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you_o be_v from_o your_o shoulder_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n shoulder_n as_o you_o be_v 4._o port_n your_o pike_n this_o be_v useful_a when_o the_o soldier_n be_v to_o enter_v either_o gate_n or_o sally-port_n and_o it_o be_v a_o ease_n for_o the_o rear_n half_a file_n to_o port_n their_o pike_n when_o the_o front_n be_v at_o their_o charge_n from_o your_o port_n comport_v cheek_n trail_v your_o pike_n port_n as_o you_o be_v from_o your_o port_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n port_n as_o you_o be_v 5._o comport_v your_o pike_n this_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o soldier_n upon_o his_o march_n up_o a_o hill_n to_o have_v his_o pike_n comport_v from_o your_o comport_v cheek_n trail_v your_o pike_n from_o your_o comport_v charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n comport_v as_o you_o be_v 6._o cheek_n your_o pike_n this_o be_v useful_a for_o the_o sentinel_n posture_n from_o your_o cheek_n trail_v your_o pike_n cheek_n as_o you_o be_v from_o your_o cheek_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n cheek_n as_o you_o be_v 7._o trail_v your_o pike_n this_o be_v useful_a in_o a_o trench_n to_o move_v for_o security_n of_o any_o breach_n undiscovered_a and_o be_v seldom_o use_v else_o but_o march_v through_o a_o wood_n etc._n etc._n from_o your_o trail_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n trail_v as_o you_o be_v from_o your_o trail_n order_v your_o pike_n 8_o lay_v down_o your_o pike_n oberve_v that_o if_o your_o pike_n be_v lay_v down_o when_o you_o begin_v your_o exercise_n than_o your_o command_n must_v be_v 1._o handle_v 2._o raise_v your_o pike_n to_o your_o open_a order_n order_n close_a order_n etc._n etc._n you_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n some_o be_v for_o conveniency_n and_o ease_v to_o the_o soldier_n as_o to_o expedition_n either_o in_o marching_n or_o other_o service_n command_v and_o the_o several_a charge_n serve_v either_o for_o defence_n or_o offence_n none_o ought_v to_o slight_v any_o of_o these_o command_n but_o to_o put_v they_o into_o practice_n for_o at_o some_o one_o time_n or_o other_o they_o may_v be_v useful_a here_o follow_v the_o posture_n of_o the_o musket_n or_o calliver_n in_o which_o i_o do_v affirm_v that_o the_o word_n of_o command_n general_o use_v make_v ready_a be_v no_o posture_n but_o a_o word_n for_o brevity_n presuppose_v the_o soldier_n to_o be_v expert_a in_o all_o and_o do_v include_v those_o posture_n precedent_a to_o that_o present_v your_o musket_n and_o so_o from_o the_o present_v of_o your_o musket_n the_o other_o posture_n follow_v unto_o that_o give_v fire_n which_o be_v the_o completement_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o command_v give_v therefore_o for_o the_o better_a handle_n of_o arm_n no_o judicious_a practitioner_n in_o this_o art_n but_o will_v confess_v it_o be_v better_a to_o be_v instruct_v from_o posture_n to_o posture_n for_o more_o comely_a and_o swift_a execution_n thereof_o the_o musquetteer_n be_v shoulder_v command_v snap-haunce_n sloop_n your_o musket_n let_v slip_v your_o musket_n 1._o vnshoulder_n your_o musket_n and_o poise_n 2._o palm_n or_o rest_n your_o musket_n 3._o set_a the_o butt_n end_n of_o your_o musket_n to_o the_o ground_n 4._o lay_v down_o your_o musket_n 5._o take_v off_o your_o bandelier_n 6._o lay_v down_o your_o bandelier_n 7._o face_n about_o to_o the_o left_a &_o march_v 8._o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n and_o march_v to_o your_o arm_n or_o stand_v to_o your_o arms._n 9_o take_v up_o your_o bandelier_n 10._o put_v on_o your_o bandelier_n 11._o take_v up_o your_o musket_n 12._o rest_v or_o palm_n your_o musket_n 13._o secure_v or_o guard_n your_o cock_n 14._o draw_v back_o your_o hammer_n or_o steel_n 15._o clear_a your_o pan_n 16._o prime_n your_o pan_n 17._o put_v down_o your_o steel_n or_o hammer_n 18._o blow_v or_o cast_v off_o your_o loose_a corn_n 19_o bring_v or_o cast_v your_o musket_n about_o to_o your_o left_a side_n handle_v your_o charger_n open_v your_o charger_n 20._o charge_v with_o powder_n 21._o draw_v forth_o your_o scour_a stick_n 22._o shorten_v your_o scour_a stick_n 23._o charge_v with_o bullet_n 24._o put_v your_o scour_a stick_n into_o your_o musket_n 25._o rain_v home_o your_o charge_n 26._o withdraw_v your_o scour_a stick_n 27._o shorten_v your_o scour_a stick_n 28._o return_v your_o scour_a stick_n 29._o bring_v forward_o your_o musket_n and_o poise_n 30._o palm_n or_o rest_n your_o musket_n 31._o fit_a your_o hammer_n or_o steel_n 32._o free_a your_o cock_n 33._o bend_v your_o cock_n 34._o present_v your_o musket_n 35._o give_v fire_n 36._o palm_n or_o rest_n your_o musket_n 37._o clear_a your_o pan._n 38._o shut_v your_o pan._n 39_o poise_n your_o musket_n 40._o shoulder_v your_o musket_n match-lock_a i_o need_v not_o here_o insert_v every_o command_n but_o only_o add_v such_o as_o be_v use_v for_o the_o match-lock_a whole_o lay_v aside_o the_o rest_n take_v your_o match_n from_o between_o the_o finger_n of_o your_o left_a hand_n lay_v down_o your_o match_n take_v up_o your_o match_n with_o your_o right_a hand_n return_v or_o place_n your_o match_n into_o your_o left_a hand_n open_v your_o pan._n clear_a your_o pan._n prime_n your_o pan._n shut_v your_o pan._n draw_v forth_o your_o match_n blow_v your_o coal_n cock_n your_o match_n fit_a your_o match_n guard_z your_o pan._n blow_v the_o ash_n from_o your_o coal_n open_v your_o pan._n uncock_n and_o return_v your_o match_n so_o you_o be_v ready_a for_o a_o march_n or_o in_o the_o posture_n upon_o the_o first_o motion_n that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o salute_v posture_n be_v to_o be_v perform_v from_o the_o rest_a or_o palm_v of_o the_o musket_n when_o he_o shall_v have_v a_o occasion_n as_o a_o soldier_n to_o salute_v his_o friend_n or_o to_o the_o honour_v of_o any_o other_o person_n deserve_v and_o the_o sentinel_n posture_n be_v for_o the_o musket_n to_o be_v in_o the_o palm_n of_o the_o 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in_o action_n may_v do_v great_a execution_n and_o in_o trench_n they_o be_v good_a second_n for_o the_o soldier_n preservation_n those_o soldier_n that_o be_v thus_o arm_v be_v the_o best_a to_o be_v command_v out_o upon_o any_o party_n because_o they_o be_v the_o best_a able_a to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o offend_v their_o enemy_n and_o when_o any_o hedge_n be_v to_o be_v line_v with_o shot_n country_n west_n country_n that_o the_o musquetteer_n by_o their_o force_a service_n become_v silent_a and_o the_o way_n deep_a and_o narrow_a then_o the_o half-pike_n will_v be_v of_o singular_a service_n and_o last_o of_o all_o the_o souldâ—er_n so_o march_v with_o his_o half-pike_n and_o musket_n it_o be_v not_o only_o a_o grace_n to_o the_o soldier_n but_o a_o terror_n to_o the_o enemy_n beside_o this_o have_v
give_v my_o judgement_n with_o those_o who_o do_v not_o allow_v the_o firing_n by_o way_n of_o introduction_n to_o be_v useful_a in_o our_o modern_a war_n nor_o be_v they_o secure_v to_o the_o soldier_n unless_o when_o the_o commander_n shall_v find_v his_o soldier_n to_o be_v well_o exercise_v then_o among_o other_o various_a curiosity_n these_o may_v be_v perform_v by_o the_o word_n introduction_n be_v mean_v a_o pass_n through_o or_o between_o and_o by_o its_o motion_n do_v advance_v and_o gain_v ground_n upon_o a_o enemy_n 16._o command_n make_v ready_a to_o give_v fire_n by_o introduction_n then_o command_v the_o file_n of_o musquetteer_n to_o open_v by_o division_n to_o their_o open_a order_n and_o to_o pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n etc._n etc._n the_o first_o rank_n of_o each_o flank_n present_v and_o give_v fire_n so_o do_v they_o stand_v and_o make_v ready_a again_o the_o second_o rank_n so_o soon_o as_o the_o first_o have_v fire_v pass_v through_o and_o place_v itself_o 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front_n of_o pike_n after_o which_o they_o be_v all_o to_o stand_v present_a and_o give_v fire_n and_o have_v fire_v they_o be_v to_o wheel_v off_o to_o the_o left_a and_o fall_v into_o the_o rear_n of_o musquetteer_n and_o whilst_o the_o first_o rank_n be_v fire_v the_o second_o be_v to_o be_v march_v so_o as_o to_o be_v ready_a to_o fall_v into_o their_o place_n to_o reduce_v they_o command_v the_o pike_n to_o advance_v six_o foot_n if_o they_o be_v double_v their_o rank_n to_o the_o right_a let_v they_o now_o double_v their_o file_n to_o the_o left_a then_o command_v i_o can_v have_v mention_v a_o great_a many_o more_o firing_n to_o the_o front_n but_o through_o my_o confinement_n to_o such_o a_o small_a number_n of_o man_n and_o not_o a_o equality_n in_o arm_n be_v complete_v can_v be_v expect_v from_o i_o must_v of_o these_o firing_n be_v solid_a and_o serviceable_a yet_o it_o can_v be_v conceive_v that_o three_o rank_n can_v make_v any_o abidement_n of_o battle_n for_o continuance_n against_o any_o enemy_n although_o sometime_o they_o may_v be_v force_v to_o be_v reduce_v into_o less_o number_n yet_o by_o show_v the_o nature_n hereof_o you_o will_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o manage_v a_o great_a etc._n etc._n chap._n xix_o of_o fire_v in_o the_o front_n and_o rear_n and_o rear_v alone_o before_o i_o demonstrate_v the_o firing_n in_o the_o rear_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o give_v one_o figure_n of_o fire_v to_o the_o front_n and_o rear_n which_o may_v serve_v also_o for_o a_o fire_n to_o each_o flank_n when_o the_o commander_n please_v 1._o command_n front_n half_a file_n of_o musquetteer_n march_v until_o your_o bringers-up_a be_v even_o in_o breast_n with_o the_o front_n of_o pike_n rear_v half_a file_n of_o pike_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n rear_n half_a file_n of_o musquetteer_n face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n and_o march_v until_o the_o half_a file-leader_n be_v even_o in_o breast_n with_o the_o bringer_n up_o of_o pike_n for_o 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carabine_n 11._o draw_v forth_o your_o scour_a stick_n or_o rammer_n 