v do_v in_o open_a order_n as_o i_o say_v before_o for_o the_o file_n of_o 16_o stand_v in_o open_a order_n if_o you_o command_v the_o middleman_n as_o we_o term_v they_o at_o this_o day_n they_o be_v call_v in_o the_o macedoman_n file_v the_o three_o enomotarchs_n to_o double_a their_o rank_n these_o middle_a man_n with_o the_o hinder_v half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n &_o so_o double_v the_o front_n in_o number_n leave_v yet_o the_o same_o measure_n of_o length_n the_o figure_n show_v how_o it_o be_v do_v yet_o be_v there_o two_o other_o way_n when_o the_o phalange_n stand_v in_o close_a order_n both_o which_o double_a the_o number_n and_o place_n one_o be_v when_o the_o middleman_n divide_v themselves_o and_o one_o half_a with_o their_o follower_n turn_v their_o face_n march_v out_o of_o the_o right_a flank_n the_o other_o of_o the_o left_a flank_n of_o the_o phalange_n and_o then_o turn_v their_o face_n again_o sleeve_n up_o and_o join_v themselves_o in_o a_o even_a line_n with_o the_o file_n leader_n in_o front_n the_o other_o when_o all_o the_o middle_a turn_n their_o face_n one_o way_n and_o march_v out_o with_o their_o follower_n beyond_o one_o flank_n right_a or_o left_a and_o turn_v face_n again_o sleeve_n up_o to_o the_o front_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n one_o of_o these_o be_v do_v when_o we_o desire_v to_o enlarge_v both_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o other_o when_o but_o one_o wing_n of_o these_o two_o last_o way_n i_o have_v set_v down_o no_o figure_n because_o i_o find_v they_o not_o express_v in_o aelian_n cleandridas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a use_v yet_o a_o other_o kind_n not_o speak_v of_o by_o aelian_n 4._o polienus_n tell_v the_o story_n thus_o cleandridas_n make_v war_n upon_o the_o thurian_o have_v half_a as_o many_o man_n again_o as_o they_o conceive_v if_o they_o have_v intelligence_n hereof_o they_o will_v hardly_o be_v bring_v to_o fight_v imbattail_v his_o phalange_n stretch_v it_o out_o in_o depth_n the_o lucan_n therefore_o contemn_v the_o small_a number_n draw_v out_o their_o force_n in_o length_n with_o intent_n to_o over-front_n the_o enemy_n which_o cleandridas_n perceive_v command_v the_o follower_n to_o march_v up_o and_o rank_n with_o their_o leader_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v increase_v the_o length_n of_o his_o phalange_n and_o over-fronted_n the_o enemy_n who_o be_v encompass_v and_o assail_v with_o missive_a weapon_n on_o all_o hand_n perish_v entire_o except_v a_o few_o that_o save_v themselves_o by_o shameful_a flight_n the_o word_n seem_v obscure_a to_o a_o man_n not_o acquaint_v with_o the_o tactic_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o soldier_n say_v aelian_n in_o a_o file_n leader_n and_o follower_n all_o the_o leader_n be_v the_o odd_a of_o the_o file_n as_o the_o first_o the_o 3._o the_o 5_o the_o 7_o and_o so_o forth_o the_o follower_n be_v the_o even_o as_o the_o 2_o 4_o 6_o 8._o those_o that_o be_v in_o the_o same_o rank_n be_v call_v sideman_n now_o say_v polien_n cleandridas_n will_v the_o follower_n to_o step_v forward_o and_o to_o rank_n and_o become_v sideman_n with_o their_o leader_n that_o be_v he_o will_v the_o even_a file_n to_o double_v their_o rank_n with_o the_o odd_a and_o so_o extenuate_v the_o depth_n but_o increase_v the_o length_n of_o his_o phalange_n by_o which_o be_v he_o overfront_v &_o enclose_v the_o enemy_n on_o all_o side_n this_o way_n then_o to_o double_a rank_n or_o the_o length_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v to_o insert_v the_o even_a rank_n man_n by_o man_n into_o the_o odd_a all_o the_o doubling_n that_o have_v be_v rehearse_v be_v doubling_n either_o in_o number_n alone_o or_o else_o both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n for_o double_v of_o place_n alone_o nothing_o be_v say_v in_o aelian_n the_o insertion_n i_o recite_v supply_v this_o defect_n say_v the_o place_n be_v double_v with_o 124_o file_n only_o by_o command_v half_a to_o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n half_a to_o the_o target_n till_o the_o phalange_n be_v stretch_v to_o a_o convenient_a length_n as_o from_o 5_o furlong_n to_o ten_o which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v in_o few_o word_n as_o to_o open_v the_o phalange_n or_o to_o bring_v it_o from_o order_n to_o open_a order_n for_o so_o the_o front_n possess_v double_a ground_n to_o that_o it_o have_v before_o 4_o the_o use_n of_o double_v the_o length_n be_v two_o cause_n be_v assign_v for_o the_o double_n of_o the_o length_n 79._o one_o to_o overw_v the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o avoid_v overw_v ourselves_o cleandridas_n in_o the_o example_n above_o perform_v both_o for_o he_o both_o disappoint_v the_o lucan_n that_o seek_v to_o encompass_v he_o and_o beside_o encompass_v and_o enclose_v they_o the_o narrow_a the_o front_n be_v it_o be_v the_o more_o in_o danger_n of_o over-fronting_a b._n be_v draw_v out_o in_o length_n it_o be_v free_a from_o enclose_v because_o a_o great_a compass_n must_v be_v fetch_v before_o it_o can_v be_v enclose_v yet_o be_v we_o to_o take_v heed_n that_o in_o double_v of_o the_o front_n we_o give_v it_o not_o so_o much_o length_n that_o it_o fail_v in_o depth_n the_o want_n of_o length_n or_o depth_n be_v alike_o dangerous_a and_o give_v advantage_n to_o the_o enemy_n i_o have_v touch_v before_o and_o quote_v leo_n glance_v only_o at_o his_o word_n now_o i_o will_v set_v they_o down_o as_o they_o lie_v 103._o when_o the_o thickness_n or_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n say_v he_o be_v gather_v up_o and_o make_v more_o thin_a it_o behove_v not_o so_o to_o lengthen_v it_o that_o it_o become_v altogether_o weak_a and_o without_o depth_n for_o it_o will_v so_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o enemy_n shall_v easy_o cut_v it_o in_o piece_n and_o make_v a_o passage_n through_o it_o and_o not_o only_o seek_v to_o encompass_v it_o before_o but_o pass_v through_o the_o midst_n be_v find_v behind_o and_o there_o indamage_v it_o and_o this_o it_o behoove_v a_o general_n not_o only_o to_o take_v heed_n he_o suffer_v not_o himself_o but_o also_o endeavour_v to_o put_v upon_o his_o enemy_n hitherto_o be_v the_o word_n of_o leo_n show_v the_o disadvantage_n of_o a_o battle_n too_o much_o thin_v by_o double_v the_o length_n but_o 69._o leo_n elsewhere_o ay_v a_o other_o cause_n of_o double_v namely_o to_o make_v show_v a_o fair_a sight_n of_o the_o army_n for_o the_o more_o ground_n it_o take_v in_o front_n the_o more_o will_v the_o number_n appear_v and_o the_o bravery_n of_o every_o man_n in_o particular_a discover_v further_o antigonus_n use_v also_o this_o double_n for_o a_o policâ—e_n to_o beguile_v his_o enemy_n 19_o polien_n report_v the_o fact_n thus_o antigonus_n encamp_v against_o eumenes_n with_o a_o army_n inferior_a in_o number_n and_o when_o messenger_n be_v send_v often_o from_o one_o to_o a_o other_o antigonus_z at_o the_o receipt_n of_o a_o messenger_n of_o the_o enemy_n command_v one_o of_o his_o soldier_n to_o come_v run_v in_o as_o it_o be_v out_o of_o breath_n and_o all_o to_o be-sullied_n with_o dust_n and_o to_o bring_v news_n that_o his_o confederate_n be_v come_v antigonus_n hear_v the_o news_n leap_v for_o joy_n and_o send_v away_o the_o messenger_n the_o next_o day_n he_o lead_v his_o army_n out_o of_o his_o trench_n double_v the_o length_n of_o his_o front_n when_o the_o enemy_n hear_v of_o their_o messenger_n the_o news_n that_o be_v bring_v to_o antigonus_n concern_v his_o confederate_n and_o see_v the_o length_n of_o his_o battle_n double_v they_o imagine_v that_o the_o depth_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o front_n and_o therefore_o they_o dislodge_v be_v afraid_a to_o join_v with_o he_o 5_o there_o be_v that_o mislike_n countermarches_n and_o aelians_n doubling_n of_o number_n be_v dangerous_a the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a to_o charge_n because_o the_o file_n of_o the_o battle_n must_v be_v keep_v in_o open_a order_n â—ill_o the_o motion_n be_v end_v which_o posture_n be_v not_o fit_a to_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n as_o we_o see_v out_o of_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n the_o other_o two_o doubling_n be_v do_v in_o close_a order_n whereof_o i_o make_v mention_v a_o little_a before_o the_o one_o divide_v the_o middle_a man_n in_o half_a anâ—_n sleeve_v they_o up_o by_o the_o battle_n on_o both_o side_n the_o other_o
be_v of_o special_a esteem_n for_o the_o field_n and_o prefer_v before_o the_o other_o kind_n of_o lightarmed_n many_o nation_n have_v be_v commend_v for_o their_o skill_n in_o shoot_v amongst_o the_o grecian_n the_o cretan_n be_v of_o ancient_a time_n sole_a archer_n 40_o as_o pausanias_n witness_v yet_o be_v not_o their_o service_n equal_a with_o the_o service_n of_o the_o persian_n for_o xenophon_n confess_v that_o the_o persian_a bow_n overreach_v the_o cretan_a a_o great_a way_n and_o that_o the_o rhodian_n with_o their_o sling_n owt-threw_a the_o cretan_a bow_n of_o the_o carduchans_n a_o people_n through_o who_o country_n the_o grecian_n pass_v at_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n c._n xenophon_n write_v thus_o they_o carry_v no_o other_o arm_n than_o bow_n and_o slinge_n they_o be_v excellent_a archer_n and_o have_v bow_n well_o nigh_o three_o cubit_n long_o arrow_n more_o than_o two_o cubit_n when_o they_o shoot_v they_o draw_v the_o string_n applieng_v their_o hand_n some_o what_o towards_o the_o neither_o end_n of_o the_o bow_n set_v their_o left_a foot_n forward_o with_o their_o arrow_n they_o pierce_v both_o target_n and_o curate_n the_o grecian_n put_v thong_n to_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o arrow_n send_v they_o back_o at_o the_o enemy_n in_o steed_n of_o dart_n the_o same_o in_o effect_n be_v report_v by_o 411._o diodorus_n siculus_n of_o the_o parthian_a horseman_n appian_n say_v when_o crassus_n command_v the_o lightarmed_n to_o disband_v &_o go_v to_o the_o charge_n they_o go_v not_o far_o but_o meet_v with_o many_o arrow_n and_o be_v sore_o gall_v with_o they_o they_o retire_v straight_o and_o hide_v themselves_o amongst_o the_o arm_a and_o give_v beginning_n of_o disorder_n and_o fear_v repraesent_v to_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o rest_n the_o force_n and_o violence_n of_o the_o shot_n that_o rend_v all_o arm_n they_o fall_v upon_o and_o make_v way_n aswell_o through_o body_n that_o have_v the_o best_a as_o the_o worst_a furniture_n defensive_a give_v mighty_a and_o violent_a stroke_n from_o stiff_a and_o great_a bow_n and_o force_v out_o the_o arrow_n boisterous_o with_o the_o compass_n and_o bend_v of_o the_o bow_n crosso_fw-it plutarch_n have_v the_o very_a word_n that_o be_v in_o appian_n the_o indian_n also_o be_v good_a archer_n albeit_o not_o much_o praise_v by_o q._n curtius_n 358._o he_o say_v their_o arrow_n be_v two_o cubit_n long_o which_o they_o deliver_v out_o of_o their_o bow_n with_o more_o labour_n than_o effect_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o arrow_n who_o whole_a efficacy_n be_v in_o lightness_n become_v altogether_o unwieldy_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o weight_n and_o yet_o he_o tell_v that_o alexander_n at_o the_o assault_n of_o the_o principal_a city_n of_o the_o mallian_n be_v strike_v through_o his_o cuirass_n into_o the_o side_n beneath_o the_o pap_n with_o a_o indian_a arrow_n with_o who_o â—14_n plutarch_n and_o diod._n siculus_n accord_n e_o arrian_n add_v the_o wound_n be_v so_o deep_a that_o his_o breath_n be_v see_v to_o issue_v out_o together_o with_o his_o blood_n the_o goth_n and_o other_o people_n of_o the_o north_n that_o invade_v the_o roman_a empire_n have_v their_o chief_a victory_n against_o the_o roman_n by_o the_o help_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n 〈◊〉_d vegetius_n before_o allege_v speak_v it_o plain_o so_o our_o soldier_n say_v he_o unarm_v both_o body_n and_o head_n encounter_v with_o the_o goth_n be_v oftentimes_o whole_o defeat_v and_o slay_v with_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o arrow_n i_o may_v not_o pretermitte_v the_o praise_n of_o our_o nation_n in_o this_o skill_n our_o own_o story_n testify_v that_o the_o great_a battle_n we_o gain_v against_o the_o french_a be_v gain_v by_o the_o joint-shooting_a of_o our_o archer_n principal_o and_o that_o the_o english_a have_v heretofore_o excel_v in_o archery_n &_o shoot_v be_v clear_a by_o the_o testimony_n even_o of_o stranger_n 206._o cicuta_fw-la who_o i_o name_v before_o commend_v the_o use_n of_o bow_n as_o necessary_a for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o field_n &_o that_o long_o after_o gun_n be_v invent_v praefer_v the_o english_a before_o all_o other_o and_o set_v he_o down_o as_o a_o pattern_n for_o other_o to_o follow_v aâ—d_fw-la 37._o patritius_fw-la dispute_v of_o the_o violence_n of_o arrow_n doubt_v not_o to_o affirm_v that_o a_o english_a arrow_n with_o a_o little_a wax_n put_v upon_o the_o point_n of_o the_o head_n will_v pass_v through_o any_o ordinary_a corslette_n or_o cuirass_n howsoever_o the_o credit_n of_o bow_n be_v lose_v at_o this_o present_a with_o many_o great_a soldier_n yet_o have_v they_o of_o ancient_a time_n be_v high_o prise_v 15._o vegetius_n say_v how_o great_a advantage_n good_a archer_n bring_v in_o fight_n both_z cato_z in_o his_o book_n of_o military_a discipline_n do_v show_v evident_o and_o claudius_n by_o augment_v the_o number_n of_o archer_n and_o teach_v of_o they_o the_o use_n of_o their_o bow_n overcome_v the_o enemy_n who_o before_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o match_v scipâ—o_n africanus_n the_o young_a be_v to_o give_v battle_n to_o the_o numantine_n that_o before_o have_v force_v a_o roman_a army_n to_o pass_v under_o the_o yoke_n think_v he_o can_v not_o otherwise_o have_v the_o better_a unless_o he_o mingle_v choose_v archer_n in_o every_o 〈◊〉_d and_o â—_o leo_n the_o emperor_n in_o his_o constitution_n military_a have_v this_o constitution_n â—ongest_a other_o you_o shall_v commoun_v â—_o all_o the_o roman_a youth_n till_o they_o come_v to_o forty_o year_n of_o age_n whether_o they_o have_v mean_a skill_n in_o shoot_v or_o not_o to_o carry_v bow_n &_o quiver_n of_o arrow_n for_o since_o the_o art_n of_o shoe_n thing_n have_v be_v neglect_v many_o &_o great_a loss_n have_v befall_v the_o roman_n aâ—d_a in_o another_o place_n 49._o you_o shall_v enjoin_v the_o commander_n under_o you_o in_o winter_n to_o take_v a_o view_n and_o to_o signify_v to_o the_o turmâ—ches_n colonel_n now_o many_o horse_n &_o what_o kind_n of_o arm_n the_o soldier_n under_o their_o command_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o that_o necessary_a provision_n be_v make_v &_o the_o soldier_n be_v furnish_v in_o time_n convenient_a but_o special_o you_o be_v to_o have_v care_n of_o archer_n &_o that_o they_o who_o remain_v at_o home_n &_o have_v vacation_n from_o war_n hold_v bow_n and_o arrow_n in_o their_o house_n for_o carelessnesse_n herein_o have_v bring_v great_a damage_n to_o the_o roman_a state_n so_o leo._n this_o of_o old_a time_n be_v the_o opinion_n of_o the_o roman_n concern_v archer_n how_o we_o be_v fall_v out_o with_o they_o in_o our_o day_n the_o skill_n of_o the_o bow_n be_v a_o quality_n so_o commendable_a and_o so_o proper_a to_o our_o nation_n i_o know_v not_o unless_o fireweapon_n perhaps_o have_v put_v they_o out_o of_o countenance_n and_o sure_o it_o may_v not_o be_v deny_v that_o the_o force_n of_o fireweapon_n of_o our_o time_n do_v far_o exceed_v the_o height_n of_o all_o old_a invention_n for_o anoyeng_v the_o enemy_n and_o when_o i_o have_v give_v they_o the_o first_o place_n i_o will_v not_o doubt_v to_o give_v the_o second_o to_o bow_n and_o arrow_n be_v so_o far_o from_o cast_v they_o of_o that_o i_o will_v rather_o follow_v the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o grecian_n who_o albeit_o they_o esteem_v arrow_n the_o best_a fly_v weapon_n yet_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o hold_v in_o use_n slinge_n and_o dart_n every_o weapon_n have_v it_o property_n and_o that_o which_o be_v fit_n for_o one_o service_n be_v not_o so_o fit_v for_o another_o the_o fireweapon_n have_v their_o advantage_n they_o have_v also_o their_o disadvantage_n their_o advantage_n be_v they_o pierce_v all_o defence_n of_o armour_n and_o light_v upon_o a_o place_n of_o the_o body_n the_o wound_n whereof_o endaunger_v life_n they_o bring_v with_o they_o certain_a death_n their_o disadvantage_n be_v they_o be_v not_o always_o certain_a sometime_o for_o want_v of_o charge_v sometime_o through_o over_o charge_v sometime_o the_o bullet_n roll_a out_o sometime_o for_o want_v of_o good_a powder_n or_o of_o dry_a powder_n sometime_o because_o of_o a_o ill_a dry_a match_n not_o fit_n to_o coal_n or_o not_o well_o cock_v beside_o they_o be_v somewhat_o long_o in_o charge_v while_o the_o musketier_n take_v down_o his_o musket_n uncocke_n the_o match_n blow_n proyne_n shut_v cast_v of_o the_o pan_n cast_v about_o the_o musket_n open_v his_o charge_n charge_v draw_v out_o his_o 〈◊〉_d stick_v ram_n in_o the_o powder_n draw_v out_o again_o and_o put_v up_o his_o scour_a stick_n lay_v the_o musket_n on_o the_o rest_n blow_v of_o the_o match_n cock_n and_o try_v it_o guard_n the_o pan_n and_o so_o make_v ready_a all_o which_o action_n must_v necessary_o be_v observe_v if_o you_o will_v not_o fail_v of_o the_o true_a use_n of_o a_o musket_n in_o
rain_n snow_n fog_n or_o when_o the_o enemy_n have_v gain_v the_o wind_n they_o have_v small_a use_n add_v that_o but_o one_o rank_n that_o be_v the_o first_o can_v give_v upon_o the_o enemy_n at_o once_o for_o the_o rest_n behind_o discharge_v shall_v either_o wound_v their_o own_o companion_n before_o or_o else_o shoot_v at_o random_n and_o so_o nothing_o endanger_v the_o enemy_n the_o force_n of_o a_o musket_n be_v only_o available_a at_o point_n blank_a contrary_a wise_a the_o disadvantage_n of_o arrow_n be_v in_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o stroke_n which_o be_v not_o able_a to_o enter_v a_o cuirass_n that_o the_o foot_n or_o horse_n now_o use_v yet_o can_v no_o weather_n be_v find_v where_o in_o you_o may_v not_o have_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n rain_n snow_n wind_n hail_n fog_n hinder_v little_a especial_o the_o string_n of_o the_o bow_n be_v not_o to_o wet_v may_v rather_o profit_v because_o in_o they_o you_o can_v hardly_o discern_v much_o less_o avoid_v the_o fall_n of_o the_o arrow_n as_o for_o quickness_n in_o delivery_n the_o bow_n far_o excel_v the_o musket_n a_o good_a single_a archer_n be_v able_a to_o give_v five_o shot_n in_o exchaâ—nge_n for_o one_o of_o the_o musketier_n and_o that_o with_o such_o certainty_n that_o you_o shall_v not_o hear_v of_o a_o archer_n that_o miss_v the_o delivery_n of_o his_o arrow_n where_o the_o musketier_n often_o fail_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o accident_n and_o impedivient_n before_o by_o i_o rehearse_v join_v that_o a_o whole_a squadron_n of_o archer_n be_v embattle_v may_v shoot_v at_o once_o together_o which_o only_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o musketeer_n may_v do_v and_o make_v the_o case_n there_o be_v a_o hundred_o musketter_n and_o a_o hundred_o boweman_n each_o digest_v into_o ten_o fâ—les_n each_o file_n contain_v ten_o man_n the_o bow_n man_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o shoot_v at_o once_o a_o hundred_o arrow_n all_o their_o arrow_n for_o ten_o bullet_n give_v by_o the_o musketeer_n namely_o those_o ten_o of_o the_o first_o rank_n discharge_v alone_o it_o must_v not_o be_v pretermit_v that_o the_o bow_n and_o quiver_n both_o for_o march_v &_o all_o service_n be_v light_a and_o of_o less_o labour_n to_o â—se_v than_o a_o musket_n which_o be_v no_o small_a advantage_n in_o arm_n and_o fight_n to_o conclude_v the_o boweman_n may_v be_v place_v behind_o the_o arm_a foot_n and_o yet_o in_o shoot_v over_o the_o phalange_n annoy_v the_o enemy_n before_o join_v and_o 〈◊〉_d all_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n even_o while_o they_o be_v at_o push_n of_o pike_n where_o the_o musketier_n there_o place_v must_v either_o idle_o look_v on_o or_o else_o playeng_v with_o his_o musket_n most_o of_o all_o endanger_v his_o own_o friend_n neither_o be_v the_o force_n of_o arrow_n so_o weak_a as_o be_v imagine_v no_o not_o in_o the_o arm_n of_o our_o day_n for_o the_o pike_n albeit_o he_o have_v his_o head_n and_o body_n cover_v yet_o be_v his_o leg_n and_o foot_n his_o arm_n and_o hand_n open_a to_o wound_n any_o of_o which_o part_n be_v wound_v bring_v a_o disability_n of_o service_n to_o say_v nothing_o of_o his_o face_n and_o eye_n before_o which_o the_o shower_n of_o arrow_n fall_v like_o a_o tempest_n without_o intermission_n must_v needs_o breed_v a_o remediless_a terror_n and_o make_v he_o think_v rather_o of_o save_v himself_o then_o offend_v his_o enemy_n the_o musketier_n be_v also_o unarm_v be_v as_o subject_a to_o the_o shot_n of_o arrow_n as_o the_o archer_n be_v to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o musket_n and_o the_o arrow_n touch_v any_o vital_a part_n as_o much_o take_v away_o life_n as_o do_v the_o musket_n last_o a_o horseman_n for_o his_o own_o person_n i_o must_v confess_v be_v safe_a enough_o from_o the_o danger_n of_o arrow_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o armour_n but_o his_o horse_n be_v a_o fair_a and_o large_a mark_n and_o have_v neither_o barb_v nor_o pectorall_a nor_o ought_v else_o to_o hide_v his_o head_n or_o breast_n how_o can_v he_o escape_v wound_n witness_v our_o field_n in_o france_n where_o our_o archer_n always_o beat_v the_o french_a horse_n be_v barb_a and_o better_o arm_v than_o our_o horse_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o for_o the_o bloody_a effect_n of_o bow_n the_o story_n of_o plutarch_n be_v worth_a the_o reherse_v he_o in_o the_o life_n of_o crassus_n have_v thus_o 〈◊〉_d the_o parthian_n oppose_v the_o cataphract_n against_o the_o roman_a horse_n the_o other_o persian_n gallop_v here_o and_o there_o dispersedly_z and_o trouble_v the_o face_n of_o the_o field_n break_v up_o from_o the_o bottom_n hill_n of_o sand_n that_o raise_v infinite_a dust_n whereby_o the_o roman_n lose_v their_o sight_n and_o voice_n and_o throng_v together_o &_o thrust_v one_o another_o be_v wound_v and_o die_v not_o a_o simple_a or_o quick_a death_n but_o torment_v with_o convulsion_n and_o pang_n of_o grief_n walllow_v up_o and_o down_o in_o the_o sand_n to_o break_v the_o arrow_n in_o their_o wound_n or_o else_o endeavour_v to_o pluck_v out_o the_o hook_a head_n which_o have_v pierce_v vein_n and_o sinew_n rent_v a_o fresh_a themselves_o &_o add_v torment_n to_o torment_v so_o that_o many_o die_v in_o this_o manner_n &_o the_o rest_n become_v unprofitable_a and_o when_o publius_n crassus_n desire_v they_o once_o more_o to_o charge_v the_o cataphract_n