is quartered alone without Cavallrie it is disposed as the figure following sheweth The Infanterie quartered on the side of a river A. The field of battaile B. The Alarme-place C. The huts of the quarters D. The Sutlers E. The guards of the Generall F. The Generals lodgings G. The quarter for the powder and train of Artillerie H. The waggons for victuall I. A bridge of boats K. A fort to guard the bridge If the horse be quartered amongst the foot it is to be done after this manner To a troop of 100 horse must be allowed 70 foot in Front and 200 in depth To two horsemen 8 foot of length a Others allow but 10 foot 12 in breadth to make one hut Every horse occupieth 4 foot in breadth and 10 in depth All the men are lodged in 2 Files and so are the horses Between the huts and the stables there is a street of b Some allow but 5 foot 8 foot broad The horses stand with their heads towards their riders huts The street between the stables is c 13 foot as some say For this you may see my book of Cavallrie in figure 4. 10 foot broad for the passage of the horses The quartering of a troop of 100 horse A. B. The Front of the troop A. C. The depth A. C. and B.D. The souldiers huts 25 in each file E.F. and G.H. The 2 rowes of stables each of them for 50 horses K. Is the street between the stables I. I. Are the streets between the huts and the stables The Captains lodgings are at the head of the troops every one before his own troop taking up in Front the whole breadth of the troops and in depth 40 foot Betweene these lodgings and the troops there is a street of 20 foot breadth Behinde the troops are the Sutlers huts of 20 foot deep separated from the troops by a street of 20 foot broad The distance between each troop is 20 foot The quartering of a Regiment of five troops of horse Q. The retrenchment of the campe R. The Alarme-place L.M. The depth of the quarter L. The Captains lodgings N. The street between the Captains lodgings and their troops O. The lodgings of the trocps P. The street between the troops and the Sutlers M. The Sutlers huts S. The streets between the troops T. The space between the Regiments When the horse and foot encamp together they are disposed of as the figure following demonstrateth It seldome happeneth that they are quartered together by reason of the great annoyance which the Cavallrie bringeth to the Infanterie A quarter of Infanterie and Cavallrie fronting every way B. The Alarme-place C. The quarters D. The streets between the quarters E The Regiments of foot F. The Regiments of horse F. F. The Generall of horse G. The Generall of the Armie H. The quarter for the Artillery and the Generall thereof I. The quarter for the Commissarie Generall of the victuall and his train K. Lodgings for Strangers L. The Market and Shambles Of embattailing the Armie CHAP. III. THere be two kindes of occasions of giving battaile the one is particular hapning between small troops as encounters which for the most part are given by accident and sometimes upon deliberation also such skirmishes as are ordinarily used to draw out entertain or discover the enemie The other is generall as when one Armie coming to encounter the other they give Battaile wherein for the diversities of times before the combat during it and after it there must be had divers considerations Before the combat you must know the enemies forces both horse and foot as also his Artillerie and Munitions you must also know whereunto he chiefly trusteth in what order he useth to fight also the situation and passages of the countrey You must make diligent discoverie of his designes and actions by your own spies or the enemies being corrupted with money or promises You must attempt to divide his forces to raise jealousies and diffidences between his chiefs or between them and their officers to incite his souldiers to mutinie You must strive to seize upon the most advantageous ground to range the Armie into Battalia having regard to the winde to avoid the dust and smoak and to drive it into their eyes and to the sunne that you be not dazled directing your self according to the place and the number of your own and the enemies forces The souldiers must be deprived of all hope of saving themselves by flight and must be brought to a disposition to fight courageously propounding to them the glorie the bootie the recompense and the necessitie The order which must be observed in ranging the Armie for a In my book of Cavallrie before mentioned you may see divers formes of battaile in figure 8 9 10 c. combat hath been shewed in the first chapter being the same as the march in battalia The Artillerie must play so soon as they begin to discover the battaillons of the enemie making the batterie fitly and speedily to disorder and scatter them before they come to give battaile Whilest the Armie stands ranged in battalia expecting the signall for combat the Marshalls of the field ought to ride before the Van to cause them to advance when the fight shall begin according to the Generalls order and to command the battaillons to joyne and charge the enemie or to receive his charge according to occurrences The Generall of the Armie by his diligence ought to be as the soul in the body throughout all the members alwayes observing the countenance of the enemie to make his men fight to purpose assisting the broken battaillons by fresh ones or by squadrons and ordering those which having been disbanded shall rally again to send them to the combat to releeve their fellows And because such as have been beaten will hardly return to fight again you must not trust too much to them As soon as you be within reach of the Canon you must go on directly upon the enemie unlesse you be sheltered from his Artillerie by this means your souldiers are encouraged you avoid the danger of the enemies Canon and you leave behinde you the place where your Armie stood ranged which ground will serve to rally and order the Battaillons which shall happen to be routed You must not give on so hastily as that thereby the Battaillons be disordered and on the other-side you are to use a marching pace untill you come within distance of a Pistoll-shot but then to double your pace and to charge furiously the Pikes being close serried and the Muskets continually playing on the Flanks having certain Targetteers in Front which may shelter the Battaillon and disorder the enemies Pikes You must give a sufficient Front to the Battaillons that so they may overwing the enemie and charge him in Front and Flank observing on which part the enemie giveth the most violent assault and thither to send the troops of Reserve as also where he is weakest that