12._o shorten_v your_o rammer_n 13._o lade_v with_o bullet_n and_o ramm_n home_n 14._o withdraw_v your_o rammer_n or_o scour_v stick_n 15._o return_v your_o scour_a stick_n 16._o recover_v and_o rest_v your_o carabine_n in_o your_o bridle_n hand_n 17._o fix_v your_o hammer_n or_o steel_n 18._o free_a your_o cock_n 19_o present_v your_o carabine_n in_o present_v of_o the_o carabine_n he_o must_v rest_v it_o upon_o his_o bridle_n arm_n place_v the_o butt_n end_n to_o the_o right_a side_n near_o the_o shoulder_n or_o at_o length_n with_o his_o right_a hand_n 20._o give_v fire_n note_v that_o the_o carabine_n be_v to_o be_v fire_v about_o twelve_o foot_n distance_n and_o to_o be_v level_v at_o the_o knee_n of_o your_o enemy_n horse_n because_o that_o by_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o powder_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o horse_n your_o shot_n may_v be_v at_o random_n 21._o drop_v or_o let_v fall_v your_o carabine_n these_o 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in_o rank_n be_v six_o foot_n and_o herein_o you_o must_v further_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o the_o manner_n of_o take_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o cavalry_n and_o the_o infantry_n in_o the_o foot_n the_o distance_n be_v take_v from_o the_o soldier_n body_n which_o can_v be_v understand_v in_o this_o place_n but_o only_o of_o space_n of_o ground_n between_o horse_n and_o horse_n chap._n viii_o of_o motion_n there_o be_v four_o kind_n of_o motion_n face_n doubling_n counter-marche_n wheeling_n but_o some_o of_o these_o be_v not_o of_o use_n to_o our_o present_a mode_n of_o discipline_n therefore_o i_o shall_v treat_v no_o more_o of_o they_o but_o what_o may_v be_v useful_a 1._o face_n be_v use_v to_o make_v the_o company_n perfect_a and_o to_o be_v sudden_o prepare_v for_o a_o charge_n on_o either_o flank_n or_o rear_n depth_n with_o 10._o 8._o and_o 6._o in_o depth_n 2._o doubling_n there_o have_v be_v use_v in_o the_o horse_n service_n these_o follow_v as_o 1._o as_o to_o strengthen_v the_o front_n there_o be_v use_v to_o strengthen_v the_o flank_n 1._o doubling_n of_o rank_n 2._o doubling_n of_o half_a file_n 3._o double_v of_o the_o front_n by_o bringer_n up_o 4._o doubling_n of_o file_n 5._o doubling_n of_o half_a rank_n the_o three_o first_o as_o to_o our_o mode_n of_o exercise_n may_v be_v whole_o lay_v aside_o in_o regard_n they_o can_v be_v perform_v the_o troop_n be_v but_o three_o in_o depth_n it_o be_v conceive_v the_o other_o two_o may_v be_v necessary_a either_o for_o exercise_n sake_n or_o in_o regard_n of_o some_o sudden_a onset_n on_o the_o flank_n thereby_o to_o strengthen_v they_o but_o i_o otherwise_o think_v this_o may_v be_v prevent_v by_o a_o speedy_a wheel_v
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arm_n which_o i_o may_v term_v to_o be_v the_o single_a accidence_n of_o this_o art_n before_o he_o enter_v his_o syntaxis_fw-la and_o it_o must_v be_v do_v by_o endeavour_v to_o set_v some_o time_n apart_o for_o the_o exercise_n thereof_o there_o have_v be_v many_o that_o have_v not_o only_o dispute_v but_o have_v write_v against_o the_o many_o posture_n now_o use_v but_o be_v shameful_o confute_v by_o our_o modern_a writer_n i_o shall_v be_v silent_a and_o proceed_v to_o those_o posture_n belong_v to_o such_o arm_n that_o be_v now_o in_o use_n in_o the_o country_n which_o be_v far_o short_a of_o what_o be_v complete_a in_o exercise_n in_o the_o city_n of_o london_n and_o westminster_n and_o therein_o of_o those_o honourable_a society_n of_o the_o artillery_n and_o military_a garden_n and_o also_o now_o of_o late_a the_o cripple_n with_o out_o cripplegate_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o musket_n before_o i_o give_v you_o the_o posture_n of_o they_o both_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o a_o brief_a definition_n of_o a_o posture_n a_o posture_n be_v a_o mode_n or_o garb_n that_o we_o be_v fix_v unto_o in_o the_o well_o handle_v of_o our_o arm_n in_o which_o there_o be_v motion_n attendant_a unto_o the_o same_o for_o the_o better_a grace_n presuppose_v your_o company_n to_o be_v in_o the_o field_n and_o draw_v up_o in_o a_o ready_a way_n for_o exercise_n than_o the_o best_a way_n be_v to_o exercise_v they_o apart_o by_o draw_v of_o the_o body_n of_o pike_n from_o their_o musket_n that_o each_o may_v be_v exercise_v in_o their_o particular_a posture_n by_o themselves_o only_o there_o be_v some_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o musket_n which_o be_v answerable_a to_o each_o other_o by_o conformity_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v perform_v in_o a_o body_n or_o upon_o a_o march_n as_o occasion_n serve_v as_o for_o example_n in_o march_v all_o be_v to_o be_v shoulder_v in_o troop_v or_o in_o any_o other_o motion_n the_o pike_n be_v to_o be_v advance_v and_o the_o musket_n poise_v in_o port_v of_o the_o pike_n the_o musket_n to_o be_v rest_v in_o trail_a of_o the_o pike_n the_o musket_n to_o be_v reverse_v which_o be_v the_o funeral_n posture_n when_o the_o pike_n be_v cheeked_a the_o musket_n be_v to_o be_v rest_v at_o the_o sentinel_n posture_n when_o the_o musket_n be_v present_v to_o fire_n the_o pike_n be_v to_o be_v charge_v and_o when_o the_o pike_n be_v order_v most_o common_o especial_o in_o a_o stand_n or_o for_o exercise_n the_o butt_n end_n of_o the_o musket_n be_v to_o be_v set_v to_o the_o ground_n etc._n etc._n 〈◊〉_d be_v most_o proper_a for_o the_o captain_n to_o exercise_n the_o pike_n himself_o i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o he_o may_v exercise_v both_o as_o he_o ought_v sometime_o to_o do_v and_o the_o ensign_n and_o lieutenant_n be_v not_o to_o be_v negligent_a herein_o when_o they_o be_v command_v or_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o their_o superior_a officer_n the_o next_o for_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o pike_n in_o point_n of_o antiquity_n and_o honour_n the_o gentleman_n of_o the_o pike_n crave_v the_o precedency_n i_o have_v declare_v in_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o horse_n what_o a_o excellent_a virtue_n silence_n be_v which_o ought_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v command_v and_o most_o diligent_o observe_v the_o body_n of_o pike_n from_o their_o march_n and_o stand_v all_o shoulder_v command_v as_o follow_v 1._o order_n your_o pike_n to_o your_o 1._o open_a 2._o close_a order_n this_o aught_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o always_o upon_o a_o stand_n and_o in_o the_o daytime_n it_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o sentinel_n posture_n and_o for_o the_o abatement_n of_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o horse_n have_v the_o butt_n end_n of_o the_o pike_n on_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o right_a foot_n charge_v then_o to_o the_o horse_n draw_v your_o sword_n over_o your_o left_a arm_n have_v your_o pike_n in_o your_o left_a hand_n you_o may_v then_o receive_v they_o by_o command_v either_o to_o charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n rear_n 1._o order_n your_o pike_n 2._o put_v up_o your_o sword_n this_o be_v only_o useful_a upon_o a_o stand_n of_o pike_n and_o by_o some_o able_a soldier_n it_o be_v not_o think_v to_o be_v the_o secure_a charge_v against_o the_o horse_n or_o of_o strength_n to_o make_v the_o great_a resistance_n in_o their_o full_a career_n therefore_o it_o have_v be_v think_v fit_a to_o be_v most_o convenient_a to_o close_v your_o file_n to_o your_o close_a order_n and_o rank_n close_v forward_o and_o be_v thus_o sement_v as_o it_o be_v will_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o ward_v any_o resistance_n from_o your_o order_n advance_v shoulder_n port_n comport_v cheek_n trail_v your_o pike_n order_n as_o you_o be_v from_o your_o order_n charge_n to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n rear_n order_n as_o you_o be_v 2._o advance_v your_o pike_n this_o be_v useful_a upon_o all_o occasion_n when_o the_o drum_n shall_v beat_v a_o troop_n it_o be_v also_o useful_a in_o all_o motion_n of_o doubling_n etc._n etc._n only_o remember_v when_o they_o be_v reduce_v they_o put_v themselves_o or_o be_v command_v into_o the_o same_o posture_n the_o stand_a party_n be_v in_o from_o your_o advance_n shoulder_v port_n comport_v cheek_n trail_v your_o pike_n advance_v as_o you_o be_v from_o your_o advance_n charge_v to_o the_o front_n right_o left_n reer_n advance_v as_o you_o be_v 3._o shoulder_v your_o pike_n this_o be_v useful_a and_o most_o proper_a upon_o a_o march_n it_o be_v useful_a in_o time_n of_o fight_n provide_v the_o pike_n be_v upon_o a_o stand_n for_o it_o do_v not_o only_o preserve_v the_o pike_n from_o shatter_v but_o the_o soldier_n also_o from_o your_o shoulder_n port_n comport_v cheek_n trail_n your_o pike_n shoulder_n as_o