they_o show_v their_o hand_n nail_v to_o their_o target_n and_o their_o foot_n fasten_v to_o the_o ground_n whereby_o they_o be_v unable_a either_o to_o fly_v or_o fight_v these_o wonder_n do_v the_o parthian_a bow_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v not_o to_o be_v compare_v to_o our_o ancient_a english_a bow_n either_o for_o strength_n or_o far_o shoot_v and_o that_o we_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o antiquity_n alone_o 〈◊〉_d the_o battle_n of_o curzolare_fw-la common_o call_v the_o battle_n of_o lepanto_n fight_v in_o our_o day_n betwixt_o the_o turk_n &_o christian_n by_o sea_n may_v serve_v for_o a_o experience_n of_o the_o service_n of_o bow_n and_o arrow_n in_o which_o there_o die_v of_o the_o christian_n by_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o turk_n above_o sieve_n thousand_o albeit_o they_o be_v in_o galley_n and_o ship_n and_o have_v their_o blind_v pretend_v to_o save_v from_o sight_n and_o mark_v of_o the_o turk_n where_o as_o the_o artillery_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o the_o christian_n consume_v not_o so_o many_o turk_n notwithstanding_o the_o christian_n have_v the_o victory_n now_o then_o for_o we_o to_o leave_v the_o bow_n be_v a_o weapon_n of_o so_o great_a efficacy_n so_o ready_a so_o familiar_a and_o as_o it_o be_v so_o domestical_a to_o our_o nation_n to_o which_o we_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v accustom_v from_o our_o cradle_n because_o other_o nation_n take_v themselves_o to_o the_o musket_n have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o any_o show_n of_o reason_n other_o nation_n may_v well_o for_o bear_v â—at_a they_o never_o have_v neither_o italian_n nor_o spaniard_n nor_o french_a nor_o dutche_n haâ—_n these_o five_o hundred_o year_n be_v account_v archer_n it_o be_v a_o skill_n almost_o appropriate_v to_o our_o nation_n by_o it_o we_o gain_v the_o battle_n of_o cressy_n of_o poitiers_n of_o agincourt_n in_o france_n of_o navarre_n in_o spain_n by_o it_o we_o make_v ourselves_o famous_a over_o christendom_n and_o to_o give_v it_o over_o upon_o a_o conceit_n only_o for_o no_o experience_n can_v say_v that_o our_o bow_n be_v ever_o beat_v out_o of_o the_o field_n by_o the_o musket_n will_v prove_v a_o imitation_n of_o aesop_n dog_n who_o carieng_n a_o piece_n of_o flesh_n in_o his_o mouth_n over_o a_o river_n and_o see_v the_o shadow_n in_o the_o water_n snatch_v at_o the_o shadow_n and_o leave_v the_o flesh_n i_o speak_v not_o this_o to_o a_o base_a the_o service_n of_o musket_n which_o all_o man_n must_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v great_a i_o only_o show_v there_o may_v be_v good_a use_n of_o bow_n if_o our_o archer_n be_v such_o as_o they_o be_v wont_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v dispair_v and_o will_v easy_o come_v with_o exercise_n 8_o dart_n the_o name_n of_o dart_n be_v divers_a in_o the_o greek_a story_n a_o dart_n be_v often_o call_v acontion_n and_o thereof_o come_v acontizo_n to_o throw_v a_o dart_n and_o darter_n be_v call_v c_o acontistae_n so_o do_v aelian_n here_o term_v a_o dart_n sometime_o a_o dart_n be_v term_v palton_n of_o the_o verb_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d signify_v to_o shake_v or_o make_v quiver_n the_o word_n palton_n be_v much_o use_v in_o f_o arrian_n and_o c_o xenophon_n especial_o when_o they_o speak_v of_o the_o persian_a dart_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d diodorus_n siculus_n name_v the_o persian_a dart_n saunion_n which_o name_n also_o be_v give_v to_o a_o grecian_a dart_n by_o plutarch_n and_o by_o the_o same_o diodorus_n sometime_o a_o
dart_n be_v name_v doration_n doru_n as_o i_o say_v be_v a_o spear_n and_o doration_n according_a to_o suidas_n a_o little_a spear_n or_o dart_n aelian_n use_v the_o word_n in_o this_o chap._n lonche_n albeit_o it_o proper_o signify_v the_o â—_o head_n of_o spear_n or_o dart_n yet_o do_v it_o sometime_o signify_v the_o dart_n itself_o so_o be_v it_o take_v in_o c_o xenophon_n when_o he_o tell_v that_o fly_v weapon_n begin_v to_o walk_v on_o all_o side_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v dart_n arrow_n and_o stone_n out_o of_o slinge_n and_o some_o out_o hand_n and_o diodorus_n siculus_n have_v 615._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d to_o throw_v dart_n even_o in_o the_o act_n of_o alexander_n yet_o we_o find_v that_o spear_n be_v also_o cast_v under_o that_o name_n and_o d._n xenophon_n say_v that_o the_o theban_n cast_v dorata_fw-la against_o the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o dart_n have_v be_v in_o use_n amongst_o all_o nation_n the_o matter_n fashion_n and_o force_v of_o the_o roman_a dart_n may_v be_v see_v in_o 15._o vegetius_n and_o in_o â—_o lipsius_n his_o commentary_n ad_fw-la polybium_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o dart_a of_o the_o macedonian_a armed_z appear_v in_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o choragus_n and_o dioxippus_n before_o by_o i_o mention_v where_o we_o find_v that_o choragus_n cast_v first_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 4â—_n lanceam_fw-la say_v curtius_n at_o dioxippus_n when_o he_o think_v he_o with_o in_o his_o reach_n but_o the_o darter_n here_o speak_v of_o be_v of_o the_o lightarmed_n such_o be_v the_o c_o agrian_o in_o alexander_n camp_n who_o in_o all_o attempt_n of_o speed_n be_v employ_v by_o alexander_n and_o serve_v to_o purpose_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o lightness_n the_o dart_n of_o the_o grecian_a be_v a_o slender_a shave_a piece_n of_o wood_n about_o three_o foot_n long_o arm_v at_o one_o end_n with_o a_o head_n of_o iron_n with_o a_o sharp_a point_n to_o the_o end_n to_o pierce_v whatsoever_o it_o shall_v fall_v upon_o for_o the_o length_n i_o give_v it_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o roman_a dart_n in_o polybius_n e_o and_o xenophon_n seem_v to_o affirm_v it_o when_o speak_v of_o the_o arrow_n of_o the_o carduchans_n 41â—_n he_o say_v they_o be_v long_o than_o two_o cubit_n &_o add_v the_o grecian_n send_v they_o back_o again_o at_o the_o enemy_n in_o stead_n of_o dart_n about_o the_o midst_n of_o these_o dart_n they_o fasten_v a_o thong_n which_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d wherein_o insert_v their_o forefinger_n they_o lance_v the_o dart_n with_o more_o facility_n xenophon_n witness_v it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n and_o â—n_o another_o place_n he_o say_v a._n xenophon_n command_v the_o targeteer_n to_o march_v with_o their_o finger_n in_o the_o thong_n of_o their_o dart_n the_o archer_n with_o their_o arrow_n nocked_a the_o slinger_n with_o their_o scryppe_n full_a of_o stone_n that_o they_o may_v be_v ready_a to_o let_v fly_v when_o they_o be_v command_v these_o dart_n be_v forcible_a enough_o to_o pierce_v armoure_n of_o that_o time_n and_o that_o with_o they_o alone_a 5â—9_n iphicrates_n overthrow_v and_o destroy_v a_o whole_a mora_fw-la of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n which_o people_n be_v account_v the_o best_a arm_v and_o the_o most_o valiant_a of_o the_o greek_n before_o the_o macedonian_n come_v in_o credit_n 9_o stone_n there_o be_v here_o mention_v two_o manner_n of_o throw_v stone_n the_o one_o with_o the_o sling_n the_o other_o with_o hand_n alone_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o sling_n fly_v with_o much_o more_o violence_n than_o the_o stone_n throw_v with_o the_o hand_n and_o be_v cast_v with_o a_o skilful_a and_o strong_a arm_n they_o reach_v a_o great_a way_n than_o a_o man_n will_v think_v and_o yet_o not_o so_o far_o as_o bullet_n throw_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n which_o by_o xenophons_n report_n outreach_v the_o persian_a arrow_n i_o have_v before_o touch_v the_o story_n i_o will_v now_o lay_v down_o xenophons_n word_n b_o the_o grecian_n those_o ten_o thousand_o that_o return_v out_o of_o persia_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o cherisophus_n &_o xenophon_n have_v not_o march_v far_o before_o mithridates_n appear_v again_o with_o 200._o horse_n and_o 400._o archer_n &_o slinger_n which_o be_v very_o nimble_a &_o light_a he_o come_v close_o up_o to_o the_o grecian_n as_o a_o friend_n be_v near_o some_o of_o his_o horse_n &_o foot_n begin_v to_o shoot_v other_o to_o sling_v &_o to_o wound_v the_o grecian_n the_o rear_n commander_n of_o the_o grecian_n be_v hardly_o best_v yet_o can_v they_o do_v nothing_o to_o annoy_v the_o enemy_n for_o the_o cretan_n shoot_v not_o so_o far_o as_o the_o persian_n &_o carieng_n no_o armour_n of_o defence_n they_o be_v fain_o to_o hide_v themselves_o with_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a &_o the_o darter_n be_v not_o able_a to_o reach_v the_o slinger_n of_o the_o enemy_n xenophon_n therefore_o have_v the_o rear_n think_v good_a to_o charge_n and_o follow_v the_o enemy_n but_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o overtake_v they_o for_o the_o grecian_n have_v no_o horse_n &_o the_o barbarian_a horseman_n shoot_v backward_o in_o their_o flight_n wound_v many_o of_o they_o that_o give_v the_o chase_n to_o remedy_v this_o inconvenience_n xenophons_n advice_n be_v to_o provide_v horse_n as_o many_o as_o they_o can_v and_o hear_v that_o there_o be_v many_o rhodian_n in_o the_o camp_n skilful_a in_o sle_v who_o sling_n reach_v twice_o as_o far_o as_o the_o persian_a sling_n for_o the_o persian_n use_v stone_n that_o fill_v the_o hand_n the_o rhodian_n leaden_a bullet_n he_o likewise_o advise_v to_o arm_v they_o with_o sling_n and_o use_v their_o service_n the_o next_o day_n the_o grecian_n furnish_v out_o 50_o horse_n &_o 200._o slinger_n and_o when_o mithridates_n show_v himself_o again_o with_o a_o thousand_o horse_n &_o four_o thousand_o archer_n &_o slinger_n and_o come_v up_o to_o charge_n both_o the_o rhodian_a bullet_n light_v amongst_o his_o troop_n and_o the_o 50_o horse_n issue_v forth_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o put_v he_o to_o flight_n and_o slay_v manâ—_n of_o the_o foot_n in_o the_o chase_n and_o take_v eighteen_o horse_n we_o may_v here_o note_v two_o kind_n of_o slinge_n one_o with_o the_o stone_n the_o other_o with_o the_o bullet_n and_o beside_o that_o the_o rhodian_a sling_n with_o the_o bullet_n overreach_v both_o cretan_a and_o persian_a bow_n which_o be_v yet_o afterward_o more_o plain_o declare_v c_o when_o tissaphernes_n charge_v the_o grecian_n with_o his_o persian_a archer_n the_o rhodian_a slinge_n so_o terrify_v he_o that_o both_o himself_o and_o his_o troop_n with_o draw_v and_o allbut_n he_o follow_v a_o far_o of_o yet_o dare_v he_o no_o more_o approache_v but_o suffer_v they_o quiety_n to_o march_v all_o that_o day_n and_o many_o other_o afterward_o in_o this_o art_n of_o sle_v although_o many_o nation_n labour_v yet_o be_v there_o very_a few_o that_o excel_v the_o 16_o bible_n make_v mention_n of_o seven_o hundred_o gybeonite_n who_o skill_n be_v excellent_a in_o slâ—nging_v of_o other_o nation_n none_o may_v compare_v with_o the_o 207_o baleares_n of_o who_o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v thus_o their_o armour_n be_v three_o slinge_n whereof_o they_o have_v one_o about_o their_o head_n another_o about_o their_o waste_n the_o three_o in_o their_o hand_n in_o war_n they_o cast_v great_a stone_n than_o any_o other_o and_o with_o such_o force_n that_o they_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v send_v out_o of_o a_o catapult_n therefore_o in_o siege_n and_o assault_n of_o city_n they_o wound_v the_o defendant_n of_o the_o wall_n and_o in_o the_o field_n break_v target_n and_o headpiece_n and_o all_o defensive_a arm_n they_o aim_v so_o certeine_o at_o any_o mark_n that_o they_o seldom_o fail_v in_o hit_v the_o cause_n be_v their_o continual_a practice_n from_o their_o childhode_n their_o mother_n continual_o enforce_v they_o to_o sling_v even_o when_o they_o be_v yet_o child_n for_o set_v up_o bread_n upon_o a_o post_n as_o a_o mark_n they_o be_v not_o allow_v to_o eat_v until_o they_o hit_v it_o and_o have_v it_o give_v they_o by_o their_o mother_n to_o eat_v so_o far_o diodorus_n siculus_n with_o who_o 16_o vegetius_n agree_v the_o same_o â—ine_z vegetius_n say_v that_o slinge_n be_v make_v either_o of_o flax_n or_o of_o hair_n the_o form_n be_v that_o it_o have_v two_o end_n the_o one_o fasten_v to_o the_o hand_n the_o othâ—â—o_o let_v slip_v be_v broad_o in_o the_o midst_n lest_o the_o stone_n shall_v fall_v out_o diodorus_n have_v before_o express_v with_o what_o force_n a_o stone_n go_v out_o of_o a_o sling_n 16_o vegetius_n add_v that_o they_o be_v more_o violent_a than_o any_o arrow_n pierce_v headpiece_n cuirass_n and_o other_o arm_n the_o same_o 23_o vegetius_n limit_v the_o space_n
govern_v so_o be_v it_o in_o matter_n of_o war_n further_o as_o his_o skill_n so_o his_o valour_n aught_o to_o be_v most_o that_o his_o example_n may_v encourage_v and_o incite_v the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o other_o commander_n also_o be_v place_v in_o front_n and_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o soldier_n that_o their_o valour_n &_o forwardness_n may_v bread_n a_o honest_a emulation_n in_o the_o soldier_n to_o do_v as_o they_o do_v beside_o the_o first_o place_n be_v most_o beseem_v he_o that_o best_o deserve_v and_o the_o more_o valiant_a a_o man_n be_v the_o more_o he_o desire_v to_o show_v it_o in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o enemy_n thereby_o to_o win_v himself_o honour_n and_o reputation_n furthermore_o he_o may_v do_v best_a service_n in_o the_o front_n by_o enter_v into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n and_o make_v way_n for_o the_o rest_n not_o unlike_o a_o sword_n who_o edge_n make_v speedy_a passage_n into_o the_o thing_n it_o cut_v and_o draw_v after_o it_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o iron_n be_v it_o never_o so_o blunt_a in_o the_o front_n the_o rank_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n give_v the_o push_n to_o gain_v the_o field_n which_o reason_n i_o think_v lead_n pçlopida_n gorgidas_n the_o first_o institutor_n of_o the_o theban_a hiero_n lochos_n not_o to_o make_v a_o entire_a troop_n thereof_o apart_o but_o to_o place_v it_o man_n by_o man_n in_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o phalange_n last_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o file_n leader_n be_v the_o choice_n of_o the_o army_n both_o for_o stature_n and_o resolution_n for_o 13_o so_o aelian_n will_v have_v they_o 73_o bread_n a_o terror_n in_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o see_v such_o gallant_n in_o the_o front_n have_v cause_n to_o imagine_v that_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n which_o they_o see_v not_o be_v like_a to_o those_o they_o see_v and_o be_v never_o so_o valiant_a they_o have_v rather_o have_v to_o do_v with_o weak_a and_o relent_v then_o stout_a and_o resolute_a adversary_n as_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n 51_o annibal_n answer_v one_o that_o bring_v he_o news_n that_o the_o consul_n have_v command_v the_o horse_n man_n to_o alight_v and_o fight_v one_o foot_n how_o much_o rather_o will_v i_o quoth_v he_o he_o have_v deliver_v they_o bind_v into_o my_o hand_n i_o have_v hear_v many_o hold_n opinion_n that_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o grecian_n to_o bring_v their_o best_a man_n first_o to_o fight_v be_v contrary_a cap._n 5._o the_o order_n of_o a_o file_n 4_o enomoty_n 3_o enomoty_n 2_o enomoty_n 1_o enomoty_a dimerite_n 2_o dimery_n or_o half_a file_n 1_o dimery_n or_o half_a file_n the_o file-head_a the_o birnger_n up_o and_o 4_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 1_o leader_n 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 3_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n 2_o enomotarcha_fw-la 2_o follower_n 2_o leader_n 1_o follower_n the_o fileader_n and_o first_o enomotarcha_n to_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o roman_n who_o hold_v the_o triarij_fw-la their_o elder_a and_o best_a soldier_n in_o the_o rear_n and_o bring_v they_o not_o to_o join_v till_o both_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la be_v beat_v or_o retire_v but_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o diversity_n of_o both_o their_o embattailing_n we_o shall_v see_v no_o great_a difference_n or_o at_o lest_o we_o shall_v see_v that_o the_o reason_n of_o place_v their-b_a man_n be_v not_o much_o different_a the_o grecian_n in_o frame_v their_o fourfold_a phalange_n make_v in_o length_n a_o even_a front_n of_o a_o 1024._o file_n the_o file_n be_v 16._o deep_a and_o the_o best_a man_n therefore_o in_o front_n because_o be_v place_v in_o the_o midst_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o use_n of_o their_o valour_n and_o the_o phalange_n may_v have_v be_v break_v before_o it_o have_v come_v to_o their_o turn_n to_o fight_v the_o roman_n contrariwise_a in_o order_v a_o legion_n make_v many_o maniple_n and_o give_v the_o front_n to_o the_o hastati_fw-la the_o midst_n to_o the_o principes_fw-la the_o rear_n to_o the_o triarij_fw-la now_o the_o triarij_fw-la be_v order_v in_o the_o rear_n may_v at_o the_o beginning_n be_v bring_v to_o fight_v in_o front_n if_o need_n be_v be_v no_o need_n they_o keep_v their_o place_n till_o their_o general_n find_v it_o fit_a to_o call_v upon_o they_o so_o then_o this_o be_v the_o difference_n the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o grecian_n have_v the_o front_n because_o otherwise_o in_o so_o deep_a a_o body_n as_o the_o phalange_n be_v they_o can_v not_o have_v come_v to_o fight_v the_o triarij_fw-la might_n always_o have_v be_v employ_v in_o front_n in_o flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n as_o please_v the_o general_n and_o that_o the_o roman_n also_o in_o their_o several_a maniple_n place_v their_o best_a man_n in_o front_n i_o can_v doubt_v there_o stand_v the_o centurion_n which_o be_v the_o leader_n of_o the_o maniple_n and_o in_o reason_n be_v to_o be_v second_v with_o the_o hest_n man_n under_o their_o command_n 3._o c._n crastinus_n may_v serve_v for_o a_o example_n who_o be_v no_o centurion_n but_o a_o evocate_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o pharsaly_n betwixt_o caesar_n &_o pompey_n bid_v his_o manipuler_n they_o be_v of_o the_o maniple_n which_o he_o once_o command_v to_o follow_v he_o and_o say_v he_o will_v make_v his_o general_n give_v he_o thanks_o alive_a or_o dead_a yet_o must_v i_o confess_v that_o the_o front_n be_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n of_o the_o evocate_n but_o he_o choose_v the_o front_n and_o hold_v it_o a_o place_n worthy_a of_o his_o valour_n it_o be_v say_v of_o catilinae_fw-la catiline_n that_o when_o he_o fight_v with_o c._n antonius_n he_o place_v in_o the_o front_n of_o his_o army_n all_o the_o choose_a centurion_n and_o evocate_n and_o beside_o of_o common_a soldier_n such_o as_o be_v best_a arm_v a_o livy_n speak_v of_o a_o fight_n betwixt_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o latin_n and_o describe_v the_o form_n of_o the_o roman_a battle_n after_o he_o have_v limit_v the_o place_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la &_o principes_fw-la write_v thus_o of_o the_o triarij_fw-la after_o the_o ensign_n he_o mean_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o legion_n not_o the_o ensign_n of_o maniple_n be_v ten_o other_o maniple_n whereof_o every_o one_o have_v three_o ensign_n the_o first_o ensign_n lead_v the_o triarij_fw-la old_a soldier_n of_o try_a valour_n the_o next_o the_o rorarij_fw-la not_o so_o well_o esteem_v for_o strength_n in_o either_o age_n or_o deed_n the_o three_o the_o accensi_fw-la a_o troop_n of_o lest_o trust_v which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o they_o be_v cast_v in_o the_o rear_n the_o accensi_fw-la be_v put_v in_o the_o rear_n because_o there_o be_v no_o great_a opinion_n of_o their_o valour_n the_o triarij_fw-la have_v the_o front_n because_o they_o be_v old_a soldier_n and_o have_v be_v sufficient_o try_v so_o then_o in_o divide_v of_o their_o army_n into_o small_a body_n or_o battailion_n the_o roman_n differ_v from_o the_o grecian_n in_o place_v the_o best_a man_n of_o their_o maniple_n in_o front_n they_o observe_v the_o same_o manner_n that_o the_o grecian_n do_v in_o place_v their_o fileleader_n in_o the_o first_o rank_n of_o the_o phalange_n 2_o a_o verse_n i_o have_v translate_v sticho_n a_o verse_n the_o more_o usual_a signification_n be_v a_o row_n of_o any_o thing_n place_v orderly_o c._n so_o xenophon_n apply_v it_o to_o tree_n which_o be_v plant_v orderly_o one_o after_o another_o and_o iliad_n eustathius_n to_o the_o stand_n of_o dancer_n one_o after_o another_o in_o depth_n even_o as_o our_o soldier_n be_v place_v one_o after_o another_o in_o file_n 16._o julius_n pollux_n also_o acknowledge_v that_o there_o be_v file_n and_o rank_n in_o choro_fw-la that_o be_v in_o dance_n upon_o the_o stage_n 〈◊〉_d but_o suidas_n say_v it_o be_v common_o take_v for_o a_o line_n which_o be_v read_v from_o the_o left_a to_o right_a hand_n and_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n a_o verse_n as_o we_o read_v at_o this_o day_n and_o as_o they_o read_v when_o aelian_n write_v this_o treatise_n rather_o resemble_v a_o rank_n then_o a_o fiâ—e_n because_o in_o a_o rank_n man_n stand_v side_n to_o side_n as_o word_n do_v be_v place_v in_o a_o line_n yet_o because_o the_o word_n be_v receive_v by_o use_n in_o that_o other_o sense_n we_o must_v like_v wise_a admit_v the_o same_o 3_o a_o decury_n this_o in_a greek_a aelian_n call_v decania_n a_o word_n which_o in_o this_o sense_n i_o find_v in_o no_o other_o author_n then_o in_o he_o and_o in_o suidas_n cyrop_n xenophon_n call_v it_o decas_fw-la so_o do_v strat_n vrbicius_n and_o c._n arrian_n and_o likewise_o hesychius_n 69._o leo_n call_v it_o decarchian_n and_o akian_n 4_o a_o enomotie_n the_o word_n come_v from_o