of the Artillerie there also to put the armie into form of battaile even as if they were that day to fight with the enemie The manner of ordering the armie for combat is according to that which the Generall shall intend to execute as to go and conquer a countrey to releeve a place besieged to give battaile to march crosse through an enemies countrey or to make a retreat If he purpose to conquer a countrey he ought to know the estate of the same as whether it be well peopled or not whether he might be opposed by one or more armies and what manner of ones to know their alliances and the means how to break them or at least to hinder them from joyning together if it be possible to know the passages their places of entrance and issuings out the woods mountains straits ports keyes bridges havens the situation of their cities and places of strength their garrisons and munitions He ought to be informed of the fertilitie of the countrey to cause victuall to be carried thither if it be barren or to discharge his armie of that train if it abound He is to have the plat of the countrey in a generall map and also in many particular ones to know the situation and distance of places and whether the countrey be plain and even or the contrary and to judge by the capacity of the place what front he may give to his armie If his designe be to releeve some besieged place and to convey supplies within it and to effect that desireth to force a quarter he ought not to spread out the wings of his armie but to keep himself serried close as did Prince Maurice when he releeved Coevorden against the King of Spains army conducted by Verdugo and the Marquis Spinola when he went to releeve Groll The armie of the Marquis Spinola when he marched to releeve Groll Front If he intend to deliver battaile to his enemie the occasion offering it self and the countrey being fit for it he ought to extend the front of his armie as much as may be yet not so much that it be not strong enough in the depth to sustain the enemies charge but to have the van-guard battaile and rear-guard of sufficient thicknesse to hinder his being surprised on the flanks and to the end that every man may fight which is one of the most important considerations and to attempt to enclose the enemie within a crescent so to charge him on the front flanks and rear if it may be as did Gaston de Fois at Ravenna against Raimond de Cardonne and the Prince Maurice at Newport and also when he traversed the plains of Gulick The armie of Prince Maurice when he went to besiege Gulick ranged into two forms of battaile the one when the pikes and muskets were joyned and the other when they were divided The black squares represent the squadrous of horse and the white ones the battaillons of foot Front of the Battaile You may see this figure more largely and more exactly in my book of Cavallry in figure 16. If he desire to cause his Army to traverse or march through an enemies countrey he ought alwayes to cause them to be quartered together in one body without disuniting of any part and to march in Battalia making choice of open places free from woods and such as are plain and even securing his quarters and carrying munitions with him requisite for the time of his passing through for it is a very hard matter to lead an armie through an enemies countrey especially if it be divided by rivers covered with woods and mountainous and if there be in it places of strength and a mean armie to defend it self for it alwayes molests you cuts off the passage of victuall hindreth your armie in their march alwayes troubleth them on the Hanks or Reare waites upon advantagâ—s seeks occasions of surprising and continually layeth ambushes But after what manner soever your Army be embattailed a care you must have that all hands may be brought to fight and that your Army may deliver combat at least three times which it shall doe if it be divided into Van Battaile and Reare Let the horse be so disposed as they may alwayes second the foot and that in such sort as finding themselves disordered they may finde place to rally themselves under their shelter having no Battaillon behinde them so near whereby they might be again routed after such a disorder The Artillerie ought to be so placed that it hinder not the passage of the Battaillons that it may easily discover those of the enemie For the most part the Infanterie is within the body of the Armie in severall Battaillons disposed checquer wise the Cavallrie on their Wings and Reare in severall Squadrons and the Artillerie according to the convenience of the place on the Front of the Armie or on the Flanks of the Battaillons The Armie having been mustered at the place of rendez-vous it doth usually march away in Battalia to the place of their encamping that night if the countrey will permit it that so they may be taught how to march in order of Battaile which if it cannot do by reason of the unevennesse of the countrie the Pioners must be caused to make many severall wayes filling the ditches breaking down hedges and laying bridges of boats or otherwise over rivers and brooks In the middle-way the Artillerie Munition and Baggage shall march on the wings of these one part of the Infanterie is to march in their long order either three or five in Ranke on the Flank of these Foot some Carabines the two third parts of Cuirassiers shall be in two Squadrons at the head of the Armie and the other one third part in the like disposition on the Reare the Harquebusiers shall march before the Cuirassiers in the Front of all the Armie with the Carabines and Dragons saving some few which shall be on the Reare the Infanterie oâ—â— t to march in the middle in the forme of double Battaillons as much as may be divided into Van Battaile and Reare all which will be more cleare by the forme which the Marquis Spinola observed when he marched through Freeseland to besiege Lingen whereof the figure followeth Front If the enemie be neare to the place where the armie is to arive the Marshall of the Field having chosen a fit place for the field of combat gives order for the placing of the Artillerie disparteth the quarters and places of the Regiments and Munitions causeth all the camp to be entrenched round about according to the art of fortification To this end he must endeavour to lodge at a seasonable houre that so he may have time to make his retrenchments to divide the quarters to place the guards to send out to forrage to cause the huts to be made to discover the actions of the enemie and to prevent a thousand inconveniences which the night produceth disposing all things according to the place