fit_v of_o the_o soldier_n for_o field_n service_n and_o other_o at_o their_o pleasure_n what_o their_o fancy_n may_v guide_v they_o unto_o and_o thus_o i_o have_v pass_v over_o the_o ground_n of_o discipline_n for_o the_o foot_n i_o expect_v censure_n by_o the_o ingenuous_a i_o submit_v to_o a_o correction_n but_o for_o the_o carper_n let_v he_o remain_v in_o his_o own_o mud_n he_o shall_v never_o be_v complemented_a to_o a_o clear_v fountain_n by_o i_o chap._n xvii_o of_o make_v file_n leader_n successive_o both_o in_o number_n and_o place_n in_o a_o file_n six_o in_o depth_n and_o so_o for_o a_o whole_a body_n the_o soldier_n have_v pass_v thus_o many_o day_n exercise_n in_o these_o principle_n of_o art_n military_a and_o now_o each_o soldier_n be_v love_v to_o his_o comrade_n every_o file_n leader_n to_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o file_n be_v willing_a that_o their_o file_n shall_v successive_o demonstrate_v some_o experience_n as_o they_o have_v attain_v unto_o in_o the_o exercise_n thereof_o which_o will_v prove_v a_o great_a encouragement_n to_o the_o ingenious_a also_o it_o be_v profitable_a to_o a_o commander_n to_o bring_v what_o rank_n he_o please_v into_o the_o front_n and_o to_o exchange_v they_o and_o to_o reduce_v they_o to_o their_o proper_a file_n leader_n a_o file_n to_o be_v make_v file_n leader_n successive_o according_a to_o number_n or_o by_o command_v as_o follow_v command_v by_o the_o file_n leader_n 1_o file_n leader_n  _fw-fr rank_a two_o to_o the_o left_a and_o file_v to_o the_o left_a double_a 2_o 2_o rank_n to_o the_o left_a double_a and_o file_n to_o the_o left_a double_a  _fw-fr countermarch_v front_n and_o rear_v into_o the_o midst_n and_o face_n to_o that_o part_n which_o be_v the_o rear_n 3_o 1_o 3_o half_a file_n double_v your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n and_o file_n to_o the_o right_n double_a  _fw-fr  _fw-fr face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n 4_o 4_o 2_o 4_o file_v leader_n stand_v the_o rest_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o right_n and_o place_n themselves_o before_o their_o leader_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr countermarch_v from_o the_o rear_n into_o the_o midst_n and_o and_o face_n to_o that_o which_o be_v the_o rear_n 5_o 3_o 6_o 5_o 5_o rank_n to_o the_o left_a double_a and_o file_n double_v your_o depth_n to_o the_o left_a  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr file_n rank_a two_o to_o the_o right_n and_o file_v to_o the_o right_n double_a face_n they_o about_o and_o it_o will_v reduce_v they_o 6_o 6_o 1_o 1_o 6_o 6_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n double_a and_o file_n to_o the_o right_n double_a  _fw-fr to_z reduce_v  _fw-fr 5_o 5_o 6_o 3_o 5_o 1._o file_v leader_n stand_v the_o rest_n pass_v through_o and_o place_v yourselves_o before_o your_o leader_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 4_o 2_o 4_o 4_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 3_o 1_o 3_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 2_o 2_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 1_o  _fw-fr a_o file_n to_o be_v make_v file_n leader_n successive_o according_a to_o their_o dignity_n 1._o file_v leader_n 1_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr the_o second_o man_n from_o the_o front_n 5_o 2_o bringer_n up_o double_a your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n and_o file_n double_v your_o depth_n to_o the_o right_n bringer_n up_o to_o the_o front_n half_a file_n 4_o 6_o 3_o file_v leader_n and_o half_a file_n leader_n stand_v the_o rest_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o left_a and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o leader_n 3._o half_a file_n leader_n 3_o 3_o 6_o 4_o front_n and_o rear_v half_a file_n interchange_v your_o ground_n the_o second_o man_n from_o the_o rear_n 6_o 1_o 2_o 5_o 5_o rank_n to_o the_o right_n double_a file_n to_o the_o right_n double_a 2._o bringer_n up_o 2_o 5_o 4_o 1_o 4_o 6_o file_v leader_n stand_v the_o rest_n pass_v through_o to_o the_o left_a and_o place_n yourselves_o before_o your_o leader_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 4_o 5_o 3_o 3_o 2_o to_o reduce_v they_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 1_o 6_o 1_o 1_o 1._o rank_n to_o the_o left_a double_a and_o file_n to_o the_o left_a double_a  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 2_o 2_o 3_o 2._o half_n file_n double_v your_o front_n to_o the_o right_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 6_o 4_o 3._o bringer_n up_o face_n about_o to_o the_o right_n and_o march_v forth_o into_o your_o place_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 5_o  _fw-fr chap._n xviii_o of_o certain_a firing_n in_o the_o front_n have_v pass_v over_o the_o ground_n of_o this_o art_n military_a i_o be_o now_o come_v to_o the_o executive_a part_n of_o the_o tactic_n and_o shall_v not_o here_o exceed_v the_o exercise_n of_o a_o single_a company_n show_v the_o soldier_n the_o use_n of_o some_o few_o firing_n that_o they_o may_v the_o 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present_a encumbrance_n this_o experience_n have_v discover_v and_o that_o fire_n upon_o motion_n to_o be_v the_o most_o speedy_a and_o safe_a way_n for_o fire_v in_o the_o rear_n now_o for_o a_o public_a exercise_n when_o you_o have_v fire_v over_o once_o you_o may_v then_o face_v they_o to_o their_o leader_n and_o fire_n in_o the_o front_n but_o if_o you_o be_v upon_o a_o march_n and_o shall_v be_v pursue_v by_o a_o enemy_n horse_n then_o wheel_v your_o flank_n into_o the_o front_n and_o face_n to_o the_o rear_n your_o pike_n will_v defend_v your_o body_n so_o your_o musquetteer_n may_v fire_v over_o they_o as_o in_o the_o 17._o figure_n by_o extraduction_n and_o reduce_v according_o second_o in_o fire_v to_o the_o rear_n the_o musquetteer_n may_v be_v in_o the_o rear_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o first_o have_v fire_v they_o be_v to_o wheel_v off_o and_o place_v themselves_o between_o the_o front_n of_o musquetteer_n and_o rear_n of_o pike_n and_o second_o have_v fire_v in_o the_o 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divide_v into_o many_o body_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o carry_v several_a ensign_n but_o every_o body_n the_o ensign_n of_o his_o own_o tribe_n so_o that_o company_n be_v not_o distinguish_v by_o their_o captain_n or_o chief_n but_o by_o their_o tribe_n nor_o can_v they_o say_v there_o go_v such_o a_o particular_a commander_n but_o there_o be_v such_o a_o tribe_n not_o there_o march_v aaron_n but_o there_o march_v the_o tribe_n of_o levi_n and_o thus_o of_o the_o rest_n hence_o and_o from_o this_o ground_n be_v take_v up_o the_o use_n of_o the_o ensign_n or_o banner_n of_o kingdom_n by_o which_o several_a army_n display_v to_o the_o world_n their_o several_a nation_n as_o with_o we_o in_o england_n we_o have_v the_o ensign_n of_o st._n george_n as_o we_o term_v it_o which_o be_v a_o bloody_a cross_n in_o a_o white_a field_n which_o show_v to_o the_o world_n not_o what_o private_a company_n i_o follow_v but_o what_o king_n i_o serve_v and_o what_o country_n i_o acknowledge_v for_o 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the_o grecian_n and_o macedonian_n for_o alexander_n be_v suppose_v to_o reign_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o maccabee_n they_o take_v to_o themselves_o a_o lawful_a imitation_n thereof_o and_o so_o command_v their_o captain_n etc._n etc._n to_o carry_v in_o their_o ensign_n device_n in_o honour_n of_o their_o renown_n and_o conquest_n then_o from_o the_o imitation_n of_o the_o grecian_n the_o roman_n take_v to_o themselves_o the_o carriage_n of_o ensign_n and_o because_o they_o find_v it_o the_o chief_a beauty_n and_o ornament_n of_o army_n they_o make_v it_o therefore_o the_o noble_a and_o rich_a spoil_n which_o can_v possible_o be_v take_v away_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o so_o make_v it_o a_o hereditary_a right_n for_o any_o man_n that_o shall_v take_v in_o honourable_a fashion_n such_o spoil_n ever_o after_o to_o bear_v they_o as_o his_o own_o to_o he_o and_o his_o posterity_n for_o ever_o the_o roman_n first_o bring_v this_o custom_n into_o the_o monarchy_n of_o great_a britain_n when_o caesar_n first_o invade_v and_o get_v footing_n into_o the_o same_o howsoever_o there_o be_v a_o opinion_n take_v that_o brute_n when_o he_o first_o conquer_v this_o island_n bring_v in_o the_o trojan_a ensign_n and_o other_o ornament_n of_o their_o war_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o through_o civil_a dissension_n and_o other_o foreign_a combustion_n all_o these_o honourable_a mark_n be_v lose_v and_o forget_v and_o only_o the_o roman_n renew_v and_o bring_v they_o back_o unto_o memory_n partly_o by_o their_o glory_n and_o example_n and_o partly_o by_o their_o loss_n when_o they_o be_v repulse_v back_o who_o leave_v behind_o they_o many_o of_o these_o spoil_n to_o adorn_v the_o britain_n from_o these_o time_n have_v the_o use_n of_o ensign_n remain_v among_o we_o and_o as_o the_o age_n have_v succeed_v and_o prove_v wise_a and_o wise_a and_o one_o time_n more_o than_o another_o so_o have_v the_o alteration_n of_o these_o emblem_n or_o ensign_n change_v and_o bring_v themselves_o into_o the_o form_n wherein_o they_o be_v at_o this_o instant_n carry_v as_o the_o roman_n vary_a from_o the_o old_a britain_n so_o the_o saxon_n from_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o dane_n from_o the_o saxon_n but_o the_o french_a then_o be_v the_o most_o refine_a nation_n of_o all_o other_o alter_v from_o they_o all_o and_o now_o the_o english_a have_v alter_v all_o into_o this_o present_a mode_n of_o uniformity_n they_o may_v display_v they_o to_o the_o world_n for_o their_o gallantry_n chap._n ii_o the_o definition_n of_o ensign_n after_o the_o original_a antiquity_n and_o first_o beginning_n have_v be_v endeavour_v to_o be_v make_v to_o appear_v i_o shall_v now_o descend_v to_o the_o definition_n and_o distinction_n of_o they_o and_o by_o what_o proper_a name_n they_o be_v call_v in_o the_o best_a and_o most_o renown_a war_n of_o christendom_n and_o for_o what_o reason_n they_o have_v hold_v and_o retain_v they_o to_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a name_n belong_v to_o ensign_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o borrow_v it_o from_o the_o roman_n for_o although_o the_o hebrew_n chaldean_n and_o grecian_n be_v the_o first_o inventor_n yet_o the_o name_n and_o attribute_n they_o give_v they_o be_v much_o incertain_a and_o unconstant_a and_o as_o the_o experience_n of_o war_n grow_v great_a and_o as_o the_o invention_n dilate_a and_o spread_v further_o so_o do_v the_o signification_n alter_v for_o what_o be_v proper_a and_o substantial_a in_o this_o age_n in_o the_o next_o be_v utter_o lose_v and_o forget_v so_o as_o i_o shall_v not_o rest_v upon_o these_o title_n or_o signification_n the_o first_o than_o that_o retain_v a_o constant_a and_o firm_a settle_a name_n for_o those_o trophy_n of_o honour_n be_v take_v to_o be_v the_o roman_n who_o indeed_o be_v the_o great_a schoolmaster_n in_o the_o art_n of_o war_n be_v the_o most_o worthy_a to_o be_v hold_v for_o imitation_n or_o authority_n the_o name_n which_o the_o roman_n first_o give_v to_o the_o ensign_n or_o he_o that_o carry_v the_o ensign_n for_o to_o the_o man_n be_v ever_o attribute_v the_o content_n of_o the_o thing_n he_o carry_v be_v insigne_fw-la