fiâ—nge_a the_o division_n of_o the_o phalange_n into_o wing_n the_o place_n of_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n and_o of_o the_o horse_n chap._n vii_o 1_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o file_n be_v term_v a_o phalange_n who_o 2_o length_n be_v the_o first_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n and_o be_v name_v the_o front_n the_o face_n the_o edge_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o rank_n the_o mouth_n the_o commander_n the_o forestander_n &_o the_o head_n of_o the_o file_n as_o much_o of_o the_o phalange_n as_o stretch_v backward_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n 3_o be_v name_v the_o depth_n the_o bear_v straight_o forth_o of_o sideman_n in_o length_n whether_o they_o be_v leader_n or_o follower_n be_v rank_v and_o the_o stand_n of_o leader_n and_o follower_n direct_o in_o a_o line_n in_o depth_n be_v file_v a_o phalange_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o whole_a part_n begin_v at_o the_o middle_a section_n of_o the_o front_n and_o hold_v on_o clean_o through_o to_o the_o uttermost_a part_n of_o the_o depth_n whereof_o the_o one_o half_a be_v call_v the_o 4_o right_a wing_n and_o head_n the_o other_o half_o the_o left_a wing_n and_o tail_n 5_o the_o two_o fold_n section_n itself_o that_o divide_v the_o length_n have_v the_o name_n of_o the_o navel_n and_o the_o mouth_n 6_o the_o lightarmed_n be_v place_v after_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o behind_o they_o the_o horse_n yet_o if_o occasion_n require_v both_o lightarmed_n and_o horse_n be_v otherwise_o dispose_v as_o after_o in_o this_o discourse_n will_v appear_v note_n the_o whole_a body_n of_o multitude_n of_o file_n be_v term_v a_o phalange_n join_v of_o file_n make_v rank_n and_o a_o sufficient_a number_n of_o file_n and_o rank_n together_o make_v a_o body_n which_o be_v call_v a_o phalange_n for_o that_o name_n be_v give_v to_o any_o entire_a body_n of_o a_o indifferent_a greatness_n compact_v and_o unite_v for_o fight_v hesychius_n derive_v the_o original_n of_o the_o word_n apo_n thou_fw-mi pelas_n allelois_fw-fr inai_fw-fr from_o the_o stand_n of_o the_o soldier_n in_o battle_n near_o one_o to_o another_o suidas_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n albeit_o he_o differ_v a_o little_a in_o word_n say_v the_o phalanges_fw-la be_v so_o call_v apo_fw-la thou_fw-mi pelasai_fw-mi anchi_fw-la of_o approach_v one_o near_o to_o a_o other_o the_o great_a etymologicon_n go_v yet_o a_o little_a further_o and_o say_v that_o phalanges_fw-la be_v as_o it_o be_v palanges_fw-la para_fw-it to_o pelas_n kai_o eggys_n einai_fw-mi as_o it_o be_v pelangys_n these_o be_v the_o conjecture_n about_o the_o original_n of_o the_o name_n which_o of_o they_o be_v true_a be_v not_o great_o to_o the_o purpose_n it_o be_v enough_o to_o understand_v in_o what_o sense_n the_o word_n phalange_n be_v common_o take_v among_o tactick_a writer_n who_o as_o i_o say_v in_o a_o general_a signification_n call_v any_o great_a body_n of_o arm_a gather_v together_o and_o unite_v for_o fight_v a_o phalange_n so_o 1._o caesar_n name_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o helvetian_n into_o which_o they_o cast_v themselves_o when_o they_o fight_v against_o he_o and_o likewise_o the_o battle_n of_o ariovistus_n a_o phalange_n so_o speak_v e_o xenophon_n of_o the_o plaesium_n or_o square_a hollow_a battle_n into_o which_o the_o grecian_n that_o go_v with_o cyrus_n the_o young_a into_o persia_n fashion_v themselves_o at_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia._n and_o the_o same_o â—_o xenophon_n say_v the_o horse_n of_o the_o grecian_n when_o they_o be_v to_o encounter_v the_o persian_n order_v themselves_o four_o in_o depth_n in_o form_n of_o a_o phalange_n and_o 1st_a arrian_n that_o the_o persian_n at_o the_o river_n granicus_n be_v order_v in_o a_o long_a phalange_n and_o a_o xenophon_n again_o discourse_v how_o iphicrates_n exercise_v his_o navy_n when_o he_o expect_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n say_v he_o sometime_o lead_v in_o a_o wing_n that_o be_v in_o a_o large_a depth_n sometime_o in_o form_n of_o a_o phalange_n in_o a_o broad_a front_n the_o first_o inventor_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v think_v to_o be_v pan_n the_o general_a of_o bacchus_n his_o army_n polyaenus_n say_v 1._o pan_n be_v the_o commander_n of_o bacchus_n his_o army_n this_o man_n be_v the_o first_o that_o invent_v the_o order_n of_o a_o battle_n call_v it_o a_o phalange_n and_o part_v it_o into_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v wing_n for_o which_o cause_n poet_n fain_o that_o pan_n carry_v two_o horn_n upon_o his_o head_n beside_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o by_o slight_a and_o cunning_a cast_v a_o fear_n upon_o his_o enemy_n for_o when_o bacchus_n encamp_v in_o a_o hollow_a forest_n be_v advertise_v by_o his_o spy_n that_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o enemy_n be_v lodge_v one_o the_o further_a side_n he_o begin_v to_o be_v afraid_a but_o not_o pan_n who_o command_v the_o same_o night_n the_o army_n of_o bacchus_n to_o give_v as_o great_a a_o shout_n as_o they_o can_v the_o rock_n and_o hollowness_n of_o the_o forest_n render_v it_o again_o double_a to_o the_o enemy_n &_o make_v show_v of_o a_o great_a army_n than_o bacchus_n have_v where_o with_o the_o enemy_n fall_v into_o a_o fear_n flee_v forth_o with_o in_o honour_n of_o this_o strategeme_n we_o fain_o that_o echo_n be_v pan_n love_n &_o the_o causeless_a night-feare_n which_o fall_v upon_o army_n be_v attribute_v to_o pan._n so_o far_o polyenus_n about_o the_o inventor_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o number_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v not_o always_o one_o it_o may_v consist_v of_o ten_o thousand_o twenty_o five_o thousand_o or_o as_o many_o as_o you_o list_v a._n antigonus_z the_o king_n of_o macedony_n have_v his_o phalange_n of_o ten_o thousand_o c._n ptolomaeus_n king_n of_o egypt_n of_o twenty_o five_o thousand_o 3._o the_o ten_o thousand_o grecian_n that_o go_v with_o cyrus_n into_o persia_n be_v call_v a_o phalange_n what_o number_n the_o helvetian_o and_o ariovistus_n have_v in_o their_o phalange_n be_v not_o preciselie_o set_v down_o by_o caesar._n 1._o yet_o it_o seem_v by_o caesar_n that_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o fight_a multitude_n of_o the_o helvetian_o cast_v themselves_o into_o a_o phalange_n and_o those_o of_o ariovistus_n likewise_o but_o aelians_n phalange_n be_v restreyn_v to_o a_o certain_a number_n as_o the_o next_o follow_v chapter_n will_v teach_v 2_o the_o length_n whereof_o the_o length_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v to_o be_v account_v by_o the_o rank_n not_o by_o the_o file_n the_o file_n be_v but_o sixteen_o man_n deep_a the_o rank_n from_o the_o point_n of_o one_o wing_n to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o other_o contain_v a_o thousand_o and_o twenty_o four_o man_n in_o aelians_n phalange_n so_o that_o the_o file_n be_v short_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o rank_n it_o be_v reason_n that_o the_o length_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v measure_v according_a to_o the_o rank_n not_o to_o the_o file_n mechos_n suidas_n agree_v with_o aelian_a saying_n that_o the_o length_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v the_o first_o syntagma_n the_o first_o rank_n of_o fileleader_n which_o be_v order_v in_o a_o right_a line_n stretch_v from_o one_o wing_n to_o another_o and_o be_v call_v the_o face_n and_o the_o mouth_n and_o the_o front_n &_o the_o edge_n and_o the_o first-filing_a and_o the_o first_o stander_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o next_o row_n lie_a parallel_n to_o this_o be_v call_v the_o second_o rank_n and_o the_o three_o the_o three_o rank_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n the_o length_n be_v term_v in_o greek_a mecos_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v the_o depth_n which_o be_v name_v bathos_n neither_o be_v there_o in_o true_a account_n any_o other_o dimension_n in_o a_o phalange_n beside_o the_o length_n and_o the_o depth_n which_o be_v in_o this_o chapter_n mention_v by_o aelian_n other_o name_n be_v give_v in_o greek_a writer_n sometime_o but_o they_o signify_v either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o 3_o be_v name_v the_o depth_n as_o the_o length_n run_v along_o by_o front_n from_o one_o wing_n to_o another_o so_o the_o depth_n bear_v backward_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n the_o depth_n be_v proper_o call_v bathos_n as_o i_o say_v 575._o and_o bathera_n phalanx_n be_v a_o deep_a phalange_n and_o c._n arrian_n say_v alexander_n order_v his_o phalange_n es_fw-mi bathos_n in_o depth_n and_o a._n polybius_n that_o the_o roman_n make_v their_o battle_n much_o short_a than_o before_o but_o much_o deep_a bathyteran_n and_o as_o it_o be_v call_v bathos_n for_o the_o most_o part_n so_o be_v it_o by_o 47._o leo_n call_v also_o pachos_n for_o the_o depth_n of_o a_o file_n be_v by_o he_o term_v depth_n or_o thickness_n bathos_n etoi_fw-fr pachos_n in_o two_o several_a chapter_n of_o his_o tactic_n not_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o file_n itself_o which_o be_v no_o
more_o than_o a_o long_a line_n as_o it_o be_v and_o carry_v neither_o thickness_n nor_o breadth_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o phalange_n the_o depth_n whereof_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o file_n and_o in_o the_o four_o the_o twelve_o and_o fourtenth_fw-mi chapter_n he_o term_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n itself_o thickness_n pachos_n alone_a with_o out_o add_v bathos_n show_v thereby_o that_o pachos_n also_o signify_v the_o dimension_n of_o the_o phalange_n from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n but_o where_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o plato_n breadth_n aught_o to_o be_v read_v in_o those_o place_n in_o stead_n of_o pachos_n thickness_n they_o persuade_v i_o not_o to_o be_v of_o their_o mind_n 50._o for_o aelian_n himself_o give_v a_o attenuation_n or_o thin_a which_o he_o call_v liptysmos_n to_o the_o phalange_n and_o that_o can_v be_v understand_v unless_o there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o kind_n of_o thickness_n before_o and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o plain_a he_o say_v that_o this_o leptysmos_n be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o from_o sixteen_o man_n it_o become_v a_o less_o number_n so_o that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v the_o full_a sixteen_o which_o be_v also_o the_o depth_n and_o make_v of_o it_o thin_a be_v to_o lessen_v the_o depth_n to_o a_o place_n plato_n be_v fit_o attribute_v a_o place_n be_v only_a superficies_n which_o consist_v of_o longitude_n and_o latitude_n so_o 21_o poliaenus_n speak_v of_o a_o valley_n wherein_o a_o ambush_n be_v lay_v to_o entrap_v alexander_n sai_z the_o length_n stretch_v far_o out_o but_o the_o breadth_n plato_n be_v narrow_v to_o four_o furlong_n the_o name_n of_o plato_n be_v likewise_o give_v to_o a_o place_n by_o d._n polybius_n but_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n plato_n in_o a_o phalange_n rather_o signify_v the_o length_n than_o the_o depth_n as_o appear_v by_o aelian_n after_o in_o the_o four_o and_o forty_o chapter_n and_o â—2_n leo_n call_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n plato_n and_o when_o he_o will_v have_v the_o front_n enlarge_v or_o double_v he_o give_v this_o word_n of_o direction_n plátynon_n pròs_fw-la tà _fw-la amphâ—tera_fw-la mere_a enlarge_v the_o front_n on_o both_o side_n 4_o the_o right_a wing_n that_o which_o in_o the_o english_a tongue_n be_v call_v a_o wing_n be_v term_v in_o greek_a kera_n a_o horn_n we_o in_o our_o war_n of_o ancient_a time_n divide_v our_o army_n into_o three_o part_n the_o vantgarde_n the_o battle_n and_o the_o rearewarde_n and_o when_o we_o come_v to_o fight_v set_v they_o for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o a_o even_a front_n the_o battle_n in_o the_o midst_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o vantgarde_n which_o be_v call_v the_o right-wing_n on_o the_o left_a the_o rearewarde_n which_o be_v call_v the_o left-wing_n proper_o enough_o for_o our_o embattail_v for_o the_o battle_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o body_n and_o the_o vantgarde_n and_o rearewarde_n be_v the_o wing_n which_o in_o a_o manner_n stick_v out_o from_o the_o body_n and_o whereby_o the_o body_n be_v support_v that_o that_o we_o call_v wing_n the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n call_v horn_n in_o the_o battle_n the_o word_n keras_n signify_v a_o point_n bear_v out_o from_o the_o height_n or_o end_n of_o any_o thing_n it_o be_v use_v for_o the_o top_n of_o rock_n and_o for_o promontory_n and_o such_o like_a and_o in_o a_o phalange_n it_o proper_o signify_v the_o two_o point_n the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a of_o the_o wing_n the_o english_a word_n wing_n i_o be_o fain_a to_o retain_v because_o it_o be_v familiar_a and_o in_o use_n aelian_a here_o will_v have_v the_o wing_n to_o stretch_v out_o from_o the_o middle_a section_n to_o either_o point_n the_o right_n and_o left_a of_o the_o phalange_n under_o which_o appellation_n must_v fall_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n the_o whole_a space_n that_o begin_v at_o the_o middle_a interval_n and_o run_v along_o to_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o battle_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n to_o the_o left_a all_o that_o be_v comprehend_v betwixt_o the_o same_o space_n and_o the_o left_a corner_n of_o the_o battle_n 5_o thâ—_n twâ—â—fould_a section_n in_o greek_n it_o be_v name_v dichotomia_n because_o it_o part_v and_o divide_v the_o phalange_n into_o two_o even_a part_n begin_v at_o the_o front_n and_o stretch_v out_o to_o the_o rear_n and_o aelian_n in_o the_o ten_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n name_v it_o apotome_n but_o here_o he_o speak_v of_o no_o more_o intervall_n or_o partition_n of_o the_o phalange_n then_o of_o this_o one_o in_o the_o midst_n i_o will_v think_v there_o shall_v be_v more_o â—06_n onosander_n say_v let_v there_o be_v certain_a intervall_n in_o your_o battle_n that_o if_o your_o enemy_n advance_v your_o lightarmed_n after_o they_o have_v spend_v their_o missive_a weapon_n and_o before_o the_o phalanges_fw-la join_v may_v retire_v leisurely_o in_o the_o intervall_n and_o without_o disorder_n come_v behind_o to_o the_o rear_n for_o it_o be_v not_o safe_a for_o they_o in_o retire_v to_o fetch_v a_o compass_n about_o the_o whole_a army_n or_o to_o turn_v in_o again_o on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o wing_n for_o the_o enemy_n haste_v to_o come_v to_o hand_n will_v easy_o prevent_v and_o intercept_v they_o in_o the_o midst_n so_o that_o they_o neither_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o break_v through_o the_o arm_a already_o close_v for_o fight_v and_o fall_v upon_o their_o own_o weapon_n they_o must_v needs_o disorder_v their_o own_o people_n every_o man_n after_o other_o seek_v to_o find_v a_o way_n through_o they_o to_o escape_v the_o danger_n he_o be_v in_o thus_o much_o onosander_n from_o who_o we_o may_v learn_v both_o that_o their_o ought_v to_o be_v more_o section_n in_o the_o phalange_n than_o one_o and_o that_o the_o institution_n of_o they_o have_v this_o chief_a end_n to_o receive_v the_o lightarmed_n in_o their_o space_n after_o they_o have_v skirmish_v with_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v by_o they_o force_v to_o retire_v i_o may_v add_v that_o aelian_n place_v the_o lightarmed_n in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o phalange_n if_o you_o give_v but_o one_o section_n unto_o it_o it_o will_v be_v as_o hard_a for_o they_o to_o advance_v and_o sâ—rue_a before_o the_o front_n as_o it_o will_v be_v to_o retreat_v after_o their_o service_n do_v it_o seem_v that_o 58_o leo_n give_v three_o intervall_n to_o the_o phalange_n of_o the_o ancient_a tactic_n he_o say_v they_o oppose_v the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a against_o the_o enemy_n and_o divide_v they_o into_o four_o part_n the_o right_a and_o leave_v and_o the_o middle-right_a and_o middle-left_a part_n make_v so_o many_o part_n the_o part_n must_v be_v distinguish_v as_o i_o collect_v by_o intervall_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v one_o after_o the_o first_o body_n of_o the_o right-wing_n another_o after_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o middle_a section_n the_o three_o after_o the_o three_o and_o this_o three_o section_n be_v bound_v with_o the_o four_o body_n which_o make_v the_o point_n of_o the_o left-wing_n for_o if_o the_o phalange_n be_v whole_a and_o entire_a without_o more_o intervall_n than_o one_o how_o can_v there_o be_v four_o part_n for_o esteem_v they_o by_o phalangarchy_n without_o leave_v space_n between_o it_o can_v not_o be_v say_v there_o be_v but_o four_o part_n of_o the_o phalange_n consider_v that_o as_o well_o the_o merarchy_n chiliarchy_n pentecosiarchy_n syntagmatae_n be_v part_n of_o it_o as_o the_o phalangarchy_n but_o be_v distinguish_v by_o partition_n of_o intervall_n the_o four_o phalangarchy_n become_v four_o part_n namely_o the_o right_n leave_v middle-right_a and_o middle-left_a as_o leo_n here_o term_v they_o the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d leo_n speak_v after_o more_o plain_o enjoin_v his_o general_n to_o separate_v and_o disjoin_v diachorizein_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o his_o army_n into_o four_o part_n for_o as_o choris_fw-la signify_v a_o part_n or_o sever_v so_o diachorizo_n be_v derive_v from_o it_o signify_v to_o put_v asunder_o or_o set_v a_o part_n phalangarchia_n suidas_n be_v yet_o a_o little_a more_o clear_a a_o phalangarchie_n say_v he_o be_v two_o merarchy_n of_o four_o thousand_o and_o ninty_a six_o man_n this_o as_o some_o say_v be_v the_o section_n apotome_n of_o the_o wing_n as_o other_o it_o be_v a_o meros_n of_o ancient_a time_n it_o be_v call_v strategia_n and_o the_o commander_n strategos_n but_o now_o he_o be_v term_v phalangarcha_n suidas_n make_v the_o wing_n to_o have_v a_o partition_n or_o section_n and_o say_v some_o call_v a_o phalangarchie_n by_o the_o name_n of_o this_o section_n before_o we_o hear_v out_o of_o aelian_n that_o the_o wing_n right_a or_o left_a do_v stretch_v out_o from_o the_o middle_a section_n to_o the_o outward_a most_o point_n of_o the_o battle_n on_o either_o
soldier_n which_o fight_v under_o the_o ensign_n have_v except_v the_o target_n both_o to_o assure_v himself_o from_o the_o fly_a weapon_n of_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o from_o the_o pike_n and_o sword_n of_o the_o arm_a in_o case_n the_o battle_n be_v enter_v and_o pierce_v as_o far_o as_o the_o ensign_n for_o it_o be_v no_o reason_n he_o shall_v carry_v a_o target_n lest_o both_o his_o hand_n shall_v be_v bind_v the_o right_a with_o the_o ensign_n the_o left_a with_o the_o target_n and_o so_o he_o have_v no_o use_n of_o either_o against_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o the_o left_a hand_n i_o will_v give_v he_o a_o spear_n or_o â—avelin_n not_o a_o pike_n which_o can_v be_v wield_v with_o one_o hand_n for_o his_o own_o defence_n and_o to_o offend_v the_o enemy_n which_o weapon_n i_o have_v read_v ensign_n of_o ancient_a time_n do_v bear_v what_o the_o ensign_n place_n be_v whether_o in_o front_n or_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o battatle_n i_o see_v it_o controvert_v parall_a patricius_n absolute_o affirm_v that_o the_o ensign_n be_v place_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o front_n and_o have_v 8_o file_n on_o the_o right_n and_o 3._o 8_o on_o the_o left_a to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v be_v see_v and_o follow_v by_o all_o that_o ensign_n be_v first_o invent_v to_o be_v a_o mark_n of_o several_a body_n military_a in_o a_o army_n i_o have_v before_o show_v but_o it_o follow_v not_o thereof_o that_o they_o be_v place_v in_o the_o front_n in_o time_n of_o fight_n for_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n they_o no_o less_o give_v notice_n what_o the_o body_n be_v than_o in_o the_o front_n the_o reason_n of_o follow_v be_v of_o less_o force_n inasmuch_o as_o the_o soldier_n well_o know_v who_o to_o follow_v though_o he_o have_v no_o ensign_n at_o all_o the_o commander_n always_o with_o his_o motion_n give_v he_o direction_n when_o to_o advance_v forward_o when_o to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n when_o to_o countermarch_n when_o to_o double_v and_o when_o to_o use_v all_o other_o motion_n military_a and_o the_o commander_n be_v therefore_o call_v leader_n because_o they_o go_v on_o before_o and_o the_o soldier_n follow_v after_o so_o that_o the_o ensign_n in_o regard_n of_o follow_v need_v not_o to_o be_v set_v in_o the_o front_n 65._o yet_o in_o exercise_v the_o troop_n and_o in_o march_n i_o find_v that_o the_o ensign_n be_v in_o the_o front_n together_o with_o the_o captain_n crier_n trumpeter_z and_o guide_n but_o i_o take_v the_o reason_n to_o be_v because_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n and_o have_v neither_o file_n nor_o rank_n with_o the_o rest_n they_o may_v happy_o bring_v a_o confusion_n and_o be_v a_o hindrance_n to_o the_o change_n and_o diverse_a figure_n of_o the_o battle_n when_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n be_v the_o ensign_n retire_v to_o his_o place_n that_o be_v to_o the_o midst_n for_o so_o 33._o leo_n interprete_v himself_o in_o his_o precept_n of_o close_a file_n which_o must_v be_v do_v say_v he_o not_o only_o by_o fileleader_n in_o front_n commander_n of_o five_o and_o bringers-up_a in_o the_o rear_n but_o in_o the_o midst_n also_o where_o the_o ensign_n stand_v and_o i_o rather_o agree_v to_o leo_n herein_o because_o i_o see_v it_o be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o roman_n also_o to_o place_v their_o ensign_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o maniple_n 3_o from_o whence_o come_v the_o appellation_n of_o antesignani_fw-la soldier_n that_o stand_v before_o the_o ensign_n and_o postsignani_n that_o stand_v behind_o beside_o the_o ensign_n be_v in_o the_o front_n the_o ensign_n bearer_n may_v soon_o get_v a_o clap_n who_o fall_v the_o ensign_n go_v to_o ground_n and_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o lose_v which_o be_v the_o great_a disgrace_n among_o the_o roman_n that_o may_v befall_v last_o 20._o aelian_n himself_o in_o plain_a word_n place_v the_o cornet_n of_o horse_n far_o from_o the_o front_n for_o speak_v of_o the_o ordinary_a horse-troupe_n he_o say_v it_o be_v to_o consist_v of_o 64_o horse_n the_o first_o rank_n of_o 15_o horse_n the_o 2_o of_o 13_o the_o 3_o of_o 11_o the_o 4_o of_o 9_o descend_v still_o and_o diminish_v 2_o horse_n in_o every_o rank_n till_o you_o come_v to_o one_o he_o add_v he_o shall_v carry_v the_o cornet_n that_o stand_v in_o the_o second_o rank_n next_o the_o ranke-commander_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o rank_n be_v the_o second_o rank_n himself_o declare_v make_v the_o rank_n of_o 15_o the_o first_o the_o 2_o the_o 13_o which_o be_v the_o 7_o from_o the_o front_n and_o next_o the_o rear_n but_o one_o if_o the_o cornet_n have_v no_o place_n in_o front_n why_o shall_v the_o ensign_n consider_v both_o serve_n to_o one_o use_n and_o the_o reason_n of_o see_v and_o follow_v be_v equal_a to_o both_o and_o albeit_o ectâctos_n suidas_n place_v the_o ensign_n the_o crier_n the_o trumpet_n and_o sargeant_n before_o the_o battle_n the_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o rear_n he_o be_v notwithstanding_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o time_n of_o march_v or_o of_o exercise_n which_o i_o note_v before_o for_o