and time Of encamping the Armie CHAP. II. AN Army is quartered in the field or in some village in the field when the enemie is at hand then must it be quartered in Battaillons as if every houre there were occasion of cambat Also the lodging in the field is when you lay any siege or when the infection compells you to flee the places of shelter or when the countrey is wasted and without houses The quartering in villages is when the enemie is farre off so as you may have time to put the Armie into form of Battaile in the place of Alarm before he can be upon your jack Whether the encamping be in the field or in the villages it must be commodious and assured It will be commodious if there be abundance of water wood forrage and capacitie of roome convenient to lodge the whole armie and to make the Alarme-place It will be assured being in the field by fortifying the camp round about by causing it to be well guarded by good Corps-du-guards and Sentinels within and Sentinell-perdues without having Redouts round about if the enemie be to be feared or that he be near See the Leaguer of Prince Maurice before Sluys and before Grave Fol. 87 88. It will be assured in the villages when the Alarme-place shall front the enemy being eminent and commanding the ground round about it capable to range the whole armie into order oâ— battaile fortified by art and nature commodiouâ— for the advenues and sallies without confusion oâ— the troops That it be not assaultable withouâ— great disadvantage to the enemie being near tâ— the quarters well defended by Artillerie and well secured by Corps-du-guards aswell oâ— Infanterie as Cavallrie Concerning the quarters they must be difficult to force and to assault at lest unawares fâ—cile to be releeved and therefore near together fortified retrenched and well guarded So then all that is to be considered about thâ— lodging of an Armie which is to be encampeâ— for a long time for for one night it is onelâ— reâ—uisite to make choice of places advantagiouâ— and such as are strong by nature or to defenâ— them by waggons or other meanes of enclosinâ— the camp consisteth in the commoditie of 〈◊〉 things namely victuall water forrage wood â—â—tuation and enclosures of the field Having regard to the certaintie of victuall and munitions by not adventuring too farre of and leaving none of the enemies towns on the Flanks which might intercept or cut off your way seeking out the commoditie of rivers to be served of water to drink for conveyance or to impale with waggons and to secure the one Flank of the Armie it being impossible to be without them and chiefly good ones For these reasons mountainous places are to be avoided and also valleys the one for the barrennesse the other for the badnesse and discommoditie of the filthy pooles and for the bad aire which they cause being crude and foggie Regard must be had of the abundance commoditie and certaintie of forrage for the horse make an incredible waste besides that much is required for the Souldiers to lie upon and to cover their huts with Good store of wood must be had for sires in the Corps-du-guards and to build huts A care must be had that the place where you intend to encamp be smooth plain and sandy if it may be farre from any place that commandeth it or if there be any it must be seased upon and taken in within the retrenchment to discover and command the champain If there be any wood near you ought to make use of it and guard it somewhat enlarging the retrenchment and leaving roome between both to meet with ambushes which the enemie might lay within it The forme of a retrenchment of an Armie is usually square and the sides thereof ought to be fortified by Tenailles to defend the one by the other and so to be disposed of as in giving fire by night those of the Armie may not hurt each other making them more or lesse strong as the enemie is more or lesse to be feared Touching the particular things which concern the disparting of the lodgings within the enclosure of the camp these things are to be observed The retrenchement ought to be in breadth and depth two fadomes and the paraper one fadom in height Round about the inside of the retrenchement there must be a space left of a The proportion generally observed is 200 foot 40 or 45 fadomes broad which is called the Alarm-place which must be spacious enough to contain the whole Armie in Battalia Then follow the quarters of 300 foot b The Authour saith 300 foot broad but that is a mistake deep which must be divided for the making of the lodgings after this manner For a Companie of 200 footmen there must be 56 foot in Front and 200 in depth to make 4 rowes of huts 25 in each row between which there must be 3 streets of 8 foot broad Every hut hath 8 foot square to lodge 2 souldiers All the doores of them open upon 2 streets and answer just over against each other The quartering of a Foot-companie A.B. The Front of a Companie is of foure huts A.C. The depth is of 25 huts D. The streets between the huts Before the Companies are the Captaines lodgings every of them at the head of his own Companie possessing in breadth the whole Front of the Companie and in depth 25 foot These lodgings are divided from the Companies by a street of 35 foot broad where the Armes are placed as also the Corps-du-guards and Colours Behinde the Companies are the Sutlers huts containing 20 foot in depth and these are separated from the Companies by a street of 20 foot broad The Companies are divided from each other by a street of 8 foot breadth In the middle of the Regiment there must be a place of 80 foot breadth in Front of which the Colonell is to be lodged and more inward the Sergeant Major Provost and all the Offâ—cers of the Regiment The space between each Regiment must be 200 or 300 foot The quartering of a Regiment of six Companies of foot I. The retrenchment of the camp K. The Alarme-place A.B. The depth of the quarter A. The Captains lodgings D. A street between them and their Companies where the Pikes are placed C. The Companies B. The Suttlers E. The street between the Companies and Sutlers G. A void place in the middle of the Regiment F. The Colonels lodging H. A space between the Regiments The placing of the Captaines tents at the head of their Companies is now left off And they are now in the Reare of them in E. and before the Sutlers partly for that by this means the Captains can better take notice of and so remedy the disorders which happen in the Sutlers huts and that so the accesse to the Alarme-place may be the freer for that the Captaines tents taking up the ground before hindred it When the Infanterie
there he may be the more easily routed dissembling and concealing all sinister accidents and whatsoever proves prosperous to cause that to be published aloud for the raising of their spirits which happily might be become heartlesse either by overmuch labour or by the rumour of some disaster propounding to them the faintnesse of the enemie the death of his Commanders the slight of his troops the spoil the honour of the victorie and the great bootie Sending the orders and commands by Officers and persons known and not from hand to hand by passe parolle After the combat either you are vanquisher or vanquished If you be vanquisher and have no cause to feare the enemie any more as being not able to rally himself either you content your self with the victorie or you attempt farther to conquer If you rest content with this victorie God is solemnly to be praised the souldiers are to be reduced commended and recompenced principally the Chiefs and such as have performed any signall acts sharing out the spoil amongst them according to their merits giving order that the prisoners be trustily kept and courteously used causing the hurt to be carefully cured and the dead buried If you attempt to conquer the enemies countrey you are to publish the victorie for that will cause his confederates to shrink from their alliance it will affright your enemie and will make