or_o sign_n bear_v and_o so_o ensign-bearer_n because_o they_o carry_v in_o those_o ensign_n mark_n empressaes_n or_o emblem_n best_a agree_v with_o their_o nature_n and_o condition_n according_a to_o their_o own_o invention_n or_o else_o the_o pourtraicture_n of_o their_o former_a battle_n and_o conquest_n either_o of_o which_o be_v so_o honourable_a that_o indeed_o they_o be_v make_v hereditary_a descend_v down_o to_o their_o child_n from_o generation_n to_o generation_n and_o no_o more_o be_v call_v sign_n etc._n etc._n but_o coat-armour_n or_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o family_n nor_o be_v they_o of_o slight_a or_o ordinary_a esteem_n as_o at_o first_o neither_o have_v man_n liberty_n any_o long_a to_o make_v election_n of_o they_o at_o their_o own_o will_n but_o this_o power_n be_v incabinate_v within_o the_o breast_n of_o emperor_n king_n and_o general_n who_o indeed_o under_o god_n be_v the_o unbounded_a ocean_n of_o honour_n they_o only_o have_v the_o liberty_n of_o bestow_v and_o confirm_v honour_n at_o their_o own_o pleasure_n hence_o it_o come_v that_o ensign_n thus_o carry_v of_o coat-armour_n be_v of_o such_o reverend_a esteem_n that_o man_n take_v it_o for_o the_o honourable_a place_n that_o may_v be_v to_o fall_v near_o or_o about_o the_o ensign_n and_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o it_o no_o hazard_n can_v be_v too_o great_a nor_o any_o torment_n insupportable_a so_o that_o many_o time_n the_o zeal_n of_o those_o that_o do_v defend_v these_o ensign_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o inflame_a desire_n or_o greediness_n of_o those_o which_o seek_v to_o conquer_v and_o achieve_v they_o be_v so_o immeasurable_a and_o unbounded_a that_o a_o infinite_a of_o blood_n have_v be_v shed_v and_o many_o powerful_a army_n overthrow_v only_o for_o the_o purchase_n of_o one_o of_o these_o honourable_a trophy_n this_o when_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o roman_n perceive_v and_o that_o those_o insignias_n be_v not_o bugbears_a to_o affright_v but_o rather_o fire_n which_o do_v inflame_v their_o enemy_n courage_n beyond_o their_o proper_a nature_n they_o forthwith_o forbid_v the_o carry_v of_o any_o coat-armour_n or_o device_n in_o their_o ensign_n but_o only_o such_o slight_a invention_n as_o may_v not_o make_v the_o enemy_n much_o the_o rich_a by_o the_o enjoyment_n thereof_o nor_o themselves_o much_o the_o poor_a by_o the_o loss_n and_o hence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o word_n insignia_fw-la be_v put_v out_o of_o use_n and_o they_o then_o call_v the_o ensign_n antesignia_fw-la and_o make_v other_o device_n contrary_a to_o all_o coat-armour_n intimate_v to_o the_o enemy_n that_o whatsoever_o they_o get_v by_o those_o purchase_n be_v dishonourable_a rather_o than_o any_o way_n worthy_a of_o
triumph_n and_o from_o this_o word_n antesignia_fw-la or_o antesigne_v for_o it_o have_v be_v so_o write_v in_o ancient_a record_n it_o have_v be_v judge_v that_o this_o word_n ancient_a in_o many_o place_n use_v among_o we_o and_o give_v to_o our_o ensign_n have_v be_v corrupt_o retain_v by_o we_o for_o it_o have_v no_o coherence_n in_o signification_n nor_o can_v any_o way_n be_v allude_v unto_o this_o officer_n more_o than_o to_o his_o antiquity_n and_o long_o stand_v in_o the_o war_n but_o this_o do_v not_o quench_v any_o flame_n in_o the_o enemy_n for_o the_o roman_n find_v they_o every_o way_n as_o eager_a in_o pursuit_n of_o these_o weak_a and_o feign_a device_n as_o the_o great_a hereditary_a coat-armour_n they_o can_v carry_v for_o when_o in_o any_o skirmish_n fortune_n make_v they_o master_n thereof_o they_o take_v as_o great_a pride_n as_o if_o they_o have_v subdue_v whole_a army_n and_o bear_v they_o with_o as_o much_o pomp_n and_o triumph_n as_o if_o they_o have_v get_v all_o rome_n in_o subjection_n which_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o nation_n look_v into_o it_o present_o become_v a_o custom_n among_o all_o their_o army_n that_o thence_o forth_o no_o foot_n company_n or_o chieftain_n of_o the_o infantry_n shall_v carry_v in_o his_o ensign_n any_o coat-armour_n or_o other_o device_n what_o ever_o more_o than_o the_o mixture_n or_o true_a composition_n of_o two_o colour_n together_o with_o the_o general_a ensign_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o most_o eminent_a corner_n thereof_o and_o after_o this_o time_n the_o roman_n call_v their_o ensign-bearer_n no_o more_o antesignia_fw-la accidence_n read_v markham_n soldier_n accidence_n or_o antesigne_v but_o of_o late_a only_a signifier_n from_o significo_fw-la to_o to_o signify_v a_o thing_n as_o be_v man_n of_o special_a note_n and_o regard_n and_o that_o the_o thing_n signify_v be_v only_o a_o mark_n of_o much_o honour_n etc._n etc._n the_o spaniard_n and_o italian_n that_o take_v all_o their_o imitation_n from_o the_o roman_n who_o be_v their_o great_a lord_n and_o master_n do_v at_o this_o day_n call_v this_o officer_n alfere_n and_o make_v account_n of_o he_o next_o unto_o their_o captain_n not_o suffer_v any_o second_o to_o step_v in_o between_o they_o the_o dutch_a call_v this_o officer_n vandragon_n or_o vandragar_n which_o hold_v with_o the_o same_o signification_n and_o we_o of_o england_n proper_o call_v he_o ensign_n and_o in_o some_o country_n ancient_n the_o first_o from_o the_o thing_n he_o carry_v and_o the_o latter_a from_o the_o honour_n and_o antiquity_n of_o the_o institution_n and_o both_o may_v well_o be_v agree_v with_o the_o first_o title_n conceive_v better_a can_v be_v invent_v chap._n iii_o the_o original_a of_o horse_n and_o horse_n colour_n have_v treat_v of_o the_o definition_n and_o signification_n of_o the_o several_a name_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o ensign_n of_o foot_n i_o will_v now_o take_v leave_n to_o speak_v a_o little_a to_o the_o colour_n or_o mark_n of_o honour_n that_o be_v bear_v on_o horseback_n which_o i_o find_v by_o experience_a soldier_n to_o be_v full_a as_o ancient_a or_o rather_o more_o than_o those_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o foot_n company_n but_o omit_v all_o profane_a opinion_n and_o vain_a circumstance_n i_o find_v when_o the_o child_n of_o israel_n pass_v through_o the_o red_a sea_n how_o they_o be_v pursue_v by_o pharaoh_n and_o all_o his_o host_n which_o do_v consist_v most_o of_o chariot_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v account_v horseman_n and_o very_o proper_o too_o because_o be_v draw_v by_o the_o violent_a force_n of_o horse_n and_o lade_v with_o the_o strong_a and_o best_a experience_a soldier_n they_o have_v a_o double_a power_n to_o enter_v into_o battalia_n to_o disrank_v and_o break_v their_o array_n and_o to_o make_v their_o enemy_n to_o run_v into_o a_o rout_n and_o confusion_n and_o though_o they_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o our_o discipline_n nor_o the_o true_a manage_n of_o the_o horse_n as_o we_o have_v yet_o all_o their_o purpose_n and_o intent_n in_o the_o use_n of_o their_o chariot_n be_v to_o the_o same_o end_n to_o which_o at_o this_o day_n our_o horse_n be_v apply_v to_o these_o chariot_n belong_v colour_n or_o ensign_n of_o martial_a honour_n which_o be_v call_v standard_n or_o standart_v or_o the_o king_n imperial_a trophy_n indeed_o these_o be_v nothing_o so_o general_a as_o those_o on_o foot_n but_o more_o precious_a and_o reserve_v as_o a_o attribute_n only_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n and_o not_o to_o any_o other_o these_o standard_n be_v charge_v with_o the_o king_n imperial_a coat-armour_n and_o usual_o bear_v by_o a_o prince_n or_o some_o man_n of_o high_a place_n and_o dignity_n the_o imitation_n whereof_o we_o still_o pursue_v and_o follow_v at_o this_o day_n give_v it_o a_o superiority_n above_o all_o other_o ensign_n after_o the_o use_n of_o chariot_n be_v find_v out_o the_o use_n of_o elephant_n a_o warlike_a beast_n and_o of_o all_o other_o the_o strong_a for_o these_o cerry_v cartain_a little_a artificial_a house_n in_o the_o form_n of_o castle_n on_o their_o back_n in_o which_o be_v some_o few_o experience_a soldier_n 〈◊〉_d with_o warlike_a ensign_n and_o weapon_n by_o which_o they_o overthrow_v the_o foot_n compâ—â—â—_n and_o make_v passage_n through_o they_o in_o despite_n of_o all_o opposition_n as_o you_o shall_v read_v in_o the_o history_n of_o porus_n king_n of_o india_n not_o long_o after_o the_o exercise_n of_o elephant_n be_v find_v out_o the_o use_n of_o the_o single_a horse_n in_o those_o country_n where_o horse_n be_v most_o frequent_a as_o in_o arabia_n parthia_n persia_n and_o scythia_n for_o the_o asian_a part_n in_o barbary_n egypt_n and_o carthage_n for_o the_o part_n of_o africa_n and_o with_o we_o in_o europe_n in_o russia_n muscovia_n poland_n hungary_n italy_n but_o principal_o and_o above_o all_o the_o rest_n in_o france_n who_o be_v account_v in_o ancient_a time_n the_o flower_n of_o warlike_a horseman_n both_o in_o number_n and_o discipline_n therefore_o from_o they_o have_v be_v take_v our_o authority_n and_o example_n but_o now_o i_o conceive_v we_o may_v not_o go_v so_o far_o for_o either_o refer_v for_o satisfaction_n to_o the_o present_a mode_n of_o discipline_n in_o england_n for_o his_o majesty_n horse_n now_o in_o command_n it_o be_v think_v none_o can_v exceed_v they_o i_o have_v read_v of_o a_o guidon_n use_v with_o the_o light_a horse_n in_o former_a time_n antiquity_n tell_v we_o of_o gentleman_n at_o arm_n lancier_n and_o light_a horseman_n in_o the_o old_a war_n the_o gentleman_n at_o arm_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n own_o person_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n to_o his_o general_n only_o and_o the_o empresa_n of_o honour_n that_o they_o follow_v be_v the_o king_n standard_n royal_a be_v damask_n and_o charge_v with_o his_o coat-armour_n the_o lancier_n they_o have_v their_o cornet_n to_o follow_v which_o have_v device_n in_o they_o according_a to_o their_o commander_n pleasure_n and_o then_o the_o light-hors-man_n have_v their_o guidon_n which_o be_v somewhat_o long_o and_o sharp_a at_o the_o end_n but_o with_o a_o slit_n which_o make_v it_o double_v point_v much_o like_a to_o our_o