what_o shall_v that_o rabble_n of_o unarmed_a be_v 4._o in_o every_o syntagma_n and_o in_o the_o whole_a phalange_n 256._o do_v in_o the_o front_n in_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n but_o only_o pester_v the_o choose_v of_o the_o army_n who_o therefore_o have_v the_o front_n that_o they_o may_v make_v speedy_a way_n into_o the_o enemy_n battle_n 7_o a_o reare-commander_n be_v the_o same_o that_o a_o lieutenant_n be_v with_o us._n he_o command_v the_o soldier_n in_o the_o rear_n no_o less_o than_o the_o syntagmatarch_n in_o the_o front_n and_o have_v his_o place_n in_o the_o rear_n what_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o reare-commander_n be_v i_o have_v show_v out_o of_o e._n cyrus_n word_n in_o xenophon_n and_o 14._o aelian_n afterward_o set_v it_o down_o most_o plain_o he_o be_v arm_v as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o arm_a of_o the_o syntagma_n namely_o with_o pike_n and_o target_n and_o with_o such_o other_o arm_n as_o i_o have_v describe_v in_o my_o note_n upon_o the_o second_o chapter_n 8_o a_o trumpet_n the_o invention_n of_o the_o trumpet_n be_v attribute_v to_o tirrhenus_n hercules_n son_n but_o the_o different_a use_n of_o these_o officer_n be_v worth_a the_o note_n out_o of_o eâ—os_n suidas_n the_o crier_n say_v he_o serve_v to_o deliver_v direction_n by_o voice_n the_o ensign_n by_o signal_n when_o noise_n take_v away_o the_o hear_n of_o the_o voice_n the_o trumpet_n by_o sound_n when_o through_o thickness_n of_o dust_n a_o signal_n can_v be_v discern_v the_o sergeant_n to_o bring_v such_o thing_n and_o dispatch_v such_o message_n as_o his_o syntagmatarch_n command_v so_o that_o these_o officer_n be_v hold_v all_o necessary_a for_o a_o company_n the_o one_o supply_v the_o defect_n of_o the_o other_o and_o serve_v for_o use_v when_o the_o other_o fail_v the_o trumpet_n then_o be_v to_o be_v use_v according_a to_o suidas_n when_o neither_o the_o crier_n nor_o ensign_n can_v do_v service_n with_o the_o trumpet_n be_v the_o signal_n give_v for_o the_o camp_n to_o remove_v for_o the_o camp_n to_o lodge_v by_o the_o trumpet_n the_o soldier_n be_v teach_v their_o time_n to_o fight_v their_o time_n to_o retreat_n the_o trumpet_n set_v and_o discharge_v the_o watch_n from_o the_o trumpet_n come_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o march_n and_o the_o quickness_n and_o slowness_n of_o pace_n in_o brief_a the_o trumpet_n do_v all_o the_o office_n that_o the_o drum_n do_v with_o we_o at_o this_o day_n whether_o the_o trumpet_n or_o drum_n be_v of_o most_o use_n in_o the_o field_n i_o may_v not_o now_o dispute_v only_o i_o will_v say_v that_o the_o grecian_n and_o roman_n the_o most_o expert_a and_o judicious_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v hold_v themselves_o to_o the_o trumpet_n and_o never_o use_v the_o drum_n the_o drum_n be_v first_o invent_v by_o bacchus_n who_o as_o 1._o polyenus_n report_v fight_v against_o the_o indian_n in_o stead_n of_o trumpet_n give_v the_o signal_n of_o battle_n with_o cymbal_n and_o drum_n from_o he_o it_o come_v to_o the_o indian_n who_o use_v it_o altogether_o as_o 372._o curtius_n note_v in_o the_o battle_n betwixt_o king_n alexander_n the_o great_a and_o porus._n the_o drum_n of_o parthian_n be_v describe_v by_o crasso_fw-la plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o crassus_n and_o by_o d._n appian_n 113._o and_o leo_n say_v the_o saracen_n who_o invade_v christendom_n and_o infect_v the_o turk_n with_o their_o superstition_n order_v their_o fight_n by_o the_o drum_n from_o this_o eastern_a asiaticall_a people_n it_o be_v bring_v into_o europe_n and_o now_o the_o general_a custom_n be_v among_o stall_n european_a nation_n that_o the_o foot_n have_v drum_n in_o the_o field_n the_o horse_n trumpet_n and_o
bring_v forth_o the_o author_n of_o this_o tumult_n shall_v have_v a_o 437._o talon_n of_o silver_n for_o his_o pain_n after_o this_o proclamation_n make_v by_o the_o crier_n the_o soldier_n perceive_v that_o their_o fear_n be_v vain_a and_o that_o the_o commander_n be_v in_o safety_n hitherto_o xenophon_n by_o which_o narration_n may_v appear_v that_o the_o crier_n perform_v that_o which_o neither_o trumpet_n nor_o other_o signal_n can_v do_v the_o terror_n rise_v in_o the_o night_n which_o be_v the_o time_n of_o confusion_n and_o disorder_n and_o neither_o can_v the_o trumpet_n give_v any_o certain_a sound_n to_o remedy_v the_o peril_n nor_o any_o other_o signal_n be_v discern_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o darkness_n and_o this_o service_n be_v do_v by_o the_o crier_n among_o his_o own_o folk_n his_o service_n against_o the_o enemy_n be_v declare_v in_o the_o fact_n of_o 474._o cleocrytus_n the_o athenian_a crier_n who_o after_o the_o fight_n betwixt_o thrasybulus_n and_o the_o 30._o tyrant_n wherein_o critias_n and_o hippomachus_n be_v slay_v with_o a_o proclamation_n to_o the_o citizen_n reconcile_v they_o to_o thrasybulus_n and_o be_v cause_n that_o the_o tyrant_n be_v depose_v and_o have_v their_o authority_n abrogate_a by_o the_o people_n the_o like_a service_n be_v do_v by_o a_o crier_n in_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o grecian_n against_o the_o persian_n about_o the_o time_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o plataeae_n the_o story_n be_v this_o 260._o when_o the_o grecian_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o leotychides_n the_o lacedaemonian_a and_o xanthipus_n the_o athenian_a have_v gather_v a_o fleet_n of_o 250._o galley_n together_o to_o the_o end_n to_o deliver_v the_o islander_n and_o the_o city_n of_o the_o continent_n of_o asia_n the_o less_o out_o of_o the_o servitude_n of_o the_o persian_n they_o sail_v out_o of_o delos_n the_o persian_n than_o remain_v at_o samos_n but_o hear_v of_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o grecian_n they_o leave_v samos_n and_o put_v over_o to_o mycale_n a_o city_n of_o jonia_n and_o because_o they_o perceive_v their_o ship_n unfit_a for_o fight_v they_o draw_v they_o on_o land_n and_o fortify_v the_o place_n where_o they_o land_v with_o a_o wooden_a wall_n and_o a_o deep_a trench_n nevertheless_o they_o send_v for_o foot_n force_n from_o sardes_n and_o other_o the_o next_o city_n and_o assemble_v to_o the_o number_n of_o a_o 100000_o man_n and_o make_v provision_n for_o all_o thing_n necessary_a for_o war_n the_o rather_o because_o they_o suspect_v the_o jonians_n will_v revolt_v leotychides_n have_v put_v his_o fleet_n in_o order_n sail_v towards_o the_o barbarian_n that_o be_v in_o mycale_n and_o dispatch_v away_o before_o a_o ship_n wherein_o be_v a_o crier_n who_o have_v the_o shrill_a voice_n in_o all_o the_o army_n he_o he_o command_v to_o sail_v up_o close_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o to_o proclaim_v aloud_o that_o the_o grecian_n have_v overcome_v the_o persian_n at_o plataeae_n be_v now_o come_v thither_o to_o deliver_v and_o set_v free_a the_o grecian_a city_n of_o asia_n this_o be_v do_v by_o leotychides_n to_o the_o end_n to_o dissever_v the_o asian_a grecian_n from_o the_o barbarian_n and_o to_o raise_v a_o tumult_n in_o the_o enemy_n campe._n which_o also_o come_v to_o pass_v what_o service_n can_v be_v of_o more_o importance_n then_o to_o set_v a_o division_n betwixt_o the_o enemy_n it_o be_v do_v by_o the_o voice_n of_o a_o crier_n more_o example_n i_o can_v allege_v but_o these_o may_v suffice_v the_o crier_n place_n be_v always_o to_o attend_v the_o commander_n in_o the_o head_n of_o the_o troop_n unless_o in_o the_o time_n of_o fight_n at_o which_o time_n his_o voice_n can_v not_o be_v hear_v but_o gaâ—e_a place_n to_o the_o noise_n of_o trumpet_n and_o clash_v of_o armour_n 11_o a_o tetragonall_a form_n that_o be_v of_o four_o equal_a side_n or_o four_o square_a but_o we_o must_v understand_v which_o aelian_n after_o teach_v that_o there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o tetragonall_a oâ—_n square_a body_n military_a one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o figure_n in_o number_n when_o the_o front_n and_o flank_v of_o the_o body_n have_v either_o of_o they_o as_o many_o soldier_n as_o other_o as_o the_o syntagma_n have_v 16._o in_o front_n and_o 16._o in_o flank_v in_o figure_n when_o the_o number_n of_o the_o front_n be_v great_a than_o the_o number_n of_o the_o flank_v and_o yet_o front_n and_o flank_v stretch_v out_o a_o equal_a 18._o length_n of_o ground_n as_o in_o the_o square_n of_o horse_n whereof_o aelian_a speakâ—_n to_o hereafter_o this_o last_o square_n be_v at_o this_o day_n call_v a_o square_a of_o ground_n because_o the_o space_n of_o ground_n which_o contain_v the_o length_n of_o the_o front_n stretch_v out_o just_o as_o far_o as_o the_o space_n of_o ground_n which_o contain_v the_o deepth_n of_o the_o flank_v it_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o difference_n of_o distance_n which_o be_v betwixt_o the_o soldier_n in_o front_n and_o betwixt_o the_o soldier_n in_o flank_v in_o front_n be_v close_v to_o fight_v the_o distance_n betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n be_v but_o a_o cubite_fw-la that_o be_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a the_o distance_n betwixt_o soldier_n and_o soldier_n in_o flank_v be_v two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n which_o proportion_n will_v give_v no_o more_o then_o half_o so_o many_o man_n in_o flank_v as_o in_o front_n and_o yet_o maintain_v the_o trueness_n and_o evenness_n of_o the_o side_n of_o the_o figure_n that_o be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o line_n which_o measure_v the_o front_n and_o flank_v shall_v be_v all_o one_o 12_o a_o pentecosiarchie_n the_o word_n be_v a_o command_n of_o 500_o and_o that_o be_v sometime_o the_o number_n in_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n it_o comprehend_v a_o 512_o man_n the_o cause_n of_o difference_n be_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o file_n of_o the_o macedonian_n and_o the_o file_n of_o the_o ancient_a grecian_n whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v before_o the_o odd_a 12_o man_n come_v in_o by_o the_o five_o double_v of_o 16._o and_o the_o number_n be_v so_o near_o 500_o though_o somewhat_o above_o the_o name_n of_o pentecosiarchie_n be_v still_o retain_v because_o it_o be_v then_o in_o use_n and_o no_o other_o more_o fit_a can_v be_v find_v 13_o a_o chiliarchie_n the_o command_n of_o 1000_o man_n according_a to_o the_o name_n aelian_n give_v it_o a_o 1024_o from_o the_o double_n of_o 512._o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o roman_a legion_n be_v by_o the_o greek_a historian_n term_v chiliarch_n yet_o be_v there_o a_o great_a difference_n for_o the_o chiliarch_n have_v no_o more_o command_n then_o over_o their_o chiliarchy_n consist_v of_o 1000_o man_n and_o sometime_o of_o more_o as_o here_o in_o aelian_n of_o 1024._o but_o every_o tribune_n have_v in_o his_o turn_n the_o command_n of_o the_o whole_a legion_n and_o again_o there_o be_v 12_o tribune_n to_o every_o legion_n which_o at_o first_o have_v in_o it_o 3000_o afterward_o 4000_o than_o romulo_n 5000_o and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o jugurtha_n vegetius_n 6000_o man_n how_o shall_v a_o tribune_n be_v call_v a_o chiliarch_n and_o be_v a_o leader_n of_o a_o thousand_o there_o be_v in_o the_o legion_n but_o 6000_o man_n at_o the_o most_o and_o yet_o 12_o tribune_n so_o that_o every_o one_o can_v not_o have_v above_o 500_o for_o he_o command_n and_o in_o polybius_n time_n the_o jegion_n be_v 2._o but_o 4200_o not_o above_o 300_o and_o odd_a but_o the_o roman_a manner_n of_o war_n and_o order_n of_o troop_n differ_v much_o from_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o grecian_n in_o term_v a_o tribune_n a_o chiliarch_n take_v the_o next_o word_n and_o most_o significant_a amongst_o they_o to_o express_v the_o charge_n of_o a_o tribune_n our_o colonel_n for_o their_o command_n of_o a_o regiment_n come_v near_o to_o the_o grecian_a chiliarch_n yet_o we_o differ_v in_o that_o they_o have_v company_n in_o their_o own_o regiment_n which_o the_o grecian_a chiliarch_n have_v not_o and_o where_o 166._o q._n curtius_n say_v that_o the_o chiliarchy_n be_v first_o institute_v at_o babylon_n by_o alexander_n as_o a_o reward_n for_o service_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v otherwise_o for_o as_o i_o find_v this_o in_o no_o other_o author_n so_o find_v i_o that_o chiliarchy_n be_v long_o before_o alexander_n time_n 43._o xenophon_n report_v that_o cyrus_n to_o give_v encouragement_n to_o his_o soldier_n to_o be_v valiant_a promise_v to_o the_o taxiarch_n to_o make_v they_o chiliarch_n to_o the_o lochagi_n to_o make_v they_o taxiarch_n to_o the_o decharch_n to_o make_v they_o lochagi_n to_o the_o pempadarch_n to_o make_v they_o decarch_n b._n and_o that_o cyrus_n make_v chrysanthas_n a_o chiliarch_n of_o horse_n in_o regard_n of_o his_o worth_n and_o forwardness_n in_o service_n and_o afterward_o he_o call_v d._n phranuchus_n and_o asiadatas_n chiliarch_n of_o
he_o take_v up_o 2_o cubit_n 3_o in_o constipation_n or_o shut_n one_o cubit_n densation_n then_o or_o close_v be_v when_o we_o draw_v wide_a distance_n close_o together_o and_o by_o sideman_n and_o follower_n that_o be_v both_o in_o length_n and_o depth_n gather_v up_o the_o body_n of_o the_o phalange_n so_o notwithstanding_o that_o the_o soldier_n yet_o have_v liberty_n to_o move_v and_o turn_v about_o constipation_n or_o shut_v be_v when_o the_o phalange_n by_o sideman_n gather_v itself_o yet_o close_a together_o then_o in_o densation_n so_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n there_o be_v leave_v no_o declination_n or_o turn_v of_o face_n either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n the_o use_n of_o close_v be_v when_o the_o general_n lead_v the_o phalange_n against_o the_o enemy_n of_o shut_v when_o he_o will_v have_v it_o stand_v fast_o and_o as_o it_o be_v lock_v up_o and_o ser_v to_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n see_v then_o there_o be_v 1024_o fileleader_n in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n it_o be_v plain_a that_o 4_o in_o their_o ordinary_a array_n they_o take_v up_o in_o length_n 4096_o cubit_n 5_o that_o be_v ten_o furlong_n and_o ninety_o six_o cubit_n in_o close_v five_o furlong_n and_o forty_o eight_o cubit_n in_o shut_v two_o furlong_n a_o half_a and_o four_o and_o twenty_o cubit_n note_n after_o soldier_n be_v arm_v and_o distribute_v into_o body_n military_a the_o next_o care_n be_v to_o be_v have_v of_o their_o move_a for_o as_o a_o man_n let_v he_o be_v never_o so_o well_o proportion_v and_o strong_a if_o he_o pace_v disorderly_a and_o either_o set_v too_o great_a stride_n or_o reel_v here_o and_o there_o or_o so_o mince_v and_o tread_v out_o his_o step_n as_o if_o his_o leg_n be_v bind_v together_o grow_v hereby_o deform_v and_o not_o only_o lose_v his_o comeliness_n but_o his_o activity_n withal_o and_o possibility_n to_o perform_v any_o thing_n by_o strength_n so_o be_v it_o of_o a_o army_n that_o have_v either_o too_o great_a distance_n or_o be_v throng_v up_o or_o pester_v too_o close_o together_o 2_o too_o much_o throng_v bind_v as_o it_o be_v the_o soldier_n hand_n and_o take_v away_o the_o use_n of_o his_o weapon_n as_o on_o the_o other_o side_n philopoemene_n fall_v one_o loose_a from_o another_o and_o stand_v or_o move_v too_o far_o asunder_o make_v the_o battle_n weak_a and_o disjoint_v and_o subject_a to_o the_o enemy_n entry_n and_o easy_a to_o be_v break_v the_o mean_a betwixt_o both_o be_v bring_v in_o by_o king_n philip_n king_n of_o macedonia_n who_o first_o constitute_v and_o raise_v the_o macedonian_a phalange_n and_o invent_v the_o distance_n of_o open_v and_o close_v the_o same_o imitate_v the_o 51â—_n serring_n of_o target_n call_v synaspismos_n practise_v by_o the_o old_a hero_n at_o troy_n out_o of_o his_o discipline_n spring_v the_o distance_n mention_v here_o by_o aelian_n which_o be_v of_o three_o sort_n the_o first_o be_v large_a distance_n of_o 1_o four_o cubit_n which_o amount_v to_o six_o foot_n for_o a_o cubit_n contain_v a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a this_o 61._o distance_n be_v use_v in_o march_v or_o else_o in_o solemn_a pomp_n and_o show_n and_o the_o soldier_n have_v a_o pike_n of_o a._n 14_o cubit_n or_o 21_o long_a whereof_o one_o half_a lie_v forward_o on_o his_o shoulder_n and_o the_o other_o half_o backward_o it_o be_v requisite_a he_o shall_v have_v a_o reasonable_a large_a distance_n both_o in_o file_n and_o rank_n 54._o to_o the_o end_n that_o in_o turn_v this_o way_n or_o that_o cap._n 11._o the_o first_o distance_n ordinary_a 6_o foot_n in_o file_n asmuch_o in_o rank_n the_o rear_n the_o second_o distance_n call_v close_v &_o foot_n in_o file_n asmuch_o in_o rank_n the_o three_o distance_n call_v or_o ser_v &_o foot_n in_o file_n shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n in_o rank_n way_n or_o that_o way_n or_o move_v out_o of_o his_o place_n for_o no_o man_n in_o his_o march_v can_v always_o hold_v his_o rank_n he_o offend_v not_o his_o next_o neighbour_n therewith_o this_o distance_n our_o exercise_n at_o this_o day_n call_v open_a order_n the_o next_o distance_n be_v of_o two_o cubit_n or_o three_o foot_n the_o name_n of_o it_o in_o greek_a be_v pycnosis_n that_o be_v thickening_a in_o leo_n it_o be_v call_v sphinxis_n knit_v together_o in_o our_o modern_a exercise_n order_n and_o it_o be_v when_o from_o the_o distance_n of_o 6_o foot_n we_o draw_v our_o phalange_n both_o by_o file_n and_o rank_n so_o close_o that_o the_o soldier_n stand_v but_o 3_o foot_n one_o from_o a_o other_o every_o way_n this_o distance_n be_v use_v when_o the_o army_n approach_v near_o to_o the_o enemy_n and_o only_o come_v not_o to_o charge_v that_o it_o may_v be_v ready_a to_o shut_v and_o lock_v itself_o for_o the_o charge_n which_o be_v perform_v in_o the_o last_o distance_n of_o one_o cubit_n a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a this_o be_v call_v synaspismos_n join_v target_n to_o target_n for_o as_o i_o before_o show_v the_o pikeman_n of_o the_o macedonian_n use_v also_o target_n with_o their_o pike_n and_o in_o charge_v the_o enemy_n close_v so_o near_o in_o front_n that_o their_o own_o target_n touch_v one_o another_o this_o kind_n of_o fight_v b._n the_o egyptian_n use_v in_o xenophon_n which_o he_o call_v lock_v together_o of_o target_n and_o by_o mean_n thereof_o have_v the_o advantage_n against_o the_o persian_n the_o parthian_a horse_n likewise_o come_v to_o charge_n crassus_n with_o their_o staff_n c._n after_o they_o perceive_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o lock_v of_o target_n and_o the_o settledness_n and_o steadfastness_n of_o the_o roman_a phalange_n they_o retire_v and_o dare_v not_o come_v to_o hand_n with_o they_o and_o 575._o diodorus_n siculus_n write_v that_o alexander_n besiege_v the_o city_n of_o halicarnassus_n there_o be_v in_o the_o city_n and_o in_o service_n of_o darius_n one_o ephialtes_n a_o athenian_a a_o man_n of_o great_a valour_n and_o strength_n of_o body_n he_o by_o the_o permission_n of_o memnon_n general_n of_o darius_n army_n determine_v to_o make_v a_o saly_a and_o take_v to_o he_o 2000_o mercenary_a soldier_n all_o choose_a man_n and_o give_v brand_n flame_v with_o fire_n to_o one_o half_a and_o reserve_v the_o rest_n for_o fight_v he_o open_v the_o gate_n and_o fall_v out_o throwing_z fire_n upon_o the_o engine_n of_o battery_n which_o soon_o catch_v a_o mighty_a flame_n and_o marshal_v the_o rest_n into_o a_o thick_a and_o deep_a phalange_n himself_o lead_v on_o and_o be_v the_o first_o that_o fall_v on_o the_o macedonian_n come_v to_o aid_n and_o to_o quench_v the_o fire_n alexander_n advertise_v hereof_o speed_v to_o the_o medley_n &_o order_v first_o the_o macedonian_n in_o front_n after_o they_o other_o choice_a man_n for_o second_o and_o in_o the_o three_o place_n man_n of_o extraordinary_a account_n for_o their_o prowess_n himself_o lead_v they_o on_o sustain_v the_o enemy_n which_o seem_v unresistible_a and_o send_v other_o to_o slake_v and_o put_v out_o the_o fire_n and_o to_o preserve_v the_o engine_n the_o fight_n be_v hot_a and_o albeit_o the_o macedonian_n find_v mean_n to_o quench_v the_o fire_n yet_o have_v ephialtes_n the_o better_a in_o the_o fight_n who_o both_o himself_o kill_v many_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o the_o tower_n from_o the_o wall_n furnish_v with_o many_o catapelt_v annoy_v grievous_o the_o macedonian_n in_o so_o much_o that_o some_o fall_n in_o the_o place_n othersome_a forsake_v their_o ground_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o number_n of_o engine_n dart_n that_o fall_v thick_a among_o they_o alexander_n himself_o be_v reduce_v to_o extremity_n here_o the_o old_a soldier_n of_o the_o macedonian_n although_o otherwise_o free_v from_o such_o service_n in_o regard_n of_o their_o age_n have_v of_o a_o long_a time_n follow_v the_o war_n with_o king_n philip_n and_o gain_v many_o a_o battle_n be_v by_o this_o occasion_n toll_v out_o to_o succour_v and_o as_o they_o excel_v the_o young_a sort_n in_o greatness_n of_o spirit_n and_o military_a experience_n so_o meet_v with_o the_o runaway_n they_o bitter_o revile_v and_o taunt_v they_o for_o their_o cowardice_n then_o synaspisantes_n ser_v themselves_o close_a and_o join_v their_o target_n together_o they_o repress_v and_o hold_v the_o enemy_n short_a who_o now_o seem_v to_o have_v the_o victory_n in_o his_o hand_n final_o kill_v ephialtes_n and_o many_o other_o they_o drive_v the_o rest_n into_o the_o city_n a_o memorable_a service_n of_o the_o use_n of_o target_n and_o of_o the_o synaspisme_n of_o the_o macedonian_n which_o be_v not_o use_v but_o when_o they_o either_o give_v upon_o or_o receive_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o the_o target_n so_o knit_v together_o serve_v for_o a_o wall_n as_o it_o be_v to_o the_o whole_a phalange_n and_o