the Neuters to declare themselves for the victour it will keep your confederates faithfull and constant your subjects obedient and will procure favour from all men Then the Armie must be supplied with men and munitions the enemies garrisons must be summoned recompensing such as shall yeeld the places within their custody dealing rigorously with such as shall be headstrong gaining the great ones of the countrey by money estates and honour attempting to seize upon the advenues and passages and to leave nothing at your back which might hinder the passage of your munitions and victuall If you be vanquished either the enemie gives you time to retreat or else he pursues you with all his forces If he give you time you must gather together all what possibly you can of your broken and scattered men making your retreat resolutely and honourably and shewing your self in the field again so soon as may be with the greatest number of souldiers that can be gotten to make head again against the enemie to oppose his designes to disquiet and molest his actions to work his confederates to oppose him to divert and divide his forces to fortifie the passages to provide and furnish your frontier places with victuall munition and garrisons If you be pursued with extremitie you must retreat in the best order you shall be able making it appear you are not vanquished in your courage though you be so in your fortunes causing all your countrey to take armes and that such as shall be in armes do present themselves at the passage to hinder the enemies entrance breaking down the bridges and landing-places of rivers cutting of the high-wayes and felling of trees to lay a crosse the high-wayes breaking down the sluces and drowning the countrey if it be possible assuring your self of the fidelitie of your cities and subjects the one by forts cittadels and garrisons the other by hostages offices and benefits Of the building of forts CHAP. IIII. BEfore the fortifying of any place consideration must be had of the situation for if it be on a mountain which is all a rock and that the place comprehendeth all the top it will be difficult to approach the flanks will be secured it will be free from mines and command it will easily discover round about it will do horrible execution and will be wholesome both for the inhabitants and for the munitions But such a place hath usually these discommodities want of water and earth hard to be retrenched easie to be quickly blocked up and the passages and advenues for the releeving of it easie to be cut off If it be on a mountain which is not a rock it will be subject to mining the trenches of approach will be easily undermined and it will have almost all the discommodities of the place above said but it will also have the advantage of store of earth and by that means it may easily be retrenched If the place be seated on a mountain which hath one or more advenues which command it such place will be easie to be assailed and battered from those advenues If the place be moorish the approaches are difficult but the discommodities are great for them within it for they are soon shut up their sallies are difficult and dangerous the place is unwholesome for the inhabitants the munitions are soon corrupted and it is hard to be releeved If the place be on a plain but commanded by one or more hills it will have an infinite number of discommodities and almost no conveniences If it be in a plain which is sandy the works which there shall be made will hardly be worth any thing But if it be on a plain champain and levell on all sides the earth being fat and strong it will be easie there to fortifie and to prevent the discommodities having very advantageous conveniences But whatsoever the situation be if you intend there to fortifie you must first calculate whether your means be sufficient whether the season be fitting whether you have a sufficient number of workmen and tooles time enough to finish it before the season change or the enemie can come upon you whether you have souldiers enough to guard it sufficient Artillerie to defend it munition enough for the souldiers and Artillerie victuall sufficient for the men and fodder for the horses succours so near as that they may arrive within such time as it may be conceived the fort may be maintained against the violence of the enemie If all these things do favour you you may boldly fall to work having regard first to the matter and secondly to the forme Concerning the matter if you have the commoditie of stone brick and chaulk you must line all the works of the curtains bullworks and counterscarps with good and strong sloapings after this manner those of the curtain and counterscarp have a fourth part of the height for their sloap and those of the faces of the Bullworks a third The faces of the Bullworks must have spurres ten foot distant from each other of three foot thick and 25 foot long the said spurres being strongly bound in with the wall which must be built in arches underpropped 6 foot without the foundations onely on the spurres If you have onely earth there must be such a sloap given to the works according as they are strong or sandy ordinarily of 5 foot one Such works must be well furnished with pallisadoes and environed with water for they are subject to surprises because the showers of rain and frosts make them moulder away Touching the forme if it be regular which is when it hath the sides
under the cornet of the said Marshall of the field with the Quartermasters Commissaries of the victuall and artillerie engineers harbingers and pioners In marching he is to send a troop before and one on either hand who shall send out before them five or six scouts to discover the champain as perdues If an alarm happen he ought to be well informed of the cause and not to mistake it so ought he not to stay so long that he be put to flight but shall send word to the Generall for supplies that so the Armie may have leisure to embattaile If he arrive safely at the rendez-vous of the Armie he is to send his troops half a mile or more beyond to discover the countrey and to gâ—t intelligence concerning the enemie mean while he is to observe the ground and place for the camp and having traced it out in the generall the Quartermaster Generall shall make the divisions and deliver them to the Quartermasters of regiments Finally the Marshals of the field ought to order the quartering of the whole Armie to be the first on horseback and to alight last being alwayes present at all the motions of the Armie He must take the word from the Lieutenant Generall of the Armie to give it to all the officers of the field which must come to him for it The Generall and Lieutenant Generall of horse the Generall of foot and the Generall of the Artillerie take the word from the Generall of the Armie if they will not take it from the Marshall of the field Of the Commissarie Generall of the victuall The Commissarie Generall of the victuall ought to know the number of men which are to be fed the place whither the munitions are to be brought when they must begin to be