late_a dragooner_n but_o for_o these_o guydon_n i_o need_v not_o stand_v upon_o only_o to_o show_v all_o along_o there_o be_v horse_n colour_n as_o ensign_n of_o honour_n use_v and_o now_o the_o cornet_n be_v most_o in_o use_n with_o we_o in_o england_n for_o the_o horse_n service_n i_o need_v not_o decipher_v the_o length_n or_o breadth_n of_o they_o chap._n iu._n of_o the_o dignity_n of_o ensign_n 1._o the_o dignity_n and_o estimation_n of_o ensign_n in_o all_o age_n have_v be_v hold_v most_o venerable_a and_o worthy_a they_o have_v be_v esteem_v the_o glory_n of_o the_o captain_n and_o his_o company_n and_o indeed_o they_o be_v no_o less_o for_o where_o they_o perish_v with_o disgrace_n there_o the_o captain_n honour_n fail_v and_o the_o soldier_n in_o hazard_n of_o ruin_n for_o if_o the_o loss_n proceed_v either_o from_o their_o cowardice_n or_o misgovernment_n it_o have_v be_v death_n by_o the_o law_n of_o arm_n to_o all_o that_o survive_v and_o the_o best_a mercy_n that_o can_v be_v expect_v be_v that_o every_o soldier_n shall_v draw_v a_o lot_n for_o his_o life_n file_n by_o file_n so_o that_o one_o out_o of_o every_o file_n perish_v for_o it_o 2._o the_o next_o dignity_n of_o the_o ensign_n be_v that_o every_o soldier_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v enrol_v and_o have_v receive_v either_o pay_n or_o impress_n they_o ancient_o take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o be_v faithful_a to_o their_o colour_n to_o attend_v they_o careful_o and_o to_o defend_v they_o valiant_o and_o that_o upon_o all_o summons_n of_o the_o trumpet_n or_o drum_n or_o command_v of_o their_o officer_n to_o repair_v to_o
and_o set_v down_o a_o certainty_n which_o we_o intend_v to_o pursue_v so_o in_o this_o matter_n of_o war_n be_v some_o point_n so_o difficult_a as_o may_v minister_v occasion_n and_o question_n of_o long_a debate_n unless_o those_o controversy_n be_v commend_v to_o man_n of_o stay_v and_o approve_a judgement_n who_o be_v not_o carry_v away_o with_o corrupt_a and_o common_a opinion_n but_o advise_v and_o persuade_v by_o the_o great_a strength_n of_o reason_n confirm_v by_o experience_n and_o precedent_n of_o the_o like_a example_n and_o by_o the_o way_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o declare_v my_o opinion_n that_o no_o man_n can_v set_v down_o in_o write_v a_o rule_n or_o method_n precise_o to_o be_v observe_v in_o war_n the_o same_o be_v rather_o to_o be_v print_v by_o a_o long_a practice_n and_o experience_n in_o a_o soldier_n breast_n to_o be_v execute_v as_o time_n matter_n and_o place_n may_v minister_v that_o upon_o the_o accident_n of_o any_o in_o which_o there_o may_v be_v then_o require_v a_o new_a form_n and_o order_n to_o be_v use_v according_o it_o be_v hold_v for_o a_o maxim_n that_o a_o prince_n can_v any_o way_n more_o dangerous_o hazard_v his_o realm_n and_o country_n than_o by_o give_v a_o invade_a battle_n at_o his_o first_o land_n as_o have_v be_v heretofore_o a_o usual_a custom_n and_o since_o it_o be_v among_o thing_n of_o the_o great_a importance_n that_o may_v concern_v a_o prince_n and_o his_o kingdom_n a_o people_n their_o liberty_n and_o good_n it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v and_o resolve_v upon_o beforehand_o by_o what_o mean_v a_o army_n royal_a come_n to_o invay_v and_o conquer_v may_v be_v best_o prevent_v and_o defeat_v the_o accustom_a order_n have_v be_v by_o fire_v of_o the_o beacon_n to_o put_v the_o shire_n in_o arm_n order_n short_a answer_n to_o the_o old_a accustom_a order_n and_o present_o all_o the_o force_n to_o repair_v to_o the_o land_a place_n and_o these_o without_o delay_n to_o give_v they_o battle_n but_o because_o 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to_o retire_v and_o glad_a to_o withdraw_v himself_o if_o he_o can_v further_o it_o be_v allege_v how_o doubtful_a a_o thing_n battle_n be_v and_o how_o dangerous_a a_o thing_n for_o a_o king_n to_o commit_v his_o crown_n upon_o it_o and_o therefore_o be_v that_o temporize_a course_n extol_v these_o be_v think_v most_o effectual_a reason_n to_o impugn_v the_o speedy_a repair_n to_o the_o sea_n side_n and_o to_o maintain_v the_o other_o opinion_n for_o suffer_v the_o enemy_n to_o land_n quiet_o and_o by_o drive_v and_o carry_v away_o victual_n and_o forage_v and_o fortify_v the_o strait_n and_o passage_n by_o time_n and_o famine_n to_o weary_a the_o enemy_n but_o have_v weigh_v the_o reason_n on_o both_o side_n and_o by_o experience_n of_o former_a invasion_n examine_v the_o success_n and_o sequel_n of_o the_o like_a
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thereby_o restrain_v from_o assault_v the_o same_o for_o fear_v the_o defendant_n camp_n shall_v assail_v he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o which_o work_v all_o for_o the_o defendant_n in_o win_v of_o time_n to_o the_o weaken_n and_o ruin_n of_o his_o enemy_n army_n the_o date_n whereof_o as_o by_o daily_a experience_n be_v find_v be_v not_o above_o twelve_o or_o thirteen_o week_n continuance_n so_o as_o your_o strong_a town_n avail_v whole_o for_o the_o defendant_n war_n in_o our_o late_a war_n and_o be_v dangerous_a only_o in_o civil_a and_o intestine_a war_n for_o that_o such_o town_n revolt_a work_n the_o like_a contrary_a effect_n against_o their_o lord_n and_o master_n as_o they_o do_v before_o for_o he_o for_o example_n &_o precedent_n of_o this_o you_o may_v behold_v what_o the_o strong_a hold_v of_o france_n and_o the_o low_a country_n and_o england_n itself_o do_v against_o their_o lord_n and_o sovereign_n insomuch_o as_o we_o may_v true_o say_v of_o they_o they_o be_v a_o dangerous_a good_a wherefore_o i_o think_v it_o matter_n of_o joy_n to_o all_o loyal_a heart_n that_o our_o most_o gracious_a sovereign_n have_v a_o kingdom_n so_o well_o replenish_v with_o a_o warlike_a people_n whereby_o to_o be_v enable_v at_o all_o time_n to_o front_n and_o give_v a_o stop_n to_o a_o enemy_n invadour_n and_o as_o touch_v a_o rebellious_a number_n i_o hope_v we_o shall_v never_o doubt_v or_o fear_v they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o shall_v want_v skilful_a leader_n and_o governor_n to_o direct_v they_o pay_v armour_n munition_n and_o other_o necessary_n to_o uphold_v they_o wherewith_o his_o now_o most_o royal_a majesty_n be_v plentiful_o furnish_v the_o want_n whereof_o shall_v force_v rebel_n in_o a_o few_o day_n to_o disperse_v themselves_o who_o be_v once_o break_v may_v present_o be_v follow_v in_o gross_a in_o such_o sort_n as_o they_o shall_v never_o be_v able_a to_o assemble_v and_o make_v head_n again_o and_o what_o leader_n of_o skill_n and_o judgement_n will_v undertake_v such_o a_o enterprise_n in_o these_o day_n and_o not_o forecast_v that_o a_o power_n and_o force_v assemble_v can_v long_o stand_v without_o rich_a and_o strong_a town_n to_o supply_v their_o want_n or_o at_o leastwise_o without_o so_o much_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o retain_v and_o keep_v a_o army_n together_o in_o due_a order_n and_o obedience_n without_o which_o there_o can_v grow_v nothing_o but_o confusion_n and_o ruin_n be_v their_o number_n never_o so_o great_a the_o content_n for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o horse_n chapt._n 1_o introductive_a collection_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o young_a soldier_n in_o the_o art_n military_n folio_fw-la 1_o chap._n 2._o of_o the_o soldier_n and_o officer_n in_o general_n 4_o chap._n 3._o of_o arm_v the_o cavalry_n 7_o chap._n 4._o of_o military_a sign_n 9_o chap._n 5._o of_o march_v and_o draw_v up_o of_o a_o troop_n of_o horse_n 10_o chap._n 6._o of_o exercise_v a_o troop_n as_o arm_v with_o carabine_n and_o pistol_n 13_o chap._n 7._o of_o distance_n 15_o chap._n 8._o of_o motion_n 16_o chap._n 9_o of_o firing_n 21_o chap._n 10._o the_o conlusion_n for_o the_o horse_n service_n 23_o for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o foot_n chap._n 1._o by_o way_n of_o introduction_n 33_o chap._n 2._o of_o the_o posture_n of_o the_o pike_n and_o of_o the_o musket_n 34_o 37_o chap._n 3._o of_o place_n and_o dignity_n both_o of_o file_n and_o rank_n some_o objection_n answer_v in_o dignity_n etc._n etc._n 40_o 43_o chap._n 4._o of_o the_o drum_n 45_o chap._n 5._o of_o distance_n ibid._n read_v chap._n 7._o for_o the_o horse_n service_n chap._n 6._o of_o march_v and_o draw_v up_o of_o a_o company_n decipher_n their_o dignity_n in_o place_n 48_o 49_o chap._n 6._o of_o face_n 50_o chap_n 7._o of_o doubling_n 53_o how_o the_o front_n be_v strengthen_v 1._o by_o entire_a doubling_n of_o rank_n 54_o 2._o by_o bringer_n up_o 57_o 3._o by_o half_a file_n 58_o 4._o by_o divisional_a wheeling_n 61_o chap._n 8._o show_v that_o several_a command_n produce_v one_o and_o the_o same_o figure_n 63_o chap._n 9_o how_o the_o rear_n may_v be_v strengthen_v 65_o chap._n 10._o how_o the_o flank_n be_v to_o be_v strengthen_v 1._o by_o file_n 67_o 2._o by_o half_a rank_n 72_o 3._o by_o divisional_a doubling_n 77_o 4._o by_o wheeling_n 78_o chap._n 11._o show_v how_o that_o several_a command_n produce_v one_o and_o the_o same_o figure_n 81_o chap._n 12._o treat_v of_o inversion_n 1._o of_o file_n file_v 84_o 2._o of_o rank_n file_v 90_o chap._n 13._o of_o conversion_n etc._n etc._n 93_o chap._n 14._o show_v also_o their_o several_a command_n produce_v one_o and_o the_o same_o figure_n 106_o chap._n 15._o of_o countermarche_n 110_o 1._o of_o maintain_v ground_n 111_o 2._o of_o lose_v ground_n 115_o 3._o of_o gain_v ground_n 122_o chap._n 16._o of_o wheeling_n 127_o chap._n 17._o of_o file_n leader_n to_o be_v make_v successive_o six_o deep_a 136_o chap._n 18._o of_o firing_n and_o fire_v in_o the_o front_n 137_o chap._n 19_o of_o fire_v in_o the_o front_n and_o rear_n and_o rear_v alone_o 151_o chap._n 20._o of_o firing_n in_o the_o flank_n 153_o chap._n 21._o of_o divisional_a firing_n 160_o chap._n 22._o a_o excuse_n for_o not_o proceed_v far_o 169_o chap._n 23._o show_v the_o necessity_n of_o exercise_n of_o arm_n with_o their_o antiquity_n ibid._n chap._n 24._o the_o conclusion_n 174_o chap._n 1._o the_o original_a and_o be_v of_o ensign_n and_o colour_n 175_o chap._n 2._o the_o definition_n of_o ensign_n 177_o chap._n 3._o of_o horse_n and_o horse_n colour_n 179_o chap._n 4._o of_o the_o dignity_n of_o ensign_n 180_o chap._n 5._o the_o disgrace_n to_o the_o ensign_n 182_o chap._n 6._o the_o use_n of_o the_o ensign_n with_o the_o posture_n and_o flourish_n 184_o sir_n francis_n