force_n to_o his_o son_n aleander_n that_o he_o need_v no_o other_o ally_n to_o overthrow_v the_o sovereignty_n of_o persia._n after_o his_o death_n 〈…〉_z alexander_n â—ooke_v his_o langdome_n and_o army_n and_o with_o it_o encounter_v and_o five_o inquish_a darius_n in_o two_o great_a battle_n run_v through_o asia_n like_o a_o flash_n of_o 〈◊〉_d renâ—ing_v a_o piece_n aâ—_n that_o resâ—ted_v or_o stand_v in_o his_o way_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o albeit_o afterward_o divide_v continue_v long_o in_o his_o successor_n neither_o be_v the_o experience_n of_o their_o invinciblenesse_n against_o the_o barbarous_a people_n only_o but_o as_o much_o against_o the_o grecian_n who_o â—ill_v philip_n time_n be_v esteem_v the_o chief_a master_n of_o arm_n in_o europe_n this_o be_v clear_a by_o the_o victory_n the_o macedonian_n obtain_v against_o the_o renown_a city_n of_o greece_n both_o joint_o and_o several_o 〈…〉_z philip_n overthrow_v the_o phocean_n albeit_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o athenian_n join_v with_o they_o the_o same_o 〈…〉_z philip_n at_o cheronaea_n defeat_v the_o power_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o athenian_n join_v together_o 〈…〉_z alexander_n take_v and_o sack_v the_o city_n of_o thebes_n that_o about_o that_o time_n be_v account_v the_o might_a city_n of_o greece_n 〈…〉_z his_o lieutenant_n antipater_n foil_v the_o lacedâ—nians_n 〈◊〉_d battle_n â—nd_v steâ—_n their_o king_n agis_n 〈…〉_z antigonus_n tutor_n of_o king_n phiâ—p_n the_o son_n of_o demetrius_n break_v a_o army_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o peloponesiâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o chase_v out_o of_o greece_n cleomenes_n the_o last_o brave_a king_n of_o sparta_n 〈◊〉_d they_o be_v not_o beat_v in_o the_o field_n by_o any_o nation_n but_o only_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o yet_o the_o judgement_n of_o 〈…〉_z polybius_n do_v in_o this_o also_o prove_v itself_o good_a for_o where_o the_o roman_n have_v these_o victory_n against_o the_o macedonian_n he_o assign_v this_o to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o phalange_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fight_n have_v not_o the_o proper_a place_n nor_o mean_n to_o use_v it_o own_o power_n in_o the_o encounter_n so_o long_o as_o the_o phalange_n have_v ground_n enough_o and_o can_v meet_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o right_a front_n he_o hold_v it_o not_o possible_a to_o be_v foil_v be_v divide_v and_o in_o place_n uneven_a he_o be_v of_o opinion_n and_o experience_n have_v teach_v it_o may_v easy_o be_v put_v in_o a_o rout_n 〈…〉_z plutarch_n compare_v it_o for_o strength_n so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v one_o body_n and_o maintain_v the_o synaspisme_n joint_o to_o a_o invincible_a beast_n be_v disâ—evered_v he_o say_v it_o lose_v the_o force_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o in_o every_o man_n particular_a both_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o arm_v and_o also_o because_o the_o violence_n oâ—_n it_o consist_v rather_o in_o knit_v of_o all_o part_n together_o than_o in_o particular_a of_o any_o man_n valour_n three_o battle_n to_o praetermit_v aivers_a skirmish_n i_o find_v the_o roman_n 〈◊〉_d with_o and_o thiem_v 〈◊〉_d the_o macedonian_n one_o against_o king_n philip_n the_o son_n of_o demeâ—us_n a_o 〈◊〉_d against_o antiochus_n the_o three_o against_o perâ—eus_n the_o soâ—e_a of_o king_n pâ—lip_n 〈…〉_z for_o i_o paâ—_n over_o those_o wherein_o they_o be_v beat_v by_o pyâ—hus_n 〈◊〉_d worâ—_n 〈…〉_z philip_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d phalange_n and_o not_o use_v the_o whole_a together_o but_o fight_v against_o the_o roman_n with_o the_o right_a wing_n only_o yet_o have_v the_o better_a and_o wâ—_n too_o â—ard_o for_o that_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n that_o join_v with_o he_o but_o the_o other_o 〈…〉_z winâ—_n come_v into_o the_o field_n fit_v rather_o for_o a_o march_n than_o a_o fight_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o order_v themselves_o phalaâ—ge-wise_a be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o the_o roman_a victorious_a fall_v upon_o the_o râ—re_a oâ—_n the_o right_a winâ—_n where_o philip_n be_v and_o have_v now_o get_v the_o victory_n and_o so_o 〈◊〉_d the_o field_n antiochus_n unskilful_a in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o phalange_n trusteâ—_n 〈…〉_z 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d horse_n than_o his_o phalange_n and_o be_v to_o fight_v with_o l_o scipio_n where_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d give_v full_a scope_n anâ—_n extend_v the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n by_o make_v it_o 16_o deep_a 〈◊〉_d contrariwise_a narrow_v it_o 〈◊〉_d out_o the_o depth_n into_o 32_o whereby_o he_o lose_v the_o advantage_n of_o match_v the_o â—ront_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o after_o his_o horse_n be_v beat_v give_v facility_n to_o the_o enemy_n of_o 〈◊〉_d on_o it_o all_o side_n 〈…〉_z perseus_n join_v battle_n with_o paulus_n aemiâ—us_n 〈◊〉_d long_a 〈◊〉_d the_o phalange_n continue_v in_o the_o right_a figure_n slay_v many_o of_o the_o roman_n anâ—_n force_v they_o to_o retire_v but_o follow_v on_o too_o eager_o he_o come_v to_o uneven_a and_o rough_a ground_n wherein_o the_o phalange_n be_v dissever_v left_a space_n and_o breach_n for_o the_o roman_n to_o enter_v and_o defeat_v it_o so_o long_o then_o as_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n have_v fit_a ground_n and_o the_o right_a property_n of_o embattail_v it_o stand_v fast_o against_o the_o roman_n the_o great_a soldier_n that_o ever_o be_v be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o know_v not_o how_o to_o use_v it_o as_o a_o sword_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o child_n it_o yield_v to_o time_n and_o fortune_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o phalange_n be_v assign_v to_o be_v 2_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v which_o consist_v principal_o in_o order_v of_o target_n and_o pike_n in_o close_v of_o the_o target_n by_o synaspisme_n and_o in_o joint_a charge_v of_o the_o pike_n which_o lie_v out_o thick_a from_o the_o front_n beside_o the_o horror_n of_o the_o sight_n give_v almost_o a_o impossibility_n to_o enter_v the_o phalange_n i_o have_v allege_v the_o judgement_n of_o aemilio_n aemilius_n concern_v the_o sight_n present_v by_o a_o phalange_n when_o the_o pike_n lie_v so_o charge_v out_o of_o the_o front_n a._n polybius_n think_v nothing_o can_v resist_v the_o force_n thereof_o c._n livy_n albeit_o many_o time_n more_o than_o partial_a to_o the_o roman_n yet_o in_o the_o selfsame_o fight_n between_o perseus_n and_o aemilius_n give_v his_o judgement_n thus_o of_o the_o phalange_n the_o second_o legion_n say_v he_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o middle_n empty_a place_n and_o so_o break_v asunder_o the_o phalange_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o more_o evident_a cause_n of_o victory_n than_o the_o fight_v in_o diverse_a place_n at_o once_o which_o first_o trouble_v the_o phalange_n in_o turn_v many_o way_n and_o afterward_o plain_o disjoint_v and_o scatter_v it_o who_o force_n be_v unite_a and_o rough_a with_o charge_a pike_n be_v intolerable_a if_o by_o give_v on_o in_o diverse_a place_n you_o constrain_v it_o to_o bring_v about_o the_o pike_n immovable_a through_o length_n and_o weight_n it_o entangle_v itself_o with_o confuse_a cross_n if_o at_o one_o time_n you_o charge_v it_o both_o flank_n and_o rear_v they_o fall_v asunder_o like_o a_o ruinous_a building_n as_o than_o they_o be_v compel_v many_o way_n to_o answer_v the_o roman_n and_o so_o to_o break_v their_o battle_n into_o many_o parcel_n and_o the_o roman_n upon_o the_o first_o opportunity_n of_o a_o breach_n straight_o way_n convey_v in_o their_o troop_n who_o if_o they_o have_v meet_v the_o enemy_n in_o front_n have_v run_v upon_o the_o pike_n as_o in_o the_o beginning_n it_o happen_v to_o the_o pelignan_n be_v too_o forward_o to_o come_v to_o hand_n and_o can_v not_o have_v resist_v the_o phalange_n fast_o shut_v and_o ser_v up_o for_o the_o encounter_n thus_o livy_n concern_v the_o phalange_n who_o albeit_o a_o roman_a hold_v the_o same_o opinion_n that_o polybius_n do_v 18._o and_o in_o another_o place_n tell_v of_o philip_n encamp_v â—e_n say_v he_o be_v lodge_v in_o a_o woody_a plot_n which_o be_v unfit_a for_o the_o phalange_n especial_o of_o the_o macedon_n which_o unless_o it_o cast_v the_o pike_n as_o it_o be_v a_o muniment_n before_o the_o target_n and_o that_o can_v be_v but_o in_o open_a ground_n be_v of_o no_o great_a use_n so_o than_o if_o pike_n may_v be_v charge_v out_o before_o the_o target_n the_o phalange_n be_v of_o great_a use_n but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o bare_a opinion_n let_v we_o hear_v by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o the_o experience_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o target_n of_o the_o macedonian_a against_o the_o roman_a arm_n c._n when_o t._n quintus_fw-la flaminius_n the_o rome_n consul_n have_v drive_v king_n philip_n and_o his_o army_n from_o the_o straits_n near_o antigonia_n see_v that_o the_o enemy_n keep_v himself_o with_o his_o strength_n and_o abstein_v from_o the_o field_n he_o determine_v to_o try_v the_o city_n of_o thessaly_n and_o have_v win_v some_o
to_o the_o light_n arm_v and_o horse_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o the_o counsel_n of_o b._n iphicrates_n be_v hold_v good_a take_v heed_n say_v he_o to_o his_o lightarmed_n of_o ambush_n and_o spare_v not_o to_o press_v hard_o upon_o the_o rear_n of_o those_o that_o fly_v till_o you_o come_v to_o river_n or_o straits_n or_o ditch_n for_o it_o be_v dangerous_a in_o such_o place_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n flight_n lest_o fear_v turn_v into_o desperation_n the_o fashion_n of_o horse-battaile_n and_o first_o of_o the_o rhombe_n the_o wedge_n and_o the_o square_n chap._n xviii_o those_o that_o have_v write_v before_o i_o have_v diverse_o frame_v horse-battaile_n some_o of_o just_a square_n some_o long_o in_o flank_n then_o in_o front_n some_o like_o a_o rhombe_n some_o like_o a_o wedge_n but_o none_o of_o they_o have_v if_o i_o may_v speak_v free_o express_v full_o their_o own_o conceit_n therefore_o to_o make_v all_o thing_n clear_a and_o better_a to_o be_v understand_v i_o will_v set_v down_o the_o several_a figure_n of_o each_o several_a kind_n 1_o it_o seem_v the_o thessalian_n who_o power_n be_v great_a in_o horse_n be_v the_o first_o that_o use_v the_o kind_n of_o battle_n 2_o fashion_v in_o form_n of_o a_o rhombe_n the_o invention_n whereof_o be_v attribute_v to_o jason_n as_o fit_a for_o all_o encounter_n the_o horseman_n thus_o order_v be_v ready_a to_o turn_v their_o face_n every_o way_n with_o speed_n and_o not_o easy_a to_o be_v surprise_v in_o flank_n or_o in_o the_o rear_n because_o the_o best_a man_n stand_v in_o the_o flank_n and_o the_o commander_n in_o the_o angles_n as_o namely_o the_o captain_n of_o the_o troop_n in_o the_o front_n and_o in_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v angle_n those_o that_o be_v call_v flanke-commander_n and_o the_o lieutenant_n in_o the_o reare-angle_n 3_o the_o scythian_n and_o thracian_n have_v use_v wedge_n and_o likewise_o the_o macedonian_n by_o the_o ordinance_n of_o king_n philip._n for_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v hold_v of_o mor_o exact_a use_n than_o the_o square_a because_o the_o commander_n be_v place_v in_o a_o circle_n and_o consist_v of_o a_o narrow_a front_n it_o make_v ready_a passage_n through_o any_o distance_n and_o a_o easy_a wheel_a and_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n as_o have_v no_o such_o troublesome_a wind_n about_o as_o have_v the_o square_a 4_o the_o persian_n and_o sicilian_n and_o most_o grecian_n make_v choice_n of_o square_n be_v of_o opinion_n they_o be_v more_o easy_a to_o frame_v and_o fit_a for_o joint-moving_a of_o the_o horse_n and_o more_o effectual_a in_o use_n for_o they_o be_v soon_o in_o order_n be_v digest_v into_o file_n and_o rank_n and_o in_o this_o order_n alone_o all_o the_o commander_n fall_v upon_o and_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o one_o main_a force_n those_o be_v best_o square_n that_o double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o length_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o depth_n as_o when_o there_o be_v eight_o in_o length_n and_o four_o in_o depth_n or_o ten_o in_o length_n and_o five_o in_o depth_n these_o in_o number_n be_v of_o unequal_a side_n but_o in_o figure_n four_o square_n for_o the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n from_o head_n to_o tail_n compare_v with_o his_o breadth_n require_v more_o man_n in_o rank_n then_o in_o file_n to_o make_v up_o the_o square_a some_o allow_v thrice_o as_o many_o in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n and_o think_v by_o that_o mean_v a_o perfect_a square_n may_v be_v form_v because_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o length_n of_o a_o horse_n seem_v thrice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o breadth_n betwixt_o his_o shoulder_n therefore_o they_o give_v nine_o in_o front_n and_o three_o in_o flank_n for_o a_o multitude_n of_o horseman_n yield_v not_o the_o same_o advantage_n behind_o that_o foot_n do_v when_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n they_o joint_o thrust_v on_o in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o horse_n help_v nothing_o to_o the_o settledness_n of_o fast_a resistance_n be_v neither_o able_a to_o thrust_v those_o forward_o that_o be_v before_o nor_o yet_o to_o link_v and_o knit_v with_o they_o and_o so_o to_o make_v one_o weight_n as_o it_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n and_o in_o case_n they_o press_v upon_o the_o foremost_a by_o disorder_v and_o distemper_a their_o own_o horse_n they_o annoy_v themselves_o more_o than_o the_o enemy_n therefore_o it_o always_o fall_v out_o that_o when_o there_o be_v as_o many_o horse_n in_o length_n as_o in_o depth_n a_o square_a of_o number_n be_v make_v but_o the_o side_n of_o the_o figure_n be_v unequal_a the_o depth_n exceed_v the_o length_n in_o proportion_n but_o when_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o troop_n be_v square_a the_o number_n of_o the_o side_n and_o front_n be_v unequal_a note_n in_o the_o second_o chapter_n of_o this_o book_n the_o army_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o kind_n footman_n and_o rider_n footman_n again_o into_o three_o arm_v targeteer_n and_o light_v arm_v of_o these_o three_o be_v hither_o to_o treat_v rider_n follow_v who_o either_o use_a horse_n or_o elephant_n horse_n either_o alone_o or_o else_o in_o chariot_n of_o these_o aelian_a treat_v several_o hereafter_o for_o the_o arm_n and_o place_n of_o horse_n in_o the_o field_n he_o have_v sufficient_o speak_v already_o the_o follow_a discourse_n be_v first_o of_o the_o manner_n of_o embattail_v horse_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o the_o diversity_n of_o usage_n in_o ancient_a time_n then_o of_o chariot_n and_o last_o of_o elephant_n 56._o that_o a_o horse_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o beast_n that_o love_n man_n and_o be_v most_o faithful_a unto_o he_o pliny_n testify_v the_o use_n of_o he_o be_v for_o carriage_n and_o for_o service_n in_o the_o field_n and_o in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o field_n a_o army_n without_o horse_n be_v in_o a_o manner_n no_o army_n iphicrates_n as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o compare_v a_o army_n to_o a_o man_n body_n resemble_v the_o horse_n to_o foot_n and_o as_o the_o body_n have_v no_o power_n of_o move_v or_o rather_o remove_v the_o foot_n be_v lame_a or_o take_v away_o so_o be_v the_o army_n slow_a and_o unfit_a for_o expedition_n that_o be_v destitute_a of_o horse_n and_o may_v be_v well_o resemble_v to_o those_o beast_n that_o creep_v upon_o their_o belly_n who_o great_a haste_n be_v with_o little_a speed_n the_o horse_n do_v great_a service_n in_o the_o field_n of_o themselves_o alone_o and_o be_v principal_o employ_v in_o matter_n that_o require_v quickness_n in_o dispatch_n therefore_o be_v they_o fit_a for_o discovery_n either_o of_o the_o enemy_n country_n or_o of_o his_o camp_n or_o of_o his_o march_v or_o of_o other_o thing_n whereof_o the_o general_n desire_v to_o have_v notice_n and_o not_o for_o discovery_n alone_o but_o to_o spoil_v and_o destroy_v whatsoever_o the_o enemy_n have_v grow_v to_o make_v prey_n of_o his_o cattle_n burn_v his_o house_n kill_v his_o people_n surprise_v his_o place_n of_o strength_n and_o to_o â—mbarre_v he_o from_o do_v the_o like_a to_o we_o to_o bring_v and_o convey_v provision_n for_o our_o camp_n to_o shut_v in_o the_o enemy_n that_o he_o go_v not_o out_o his_o camp_n for_o like_a cause_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n march_v by_o fall_v on_o the_o rear_n brief_o all_o expedition_n of_o celerity_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n deliver_v to_o the_o horse_n alone_o especial_o as_o long_o as_o they_o be_v in_o such_o place_n as_o give_v they_o liberty_n to_o go_v on_o or_o retire_v at_o their_o pleasure_n yet_o be_v they_o often_o join_v with_o the_o light_n arm_v as_o i_o have_v show_v they_o often_o join_v likewise_o with_o the_o arm_a b._n and_o if_o they_o may_v come_v to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n battle_n in_o the_o flank_n or_o rear_v at_o such_o time_n as_o our_o arm_a charge_n in_o front_n they_o â—ndanger_v all_o but_o for_o employment_n alone_o against_o the_o arm_a foot_n many_o example_n of_o former_a time_n show_v how_o weak_a there_o force_n be_v 164._o and_o how_o little_o they_o prevail_v especial_o against_o arm_a that_o be_v practise_v in_o fight_n and_o resolute_a soldier_n the_o example_n i_o have_v quote_v in_o the_o margin_n make_v the_o matter_n clear_a for_o further_a confirmation_n i_o will_v set_v down_o xenophons_n opinion_n which_o all_o be_v it_o it_o be_v deliver_v concern_v the_o persian_a horse_n that_o come_v against_o the_o arm_a foot_n of_o the_o grecian_n in_o their_o return_n out_o of_o persia_n yet_o the_o reason_n stretch_v to_o all_o horse_n in_o general_n his_o word_n sound_v thus_o c._n if_o any_o of_o you_o faint_v in_o mind_n say_v he_o to_o the_o grecian_n because_o we_o have_v none_o the_o enemy_n many_o horse_n let_v he_o consider_v that_o ten_o thousand_o horseman_n be_v no_o more_o than_o ten_o thousand_o man_n for_o no_o man_n be_v
metabole_n for_o metabole_n be_v the_o conversion_n of_o every_o man_n face_n particular_o to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v behind_o his_o back_n and_o the_o same_o that_o metabole_n be_v in_o each_o several_a soldier_n the_o same_o be_v perispasmos_n or_o wheel_v about_o in_o the_o whole_a battle_n there_o be_v 4_o two_o kind_n of_o metabole_n the_o one_o from_o the_o enemy_n the_o other_o to_o the_o enemy_n metabole_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o turn_v about_o from_o the_o enemy_n be_v when_o the_o soldier_n turn_v his_o face_n twice_o towards_o the_o pike_n to_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o turn_v twice_o towards_o the_o target_n note_n four_o kind_n of_o motion_n be_v set_v down_o by_o aelian_a whereby_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o battle_n may_v be_v somewhat_o change_v turn_v of_o face_n countermarch_n wheel_v and_o double_v whereof_o the_o first_o may_v be_v use_v in_o what_o order_n soever_o your_o battle_n stand_v the_o second_o only_o in_o open_a order_n the_o three_o â—n_n close_o order_v only_o the_o four_o either_o in_o close_a or_o open_a order_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n whereof_o this_o chapter_n intreat_v albeit_o it_o may_v be_v bring_v in_o also_o in_o open_a order_n yet_o be_v it_o not_o do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n but_o in_o close_a order_n and_o then_o especial_o when_o none_o of_o the_o other_o motion_n have_v place_n the_o grecian_n always_o covet_v to_o bring_v their_o file_n leader_n that_o be_v their_o best_a man_n to_o fight_v in_o open_a order_n they_o choose_v to_o countermarch_n in_o close_a order_n have_v place_n to_o wheel_v their_o battle_n about_o and_o so_o turn_v the_o face_n of_o it_o against_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o can_v do_v neither_o of_o these_o they_o come_v to_o the_o last_o remedy_n which_o be_v turn_v of_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a man_n in_o the_o battle_n 1_o clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v of_o face_n this_o motion_n be_v of_o less_o pain_n then_o any_o other_o but_o of_o no_o less_o importance_n or_o necessity_n in_o the_o rest_n the_o phalange_n change_v the_o place_n or_o the_o form_n in_o this_o it_o hold_v both_o and_o yet_o be_v ready_a for_o any_o attempt_n of_o the_o enemy_n only_o every_o soldier_n in_o particular_a turn_v his_o countenance_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n as_o he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o right_a hand_n because_o that_o hand_n bear_v the_o pike_n to_o turn_v to_o the_o target_n be_v to_o turn_v to_o the_o left_a hand_n because_o the_o macedonian_n carry_v their_o target_n on_o their_o left_a shoulder_n for_o the_o use_n of_o this_o turn_n of_o face_n aelian_n say_v it_o have_v place_n when_o the_o enemy_n show_v himself_o in_o flank_n 2_o to_o encompass_v our_o wing_n clisis_fw-la be_v no_o more_o then_o bear_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n that_o be_v to_o our_o wing_n when_o then_o we_o find_v our_o enemy_n to_o encompass_v our_o right_a wing_n we_o turn_v our_o face_n and_o weapon_n that_o way_n to_o receive_v he_o to_o the_o left_a when_o he_o come_v to_o charge_v we_o on_o that_o side_n if_o on_o both_o side_n then_o turn_v we_o the_o face_n of_o our_o phalange_n half_a to_o the_o right_n half_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o be_v the_o antistomus_n phalange_n whereof_o aelian_n speak_v hereafter_o brief_o there_o be_v almost_o none_o of_o the_o march_v phalanges_fw-la which_o be_v afterward_o describe_v but_o it_o have_v need_n of_o this_o motion_n beside_o if_o upon_o any_o occasion_n the_o phalange_n be_v to_o move_v from_o any_o of_o the_o flank_n you_o be_v only_o to_o command_v turn_v of_o face_n to_o that_o flank_n and_o then_o to_o lead_v on_o i_o will_v give_v a_o example_n or_o two_o 17._o alexander_n at_o arbela_n have_v imbattail_v his_o army_n to_o fight_v with_o darius_n have_v intelligence_n that_o darius_n have_v strew_v the_o ground_n betwixt_o the_o two_o army_n with_o calthrope_n he_o command_v therefore_o the_o right_a wing_n which_o himself_o lead_v to_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o follow_v he_o to_o the_o end_n to_o go_v round_o about_o and_o avoid_v the_o place_n that_o be_v sow_v with_o calthrope_n darius_n march_v against_o he_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n disjoin_v his_o troop_n of_o horse_n and_o alexander_n take_v the_o advantage_n and_o give_v in_o quick_o betwixt_o the_o space_n put_v darius_n to_o flight_n if_o alexander_n have_v march_v on_o with_o the_o right_a front_n he_o have_v fall_v upon_o the_o calthrope_n to_o avoid_v they_o be_v use_v the_o benefit_n of_o this_o motion_n and_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v on_o until_o he_o have_v pass_v the_o danger_n and_o then_o turn_v again_o to_o the_o first_o posture_n go_v to_o charge_n and_o defeat_v the_o enemy_n an_o other_o example_n be_v in_o 634._o polybius_n who_o describe_v the_o battle_n betwixt_o machanidas_n the_o lacedaemonian_a tyrant_n and_o philopoemen_n the_o achaean_n general_n tell_v that_o machanidas_n have_v in_o the_o left_a wing_n put_v the_o achaean_n mercenary_n to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o the_o chase_n philopoemen_n