distributed and how long to continue that so he may make provision of corn and cause the bread to be baked The measure of wheat at Paris is this What these make of our English measures see it in Cotgrave and others the muyd hath twelve septiers the septier twelve boysseaux The septier of wheat weigheth about 240 pound and of meslin 220 pound The munition meslin is two third parts of wheat and one third part of rye the boysseaux of this messin weigheth about eighteen pound There is drawn out of it three pound of bran and fifteen pound of meal which is kneaded with ten pound of water whereof the paste weigheth 25 pound of 16 ounces in the pound and makes about 20 pound of baked bread To every souldier is usually given two loaves a day of ten ounces weight a piece and one pinte of wine Paris measure such as there is 290 in a muyd and three muyds make a tun The Cavallrie is not fed with amunition-bread because they are usually quartered under shelter in towns and villages The waggons to carrie munition-bread are made after the manner of tumbrels or chests each of them is drawn by foure horses and carrieth 1500 loaves and a mule with wicker paniers carrieth 300. There must be three times as much carriage as is needfull to carrie victuall for one day as to feed five thousand mouths there must be ten thousand loaves and five and thirty mules or horses to carrie them being tripled they will be one hundred five mules which must be had namely one third part to go to fetch the bread one third part which is coming with it and one third part which is unlading There useth ordinarily to be added to the munitions one quarter of bread and wine more then needeth Of the Master or Generall of the Artillerie He is absolute over all the Artillerie and the officers thereof and is subject to none but the King and in the armie to the Lieutenant Generall He must keep account or inventorie of the pieces powder bullets and equipage of the pieces and of all the officers of the Artillerie in the whole kingdome to inform his Majestie when he shall have a desire to execute some designe as to besiege some place to fight a battaile in the field or at sea or to strengthen his holds He ought to know what provisions and preparations he is to make how and where the ordinance are to be planted at what distance they should be levelled of what qualitie the wall is which is to be battered and what the power is of his Artillerie If a souldier of the armie hath committed any offence and can convey himself among the Artillerie he is there as in a priviledged place and cannot there be apprehended unlesse it be by the Provost of the Artillerie who shall deliver him into the hands of his Captain after that he be informed of his delict by a legall triall In the situation of the ordinance he is to regard that the place be commodious that it be easie to be defended by the souldiers that they may skirmish with facilitie that in case of necessitie the ordinance may speedily retreat that they may discover command and batter point blank and that their distance be not excessive The souldiers appointed to guard the Artillerie ought not to come nearer it then fifty paces The Generall of the Artillerie ought every yeare to present a list of the officers of the Artillerie to the King filling the vacant places with the names of such persons as he shall think most fitting then the King either confirmeth the same or altereth it at his pleasure then signeth it and causeth it also to be signed by a secretarie of state This list is delivered to the treasurer Generall of the Artillerie who prosecutes the assignations and payeth the officers named in that list taking their acquittances His officers are a Lieutenant Generall a Guard Generall two Controllers Generall a Treasurer Generall who payeth according to the Generall of the Artillerie his order a Quartermaster a Provost and each of them hath two Commissaries in all the storehouses and armories of France He causeth the ordinance to be founded tryed and mounted he buyeth the metall wood bullets iron work pikes muskets and all sorts of armes shovels pickaxes hatchets hammers ladders c. horses waggons cordage c. causeth the powders and fireworks to be compounded and that in all the magazines of France Of the Generall of horse He commandeth all the light horse and carabines and in his absence the Colonell doth it He lodgeth and leads them and sends them to the conflict and gives them the order of combat He is lodged with his Cavallrie at the head of the Armie sends out every day to discover the enemie renders an account dayly of the same and their actions to the Lieutenant Generall of the Armie The chiefs of the forces are the King the Kings sonnes the Princes of the bloud the Generall and the Colonells c. For all the troops there is a Quartermaster and one or two harbingers Generall And over every troop a Captain a Lieutenant a Cornet a Quartermaster an harbinger and a trumpet The dutie
countermarch is when the file-leaders face about and draw their files after them and come into the place of the bringers-up and the bringers-up come into the file-leaders places the battaillon possessing the same ground it had before A battaillon which hath performed the Persian or Cretan countermarch Countermarches by ranks are performed by the same rules and wayes as hath been shewed in those of files Wheeling is when the whole body of the battaillon turneth which is done upon the angles of the battaillon upon the right or left hand file-leader or on the middle of the front the middle file-leaders being as the center or on the center of the battaillon When the battaillon wheeleth upon the right hand file-leader it wheeleth to the right hand When it is upon the left hand file-leader it wheeleth to the left A quarter turn is called the first wheeling as when the battaillon A. comes to possesse the place B. turning upon the center E. An half turn is called the second wheeling which will be when the battaillon is come to possesse the ground C. Three quarter turn is called the third wheeling which will bring the battaillon into D. A battaillon wheeling upon the right hand file-leader The words of command are Make ready your armes Put your selves in battalia Make even your files and ranks Take your distances Advance your pikes Faces to the right As you were Faces to the left As you were Faces to the rear As you were Files to the right double As you were Double your files advancing As you were Double your files by the half ranks As you were Ranks double by ranks As you were Ranks double by the half files As you were Ranks double on both flanks As you were Countermarch c. As you were Wheel c. As you were Foure regiments made the battaile of heavie armed foot the two on the right hand were called the right wing and the two on the left the left wing The officers of these foure regiments were the Generall of foot N. The Lieutenants Generall O. The regiments are P. The front of the battaile of heavie armed foot So much concerning the heavie armed foot which differed not from the light armed concerning their