than_o 60_o degree_n for_o experience_n have_v teach_v we_o that_o such_o a_o one_o will_v suffice_v 10._o a_o right_a angle_n for_o the_o bulwark_n be_v the_o best_a but_o to_o gain_v it_o you_o must_v not_o omit_v or_o cut_v away_o too_o much_o of_o the_o second_o flanque_fw-fr 11._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n c_o a_o k_o fig._n 6_o must_v always_o be_v a_o right_a angle_n for_o so_o as_o well_o the_o courtine_n as_o the_o face_n will_v be_v more_o large_o flanque_v and_o defend_v and_o consequent_o more_o sure_a and_o commodious_a and_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o face_n and_o flanque_n will_v be_v big_a and_o therefore_o strong_a 12._o let_v the_o gorge_n or_o neck-line_n a_o c_o f_o h_n be_v large_a fig._n 6_o lest_o the_o bulwark_n be_v straighten_a 13._o let_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o bulwark_n be_v such_o as_o may_v receive_v a_o sufficient_a number_n of_o arm_a man_n and_o yield_v room_n enough_o for_o the_o traverse_v gun_n and_o perform_v other_o military_a duty_n the_o bulwark_n be_v chief_o straighten_a for_o these_o reason_n if_o you_o lessen_v the_o face_n and_o keep_v the_o same_o angle_n for_o the_o bulwark_n and_o consequent_o increase_v the_o flanque_n or_o if_o you_o retain_v the_o same_o flanque_n and_o increase_v the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n 14._o at_o length_n that_o i_o may_v contract_v the_o rule_n abovementioned_a and_o many_o other_o into_o one_o that_o form_n of_o a_o fortification_n will_v be_v the_o best_a that_o have_v the_o large_a flanque_n in_o the_o bulwark_n and_o courtine_n the_o gorge_n line_n very_o spacious_a the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n a_o right_a angle_n or_o near_o a_o right_a angle_n and_o the_o fichant_n line_n at_o most_o not_o to_o exceed_v a_o musquet-shot_a that_o this_o form_n may_v be_v have_v in_o regular_a figure_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o courtine_n face_n flanque_n and_o neck_n will_v be_v as_o follow_v 15._o let_v not_o the_o face_n be_v less_o than_o half_a the_o courtine_n nor_o big_a than_o the_o whole_a 16._o the_o flancque_n must_v not_o be_v less_o than_o a_o four_o part_n of_o the_o face_n nor_o big_a than_o half_a the_o face_n 17._o the_o gorge_n line_n must_v not_o be_v less_o than_o the_o flanque_n in_o these_o three_o dogen_n and_o goldman_n agree_v the_o reason_n of_o they_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o account_n of_o the_o five_o chapter_n chap._n iu._n be_v a_o explanation_n of_o the_o forego_n maxim_n all_o the_o reason_n and_o proportion_n of_o our_o fortification_n will_v rely_v on_o the_o rule_n deliver_v in_o the_o last_o chapter_n therefore_o it_o will_v be_v here_o necessary_a more_o full_o to_o declare_v they_o especial_o those_o which_o sometime_o all_o ingineer_n do_v not_o approve_v of_o the_o first_o second_o and_o three_o want_v no_o exposition_n about_o the_o four_o and_o 5_o although_o now_o no_o body_n disagree_v yet_o there_o be_v a_o time_n when_o man_n do_v doubt_v they_o some_o military_a architect_n those_o chief_o that_o flourish_v in_o the_o former_a age_n do_v order_v such_o a_o distance_n for_o the_o bastion_n that_o the_o fichant_n line_n or_o the_o long_a line_n of_o defence_n shall_v not_o a_o little_a exceed_v a_o musket_n shoot_v the_o reason_n they_o bring_v be_v that_o the_o place_n may_v better_o be_v defend_v with_o great_a gun_n than_o with_o musket_n and_o therefore_o because_o great_a gun_n can_v be_v so_o well_o level_v against_o a_o enemy_n that_o be_v near_a they_o require_v a_o great_a distance_n for_o their_o bulwork_n and_o so_o the_o charge_n will_v be_v the_o less_o the_o town_n be_v defend_v with_o few_o bulwork_n but_o this_o way_n by_o all_o modern_a ingineer_n be_v neglect_v who_o with_o one_o consent_n remove_v the_o bulwork_n to_o such_o a_o distance_n that_o the_o fichant_n line_n may_v be_v measure_v with_o a_o musquet-shot_a what_o reason_n our_o former_a architect_n bring_v for_o their_o opinion_n be_v plain_o none_o at_o all_o for_o both_o by_o reason_n and_o experience_n it_o be_v evident_a town_n may_v be_v better_o defend_v with_o musket_n than_o with_o cannon_n for_o the_o use_n of_o great_a gun_n be_v very_o costly_a slow_a difficult_a the_o execution_n they_o do_v very_o rare_a and_o uncertain_a so_o that_o it_o be_v become_v a_o proverb_n he_o be_v curse_v in_o his_o mother_n belly_n that_o be_v kill_v with_o a_o cannon_n bullet_n and_o if_o a_o great_a gun_n shall_v be_v make_v useless_a by_o be_v dismount_v or_o by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o gunner_n or_o some_o other_o mischance_n all_o the_o flanque_a defence_n be_v lose_v to_o the_o great_a encouragement_n of_o the_o besieger_n on_o the_o contrary_a the_o use_n of_o musket_n be_v not_o costly_a but_o easy_a ready_a quick_a and_o sure_a for_o who_o will_v deny_v that_o a_o enemy_n may_v not_o better_o be_v beat_v off_o with_o a_o thousand_o small_a shot_n than_o one_o great_a gun_n a_o thing_n so_o clear_a need_v no_o more_o argument_n therefore_o let_v stand_v what_o we_o have_v appoint_v the_o fichant_n line_n to_o be_v measure_v by_o a_o musquet-shot_a nor_o do_v we_o exclude_v the_o use_n of_o great_a gun_n from_o our_o defence_n for_o in_o this_o modern_a way_n of_o fortification_n they_o may_v and_o aught_o to_o be_v admit_v useful_o we_o only_o persuade_v that_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o defence_n may_v rather_o be_v commit_v to_o musket_n than_o to_o cannon_n what_o we_o order_v in_o the_o 6_o and_o seven_o rule_n be_v the_o chief_a concern_v in_o the_o whole_a business_n of_o fortification_n the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n because_o they_o lie_v far_o out_o than_o any_o of_o the_o other_o part_n be_v the_o weak_a part_n of_o the_o fortification_n the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n be_v the_o strong_a for_o they_o lie_v far_o from_o the_o enemy_n and_o be_v near_o to_o one_o another_o stout_o defend_v themselves_o since_o then_o the_o face_n be_v a_o place_n weak_a than_o the_o rest_n and_o which_o the_o enemy_n most_o usual_o attaque_n we_o ought_v with_o our_o chief_a care_n to_o help_v it_o fig._n 7_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o bulwork_n in_o the_o first_o the_o face_n g_o v_o c_o produce_v fall_v upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o courtine_n f_o for_o which_o reason_n the_o face_n g_o c_o can_v only_o be_v defend_v from_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwark_n fig._n 5_o in_o the_o second_o form_n of_o bulwark_n the_o face_n g_o f_o produce_v do_v not_o fall_v upon_o the_o end_n of_o the_o courtine_n but_o in_o another_o point_n of_o it_o x_o so_o that_o it_o leave_v out_o a_o part_n of_o the_o courtine_n x_o b_o which_o be_v call_v the_o flanque_n of_o the_o courtine_n from_o which_o the_o face_n may_v be_v as_o well_o defend_v and_o scour_v as_o from_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwark_n b_o c._n the_o first_o they_o follow_v that_o will_v have_v the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n a_o right_a angle_n in_o all_o figure_n above_o a_o pentagon_n the_o latter_a the_o dutch_a first_o receive_v and_o make_v use_v of_o who_o judge_v it_o best_o for_o their_o advantage_n to_o add_v to_o their_o defence_n second_o flanque_n in_o the_o courtine_n though_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o right_a angle_n even_o in_o a_o duodekagon_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o doubt_n but_o this_o method_n be_v far_o better_a than_o the_o former_a since_o it_o do_v not_o only_o sufficient_o provide_v for_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n which_o it_o never_o make_v less_o than_o 60_o degree_n but_o also_o increase_v the_o defence_n of_o the_o face_n often_o to_o twice_o as_o much_o as_o the_o former_a the_o reason_n of_o the_o 8_o rule_n which_o bid_v the_o courtine_n be_v of_o a_o just_a length_n be_v that_o among_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n the_o courtine_n be_v the_o strong_a for_o it_o lie_v distant_a from_o the_o enemy_n far_o than_o any_o other_o of_o the_o part_n and_o place_v betwixt_o two_o bulwork_n be_v very_o strong_o defend_v now_o it_o be_v very_o agreeable_a to_o reason_n that_o the_o strong_a part_n of_o the_o fortification_n shall_v be_v long_o than_o the_o weak_a yet_o do_v not_o extend_v the_o courtine_n so_o far_o as_o to_o make_v the_o fichant_n line_n above_o musquet-shot_a for_o that_o be_v against_o the_o 5_o rule_n the_o fit_a proportion_n will_v be_v if_o with_o dogen_n or_o fritach_n you_o give_v it_o 432_o foot_n or_o with_o goldman_n 480_o foot_n the_o 9th_o and_o 10_o cannon_n treat_v of_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n where_o a_o right_a angle_n be_v prefer_v before_o any_o other_o provide_v it_o do_v not_o too_o much_o obstruct_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o rule_n for_o the_o better_a understanding_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o rule_n you_o must_v note_v that_o right_a and_o obtuse_a angle_n do_v resist_v the_o