as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v hope_n endeavour_v by_o all_o mean_n to_o stay_v his_o man_n when_o he_o see_v they_o utter_o defeat_v he_o haste_v to_o the_o right_a wing_n and_o perceive_v the_o enemy_n busy_a in_o chase_n and_o the_o place_n void_a where_o the_o fight_n have_v be_v command_v the_o first_o merarchy_n to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n he_o lead_v they_o on_o with_o high_a speed_n not_o yet_o break_v the_o order_n of_o their_o imbattail_v and_o quick_o seize_v upon_o the_o forsake_a ground_n he_o both_o cut_v betwixt_o they_o that_o give_v chase_v and_o home_n and_o withal_o get_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o upper_a ground_n against_o the_o left_a wing_n of_o the_o arm_a whereby_o he_o obtain_v the_o victory_n if_o philopoemen_n have_v in_o this_o action_n use_v wheel_v of_o his_o battle_n which_o only_o be_v the_o other_o motion_n which_o will_v have_v serve_v his_o turn_n beside_o the_o troublesomenesse_n of_o the_o wind_a about_o he_o shall_v have_v be_v force_v to_o have_v use_v two_o wheeling_n and_o so_o fail_v of_o the_o celerity_n which_o be_v at_o that_o time_n requisite_a face_n be_v turn_v in_o a_o trice_n and_o he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o ground_n he_o desire_v before_o he_o can_v have_v wheel_v once_o his_o battle_n 3_o two_o turn_n of_o the_o soldier_n face_n clisis_fw-la or_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n consist_v of_o one_o turn_v and_o move_v no_o further_o than_o the_o side_n if_o the_o motion_n be_v to_o the_o rear_n it_o have_v two_o turn_n and_o be_v call_v metabole_n which_o be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o change_n of_o every_o man_n face_n in_o particular_a from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o and_o as_o wheel_v of_o the_o whole_a body_n carry_v about_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n to_o the_o rear_n so_o do_v metabole_n turn_v the_o face_n of_o every_o particular_a soldier_n and_o make_v he_o look_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n the_o word_n proper_o signify_v a_o change_n which_o happen_v herein_o when_o the_o soldier_n be_v change_v from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n or_o contrariwise_o the_o use_n of_o metabole_n be_v principal_o to_o resist_v the_o enemy_n that_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o rear_n pyrrh_n so_o pyrrhus_n be_v enter_v the_o city_n argos_n with_o a_o few_o and_o overpress_v with_o multitude_n retire_v by_o little_a and_o little_a and_o defend_v himself_o often_o turn_v his_o and_o his_o soldier_n face_n against_o the_o enemy_n agesilao_n so_o the_o army_n of_o cyrus_n the_o elder_a retire_n from_o the_o wall_n of_o babylon_n often_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o wait_v their_o enemy_n who_o be_v report_v to_o be_v on_o foot_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v and_o charge_v they_o and_o if_o the_o enemy_n assault_v both_o the_o front_n and_o rear_v it_o have_v be_v the_o manner_n to_o continue_v half_o the_o soldier_n in_o each_o file_n with_o their_o face_n to_o the_o front_n and_o command_v the_o other_o half_o to_o turn_v their_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o enemy_n behind_o and_o this_o form_n be_v call_v phalanx_n amphistomos_n describe_v by_o aelian_a cap._n 38._o and_o sometime_o it_o be_v use_v to_o speed_v our_o march_n and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n as_o be_v say_v before_o of_o clisis_fw-la d._n agesilaus_n make_v a_o incursion_n into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o theban_n and_o find_v a_o trench_n and_o rampart_n cast_v up_o by_o the_o theban_n for_o
particular_o to_o the_o first_o aspect_n so_o that_o this_o be_v use_v after_o the_o make_n of_o a_o anastrophe_n for_o always_o in_o motion_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o the_o soldier_n face_n move_v forward_o to_o move_v backward_o have_v many_o inconvenience_n of_o stumbling_n upon_o uneven_a ground_n or_o stone_n or_o pit_n or_o stubbe_n or_o such_o like_a which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o in_o anastrophe_n after_o a_o wheeling_n aelian_n will_v that_o the_o soldier_n turn_v their_o face_n the_o contrary_a way_n first_o then_o move_v on_o till_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o first_o ground_n then_o open_a rank_n and_o file_n and_o last_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o aspect_n and_o as_o it_o differ_v from_o anastrophe_n so_o differ_v it_o likewise_o from_o metabole_n metabole_fw-la only_o turn_v face_n about_o this_o set_v the_o soldier_n in_o his_o former_a posture_n not_o only_o for_o his_o face_n but_o for_o his_o arm_n also_o which_o be_v order_v as_o at_o first_o the_o word_n wherein_o this_o motion_n be_v express_v by_o aelian_n be_v ep_n orthon_fw-mi apodounai_fw-mi and_o eye_n orthon_fw-mi apocaâ—astesai_fw-mi which_o be_v interpret_v by_o gaza_n in_o arrectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v up_o right_o by_o arcerius_fw-la rectum_fw-la reddere_fw-la to_o restore_v right_a and_o so_o the_o word_n sound_v aelian_n interprete_v it_o to_o set_v again_o the_o soldier_n sight_n in_o the_o same_o aspect_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o as_o if_o be_v place_v with_o his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o be_v command_v to_o turn_v his_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n and_o then_o again_o to_o restore_v his_o face_n to_o his_o first_o posture_n he_o must_v return_v and_o set_v his_o face_n against_o the_o enemy_n aelian_a therefore_o refer_v it_o to_o the_o sight_n he_o first_o have_v which_o if_o it_o be_v the_o right_a meaning_n how_o can_v it_o be_v upright_o or_o right_a more_o in_o that_o then_o in_o any_o other_o posture_n for_o the_o soldier_n not_o only_o in_o front_n but_o in_o flank_n and_o in_o the_o rear_n carry_v himself_o upright_o or_o right_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o upright_o stand_v of_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o sundry_a place_n of_o pausanias_n who_o reherse_v that_o minerva_n image_n set_v 43._o in_o the_o temple_n parthenion_n stand_v upright_o orthon_fw-mi esti_fw-la and_o in_o a_o other_o place_n that_o in_o corinth_n 89._o in_o the_o temple_n pantheon_n there_o be_v two_o image_n of_o mercury_n stand_v upright_o ortha_fw-mi 87._o and_o that_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o fortune_n the_o image_n of_o fortune_n be_v carve_v of_o parian_a stone_n and_o stand_v upright_a orthon_n and_o that_o in_o neptune_n temple_n situate_a in_o the_o corinthian_a isthmus_n the_o image_n of_o amphitrite_n and_o neptune_n stand_v in_o a_o chariot_n and_o the_o boy_n palemon_n upright_o upon_o a_o dolphin_n orthos_n in_o all_o which_o place_n orthos_n design_v the_o site_n of_o man_n but_o here_o as_o i_o take_v it_o can_v be_v so_o apply_v because_o in_o every_o motion_n not_o only_o in_o this_o the_o man_n stand_v upright_o how_o then_o can_v they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o stand_n upright_o when_o they_o do_v it_o already_o i_o take_v the_o original_n of_o the_o appellation_n to_o come_v from_o another_o cause_n and_o that_o be_v from_o the_o order_n of_o the_o pike_n for_o when_o the_o battle_n be_v first_o set_v in_o the_o field_n every_o soldier_n stand_v with_o his_o pike_n order_v that_o be_v upright_o for_o to_o order_v a_o pike_n be_v to_o set_v the_o butt_n end_n on_o the_o ground_n before_o the_o soldier_n somewhat_o wide_o of_o his_o right_a foot_n and_o to_o hold_v it_o upright_o with_o the_o right_a hand_n bear_v even_o with_o the_o shoulder_n but_o when_o you_o begin_v or_o continue_v any_o motion_n the_o manner_n be_v to_o advance_v or_o to_o shoulder_v the_o pike_n and_o so_o to_o proceed_v but_o be_v command_v to_o return_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n it_o must_v be_v order_v again_o so_o that_o the_o first_o posture_n of_o a_o arm_a man_n be_v to_o stand_v with_o his_o pike_n upright_o and_o after_o many_o motion_n and_o wind_n he_o at_o last_o return_v to_o the_o same_o posture_n which_o i_o take_v the_o command_n of_o ep'orthon_n apodounai_o to_o signify_v now_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v to_o rely_v upon_o a_o probable_a conjecture_n alone_o i_o will_v bring_v witness_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o my_o opinion_n it_o be_v report_v by_o 473._o diodorus_n siculus_n that_o agesilaus_n the_o lacedaemonian_a king_n with_o a_o army_n of_o eighteen_o thousand_o foot_n and_o fifteen_o hundred_o horse_n invade_v boeotia_n the_o athenian_n before_o hear_v of_o agesilaus_n come_v have_v send_v five_o thousand_o foot_n and_o 200_o horse_n to_o aid_v the_o theban_n who_o gather_v their_o army_n together_o seize_v upon_o a_o long_a narrow_a hill_n distant_a 20_o furlong_n from_o the_o city_n and_o make_v the_o hard_a access_n to_o the_o place_n a_o kind_n of_o fortification_n against_o the_o enemy_n they_o there_o wait_v his_o come_n fear_v to_o hazard_v upon_o even_a ground_n in_o regard_n of_o the_o renown_n and_o glory_n of_o agesilaus_n agesilaus_n have_v imbattail_v his_o troop_n lead_v they_o against_o the_o boeotian_n and_o approach_v near_o send_v his_o light_n arm_v to_o sound_v their_o disposition_n to_o fight_v which_o be_v easy_o repulse_v by_o the_o theban_n by_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o high_a ground_n he_o advance_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n be_v imbattail_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v great_a terror_n chabrias_n the_o athenian_a will_v his_o soldier_n to_o await_v the_o enemy_n contemptuous_o both_o keep_v their_o first_o array_n and_o their_o target_n at_o their_o knee_n and_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_o order_v who_o when_o they_o joint_o as_o upon_o a_o word_n give_v do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v agesilaus_n both_o wonder_v at_o the_o good_a order_n and_o at_o the_o assure_a fashion_n of_o the_o enemy_n think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o strive_v with_o unequal_a ground_n and_o by_o force_v they_o to_o fight_v to_o compel_v they_o to_o be_v valiant_a whether_o they_o will_v or_o no._n hitherto_o diodor_n sicul._n of_o the_o strategem_fw-la of_o chabrias_n against_o agesilaus_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o contempt_n of_o agesilaus_n and_o all_o his_o force_n first_o in_o not_o stir_v one_o foot_n to_o meet_v the_o enemy_n then_o in_o keep_v the_o array_n they_o hold_v before_o further_a in_o sink_v their_o target_n to_o their_o knee_n last_o in_o continue_v the_o former_a order_n of_o their_o pike_n that_o be_v not_o make_v readyto_o charge_v but_o remain_v with_o their_o pike_n order_v as_o they_o be_v at_o first_o agesilaus_n advance_v his_o army_n think_v to_o strike_v a_o fear_n into_o his_o enemy_n chabrias_n trust_v to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n scorn_v the_o brovado_n of_o agesilaus_n conceive_v he_o will_v not_o be_v so_o hardy_a to_o adventure_v the_o fight_n upon_o so_o great_a a_o inequality_n of_o ground_n he_o therefore_o will_v the_o cap_n 28_o the_o macedoman_n countermache_n by_o file_n the_o rear_v the_o front_n of_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o file_n leader_n with_o their_o face_n about_o stand_v firm_a the_o bringer_n up_o dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 29_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n the_o fileleader_n advance_v in_o countermarche_n the_o bringer_n up_o stand_v firm_a with_o the_o their_o face_n turn_v about_o the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v the_o ground_n take_v beyond_o the_o reareof_o the_o phalange_n cap_n 20_o the_o chorean_a countermarche_n the_o front_n in_o the_o first_o stand_v the_o bringer_n up_o move_v the_o fileleader_n dismarch_v the_o front_n after_o countermarche_v cap._n 20._o countermarche_v by_o rank_n the_o countermarche_n in_o action_n dyer_n not_o to_o alter_v their_o posture_n but_o to_o continue_v as_o they_o be_v the_o word_n concern_v the_o pike_n be_v en_fw-fr ortho_fw-mi to_o dorati_fw-la menein_fw-la that_o be_v to_o continue_v their_o pike_n upright_a en_fw-fr ortho_fw-la now_o whether_o the_o same_o be_v the_o posture_n that_o the_o tactic_n describe_v when_o they_o speak_v or_o restore_a ep_n '_n ortho_fw-mi upright_o i_o refer_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o reader_n a_o poliaenus_n agesilao_n remember_v this_o stratagem_n use_v somewhat_o different_a word_n and_o yet_o consent_v in_o meaning_n chabrias_n say_v he_o command_v his_o soldier_n not_o to_o run_v out_o against_o the_o enemy_n but_o quiet_o to_o stand_v still_o hold_v their_o pike_n before_o upright_o and_o their_o target_n before_o their_o knee_n which_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o do_v when_o they_o will_v a_o little_a ease_n
the_o macedonian_n be_v the_o inventor_n of_o it_o which_o of_o the_o macedonian_n he_o tell_v not_o but_o exclude_v philip_n and_o alexander_n who_o both_o use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v and_o before_o their_o time_n i_o have_v not_o read_v of_o any_o warlike_a king_n of_o macedonia_n the_o manner_n of_o it_o be_v this_o first_o all_o the_o fileleader_n turn_v their_o face_n about_o either_o to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n then_o the_o next_o rank_n pass_v thorough_a by_o they_o on_o the_o same_o hand_n and_o be_v come_v to_o their_o distance_n place_n themselves_o direct_o behind_o their_o fileleader_n and_o then_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n and_o so_o the_o three_o rank_n after_o they_o and_o the_o four_o and_o all_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o bringers-up_a be_v last_o and_o have_v take_v the_o rear_n of_o the_o battle_n again_o and_o turn_v about_o their_o face_n the_o figure_n express_v not_o well_o the_o action_n for_o in_o it_o the_o bringers-up_a begin_v first_o to_o countermarch_n which_o according_a to_o aelian_n shall_v move_v last_o yet_o may_v this_o countermarch_v be_v do_v as_o the_o figure_n be_v but_o i_o take_v aelians_n way_n to_o be_v easy_a and_o ready_a and_o it_o may_v be_v also_o that_o the_o countermarch_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n be_v lose_v in_o the_o text_n for_o one_o of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarche_n which_o proceed_v the_o contrary_a way_n begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n as_o this_o do_v with_o the_o bringers-up_a as_o we_o shall_v straight_o see_v 2_o the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_n in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o proceed_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o the_o former_a that_o take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o phalange_n this_o take_v the_o ground_n after_o in_o that_o the_o move_n be_v from_o the_o rear_n to_o the_o front_n in_o this_o from_o the_o front_n to_o the_o rear_n this_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n aelian_n describe_v it_o to_o be_v do_v in_o two_o manner_n one_o when_o the_o bringers-up_a first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n and_o the_o next_o 95._o rank_n likewise_o turn_v face_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o man_n thereof_o place_v himself_o direct_o before_o his_o bringer-up_a and_o the_o three_o do_v the_o like_a and_o so_o the_o rest_n till_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o fileleader_n come_v to_o be_v first_o the_o other_o when_o the_o fileleader_n begin_v the_o countermarch_v and_o every_o one_o in_o their_o file_n follow_v they_o orderly_o the_o figure_n express_v this_o last_o aelian_n prefer_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v before_o the_o macedonian_a because_o in_o it_o the_o soldier_n seem_v to_o fall_v on_o and_o go_v to_o the_o charge_n where_o in_o the_o macedonian_a they_o seem_v to_o fly_v there_o be_v notwithstanding_o time_n when_o it_o be_v better_a to_o use_v the_o macedonian_a as_o in_o case_n you_o mean_v to_o march_v on_o and_o not_o to_o fight_v with_o the_o enemy_n except_o you_o be_v compel_v or_o else_o you_o seek_v to_o gain_v some_o ground_n of_o advantage_n for_o the_o macedonian_a continue_v still_o the_o march_n and_o stay_v not_o the_o lacedaemonian_a return_v upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o lose_v ground_n in_o march_v agesilaus_n after_o victory_n get_v against_o the_o argive_n against_o who_o he_o stand_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n hear_v that_o the_o theban_n have_v beat_v the_o orchomenian_o in_o the_o left_a wing_n use_v the_o lacedaemonian_a countermarch_v against_o they_o the_o word_n of_o c._n xenophon_n sound_v thus_o here_o the_o stranger_n be_v about_o to_o crown_n agesilaus_n think_v he_o have_v get_v the_o victory_n when_o news_n be_v bring_v that_o the_o theban_n after_o they_o have_v break_v the_o orchomenian_o have_v force_v a_o passage_n as_o far_o as_o the_o baggage_n then_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v his_o phalange_n lead_v against_o they_o the_o theban_n perceive_v their_o confederate_n be_v fie_v up_o to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n close_v their_o troop_n together_o as_o near_o as_o they_o can_v seek_v to_o open_v a_o way_n by_o force_n and_o to_o get_v up_o unto_o they_o agesilaus_n albeit_o he_o may_v by_o give_v way_n to_o the_o foremost_a have_v follow_v they_o at_o heel_n and_o charge_v the_o rear_n yet_o do_v he_o it_o not_o but_o meet_v the_o theban_n front_v to_o front_v thus_o encounter_v and_o clash_v their_o target_n together_o they_o fight_v thrust_v on_o kill_v and_o be_v kill_v in_o fine_a some_o of_o the_o theban_n break_v through_o to_o helicon_n other_o some_o as_o they_o seek_v to_o escape_v be_v leave_v dead_a on_o the_o place_n agesilaus_n here_o follow_v the_o chase_n upon_o the_o argive_n towards_o the_o mount_n helicon_n the_o theban_n upon_o the_o orchomenian_o the_o contrary_a way_n towards_o the_o enemy_n campe._n the_o theban_n see_v their_o confederate_n flee_v to_o the_o mount_n helicon_n return_v towards_o they_o agesilaus_n countermarch_v to_o meet_v they_o meet_v they_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o for_o the_o countermarch_v he_o use_v i_o make_v account_v it_o be_v the_o lacedaemonian_a himself_o be_v a_o lacedaemonian_a and_o he_o use_v it_o to_o meet_v the_o theban_n brave_o in_o front_n the_o same_o agesilaus_n after_o he_o have_v by_o night_n encamp_v in_o a_o piece_n of_o ground_n behind_o mantinaea_n encompass_v d._n about_o with_o mountain_n perceive_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o the_o mantinaeans_n gather_v together_o upon_o the_o top_n that_o lay_v right_a over_o the_o head_n of_o his_o rearegard_n determine_v to_o lead_v his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o place_n with_o all_o speed_n now_o if_o himself_o shall_v lead_v he_o fear_v the_o enemy_n will_v give_v upon_o his_o rear_n therefore_o stand_v still_o and_o turn_v his_o arm_n against_o the_o enemy_n he_o command_v the_o last_o of_o the_o phalange_n to_o march_v back_o again_o from_o the_o rear_n and_o come_v up_o to_o he_o and_o so_o at_o once_o he_o bring_v his_o army_n out_o of_o the_o straits_n and_o make_v it_o by_o little_a and_o little_o strong_a when_o the_o phalange_n be_v thus_o double_v he_o proceed_v in_o that_o order_n into_o the_o champaign_n &_o there_o again_o reduce_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o arm_a foot_n to_o 9_o or_o 10_o man_n in_o every_o file_n this_o place_n of_o xenophon_n if_o it_o be_v not_o corrupt_v be_v very_o obscure_a and_o i_o can_v tell_v whether_o to_o take_v it_o for_o double_v of_o the_o front_n or_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n the_o word_n make_v for_o a_o double_n for_o xenophon_n say_v plain_o the_o phalange_n be_v double_v beside_o he_o add_v it_o be_v make_v by_o little_a and_o little_o strong_a which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v with_o a_o countermarch_v and_o that_o a_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n such_o as_o this_o by_o the_o evenings_n march_n and_o the_o straits_n it_o enter_v seem_v to_o be_v be_v make_v strong_a by_o double_v the_o front_n there_o be_v no_o question_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o straits_n through_o which_o it_o be_v to_o pass_v persuade_v i_o it_o shall_v be_v a_o macedonian_a countermarch_v for_o in_o double_v the_o front_n the_o length_n still_o increase_v &_o the_o manner_n be_v not_o to_o enlarge_v but_o to_o extenuate_v the_o front_n when_o a_o army_n be_v to_o be_v convey_v through_o a_o narrow_a place_n and_o xenophon_n say_v express_o that_o agesilaus_n lead_v it_o through_o the_o straits_n into_o the_o champaign_n in_o that_o order_n to_o which_o it_o be_v reduce_v last_o &_o that_o in_o the_o champion_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o arm_a be_v lessen_v and_o bring_v to_o 9_o or_o 10_o for_o there_o agesilaus_n imbattail_v his_o phalange_n to_o receive_v the_o enemy_n if_o he_o will_v charge_v and_o in_o a_o march_n through_o straight_a way_n the_o front_n be_v common_o narrow_v and_o proportion_v to_o the_o way_n but_o in_o open_a ground_n the_o phalange_n be_v again_o bring_v to_o the_o just_a length_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v the_o depth_n be_v much_o before_o it_o come_v into_o the_o plain_a because_o in_o the_o plain_a it_o be_v bring_v to_o 9_o or_o 10_o man_n and_o therefore_o no_o double_n last_o agesilaus_n and_o the_o front_n i_o doubt_v not_o of_o the_o phalange_n with_o he_o turn_v face_n to_o the_o enemy_n before_o the_o rear_n come_v up_o to_o he_o which_o be_v do_v in_o no_o other_o motion_n than_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_n in_o which_o all_o the_o fileleader_n first_o turn_n about_o their_o face_n towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a battle_n march_v against_o the_o fileleader_n and_o place_v themselves_o orderly_a behind_o they_o turn_v their_o face_n the_o same_o way_n that_o they_o have_v do_v before_o now_o where_o it_o be_v in_o xenophon_n that_o agesilaus_n have_v gain_v the_o champaign_n extend_v his_o army_n to_o 9_o or_o 10_o targeteres_n i_o suspect_v a_o