order but onely in their number for the light armed had their files but of 8 deep in all the rest they were alike For they had as many files as many companies as many regiments as many officers disposed in the same order Foure regiments made the front of their battaile and two made a wing their commanders were The Lieutenant Generall Q. The Lieutenant Colonels assistants R. The regiments S. The front of the battaile of light armed foot Sometimes the light armed foot marched before the heavie armed sometimes they marched on their flanks sometimes between them and sometimes in their rear The form of battaile of the foot when the heavie armed marched before the light armed T. is the left wing V. is the right wing X. the heavie armed regiments Y. the light armed regiments The horse were sometimes placed round about the armie by squadrons sometimes on the wings and also on the rear sometimes amongst the armie on the wings of the battaillons and sometimes onely on the wings of the armie which they did most usually dividing them into two equall parts placing the one half on the right wing and the other half on the left wing The form of the armie ranged in battaile as well Infanterie as Cavalerie X. are the heavie armed foot Y. the light armed foot Z. the horse the one half on the right wing and the other half on the left As they which use flying weapons were but half the number of the pikes so the horse were but half the number of those which used flying weapons that is a fourth part of the foot The Persians and Sicilians disposed their troops of horse in square bodies as the French do now adayes but the Scythians Thracians and Macedonians put them into a triangular form or wedge and the Thessalians into a rhomb or diamond They ordered their horse in these wedges and rhombs sometimes by files and sometimes by ranks as in these figures Captain Lieutenant Ilarchos Plagiophylarchos Captain Lieutenant Corporall Ilarchos Plagiophylarchos Vragos The Grecians disposed their armies into fundrie forms which was very easie for them to do they being able to lengthen thicken open close it change the figure or turn the front as pleased them by reason their souldiers were practised in all the motions aforesaid and at the sound of the trumpet both horse and foot knew what they were to do Sometime their armie marched with an even front according to the form shewed before when their enemie was before them sometimes in two bodies when the enemie was on their flanks sometimes in foure when they were in danger on all sides sometimes in sithes checquers crescents and manches In the figure following are represented six dispositions of battaile A. Double fronted B. Foure fronts C. The sithe or open fronted wedge D. The checquer E. The crescent F The manches ♂ The horse â™’ The light armed ♊ The heavie armed A B C D E F A battaillon which had a greater depth then front they called Orthion That which had the front exceeding the depth Plagion That battaillon is called oblique which fighteth by the wings one wing serving for the vanguard When the battaile was begun to be ranged by the wings and was ended at the middle it was called Parembole When they began to range their battaile by the midst and finished it on the wings it was called Prostaxis When the heavy armed foot being first placed the light armed were placed at their front it was called Protaxis When after that the heavie armed were ranged the light armed foot were placed in their rear it was called Epitaxis When the light armed foot were ranged in the intervalls between the pikes it was called Entaxis When the light armed were placed on the wings of the whole armie they called it Hypotaxis Of the heavie armed foot called Hoplites Number of men Files Greek names of the troops The names interpreted Greek names of officers Officers names interpreted 4.  Enomotia A quartain Enomotarcha A quartainer 8.  Dimoeria An half file Dimoerites An half file-leader 16. 1. Lochia A file Lochagos A file-leader 32. 2. Dilochia Two files Dilochites A Lanspassado 64. 4. Tetrarchia A squadron Teâ—rarcha A Corporall 128. 8. Taxiarchia A centurie Taxiarcha A Centurion 256. 16. Syntagma A companie Syntagmatarcha A Captain 512. 32. Pentacosiarchia A double companie Pentacosiarcha A Colonels assistant 1024. 64. Chiliarchia A brigado Chiliarcha A Commander of a brigado or Sergeant major 2048. 128. Merarchia A double brigado Merarcha A Lieutenant Colonell 4096. 256. Phalangia A regiment Phalangarchos A Colonell 8192. 512. Diphalangia One wing of the regiment Diphalangarchos Lieutenant Generall of foot 16384. 1024. Tetraphalangia The battaile of the heavie armed foot Tetraphalangarchos The
truce how you should parly how you should make alliance how you should make league How much you should make warre how much you should make peace how much you should make truce how much you should parly how much you should make alliance how much you should make league And if you turn the third circle even as the second you shall finde that the said 36 questions being joyned to the six common places of the said circle will produce 216. Namely Whether you should make warre with your compatriots whether you should make peace with your compatriots whether you should make truce with your compatriots c. These 216 questions are resolved by the common places of the fifth sixth and ninth circles If you have concluded to make warre the questions to be propounded about the actions thereof are to be taken out of the first and fourth circles which will produce 36 propositions as was said of the first and second namely Whether you ought to advance forward whether you ought to abide still whether you ought to retreat whether you ought to fight whether you ought to lodge whether you ought to refresh With whom you should advance with whom you should abide with whom you should retreat with whom you should fight with whom you should lodge with whom you should refresh Where you should advance c. The affirmation of the 36 last propositions is taken from the common places of the fifth sixth seventh eighth and ninth circles Now that these common places may be sufficient to afford reasons for the confirmation of these propositions the following example will testifie and will give instruction for the order which must be observed for the resolving of other questions propounded The first question is Whether you should make warre whereupon you must consider of the reason which you have so to do whether it be honour as to conserve your own to maintain another to settle justice to punish evill doers Whether it be profit as to raise your state to augment your dignities to gather wealth to advance your friends Whether it be obedience due to the Soveraigne or to those which himself or the laws have set over us Whether it be obligation being bound thereunto either by equitie or oath or consanguinitie or alliance Whether it be facilitie as to resist the assaults of the enemie to usurpe his dominions and to bring him under subjection in short time and with little charge Having considered of the reason you must come