line_n 87_o s_n v_n do_v represent_v the_o width_n of_o the_o ditch_n or_o moat_n that_o wash_v the_o bulwark_n which_o you_o must_v always_o understand_v when_o there_o shall_v any_o mention_n be_v make_v of_o the_o width_n of_o the_o ditch_n chap._n viii_o wherein_o be_v determine_v the_o orthographical_a dimension_n or_o the_o profile_v of_o fortification_n and_o first_o those_o of_o the_o rampar_n and_o brestwork_n raise_v upon_o the_o rampar_n the_o sole_a and_o main_a business_n of_o the_o delineation_n hitherto_o expound_v be_v true_o to_o constitute_v or_o form_v the_o rampart_n circumference_n complete_v with_o face_n flanque_n and_o courtine_n which_o indeed_o be_v the_o fundamental_a &_o principal_a work_n of_o all_o martial_a structure_n but_o now_o to_o prescribe_v the_o dimension_n of_o the_o rampar_n itself_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o its_o part_n as_o to_o their_o height_n and_o thickness_n be_v the_o business_n of_o orthography_n every_o fortification_n consist_v almost_o of_o these_o part_n viz._n rampar_n brestwork_n fauss_n bray_v ditch_n or_o moat_n the_o couvert_a way_n and_o a_o out-brestwork_a yet_o if_o the_o ditch_n be_v dry_a the_o fauss-bray_a both_o may_v and_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v omit_v in_o this_o chapter_n we_o shall_v speak_v of_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o rampar_n and_o brestwork_n the_o spartan_n in_o former_a time_n will_v not_o defend_v their_o city_n with_o wall_n and_o ditch_n and_o king_n agesilaus_n show_v his_o arm_a citizen_n to_o one_o that_o ask_v why_o sparta_n want_v wall_n say_v that_o those_o be_v the_o wall_n of_o sparta_n this_o be_v plain_o a_o foolish_a and_o empty_a ostentation_n of_o strength_n rely_v on_o no_o sound_a council_n but_o only_a rashness_n which_o the_o experience_n of_o all_o nation_n have_v condemn_v and_o which_o the_o spartan_n have_v almost_o find_v fatal_a to_o themselves_o in_o the_o theban_a war._n but_o leave_v this_o we_o will_v come_v to_o the_o purpose_n i._o for_o the_o stuff_n or_o matter_n to_o make_v the_o rampar_n the_o rampar_n must_v not_o be_v make_v of_o wood_n nor_o stone_n but_o earth_n this_o be_v every_o where_o at_o hand_n and_o ready_a to_o come_v by_o and_o be_v easy_o heap_v up_o to_o such_o a_o thickness_n that_o the_o rampar_n may_v be_v cannon_n proof_n beside_o earth_n by_o its_o yield_n and_o give_v way_n do_v soon_o master_n and_o break_v the_o force_n of_o the_o shot_n yet_o i_o do_v not_o prefer_v a_o bare_a earthen_a rampar_n before_o one_o case_v with_o stone_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o ii_o the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n there_o be_v hardly_o any_o thing_n so_o destructive_a to_o a_o fortification_n as_o a_o high_a rampar_n this_o error_n have_v be_v commit_v in_o most_o of_o the_o ancient_a fortification_n especial_o those_o of_o the_o most_o famous_a city_n in_o europe_n for_o these_o high_a rampart_n flatter_v the_o sight_n and_o make_v a_o show_n of_o strength_n where_o there_o be_v none_o when_o indeed_o they_o spoil_v the_o whole_a defence_n and_o betray_v the_o town_n to_o the_o enemy_n and_o lest_o so_o great_a mischief_n may_v be_v have_v gratis_o the_o treasury_n must_v be_v also_o drain_v to_o obtain_v it_o the_o fault_n of_o high_a rampart_n consist_v chief_o in_o this_o that_o they_o shelter_v the_o enemy_n when_o he_o draw_v near_o they_o from_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o townsman_n this_o to_o its_o own_o great_a loss_n breda_n have_v teach_v we_o when_o it_o be_v last_o besiege_v by_o the_o hollander_n prince_n maurice_n have_v fortify_v this_o town_n with_o great_a care_n and_o expense_n so_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v to_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o compleat_a fortification_n of_o europe_n but_o the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n flatter_v his_o sight_n as_o i_o say_v deceive_v he_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o breda_n be_v afterward_o besiege_v by_o frederick_n mauritius_n his_o brother_n be_v not_o able_a from_o their_o high_a rampar_n with_o all_o their_o cannon_n to_o remove_v the_o enemy_n approach_v near_o unto_o they_o nor_o his_o blind_v steal_v by_o degree_n upon_o they_o whence_o they_o be_v force_v to_o cut_v hole_n in_o several_a place_n of_o their_o high_a rampar_n that_o be_v raise_v at_o such_o great_a charge_n and_o pull_v it_o down_o and_o level_v it_o to_o make_v a_o place_n for_o low_a battery_n from_o whence_o they_o may_v sure_a hit_v and_o break_v the_o fatal_a blind_v of_o the_o enemy_n but_o these_o high_a rampart_n can_v be_v so_o mend_v but_o they_o will_v be_v mar_v worse_o in_o another_o point_n for_o while_o they_o be_v cut_v in_o many_o place_n the_o bind_v together_o and_o joint_v of_o the_o work_n be_v loosen_a so_o that_o it_o will_v easy_o fall_v if_o batter_v with_o the_o enemy_n cannon_n but_o a_o rampar_n that_o rise_v to_o a_o indifferent_a height_n have_v not_o this_o deadly_a inconvenience_n 9_o fig._n 9_o as_o be_v manifest_a in_o itself_o nay_o and_o musket_n shoot_v do_v more_o execution_n from_o a_o low_a station_n than_o from_o a_o high_a one_o for_o let_v there_o be_v two_o height_n a_o b_o the_o big_a a_o c_o the_o lesser_a and_o let_v the_o line_n d_o e_z at_o the_o height_n of_o a_o man_n stand_v perpendicular_a upon_o the_o horizon_n now_o it_o be_v clear_v the_o line_n or_o shot_n which_o be_v direct_v from_o c_o to_o e_z shall_v fall_v beyond_o that_o line_n or_o shot_n which_o shall_v be_v direct_v from_o b_o to_z e_z and_o intercept_v a_o large_a space_n on_o the_o earth_n d_o f_o whereas_o the_o other_o from_o b_o passing_z through_z e_z intercept_v only_o the_o space_n d_o g_o therefore_o more_o ground_n may_v be_v scour_v from_o a_o low_a place_n than_o from_o a_o high_a but_o perhaps_o those_o that_o be_v the_o patron_n of_o high_a rampart_n will_v say_v they_o can_v be_v so_o easy_o climb_v and_o that_o the_o enemy_n approach_n may_v better_o be_v discover_v from_o they_o i_o answer_v the_o inconvenience_n now_o allege_v must_v prevail_v for_o a_o ordinary_a height_n will_v sufficient_o hinder_v the_o ascent_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o for_o discover_v his_o approach_n you_o may_v raise_v cavalier_n in_o the_o bulwork_n iii_o the_o height_n be_v determine_v therefore_o let_v not_o the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n exceed_v 18_o rhynland_a foot_n nor_o be_v less_o than_o 10_o foot_n for_o this_o will_v expose_v the_o city_n to_o the_o enemy_n shot_n the_o other_o suffice_v more_o will_v make_v you_o fall_v into_o the_o error_n speak_v of_o before_o in_o the_o second_o number_n engineer_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o several_a magnitude_n of_o fortification_n prescribe_v several_a height_n but_o mere_o by_o guess_n in_o iu._n v._o vi_o vii_o viii_o etc._n etc._n the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n foot_n 12._o 14._o 15._o 16._o 18_o if_o hill_n shall_v hangover_v the_o town_n you_o must_v not_o for_o that_o reason_n raise_v your_o rampar_n above_o 18_o foot_n but_o raise_v cavalier_n in_o your_o bulwork_n or_o praeoccupate_v those_o high_a place_n with_o outwork_n iv_o the_o talu_n of_o the_o rampar_n or_o line_n form_v the_o slope_n the_o rampar_n must_v be_v so_o build_v that_o both_o without_o and_o within_o it_o may_v be_v slope_v for_o a_o body_n of_o earth_n can_v like_v a_o wall_n rise_v to_o a_o perpendicle_n 8._o fig._n 8._o the_o inward_a talu_n a_n b_o must_v be_v always_o equal_a to_o the_o height_n b_o l_o that_o upon_o any_o sudden_a occasion_n the_o soldier_n may_v easy_o run_v up_o to_o their_o rampar_n the_o outward_a talu_n e_o f_o be_v most_o common_o half_a the_o height_n and_o it_o will_v be_v requisite_a to_o make_v it_o less_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v firm_a if_o the_o ground_n be_v very_o loose_a it_o may_v be_v make_v equal_a to_o two_o three_o of_o the_o height_n but_o if_o the_o outward_a talu_n be_v too_o big_a it_o give_v the_o enemy_n a_o easy_a ascent_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o memorable_a take_n of_o the_o fort_n of_o schenkin_n v._o the_o upper_a thickness_n of_o the_o rampar_n 8._o fig._n 8._o the_o upper_a thickness_n of_o the_o rampar_n l_o 3_o must_v not_o be_v only_o such_o be_v may_v bear_v the_o force_n of_o cannon_n but_o aught_o to_o be_v so_o big_a that_o after_o its_o brestwork_n be_v set_v on_o who_o low_a thickness_n must_v be_v 24_o foot_n else_o not_o cannon_n proof_n together_o with_o the_o step_n or_o banquet_n d_o 4_o three_o foot_n broad_a yet_o it_o may_v also_o have_v remain_v a_o plain_a or_o walk_v call_v in_o french_a terreplein_n 4_o l_o large_a enough_o for_o the_o traverse_v great_a gun_n therefore_o it_o will_v be_v most_o a_o end_n 51_o or_o 57_o rhynland_a foot_n a_o thickness_n much_o exceed_v this_o will_v be_v superfluous_a and_o for_o no_o other_o use_n than_o drain_n the_o exchequer_n and_o here_o also_o your_o engineer_n for_o the_o
therefore_o sure_a to_o do_v execution_n as_o i_o show_v in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n number_n the_o second_o therefore_o the_o only_a end_n of_o a_o fauss-bray_a be_v the_o defence_n of_o a_o moat_n which_o help_n a_o dry_a ditch_n do_v not_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o as_o shall_v be_v teach_v hereafter_o ii_o its_o height_n and_o structure_n some_o architect_n sharp_o contend_v that_o such_o a_o height_n ought_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o fauss-bray_a as_o may_v make_v it_o able_a to_o command_v the_o outwork_n but_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o outwork_n will_v better_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o rampar_n itself_o and_o as_o much_o as_o you_o shall_v add_v to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a so_o much_o will_v you_o diminish_v from_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o graft_n therefore_o let_v it_o not_o exceed_v humane_a stature_n the_o rest_n of_o its_o structure_n be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o thing_n as_o that_o of_o the_o brestwork_n of_o the_o rampar_n deliver_v in_o the_o eight_o chapter_n numb_a 8._o iii_o the_o walk_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a chemin_fw-fr des_fw-fr rondes_fw-la betwixt_o the_o rampar_n and_o the_o fauss-bray_a be_v leave_v a_o space_n e_o 5_o fit_a for_o the_o besieger_n to_o plant_n and_o traverse_v their_o great_a gun_n which_o we_o call_v the_o walk_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a it_o be_v great_a breadth_n be_v equal_a to_o two_o rhynland_a perch_n and_o the_o least_o be_v equal_a to_o one_o when_o upon_o occasion_n a_o fauss-bray_a shall_v be_v draw_v about_o the_o ancient_a rampar_n of_o city_n to_o be_v defend_v only_o by_o musquetier_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o walk_n may_v be_v