fault_n to_o be_v in_o the_o number_n of_o 9_o and_o that_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v read_v 8_o or_o 10._o to_o extend_v a_o phalange_n be_v to_o draw_v it_o out_o in_o length_n the_o length_n be_v the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o point_n of_o both_o wing_n when_o he_o say_v he_o extend_v it_o to_o 10_o the_o meaning_n be_v he_o draw_v it_o out_o so_o far_o in_o length_n that_o he_o leave_v but_o 10_o in_o depth_n ten_o be_v the_o decas_fw-la whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o and_o i_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o lacedaemonian_n for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v the_o depth_n of_o their_o battle_n 8._o the_o number_n of_o 9_o as_o all_o other_o uneven_a number_n be_v reject_v by_o the_o tactic_n as_o unfit_a for_o doubling_n so_o that_o my_o opinion_n be_v that_o xenophon_n at_o the_o first_o write_v 8_o or_o 10_o not_o 9_o or_o 10_o howsoever_o 9_o be_v creep_v into_o the_o place_n of_o 8._o but_o to_o return_v to_o agesilaus_n admit_v he_o use_v double_v of_o rank_n or_o of_o the_o front_n in_o retire_v out_o of_o the_o mantinaean_a straits_n yet_o give_v i_o leave_v to_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v have_v be_v the_o fit_a motion_n for_o that_o purpose_n for_o himself_o be_v thereby_o cast_v in_o the_o rear_n he_o have_v both_o prevent_v the_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n which_o he_o fear_v and_o yet_o wound_n better_a out_o of_o the_o straits_n the_o long_a hearse_n which_o still_o remain_v in_o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v be_v more_o proportionable_a to_o issue_v out_o of_o a_o narrow_a place_n than_o a_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n which_o arise_v out_o of_o double_v the_o front_n 3_o the_o persian_a be_v the_o cretan_a or_o choraean_a this_o countermarch_v be_v call_v the_o persian_a and_o cretan_a because_o it_o be_v use_v among_o the_o persian_n and_o cretan_n and_o it_o be_v term_v the_o choraean_a also_o of_o the_o similitude_n it_o have_v with_o the_o solemn_a grecian_a dance_n upon_o stage_n the_o company_n that_o show_v themselves_o in_o such_o dance_n be_v call_v chorus_n who_o in_o their_o dance_n order_v themselves_o into_o file_n and_o rank_n as_o soldier_n do_v in_o battle_n and_o move_v forward_o to_o the_o brink_n of_o the_o stage_n when_o be_v straighten_v by_o the_o place_n they_o can_v pass_v no_o further_o they_o retire_v one_o through_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o other_o exceed_v not_o the_o bound_n of_o the_o place_n as_o be_v do_v in_o this_o countermarch_v the_o other_o two_o kind_n of_o countermarch_v change_v the_o ground_n they_o have_v before_o the_o macedonian_a take_v the_o ground_n before_o the_o front_n the_o lacedaemonian_a the_o ground_n after_o the_o rear_n the_o choraean_a hold_v the_o same_o ground_n &_o begin_v the_o motion_n with_o the_o fileleader_n who_o notwithstanding_o proceed_v no_o further_o then_o thither_o where_o the_o bringers-up_a stand_v their_o file_n follow_v they_o &_o every_o soldier_n keep_v the_o same_o distance_n he_o have_v before_o the_o move_n the_o figure_n show_v the_o manner_n of_o it_o e._n these_o countermarche_n by_o file_n be_v to_o be_v make_v when_o the_o enemy_n appear_v in_o the_o rear_n and_o come_v to_o charge_v us._n and_o they_o be_v make_v to_o the_o end_n to_o bring_v our_o best_a man_n that_o be_v the_o fileleader_n to_o the_o encounter_n wherein_o notwithstanding_o there_o be_v a_o caution_n to_o be_v hold_v that_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v very_o near_o or_o so_o near_o that_o we_o can_v convenient_o countermarch_n 39_o before_o he_o come_v up_o to_o we_o we_o forbear_v lest_o we_o fall_v into_o disorder_n and_o in_o disorder_n be_v easy_o defeat_v in_o which_o case_n the_o best_a remedy_n be_v to_o turn_v face_n about_o and_o so_o receive_v he_o hitherto_o of_o countermarche_n by_o file_n 4_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v make_v the_o end_n of_o countermarche_n by_o rank_n be_v two_o in_o aelian_n one_o to_o strengthen_v the_o midst_n of_o the_o battle_n the_o other_o to_o strengthen_v the_o wing_n if_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o enemy_n battle_n lie_v most_o in_o the_o midst_n reason_n of_o war_n will_v that_o we_o shall_v oppose_v our_o great_a strength_n against_o the_o midst_n if_o in_o the_o wing_n against_o the_o wing_n there_o be_v a_o other_o cause_n of_o strengthen_v the_o wing_n namely_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v ready_a to_o charge_n either_o of_o they_o and_o this_o strength_n aelian_n will_v have_v give_v by_o the_o countermarch_v of_o our_o best_a man_n into_o the_o wing_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v from_o the_o purpose_n to_o make_v all_o plain_a by_o a_o example_n or_o two_o aristide_n herodotus_n report_v that_o before_o the_o battle_n of_o plataea_n betwixt_o the_o grecian_n and_o the_o persian_n it_o be_v agree_v betwixt_o the_o athenian_n and_o lacedaemonian_n that_o where_o the_o athenian_n have_v vanquish_v the_o persian_n in_o the_o battle_n of_o marathon_n and_o have_v late_o slay_v masistius_n the_o general_n of_o the_o persian_a horse_n and_o by_o those_o encounter_n have_v good_a experience_n of_o the_o persian_a manner_n of_o fight_n and_o where_o the_o lacedaemonian_n be_v imbattail_v in_o the_o right_a wing_n against_o the_o persian_n the_o athenian_n in_o the_o left_a wing_n against_o the_o theban_n and_o other_o grecian_n that_o take_v part_n with_o the_o persian_n they_o shall_v change_v and_o the_o athenian_n have_v the_o right_a wing_n the_o lacedaemonian_n the_o left_a these_o news_n be_v carry_v to_o mardonius_n the_o general_n of_o the_o persian_n who_o whither_o fear_v the_o athenian_n or_o desirous_a to_o fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n change_v his_o place_n from_o the_o left_a into_o his_o right_a wing_n to_o the_o intent_n to_o oppose_v against_o they_o which_o when_o pausanias_n see_v he_o return_v to_o his_o right_a wing_n and_o mardonius_n to_o his_o left_a the_o place_n which_o he_o have_v at_o the_o beginning_n here_o be_v change_v wing_n on_o both_o part_n the_o one_o covet_v to_o fight_v in_o the_o left_a wing_n the_o other_o desirous_a to_o fight_v in_o the_o right_n the_o countermarch_v by_o rank_n from_o the_o right_a wing_n will_v have_v fit_v pausanias_n as_o the_o contrary_n countermarch_v will_v have_v fit_v mardonius_n yet_o be_o i_o lead_v to_o think_v that_o pausanias_n use_v a_o wheel_a of_o his_o battle_n and_o so_o convey_v it_o from_o one_o wing_n to_o a_o other_o behind_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o other_o grecian_n to_o the_o end_n that_o be_v shadow_v by_o they_o he_o may_v the_o better_o hide_v his_o purpose_n from_o mardonius_n an_o other_o example_n i_o find_v in_o livy_n and_o polybius_n both_o it_o be_v this_o b._n publius_n scipio_n who_o be_v afterward_o call_v africanus_n and_o asdrubal_n the_o son_n of_o gisgo_n be_v encamp_v near_o together_o in_o spain_n bring_v daily_o out_o of_o their_o camp_n their_o army_n one_o against_o a_o other_o and_o after_o they_o have_v long_o stand_v wait_v who_o shall_v begin_v the_o fight_n which_o be_v do_v at_o neither_o hand_n they_o convey_v they_o back_o again_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o imbattail_v be_v this_o the_o roman_n and_o likewise_o the_o carthaginian_n mingle_v with_o the_o african_n have_v the_o middle_n their_o confederate_n the_o wing_n the_o opinion_n be_v they_o shall_v fight_v in_o that_o order_n scipio_n when_o he_o perceive_v this_o to_o be_v firm_o believe_v the_o day_n before_o he_o mean_v to_o fight_v make_v a_o alteration_n of_o all_o when_o night_n come_v he_o give_v the_o word_n through_o the_o whole_a camp_n that_o horse_n and_o man_n shall_v dine_v before_o it_o be_v light_a day_n and_o that_o the_o horseman_n in_o arm_n shall_v keep_v their_o horse_n bridle_v and_o saddle_v the_o day_n be_v scarce_o sprunge_v when_o he_o send_v his_o horse_n and_o lightarmed_n to_o beat_v in_o the_o carthaginean_a guard_n himself_o straight_o follow_v with_o the_o arm_a legion_n dispose_v the_o roman_n contrary_a to_o the_o settle_a opinion_n of_o his_o own_o people_n and_o of_o the_o enemy_n in_o the_o wing_n and_o receive_v the_o ally_n into_o the_o midst_n asdrubal_n raise_v out_o of_o his_o bed_n with_o the_o cry_n of_o his_o horseman_n have_v no_o soon_o leap_v out_o of_o his_o tent_n and_o see_v the_o tumult_n before_o the_o trench_n of_o his_o camp_n and_o the_o amazednes_n of_o his_o people_n and_o the_o ensign_n of_o the_o legion_n shine_v a_o far_o of_o and_o the_o field_n full_a of_o enemy_n present_o send_v out_o his_o whole_a power_n of_o horse_n to_o undertake_v the_o roman_a horse_n himself_o issue_v out_o of_o the_o camp_n with_o his_o foot_n not_o change_v any_o thing_n of_o his_o wont_a manner_n of_o imbattail_v the_o fight_n of_o the_o horseman_n have_v now_o a_o long_a time_n be_v doubtful_a and_o can_v not_o be_v try_v because_o still_o as_o they_o be_v beat_v which_o
sleeve_v they_o upon_o one_o side_n which_o you_o will_v may_v be_v use_v without_o danger_n as_o well_o when_o the_o enemy_n be_v near_o as_o when_o the_o fight_n be_v in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o disturb_v not_o the_o battle_n but_o advance_v fresh_a aide_n against_o the_o enemy_n on_o the_o flank_n of_o it_o 6_o by_o insert_v the_o second_o file_n there_o be_v two_o manner_n of_o doubling_n of_o the_o depth_n or_o of_o file_n one_o in_o number_n the_o other_o in_o place_n in_o number_n when_o one_o file_n be_v insert_v into_o another_o the_o leader_n or_o first_o man_n of_o the_o second_o file_n stand_v behind_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o first_o the_o second_o behind_o the_o second_o the_o three_o behind_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o of_o the_o rest_n or_o when_o the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o their_o leader_n place_v themselves_o behind_o the_o bringers-up_a of_o the_o odd_a their_o file_n follow_v they_o or_o which_o come_v all_o to_o one_o the_o file_n be_v whole_a they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o part_n in_o the_o front_n and_o half_a countermarch_n and_o place_n themselves_o in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o other_o file_n to_o file_v albeit_o the_o two_o last_o be_v doubling_n both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n and_o not_o in_o place_n alone_o the_o true_a double_v of_o the_o place_n alone_o be_v not_o aelian_a the_o insertion_n whereof_o i_o speak_v remedi_v this_o defect_n also_o there_o it_o be_v say_v that_o when_o 16_o man_n that_o be_v a_o file_n be_v so_o extend_v that_o they_o possess_v as_o much_o length_n as_o 32_o shall_v do_v that_o be_v as_o 2_o file_n it_o be_v double_v of_o place_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o change_v of_o the_o soldier_n order_n into_o open_a order_n for_o in_o their_o order_n they_o have_v 48_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o their_o open_a order_n 96_o foot_n in_o depth_n in_o this_o double_v of_o depth_n we_o must_v take_v heed_n that_o we_o make_v not_o the_o front_n of_o our_o army_n to_o narrow_a lest_o we_o give_v opportunity_n to_o the_o enemy_n to_o encircle_v and_o encompass_v it_o polybius_n note_v this_o a_o great_a faulâ—_n in_o marcus_n atilius_n regulus_n at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o fight_v with_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o be_v take_v prisoner_n his_o word_n have_v this_o effect_n k_o the_o roman_n see_v the_o enemy_n order_v 1._o his_o battle_n march_v out_o against_o he_o fuâ—l_o of_o courage_n be_v notwithstanding_o somewhat_o appall_v at_o and_o foresee_v the_o elephant_n violence_n in_o come_v on_o they_o set_v their_o darter_n before_o and_o place_v many_o maniple_n of_o arm_v behind_o one_o after_o a_o other_o and_o divide_v the_o horse_n half_a into_o one_o wing_n half_a into_o the_o other_o then_o make_v the_o whole_a battle_n short_a but_o deep_a than_o they_o be_v wont_a they_o provide_v well_o against_o the_o elephant_n but_o not_o against_o the_o horse_n that_o far_o exceed_v they_o in_o number_n be_v now_o come_v to_o hand_n the_o roman_a horse_n overpress_v with_o multitude_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n quick_o flee_v from_o either_o wing_n but_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o left_a wing_n partly_o avoid_v the_o elephant_n partly_o contemn_v the_o mercenary_n fall_v on_o and_o charge_v the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n and_o put_v it_o to_o flight_n follow_v hard_o and_o give_v chase_v even_o to_o the_o trench_n but_o of_o those_o that_o be_v place_v against_o the_o elephant_n the_o first_o sink_v under_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o beast_n perish_v be_v overturn_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n by_o heap_n the_o body_n of_o the_o battle_n remain_v a_o while_n unbroken_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o they_o that_o be_v after_o place_v but_o when_o the_o rear_n of_o all_o encompass_v by_o the_o horse_n be_v force_v to_o turn_v about_o and_o fight_v with_o they_o and_o the_o other_o that_o have_v by_o force_n make_v way_n through_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o elephant_n and_o be_v now_o behind_o their_o back_n come_v up_o to_o the_o fresh_a phalange_n of_o the_o carthaginian_n stand_v in_o good_a order_n they_o be_v by_o they_o slay_v thus_o fortune_n be_v contrary_a on_o all_o side_n the_o roman_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v tread_v to_o death_n by_o the_o excessive_a might_n of_o the_o beast_n and_o the_o rest_n die_v with_o the_o dart_n of_o the_o horseman_n in_o the_o place_n where_o they_o fight_v the_o error_n of_o attilius_n regulus_n be_v in_o order_v his_o battle_n too_o deep_a by_o mean_n whereof_o it_o be_v easy_o encompass_v and_o distress_a by_o the_o carthaginian_a horse_n b._n appian_n likewise_o blame_v antiochus_n for_o order_v his_o phalange_n 32_o man_n in_o depth_n where_o the_o macedonian_a phalange_n ought_v to_o but_o 16_o deep_a show_v that_o by_o that_o oversight_n it_o be_v encompass_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o overthrow_v i_o have_v touch_v the_o history_n in_o my_o note_n before_o many_o other_o example_n may_v be_v allege_v but_o these_o two_o be_v sufficient_a for_o our_o purpose_n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o double_v of_o the_o length_n by_o number_n middle_a man_n double_v your_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n by_o this_o command_n the_o middle_a man_n with_o their_o half_a file_n march_v up_o to_o the_o front_n in_o the_o space_n betwixt_o the_o file_n and_o stand_v even_o with_o the_o fileleader_n and_o the_o rest_n even_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o rank_n double_v of_o the_o length_n in_o place_n stand_v in_o your_o open_a order_n one_o half_n open_v their_o file_n to_o the_o right_a hand_n the_o other_o to_o the_o left_a and_o stand_v six_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o double_v of_o the_o depth_n in_o number_n double_o your_o file_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n fall_v into_o the_o space_n of_o the_o odd_a file_n double_o your_o file_n by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n the_o even_a file_n countermarch_n and_o fall_v behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o odd_a and_o place_n themselves_o lineal_o after_o they_o observe_v their_o first_o distance_n divide_v your_o file_n and_o double_v they_o by_o countermarch_n to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n half_n the_o file_n divide_v themselves_o from_o the_o other_o half_a and_o countermarch_n out_o behind_o the_o rear_n then_o turn_v their_o face_n towards_o the_o place_n behind_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o stand_a file_n which_o remove_v not_o then_o march_v on_o and_o place_n themselves_o orderly_o behind_o they_o file_n to_o file_v then_o turn_v their_o face_n as_o at_o first_o double_v the_o depth_n in_o place_n rank_n open_v behind_o to_o your_o open_a order_n the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n the_o deep_a phalange_n or_o hearse_n and_o the_o uneven-fronted_n phalange_n chap._n xxx_o plagiophalanx_n or_o the_o broad-fronted_n phalange_n be_v that_o which_o have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n orthiophalanx_n or_o the_o deep_a phalange_n common_o call_v the_o hearse_n be_v that_o which_o procee_v by_o wing_n have_v the_o depth_n much_o exceed_v the_o length_n in_o general_a speech_n every_o thing_n be_v call_v parameke_n which_o have_v length_n more_o than_o the_o depth_n and_o that_o which_o have_v the_o depth_n more_o than_o the_o length_n orthion_n and_o so_o likewise_o a_o phalange_n the_o phalange_n loxe_n or_o uneven_a front_a be_v that_o which_o put_v forth_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n which_o be_v think_v fit_a towards_o the_o enemy_n and_o with_o it_o beginning_n the_o fight_n hold_v off_o the_o other_o in_o a_o convenient_a distance_n till_o opportunity_n be_v to_o advance_v of_o parembole_n protaxis_fw-la epitaxis_fw-la prostaxis_fw-la eutaxis_fw-la &_o hypotaxis_fw-la chap._n xxxi_o parembole_n or_o insertion_n be_v when_o place_v soldier_n before_o we_o take_v off_o the_o hindmost_a and_o rank_n they_o within_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o first_o protaxis_fw-la or_o fore-fronting_a be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n before_o the_o front_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o make_v they_o forestander_n as_o the_o fileleader_n be_v when_o we_o place_v the_o lightarmed_n behind_o it_o be_v call_v epitaxis_fw-la as_o it_o be_v a_o after-placing_a prostaxis_fw-la or_o adjoin_v be_v when_o to_o both_o flank_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o to_o one_o flank_n some_o part_n of_o the_o hindmost_a be_v add_v the_o front_n of_o they_o that_o be_v add_v lie_v even_o with_o the_o front_n of_o the_o battle_n such_o addition_n be_v call_v prostaxis_fw-la entaxis_fw-la or_o insition_n be_v when_o it_o seem_v good_a to_o set_v the_o lightarmed_n within_o the_o space_n of_o the_o file_n of_o the_o phalange_n man_n to_o man_n hypotaxis_fw-la or_o double-winging_a be_v when_o you_o bestow_v the_o lightarmed_n under_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n place_v they_o in_o a_o embow_v form_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a figure_n resemble_v a_o
length_n it_o be_v profitable_a in_o many_o respect_n for_o seem_v to_o carry_v but_o few_o in_o so_o small_a a_o breadth_n it_o deceive_v the_o enemy_n and_o it_o easy_o break_v his_o force_n with_o the_o thickness_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o embattail_v and_o may_v without_o perceive_v be_v lead_v through_o straight_o and_o narrow_a passage_n the_o foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o be_v call_v the_o plagiophalange_n or_o broad-fronted_n battaile_n for_o be_v but_o slender_a in_o depth_n it_o bear_v forth_o and_o extend_v itself_o in_o length_n so_o that_o albeit_o it_o be_v break_v in_o the_o midst_n with_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o horse_n yet_o be_v nothing_o break_v but_o a_o little_a of_o the_o depth_n and_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v carry_v not_o upon_o the_o multitude_n of_o the_o foot_n but_o straight_o and_o immediate_o into_o the_o open_a field_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o length_n thereof_o much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n of_o another_o kind_n of_o rhombe_n for_o horseman_n and_o of_o the_o foote-battaile_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlvi_o another_o sort_n of_o rhomboide_n there_o be_v whereof_o i_o need_v say_v no_o more_o but_o that_o it_o file_v and_o rank_v not_o for_o i_o have_v before_o show_v the_o use_n and_o that_o ileon_n the_o thessalian_a be_v the_o inventor_n and_o that_o jason_n medea_n husband_n most_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n the_o use_n thereof_o be_v great_a be_v direct_v and_o lead_v in_o the_o four_o corner_n by_o the_o captain_n the_o lieutenant_n and_o the_o two_o flanke-commander_n it_o be_v common_o fashion_v of_o archer_n on_o horseback_n as_o the_o armenian_a and_o persian_a manner_n be_v against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o foote-battaile_n call_v battle_n epicampios_fw-la emprosthia_n because_o the_o circumduction_n of_o the_o front_n be_v like_o a_o embow_n the_o end_n of_o this_o form_n be_v to_o deceive_v and_o overreach_v the_o archer_n on_o horseback_n either_o by_o wrap_v they_o in_o the_o void_a space_n of_o the_o front_n as_o they_o charge_v and_o give_v on_o upon_o the_o spur_n or_o else_o disorder_v they_o first_o with_o their_o wing_n and_o break_v their_o fury_n by_o overthrow_v they_o final_o with_o their_o rank_n about_o the_o middle_a ensign_n this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v devise_v to_o entrap_v and_o beguile_v for_o open_v the_o middle_a hollowness_n it_o make_v show_v but_o of_o a_o few_o that_o march_v in_o the_o wing_n have_v notwithstanding_o thrice_o as_o many_o follow_a and_o second_v in_o the_o rear_n so_o that_o if_o the_o wing_n be_v of_o power_n sufficient_a for_o the_o encounter_n there_o need_v no_o more_o if_o not_o retire_v easy_o on_o either_o fide_fw-la they_o be_v to_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o bulk_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v cyrte_n which_o be_v to_o be_v set_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la chap._n xlvii_o the_o battle_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o the_o epicampios_fw-la be_v call_v convexebattaile_n cyrte_n of_o the_o circumferent_a form_n this_o also_o make_v semblance_n of_o small_a force_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o convexitie_n of_o the_o figure_n for_o all_o round_a thing_n appear_v little_a in_o compass_n and_o yet_o stretch_v out_o in_o length_n and_o single_v they_o prove_v twice_o as_o much_o as_o they_o appear_v to_o be_v as_o be_v evident_a in_o pillar_n which_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o in_o sight_n show_v the_o one_o half_a and_o conceal_v the_o other_o the_o great_a piece_n of_o skill_n in_o embattail_v be_v to_o make_v a_o show_n of_o few_o man_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o indeed_o to_o bring_v twice_o as_o many_o to_o fight_v of_o the_o tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n and_o of_o the_o wedge_n of_o foot_n to_o be_v oppose_v against_o it_o chap._n xlviii_o the_o fouresquare_a tetragonall_a horsebattaile_n be_v square_a in_o figure_n but_o not_o in_o number_n of_o man_n for_o in_o square_n the_o number_n be_v not_o always_o the_o same_o and_o the_o general_n for_o his_o advantage_n may_v double_v the_o length_n to_o the_o depth_n the_o persian_n sicilian_n and_o most_o of_o the_o grecian_n do_v affect_v this_o form_n and_o take_v it_o to_o be_v easy_a in_o frame_v and_o better_a in_o use_n against_o it_o be_v oppose_v the_o phalange_n call_v wedge_n embolos_fw-la or_o wedge_n of_o foot_n all_o the_o side_n consist_v of_o arm_a man_n this_o kind_n be_v borrow_v of_o the_o horseman_n wedge_n and_o yet_o in_o the_o horse-wedge_n one_o suffice_v to_o lead_v in_o front_n where_o the_o footewedge_n must_v have_v three_o one_o be_v unable_a to_o bear_v the_o sway_n of_o