to the occasion which may be either in respect of men which are either plebeians or militarie Concerning the plebeians if it be in a free state and not a monarchie to know whether they will consent and approve of the action furnish men for the warre deliver places for securitie money to bear all the charges and submit themselves to your judgement and discretion Concerning the militarie men whether they be willing to obey you deliver you hostages and put their fortunes goods and honours into your hands Now for the regard of means as whether you have good store of money beforehand or means to get it by favour of friends or to take it from your enemies making warre at his charge or having good store of auxiliaries from your allies and means to pay them And in respect of munitions whether you have abundance of victuall as well for the provision of cities as for the feeding of the armies magazines well stored great store of draught horses for the ready drawing of the train where it shall be needfull Or in regard of the time whether it be when there is a dissention fomenting one of the parties in the minoritie of the Soveraigne insinuating with his officers in the midst of a profound peace when there is no doubt of combinations when a great mortalitie rageth amongst the enemies and famine weakneth them or when you conceive that the fear of warre will constrain them to give you more then you could get by it Or in respect of the works whether you possesse strong cities assured havens and well fortified cittadels Or in regard of the countrey whether you possesse the straits the key sides bridges that so you may facilitate the entrance of your releefs and easily to joyn your self to them and by that means be master of the field possessing so much of the countrey as you are able to guard and abandoning that which you could not be able to maintain and whereof the cost would surpasse the profit Concerning the fashion of proceeding it is taken from the order which you must observe before you execute any thing as whether you ought to begin or to give occasion to the enemie to do it in what place you should give the first assault in what staple towns and if it should be so how you shall march thither with what quantitie of Infanterie Cavallrie and Artillerie you should execute the enterprise whether you be able to do it alone or whether you must call your friends to help you who amongst all shall begin who shall do the exploit who shall conserve that which shall be gotten Then what commoditie you shall reap thereby whether you shall be in peace afterwards or the nobilitie be better pleased the church more flourishing justice better administred the people lesse burthened the King better served the state better secured what commoditie will facilitate the enterprise will it be vicinitie will it be the weaknesse of the enemie of his countrey of his people of his towns of his bad councell of his disorder in his actions or that you have no want of any thing What Assurance have you that the execution will succeed according to your desire and if that be wanting how shall you assure your affairs will you hazard all your fortune at a time will you play at double or quit or will not that which you undertake be able to hurt you but in part or but little or nothing at all neither to your self nor your friends Shall you surprise your enemâ—e at unawares keeping ill guard in his cities or being weakly followed in the field at a time when he is solacing himself either with courting or hunting and without being able to be advertised of your designe untill he be fallen into your hands Can you by your diligence prevent his knowledge and so your own obstacles and his remedies Have you foreseen whatsoever may befall you as well in your designe in the action and after the execution thereof to prevent the mischief and to advantage your self by the good thereof will your confederates be faithfull to you If false shall they be able to hinder the enterprise in the whole or onely in part or in your very person by seizing thereon and delivering you into the enemies hands and if they can by what device shall you be able to escape them If the things abovesaid be so advantageous as you ought to conclude for warre you must then come to the other question with whom you ought to make it whether with your compatriots or with your allies or confederates c. and to see the reason the occasion and fashion by which you should proceed passing through all these common places That done you must handle the questions which concern the action which are whether or no with whom where when how and how much you shall do that which you have concluded as hath been shewed in the first question as if a generall had caused his armie to be mustered he shall deliberate wherein to imploy it as whether he should cause it to advance or abide or fight c. Suppose if be ought to cause his armie to march he ought to do it when it is to fight with the enemie to hinder him from passing a champain a river a strait to cut off his releef or for his own effecting of these things or to besiege some place to releeve it to cut off a convoy or to conserve or pillage the open countrey You must advance when your abiding or retreat would be dishonourable when the hope of the profit is great when superiours command it when alliance oblige you to it when necessitie constrains you thereunto and when the thing is so facile as nothing can oppose you That which will occasion your moving will be the advantage of men be it on foot or horseback of means as money waggons artillerie of munitions both for the mouth and for warre the commodiousnesse of time fair cold or rain Of the works as forts trenches redouts Of the countrey as large spacious and even to range your battaillons and squadrons or close and mountainous to passe undiscovered and sheltred The instruments which may facilitate the designe are waggons to carrie the munitions ladders to serve for surprises bridges to passe over moats and rivers pickaxes and shovels to make the trenches and other works and boats to passe rivers The accidents which you ought to foresee are the noise which hindreth the souldiers from hearing the orders and affrighteth them the sunne which may dazle them the water of pools moors or rain which may discommode you the cold which may put your souldiers out of case to fight the dust raised in the field by the footing and the smoak of firings which hinders you from seeing the battaillons and the actions of the enemie After that you must consider the fasâ—ion of your march what order your Infanterie shall observe what your Cavallrie and what your Artillerie what commoditie this marching will afford you whether it will advantage you and whether you shall be the better for it in the whole or in part Wherein your assurance will be whether in your enemies being farre off or in the strength of your site or of the territorie or vicinitie of friends whether you must march upon surprise in the night to pillage with such diligence as you may be farre before you be discovered foreseeing for all things necessarie as to be able to make resistance being charged to arrive timely before the danger to be strongly and commodiously encamped in such sort as you may not fear neither the surprises of the enemie nor the violence of his assaults These common places may be applied as well to divers other actions as to that of warre provided that you know which to choose and how many FINIS
C. The subject of the book The subject of this book is the Art of Warre which hath two parts Preparation and action Preparation there must be of men money instruments and victuall The action is performed in the field or in fortresses That which is performed in the field considereth the marching encamping and embattailing of the armie And that of fortresses considereth their fabrick guard expugning defence and releef The generall heads have their particular dependences being the common practices which are daily observed as the examples the figures and the chapters following do shew A table of the chapters Chap. 1 HOw a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre to raise an armie and the manner of marching pag. 1 Chap. 2 Of encamping the armie pag. 15 Chap. 3 Of embattailing the armie pag. 26 Chap. 4 Of the building of forts pag. 31 Chap. 5 Of the defence of fortresses pag. 48 Chap. 6 Of the taking of fortresses by petard or any other surprise or by treacherie pag. 50 Chap. 7 How to besiege and expugne cities pag. 61 Chap. 8 Of taking fortresses by famine pag. 82 Chap. 9 Of the defence of fortresses against the petard and other surprises and treacheries pag. 85 Chap. 10 Of the defence of fortresses against sieges pag. 91 Chap. 11 Of the defence of fortresses against famine pag. 102 Chap. 12 Of releeving places besieged pag. 103 Chap. 13 Of Artillerie the foundings mixtures anâ— measures of ordinance pag. 104 Chap. 14 Of the offices of militarie men pag. 12â— Chap. 15 Of fireworks pag. 150 Chap. 16 Of the militia of the Grecians pag. 158 Chap. 17 Of the Roman militia pag. 185 Chap. 18 Of the forming of battaillons pag. 196 How a Prince is to prepare himself to make warre to raise an armie and the manner of marching CHAP. I. A Prince being resolved to make warre be it offensive or defensive ought to make such provision of men instruments money and victuall as he shall know to be necessary for his enterprise In making his provision of men he is to choose such as are fit for counsell for command and for souldierie For his counsels such whose age prudence experience and study renders capable of such imployments For commanders in his armies he is to choose men of authoritie respect prudence experience and good fortune Each of them having made such proof of their courage sufficiencie and good successe in their severall charges as it be apparently known to all men chiefly choosing such as are born courageous and are habituated in all the exercises of warre as to handle all sorts of armes to know all manner of militarie motions to form all sorts of battaillons to range armies in battalia to make them march encamp embattaile to erect fortifications to assault places of strength and to defend them to make the trenches and place the batteries briefly that they know all the functions of warre For souldiers whether they be Infanterie or Cavallrie they ought to be elected such as are strong stout and of fitting yeares giving them such armes as are most fitting for them and disciplining them For the politick part that they be sober and continent in their sustenance abstemious from play and women modest in their speeches apparell and all other actions Concerning the militarie part they are to be instructed in the use and exercise of the sword musket and pike and to be taught how to encamp entrench and make their huts how to keep themselves in order and to be expert in all motions requisite for the forming and ready dividing of such forms as shall be desired To this end the Captains Lieutenants and Ensignes ought to be very carefull to instruct and discipline their souldiers The militarie discipline for the foot is this The musketiers ought to be exact in the use of their musket and rest together to shoulder properly to make ready and present all after one and the same manner whether it be upon entring into the guard to passe a muster or to go to the charge To give fire either by themselves by files by ranks or in a volly The pikes to shoulder asloap and levell advance trail charge to front and rear And both pikes and muskets how to wear their swords how to keep their ranks and files to take their distances both for muster and fight To use their motions to the right left and rear To double open close and to reduce both files and ranks to countermarch and wheel A. A calliver shouldred The French continued the calliver longer then other nations B. A calliber firing C. A musketier shouldred D. A musketier firing E. A pike ordered F. Advanced G. Shouldred levell H. Sloaped I. Charged K. Trailed L. Charged at foot M. Charged to the rear A B C D E F G H I K L M Concerning the horse they ought to be instructed how to manage their horses and armes Their horses to the right and left to advance stop retreat Their armes how properly to put on and wear their defensive ones and to make good use of the offensive as how to charge and present their carbines and pistols and to finde out the unarmed parts with their swords A troop of horse being to be mustered marcheth three in rank but to be embattailed it ought to be so disposed that for every three in rank there be one in file so that a troop of 108 horse shall have 18 files and 6 ranks The distance of ranks ought to be both for the length of the horse as for the spaces between them of six a Paces here are to be understood steps and not geometricall paces of 5 foot paces and of files one pace To make one grosse of many battaillons the troops ought to be ordered into so many ranks as the flank of the battaillon shall be intended to contain horses and then to draw up the troops flank to flank The provision of instruments of warre is principally of armes and horses Of armes both offensive and defensive Of offensive as Artillerie muskets carbines pistols pikes halberts partisans half-pikes Of defensive as head-pieces casques gorgets cuirasses pouldrons vanbraces corslets taces targets c. And of draught horses in abundance for the train of the Artillerie munitions and victuall The provision of money is to be made by a gathering of it together long before hand in the most abundant measure that may be by the preserving of it diligently without imploying of it upon vain and unprofitable things and by distributing of it where it shall be found necessarie and in needfull things not to be niggardly The provision of victuall consisteth in the collection and duration of it the conservation and distribution Having made all these preparations and filled the magazines there must be choice made of some citie there to make the staple of amunition to put the train of Artillerie in equippage and there to take the muster of the armie as well of the Infanterie and Cavallrie as