the_o encounter_n so_o epaminondas_n the_o theban_a fight_v with_o the_o lacedaemonian_n at_o mantinaea_n overthrow_v a_o mighty_a power_n of_o they_o by_o cast_v his_o army_n into_o a_o wedge_n it_o be_v fashion_v if_o the_o antistomus_n diphalangy_n in_o march_v join_v the_o front_n of_o the_o wing_n together_o hold_v they_o open_a behind_o like_a unto_o the_o letter_n a._n of_o the_o foot-battaile_n call_v ploesium_fw-la and_o of_o the_o wind_a or_o saw-fronted_n foot-battaile_n to_o encounter_v it_o chap._n xlix_o the_o battle_n ploesium_fw-la have_v the_o length_n much_o exceed_v the_o depth_n and_o it_o be_v call_v ploesium_fw-la when_o arm_a foot_n be_v place_v on_o all_o side_n the_o archer_n and_o slinger_n be_v throw_v into_o the_o midst_n against_o this_o kind_n of_o battle_n be_v set_v the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n to_o the_o end_n that_o with_o the_o unequal_a figure_n they_o may_v cap._n 47._o the_o cyrte_n or_o convex_a half_a moon_n the_o front_n the_o epicampios_fw-la the_o front_n cap._n 48._o the_o foot_n wedge_n the_o front_n the_o horsbattaile_n square_a in_o figure_n not_o in_o horse_n the_o front_n cap._n 49._o the_o peplegmene_n the_o front_n the_o plesium_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overfrontnig_a battle_n cap._n 50._o the_o adverse_a battle_n the_o overw_a battle_n train_n out_o those_o of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la to_o cope_v with_o the_o foremost_a of_o the_o winding-fronted-battaile_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n dissolve_v and_o disorder_v the_o thickness_n oâ—_n the_o same_o and_o the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o winding-battaile_n be_v to_o observe_v and_o mark_v the_o fileleader_n of_o the_o ploesium_fw-la that_o if_o they_o still_o maintain_v their_o closeness_n and_o fight_v ser_v they_o also_o encounter_v they_o in_o the_o like_a form_n if_o the_o ploesium_fw-la fileleader_n sever_v themselves_o and_o spring_v out_o from_o their_o main_a force_n than_o they_o likewise_o be_v ready_a to_o meet_v they_o man_n to_o man_n of_o hyperphalangesis_n and_o hyperkerasis_n and_o of_o attenuation_n chap._n l._n hyperphalangesis_n or_o over-fronting_a be_v when_o both_o wing_n of_o the_o phalange_n overreach_v the_o enemy_n front_n hyperkerasis_n or_o overw_v be_v when_o with_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n we_o overreach_v the_o front_n of_o the_o enemy_n so_o that_o he_o that_o overfront_v overwinge_v but_o he_o that_o overwinge_v overfront_v not_o for_o they_o that_o match_n not_o the_o enemy_n in_o multitude_n may_v yet_o overw_v they_o attenuation_n or_o lessen_v be_v when_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o battle_n be_v gather_v up_o and_o instead_o of_o 16_o man_n a_o small_a number_n be_v set_v of_o convey_v the_o carriage_n of_o the_o army_n chap._n li._n the_o lead_n of_o the_o carriage_n if_o any_o thing_n else_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n and_o require_v a_o special_a commander_n it_o may_v be_v convey_v in_o five_o manner_n either_o before_o the_o army_n or_o behind_o or_o on_o the_o one_o flank_n or_o the_o other_o or_o in_o the_o midst_n before_o the_o army_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v behind_o behind_o the_o army_n when_o you_o will_v lead_v towards_o the_o enemy_n when_o you_o fear_v to_o be_v charge_v in_o flank_n on_o the_o contrary_a side_n in_o the_o midst_n when_o a_o hollow-battaile_n be_v needful_a and_o fit_a of_o the_o word_n of_o command_n and_o certain_a observation_n about_o they_o chap._n lii_o last_o of_o all_o we_o will_v brief_o repeat_v the_o word_n of_o direction_n if_o we_o admonish_v first_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v short_a then_o that_o they_o ought_v to_o be_v without_o double-signification_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o in_o haste_n receive_v direction_n have_v need_n to_o take_v heed_n of_o doubtful_a word_n lest_o one_o do_v one_o thing_n and_o another_o the_o contrary_a as_o for_o the_o purpose_n if_o i_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n some_o it_o may_v be_v that_o hear_v i_o will_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n some_o to_o the_o left_a hand_n and_o so_o no_o small_a confusion_n follow_v see_v therefore_o these_o word_n turn_v your_o face_n import_v a_o general_a signification_n and_o comprehend_v turn_v to_o the_o right_n or_o leave_v hand_n we_o ought_v in_o stead_n of_o say_v turn_v your_o face_n to_o the_o pike_n to_o pronounce_v it_o
pag._n 93._o whether_o there_o be_v captain_n of_o the_o century_n of_o the_o lightarmed_n pag._n ibid._n the_o body_n of_o the_o arm_a and_o lightarmed_n compare_v pag._n ibid._n chap._n xvii_o the_o use_n of_o light_n arm_v pag._n 95._o lightarmed_n join_v with_o the_o arm_a pag._n ibid._n the_o lightarmed_n good_a to_o provoke_v the_o enemy_n pag._n 96._o to_o wound_v a_o far_o of_o pag._n ibid._n to_o disarray_v pag._n 97._o to_o repulse_v horse_n pag._n 98._o to_o beat_v in_o the_o enemy_n lightarmed_n pag._n ibid._n to_o discover_v suspect_v place_n pag._n ibid._n for_o far_o and_o speedy_a attempt_n pag._n 99_o chap._n xviii_o the_o form_n of_o horse-battaile_n pag._n ibid._n the_o service_n of_o horse_n pag._n 100_o the_o thessalian_a horseman_n pag._n 101._o the_o fable_n of_o centaur_n pag._n ibid._n the_o rhombe_n pag._n 102._o whether_o the_o rhombe_n or_o square_n be_v better_a in_o horse_n pag._n ibid._n the_o wedge_n pag._n 104._o whether_o the_o rhombe_n or_o wedge_n be_v better_a pag._n ibid._n diverse_a kind_n of_o square_n pag._n 105._o the_o square_a in_o figure_n pag._n ibid._n the_o depth_n in_o the_o square_n pag._n 106._o the_o square_a in_o number_n pag._n 107._o chap._n xix_o diverse_a form_n of_o rhombe_n pag._n ibid._n a_o rhombe_n file_v and_o rank_v pag._n 108._o a_o rhombe_n neither_o fill_n nor_o rank_v pag._n 109._o a_o rhombe_n file_v not_o rank_v pag._n 110._o a_o rhombe_n rank_v not_o file_v pag._n ibid._n chap._n xx._n the_o horse-troupe_n of_o the_o macedonian_n pag._n 111._o the_o number_n and_o manner_n of_o frame_v it_o pag._n ibid._n the_o place_n of_o the_o cornett_n pag._n ibid._n the_o distance_n betwixt_o horse_n and_o horse_n pag._n 112._o the_o distance_n betwixt_o troupe_n and_o troupe_n pag._n 113._o chap._n xxv_o turn_v of_o soldier_n face_n pag._n 117._o the_o end_n of_o this_o motion_n pag._n 118._o two_o turn_n or_o metabole_n pag._n 119._o turn_v to_o the_o pike_n or_o target_n pag._n ibid._n turn_v to_o the_o enemy_n or_o from_o the_o enemy_n pag._n ibid._n the_o word_n of_o direction_n in_o this_o motion_n pag._n 120._o chap._n xxvi_o wheel_v the_o battle_n pag._n 120._o how_o it_o be_v do_v pag._n 121._o a_o treble_a wheel_a pag._n ibid._n the_o end_n of_o this_o motion_n pag._n ibid._n example_n of_o double_a wheel_a pag._n 122._o chap._n xxvii_o to_o restore_v to_o the_o first_o posture_n pag._n 123._o what_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d signify_v pag._n ibid._n chap._n xxviii_o countermarche_n pag._n 125._o the_o macedonian_a countermarch_v by_o file_n pag._n 127._o the_o lacedaemonian_a pag._n ibid._n the_o choraean_a pag._n 129._o countermarche_n by_o rank_n pag._n 132._o the_o word_n of_o direction_n pag._n ibid._n chap._n xxix_o double_v pag._n 133._o the_o length_n double_v in_o number_n pag._n 134._o the_o use_n of_o it_o pag._n 135._o the_o danger_n of_o it_o the_o enemy_n be_v nigh_o pag._n 136._o the_o depth_n double_v pag._n ibid._n the_o word_n of_o command_n in_o this_o motion_n pag._n 137._o finis_fw-la finis_fw-la veget._n prolog_n lib._n 3._o 3._o xenoph._n cyropâ—d_n lib._n 29._o b._n b._n xenophon_n cyrop_n lib_n 8_o c._n 227._o 227._o plâ—t_fw-la in_o philopaement_n â—_o infra_fw-la cap._n 3._o 3._o leo._n cap._n 1._o 1._o dio_fw-mi &_o â—pat_fw-la tionem_fw-la in_o vitâ—adriani_n vitâ—adriani_n veget_fw-la lib._n 2._o 〈◊〉_d â—_o â—_o tacit._n in_o vita_fw-la agâ—colae_fw-la agâ—colae_fw-la dio_fw-mi in_fw-la vita_fw-la neâ—vae_fw-la neâ—vae_fw-la spartian_a in_o vita_fw-la adriani_n adriani_n vegetius_n lib._n â—_o cap_fw-es â—_o â—_o polyb._n lib._n 10._o pag_n 615._o â—_o â—_o plutarch_n in_o pyrrho_n pyrrho_n cicero_n epist_n 〈◊〉_d lib._n 9_o 〈◊〉_d 1â—_n 1â—_n epistel_n ad_fw-la qfâ—at_fw-la lib._n 1._o epi._n 1._o 1._o tuscul._n questi_fw-la lib._n 2._o 146._o 146._o liw_n decad_a 4._o lib._n 5_o 87._o â—_o â—_o plut._n in_o pyrrho_n pyrrho_n plutarch_n in_o pyrrho_n pyrrho_n plutarch_n in_o pyrrho_n pyrrho_n just_a lib_n 18_o 655._o a._n a._n lib._n 25_o 667._o d_o d_o plut._n in_o pyrrho_n pyrrho_n justin._n lib._n 2d_o 668._o c._n athenaeus_n dipnoseph_n lib._n 3._o 73._o b._n b._n plutarch_n in_o philopaement_n philopaement_n ibid._n ibid._n emilius_n probus_n â—n_fw-la vita_fw-la iphicratis_fw-la xenoph._n histor_n graec_fw-la lib._n 6._o 587._o b._n c_o diod_n sicul_fw-la lib._n 15_o 479._o polyaen_fw-la lib_n â—_o in_o iphicrate_n justin._n lib_n 6._o 631._o b._n c._n c._n adrian_n lib_n 2._o 42_o c._n c._n tuscul._n question_n lib._n 2._o 146._o 146._o plin._n natural_a hist._n lib_n 7_o cap_z â—0_n pag_n 115_o 115_o cicero_n de_fw-fr natura_fw-la dear_a lib_n 2_o â—7_n â—7_n plutarch_n in_o agesilao_n agesilao_n plin._n natural_a histor_n lib._n 7._o â—56_n â—56_n 〈◊〉_d paral_n â—_o pag._n 57_o 57_o plut._n in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d plutarch_n in_o agesilao_n agesilao_n drachma_n have_v iâ—_n it_o 6_o obol_n that_o be_v about_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sterling_a jul_n poll._n x._o lib._n â—_o cap._n â—_o 43â—_n 43â—_n vegetius_n lib._n â—_o cap._n 20._o a_o cataphract_n be_v the_o just_a and_o full_a armour_n of_o the_o fonte_fw-la hereafter_o we_o shall_v see_v what_o that_o armour_n be_v be_v stewechius_fw-la in_o vegetâ—um_fw-la pag._n 5â—_n 5â—_n notitia_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d &c_n &c_n occident_n in_o fine_a â—_o samuel_n cap._n 17_o vers_fw-la â—_o â—_o homer_n iliad_n 6_o 6_o pausan._n in_o laconâ—cis_fw-la 16â—_n 16â—_n athen_a dâ—pnoseph_n lib_n 14._o 627_o a_o a_o pausan._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d livy_n lib_n 1_o 27_o c_o c_o xeno_n in_o reâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 685_o e_z e_z homer_n â—_o iliad_n iliad_n 〈◊〉_d prob._n in_o iphicrate_n iphicrate_n xenoph._n cyâ—o_n lib_n 6_o 169._o 3_o 3_o plutarch_n in_o alexandro_n alexandro_n patrie_fw-fr paral._n paral._n plutarch_n in_o demeâ—io_n demeâ—io_n iust._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—_o dial_n 6_o ad_fw-la poly_n poly_n plin._n naâ—al_a lib._n 8._o caq._fw-la 48._o 48._o cesar_n de_fw-fr bell_n civiâ—_n lib._n 3_o 3_o xenoph._n de_fw-fr ex_fw-la bed_n cyr._n l._n 4._o 3â—8_n b_o these_o wing_n come_v down_o from_o their_o shoulder_n towards_o their_o elâ—_n bow_n bow_n cesar_n de_fw-fr belle_fw-fr civil_a lib._n â—_o â—_o xenop_n de_fw-fr exp_n cyri._n l._n 4_o 340_o a_o a_o 1_o sam._n c._n 17._o v._n 38_o 38_o cap._n 9_o five_o 2_o 2_o xenoph_n hist._n brec_fw-la li._n 6_o 596_o d_o d_o cicerâ—_n tuscul_n quest_n lib_n 2_o 2_o 〈◊〉_d cap._n 12_o 12_o aemil_n prob_fw-la in_o iphicra_fw-la &_o diod._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 15_o 480_o 480_o xenoph._n hist._n 〈◊〉_d l_o 〈◊〉_d 52â—_n d_o d_o 〈◊〉_d in_o philopolyâ—_n l._n 6_o in_o phi_n loâ—m_o §_o â—_o pavian_a in_o aâ—_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d polyb_a li_n 2._o 118_o c_o &_o 120_o c_o &_o lib_n â—_o 26â—_n e_z &_o lib._n â—_o 〈◊〉_d â—_o c._n c._n suidas_n in_o macâ—_n macâ—_n xenoph._n cyr._n lib_n 6_o copides_n be_v sword_n a_o little_a bend_n at_o the_o point_n like_o fish_n curt._n l._n â—â—_o 375_o 375_o polyb_a lib_n 17_o pag_n 763_o c_o c_o plutarch_n in_o lu._n cuâ—o_fw-it cuâ—o_fw-it plut_z in_o alex._n alex._n xenoph._n cyrop_v lib_n 1_o 8_o c_o c_o xenoph_n cyrop_v lib_n â—_o 1â—9_n b_o b_o xenop_n cyrop_v lib_n 7_o 172_o b_o b_o curtius_n lib_n â—_o silver-targetier_n silver-targetier_n plutarch_n in_o caesare_n caesare_n plinius_n histornat_a lib_n 7_o cap_n 28_o polyb_a lib_n â—_o 4_o 〈◊〉_d b_o c_o c_o herod_n li._n 1._o 34_o 34_o polyen_n li._n 7_o in_o psammench_n §_o 1._o 1._o plu_fw-fr in_fw-la philop._n polyâ—_n li._n 11._o â—29_n â—_o â—_o plutarch_n in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d plutarch_n in_o pelonida_n polyen_n l._n 3_o in_o iphier_n §_o 22_o leo_fw-la ca._n 20_o §._o 19â—_n 19â—_n thucyd._n lib._n 4._o 3._o 5._o b._n c._n c._n arrian_n li._n â—_o 3â—_n â—_o â—_o arrian_n li._n 1._o 1â—_n e._n e._n plutarch_n in_o pyrrâ—o_n pyrrâ—o_n polyb_a li._n 4_o â—_o 3â—â—_n 3â—â—_n appion_n in_o syriac_n 107._o d._n d._n aemilius_z probus_n in_o vita_fw-la iphicrat_fw-mi iphicrat_fw-mi xenoph_n cyr._n lib_n 7_o 1st_a 1st_a 〈◊〉_d in_o pho_n cicis_fw-la 648_o 648_o pausan_n in_o pho_n cic_fw-la 660_o gyaâ—othorax_n gyaâ—othorax_n polyen_v li_z 4_o in_o philipp_n §_o 10_o 10_o ad_fw-la ephes._n cap_n 6_o five_o 14_o 14_o diod_n sicul._n lib_n 17_o 619_o &_o 615_o 615_o leo_fw-la cap_n 6_o §_o 25_o &_o 35_o 37_o 37_o plut._n in_o timol._n timol._n veget._n â—_o 1_o ca._n 20_o 20_o xenoph._n cyr._n 167_o c_o c_o veget._n li._n 1_o cap_n 20_o 20_o diod_n sicul._n lib_n 18_o 18_o livy_n lib_n 9_o 243_o c_o c_o livy_n lib_n 1._o 27_o c_o c_o cap._n 12_o 12_o polyen_n li._n 6_o in_o philopoe_n §._o â—_o &_o pâ—ut_o in_o philopoe_n philopoe_n pausan._n in_o ar._n cad_z 4â—4_n 4â—4_n pausan._n in_o corinthiacis_n 1â—1_n &_o pliâ—nat_a hiâ—_n l._n â—_o cap._n 56_o 56_o cap._n 12_o 12_o polyb._n l_o 2_o 〈◊〉_d b_o &_o lib._n 4_o 331_o â—_o &_o 332_o c_o c_o pluâ—_n in_o aemiliâ—_n aemiliâ—_n polyb._n l._n 2._o 150_o b_o &_o 332_o d_o lib._n 4_o 4_o xenop_n de_fw-fr rep_n lace_a 68_o â—_o â—_o pausan_n in_o boeoticiâ—_n 56â—_n
be_v to_o provide_v arm_n arm_n be_v the_o security_n of_o their_o own_o soldier_n the_o terror_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o assure_a ordinary_a mean_n of_o victory_n the_o antiquity_n of_o arm_n be_v all_o one_o with_o the_o begin_n of_o war_n for_o when_o of_o ancient_a time_n mighty_a man_n puff_v up_o with_o pride_n and_o lead_v by_o ambition_n seek_v by_o violence_n to_o enlarge_v their_o empire_n and_o to_o bring_v under_o subjection_n their_o border_a neighbour_n they_o be_v enforce_v to_o fly_v to_o the_o invention_n of_o arm_n without_o which_o no_o victory_n can_v be_v obtain_v since_o arm_n have_v be_v take_v up_o for_o defence_n also_o necessity_n the_o mother_n of_o art_n invent_v a_o mean_n to_o withstand_v ambition_n as_o antalcidas_n well_o object_v to_o agesilaus_n be_v wound_v by_o the_o theban_n you_o be_v well_o reward_v for_o your_o labour_n quoth_v he_o since_o you_o will_v needs_o teach_v the_o theban_n to_o fight_v that_o have_v neither_o will_n nor_o skill_n so_o to_o do_v for_o the_o theban_n be_v put_v to_o necessity_n of_o defence_n grow_v warlike_a through_o many_o invasion_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n say_v agesilao_n plutarch_n who_o be_v the_o inventor_n of_o the_o several_a piece_n of_o armour_n and_o of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o weapon_n use_v in_o old_a time_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o relation_n of_o â—56_n pliny_n in_o his_o natural_a history_n this_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o most_o warlike_a nation_n and_o most_o victorious_a have_v always_o seek_v to_o have_v advantage_n of_o their_o enemy_n by_o advantage_n of_o arm_n the_o end_n of_o arm_n be_v either_o to_o defend_v or_o assault_v hence_o be_v arm_n divide_v into_o two_o kind_n defensive_a and_o offensive_a defensive_a be_v those_o which_o be_v wear_v to_o resist_v the_o force_n and_o charge_n of_o the_o enemy_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v the_o head-piece_n gorget_n cuirass_n vantbrace_n gauntlet_n tase_n greve_n and_o target_n for_o whereas_o there_o be_v eleven_o part_n in_o man_n the_o wound_n of_o any_o of_o which_o bring_v with_o they_o undoubted_a death_n as_o some_o 57_o author_n write_v the_o brain_n the_o two_o temple_n the_o throat_n the_o breast_n the_o belly_n the_o two_o muscle_n above_o the_o two_o elbow_n the_o other_o two_o above_o the_o knee_n &_o the_o privy_a member_n pierce_v with_o a_o thrust_n the_o head-piece_n serve_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o brain_n and_o temple_n the_o gorget_n for_o the_o throat_n the_o cuirass_n for_o the_o breast_n the_o vantbrace_n for_o the_o muscle_n of_o the_o arm_n the_o tase_n for_o the_o privity_n &_o belly_n the_o greve_n for_o the_o muscle_n above_o the_o knee_n and_o the_o target_n for_o further_a assurance_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n be_v movable_a against_o all_o stroke_n and_o proffer_n of_o the_o assailant_n offensive_a arm_n be_v such_o as_o man_n endeavour_v to_o wound_n or_o kill_v withal_o as_o fly_v weapon_n of_o all_o kind_n arrow_n stone_n out_o of_o sling_n or_o the_o hand_n sword_n pike_n partisan_n iaveline_n and_o the_o like_a 〈◊〉_d but_o as_o defence_n and_o security_n of_o a_o man_n self_n be_v more_o agreeable_a to_o nature_n then_o to_o hurt_v a_o enemy_n so_o be_v the_o defensive_a arm_n prefer_v before_o the_o offensive_a in_o that_o they_o bring_v safety_n to_o he_o that_o bear_v they_o where_o as_o the_o other_o be_v employ_v in_o annoieng_v the_o enemy_n only_o the_o poet_n set_v forth_o their_o brave_a and_o valiant_a man_n always_o best_o arm_v for_o defence_n so_o achilles_n in_o homer_n and_o aeneas_n in_o virgil_n be_v arm_v to_o point_n with_o arm_n wrought_v by_o vulcan_n to_o the_o end_n to_o remain_v untowch_v amidst_o the_o storm_n of_o their_o enemy_n weapon_n the_o grecian_a lawgiver_n punish_v that_o soldier_n that_o in_o fight_n cast_v away_o his_o target_n not_o he_o that_o lose_v his_o sword_n or_o pike_n agesilao_n plutarch_n write_v that_o at_o such_o time_n as_o epaminondas_n assault_v sparta_n the_o most_o warlike_a city_n of_o greece_n there_o be_v in_o the_o city_n a_o spartan_a name_v isadas_n who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o phoebidas_n he_o that_o surprise_v the_o castle_n of_o thebes_n call_v cadmaea_n and_o thereby_o stir_v up_o the_o war_n betwixt_o the_o theban_n and_o lacedaemonian_n &_o ruinate_v the_o principality_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_n in_o greece_n this_o man_n be_v in_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o age_n and_o personable_a and_o large_a of_o limb_n run_v forth_o of_o his_o house_n all_o naked_a his_o body_n anoint_v with_o oil_n without_o apparel_n or_o arm_n except_o a_o sword_n in_o one_o hand_n &_o a_o javelin_n in_o the_o other_o and_o break_v through_o the_o throng_n of_o those_o that_o fight_v on_o his_o side_n come_v to_o hand_n with_o the_o enemy_n and_o overthrow_v some_o and_o kill_v other_o some_o continue_v the_o fight_n till_o the_o enemy_n be_v repulse_v and_o at_o last_o return_v into_o the_o city_n without_o wound_n the_o chief_a magistrate_n understand_v hereof_o reward_v he_o with_o a_o crown_n for_o his_o valour_n but_o yet_o fine_v he_o at_o a_o hundred_o 43â—_n drachma_n for_o that_o he_o dare_v venture_v to_o fight_v without_o arm_n defensive_a judge_v it_o a_o 〈◊〉_d almost_o impossible_a that_o a_o naked_a man_n shall_v escape_v with_o life_n fight_v against_o the_o armeaâ—andes_n of_o so_o many_o valiant_a enemy_n as_o the_o theban_n be_v in_o arm_n be_v require_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v strong_a that_o they_o shall_v be_v fit_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v comely_a strong_a to_o protect_v or_o annoy_n fit_a to_o set_v close_o to_o the_o body_n and_o be_v manageable_a comely_a to_o grace_v he_o that_o bear_v they_o that_o defensive_a arm_n ought_v to_o be_v strong_a may_v be_v show_v by_o the_o end_n of_o arm_n which_o be_v to_o save_v harmless_a against_o arrow_n dart_n and_o other_o offensive_a arm_n of_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o fail_v of_o this_o end_n they_o be_v of_o no_o use_n it_o be_v better_o to_o be_v unarm_v then_o carry_v arm_n that_o will_v not_o defend_v without_o arm_n you_o have_v the_o body_n free_a and_o at_o liberty_n carieng_n arm_n though_o never_o so_o light_a they_o must_v be_v a_o cumber_v to_o you_o and_o some_o what_o hinder_v the_o motion_n of_o your_o body_n arm_n therefore_o ought_v to_o be_v sufficient_a to_o resist_v the_o weapon_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o inconvenience_n of_o defective_a and_o weak_a arm_n be_v well_o note_v by_o vegetius_n be_v from_o the_o build_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n say_v he_o till_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n gratian_n the_o foot_n arm_v their_o body_n with_o cataphractes_fw-la and_o headpiece_n but_o when_o field_n exercise_n through_o negligence_n and_o sloth_n be_v give_v over_o armour_n begin_v to_o grow_v heavy_a because_o it_o be_v sieldome_o put_v on_o they_o make_v suit_n therefore_o to_o the_o emperor_n first_o that_o they_o may_v leave_v of_o their_o cataphractes_fw-la then_o their_o head-piece_n so_o our_o soldier_n encounter_v with_o the_o goth_n be_v oftentimes_o whole_o defeat_v and_o slay_v by_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o arrow_n and_o a_o little_a after_o so_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v say_v he_o that_o they_o who_o without_o arm_n be_v expose_v in_o the_o battle_n to_o wound_n think_v not_o so_o much_o of_o fight_n as_o of_o run_v away_o yet_o must_v we_o not_o imagine_v that_o those_o soldier_n fight_v in_o their_o ordinary_a apparel_n only_o i_o incline_v rather_o to_o the_o opinion_n of_o 5â—_n stewechius_fw-la who_o hold_v that_o they_o take_v themselves_o to_o their_o military_a coat_n call_v in_o fine_a notitia_fw-la utrâque_fw-la thoracomachi_n and_o to_o their_o target_n this_o thoracomachus_n be_v a_o garment_n invent_v long_o before_o gratian'ss_n time_n and_o wear_v under_o the_o armour_n of_o the_o soldier_n and_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o felt_n but_o be_v no_o proof_n against_o arrow_n and_o their_o target_n not_o sufficient_a to_o cover_v their_o head_n and_o whole_a body_n from_o arrow_n they_o be_v obnoxius_fw-la to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o goth_n and_o receyve_v those_o overthrow_n vegetius_n speak_v of_o the_o matter_n whereof_o strong_a arm_n be_v make_v i_o find_v to_o be_v divers_a some_o be_v forge_v of_o steel_n as_o the_o armour_n of_o goliath_n and_o the_o head-piece_n of_o k._n saul_n for_o it_o be_v not_o there_o set_v â—_o down_o what_o his_o cuirass_n be_v of_o notwithstanding_o it_o be_v likely_a it_o be_v of_o the_o same_o matter_n of_o which_o his_o head-piece_n be_v make_v when_o i_o say_v these_o armour_n be_v of_o steel_n i_o follow_v therein_o the_o judgement_n of_o tremelius_fw-la and_o junius_n who_o so_o translate_v it_o &_o with_o they_o also_o agree_v vatablus_n for_o the_o old_a translation_n have_v that_o they_o be_v of_o brass_n i_o have_v not_o elsewhere_o read_v of_o steel_n armour_n and_o