take_v somewhat_o less_o than_o a_o perch_n if_o you_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o proportion_v it_o to_o the_o polygon_n you_o may_v order_v it_o after_o this_o fashion_n in_o iu._n v._o vi_o vii_o viii_o ix_o  _fw-fr the_o walk_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a with_o its_o step_n or_o banquet_n  _fw-fr 15._o 18._o 20._o 24._o 24._o 24._o etc._n etc._n this_o width_n will_v serve_v to_o plant_v gun_n in_o but_o not_o the_o big_a iv_o the_o bankside_n or_o lisier_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a towards_o the_o ditch_n be_v leave_v a_o space_n of_o six_o foot_n r_o s_n for_o the_o strengthen_n and_o keep_v up_o of_o the_o work_n lest_o any_o of_o the_o earth_n shall_v fall_v into_o the_o ditch_n chap._n x._o i._o whether_o a_o dry_a ditch_n or_o graft_n be_v better_o than_o a_o moat_n there_o be_v not_o a_o question_n more_o frequent_a among_o engineer_n and_o many_o now_o prefer_v the_o dry_a one_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o a_o moat_n be_v these_o it_o keep_v the_o besiege_a in_o like_a prisoner_n that_o they_o can_v sally_v out_o upon_o the_o enemy_n unless_o a_o covert_a way_n and_o out-brestwork_a be_v raise_v beyond_o it_o at_o very_o great_a expense_n and_o when_o the_o out-brestwork_a shall_v be_v take_v it_o can_v defend_v itself_o since_o there_o be_v no_o go_v on_o it_o but_o by_o little_a boat_n therefore_o the_o gallery_n be_v easy_o bring_v over_o the_o moat_n unto_o the_o rampar_n as_o experience_n have_v often_o teach_v the_o hollander_n the_o water_n hinder_v the_o besiege_a that_o they_o can_v run_v down_o into_o the_o ditch_n with_o handy_a blow_n to_o throw_v down_o the_o fatal_a engine_n this_o defect_n however_o be_v supply_v by_o build_v a_o fauss-bray_a ravelin_n and_o halfmoon_n at_o vast_a expense_n and_o the_o entertainment_n of_o a_o far_o great_a garrison_n therefore_o a_o moat_n be_v both_o of_o itself_o weak_a and_o keep_v the_o townsman_n in_o like_a prisoner_n so_o that_o they_o can_v come_v to_o beat_v off_o the_o enemy_n any_o other_o way_n than_o by_o fire_v at_o a_o distance_n though_o they_o see_v he_o spring_v his_o mine_n and_o bring_v the_o last_o destruction_n to_o the_o town_n beside_o the_o fauss-bray_a be_v build_v only_o for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o moat_n as_o be_v the_o out-brestwork_a and_o the_o couvert_a way_n and_o in_o fine_a all_o sort_n of_o outwork_n and_o it_o require_v a_o far_o great_a number_n of_o soldier_n to_o defend_v it_o a_o dry_a ditch_n safe_a in_o its_o own_o strength_n do_v not_o need_v these_o chargeable_a outwork_n especial_o a_o out-brestwork_a it_o never_o want_v for_o as_o the_o moat_n keep_v in_o the_o soldier_n like_o prisoner_n the_o dry_a ditch_n convey_v they_o safe_a and_o unseen_a on_o the_o enemy_n neither_o have_v these_o that_o sally_v any_o need_n of_o a_o couvertway_n since_o the_o ditch_n can_v hide_v they_o in_o its_o own_o bottom_n nor_o have_v they_o any_o need_n of_o a_o out-brestwork_a since_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o ditch_n itself_o viz._n if_o it_o have_v step_n make_v to_o it_o be_v able_a to_o supply_v the_o place_n of_o a_o out-brestwork_a nay_o there_o be_v no_o sort_n of_o out-work_n require_v since_o they_o be_v raise_v only_o to_o keep_v the_o enemy_n from_o the_o ditch_n and_o rampar_n which_o will_v be_v better_o perform_v by_o sally_n which_o may_v be_v make_v safe_o through_o the_o dry_a ditch_n again_o a_o dry_a ditch_n make_v a_o easy_a and_o safe_a retreat_n for_o those_o that_o sally_n when_o they_o be_v whole_o pursue_v by_o the_o enemy_n but_o a_o wet_a ditch_n will_v either_o exclude_v or_o drown_v they_o for_o there_o be_v no_o passage_n from_o out-work_n to_o out-work_n or_o from_o the_o outwork_n to_o the_o principal_a rampar_n but_o what_o be_v make_v by_o little_a narrow_a wooden_a bridge_n which_o can_v receive_v but_o few_o at_o a_o time_n and_o if_o they_o be_v crowd_v too_o much_o as_o common_o in_o such_o case_n it_o happen_v they_o yield_v to_o their_o weight_n and_o be_v break_v as_o it_o fall_v out_o when_o breda_n be_v last_o besiege_v in_o the_o take_n of_o ginekens_n horn-work_n with_o the_o great_a loss_n of_o their_o stout_a soldier_n perish_v in_o the_o water_n to_o conclude_v since_o a_o dry_a ditch_n can_v safe_o be_v without_o halfmoon_n ravelin_n horn-work_n and_o out-brestworks_a and_o all_o other_o outwork_n or_o at_o least_o may_v neglect_v they_o far_o safe_a than_o a_o wet_a ditch_n can_v we_o must_v confess_v that_o the_o town_n if_o it_o be_v besiege_v will_v be_v defend_v with_o a_o far_o less_o garrison_n it_o plain_o appear_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o mastreicht_n the_o sharp_a of_o all_o the_o dutch_a sieges_n how_o far_o a_o dry_a ditch_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o a_o wet_a one_o the_o ditch_n of_o the_o town_n be_v partly_o wet_a partly_o dry_a the_o prince_n of_o orange_n consult_v with_o his_o captain_n which_o be_v best_a to_o fall_v upon_o who_o resolve_v to_o attempt_v the_o dry_a one_o but_o the_o take_n of_o it_o be_v so_o slow_a and_o so_o difficult_a that_o the_o prince_n confess_v his_o error_n and_o resolve_v after_o that_o never_o to_o try_v the_o take_n of_o a_o dry_a ditch_n before_o a_o wet_a one_o that_o i_o may_v omit_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o action_n in_o this_o most_o valiant_a defence_n the_o townsman_n from_o the_o ditch_n itself_o bring_v forth_o their_o mine_n to_o blow_v up_o the_o line_n of_o approach_n with_o such_o facility_n and_o success_n that_o the_o enemy_n be_v force_v to_o spend_v five_o week_n to_o gain_v a_o line_n of_o five_o perch_n then_o with_o skirmish_n work_n and_o countermine_n they_o so_o tire_v the_o dutch_a that_o besiege_v they_o that_o the_o prince_n despair_v to_o bring_v his_o line_n over_o the_o dry_a ditch_n be_v constrain_v to_o carry_v a_o mine_n into_o the_o town_n under_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o which_o be_v very_o near_o forty_o foot_n low_a than_o the_o level_n of_o the_o town_n notwithstanding_o it_o be_v to_o be_v confess_v the_o nocturnal_a attempt_n and_o surprise_v of_o the_o enemy_n be_v better_o keep_v off_o by_o a_o wet_a ditch_n than_o by_o a_o dry_a one_o yet_o there_o be_v great_a danger_n from_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v once_o freeze_v unless_o the_o ice_n be_v always_o break_v as_o appear_v in_o the_o take_n of_o wachtendonch_n by_o the_o dutch_a and_o philipsbourg_n by_o the_o emperialist_n by_o a_o surprise_n in_o the_o dark_a over_o their_o moat_n that_o be_v freeze_v whilst_o these_o thing_n be_v controvert_v on_o both_o side_n this_o be_v my_o opinion_n that_o a_o dry_a ditch_n be_v best_a against_o open_a assault_n and_o the_o wet_a one_o best_o against_o surprise_v but_o because_o all_o surprise_v and_o sudden_a attempt_n may_v be_v prevent_v by_o the_o care_n and_o vigilancy_n of_o the_o officer_n and_o soldier_n but_o open_a force_n no_o other_o way_n but_o by_o force_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o the_o dry_a ditch_n be_v absolute_o to_o be_v choose_v if_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n will_v permit_v it_o especial_o since_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o money_n be_v spare_v which_o otherwise_o will_v have_v be_v spend_v in_o build_v the_o fausse
and_o the_o outwork_n ii_o the_o make_n of_o the_o ditch_n let_v the_o solidity_n of_o the_o ditch_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o solidity_n of_o the_o work_n that_o be_v to_o be_v raise_v viz._n to_o the_o rampar_n the_o brestwork_n on_o the_o rampar_n the_o fauss-bray_a and_o the_o out-brestwork_a add_v together_o therefore_o you_o must_v not_o take_v more_o earth_n out_o of_o the_o ditch_n than_o will_v serve_v for_o make_v the_o say_a work_n for_o which_o reason_n all_o the_o dimension_n of_o a_o ditch_n can_v be_v determine_v before_o the_o solidity_n of_o all_o the_o work_n to_o be_v raise_v be_v know_v iii_o the_o upper_a width_n the_o upper_a width_n of_o the_o ditch_n about_o the_o bulwark_n s_o v_n must_v at_o least_o exceed_v the_o tall_a tree_n otherwise_o the_o enemy_n will_v lay_v bridge_n over_o it_o 120_o 132_o 144_o foot_n will_v be_v large_a enough_o but_o if_o you_o will_v vary_v it_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o figure_n you_o may_v order_v it_o after_o this_o manner_n in_o iu._n v._o vi_o vii_o viii_o ix_o x._o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 72._o 84._o 96._o 108._o 120._o 132._o 144._o foot_n iv_o the_o talu_n of_o the_o ditch_n shall_z five_o 5_o or_o line_n form_v the_o sloap_n the_o outward_a talu_n v._n 5_o of_o a_o wet_a ditch_n and_o the_o inward_a s_o h_n must_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o depth_n of_o it_o which_o be_v now_o to_o be_v determine_v so_o consequent_o the_o angle_n h_o s_o 8_o will_v be_v half_a a_o right_a angle_n v._o the_o depth_n 8_o h_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v order_v to_o be_v ten_o or_o twelve_o foot_n but_o it_o can_v be_v less_o than_o six_o foot_n otherwise_o a_o wet_a ditch_n may_v be_v wade_v over_o and_o a_o dry_a ditch_n will_v not_o cover_v a_o man_n stand_v but_o why_o a_o ditch_n have_v the_o width_n be_v above-determined_a and_o its_o depth_n ten_o foot_n shall_v supply_v earth_n enough_o to_o raise_v the_o rampar_n and_o its_o brestwork_n the_o fauss-bray_a and_o out-brestwork_a thus_o i_o demonstrate_v measure_v the_o orthographical_a section_n of_o the_o rampar_n and_o its_o brestwork_n a_o like_a the_o fauss-bray_a 5_o n_o p_o q_o r_o and_o of_o the_o out-brestwork_a 6_o x_o y_z z_o and_o multiply_v their_o sum_n into_o the_o principal_a perimeter_n of_o the_o fortification_n which_o will_v be_v know_v if_o all_o the_o courtine_n face_n flanque_n be_v add_v among_o themselves_o but_o the_o orthographical_a section_n and_o the_o perimeter_n of_o the_o fortification_n must_v be_v measure_v with_o one_o and_o the_o same_o measure_n and_o the_o product_n shall_v give_v a_o solid_a almost_o equal_a to_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o rampar_n and_o its_o brestwork_n the_o fauss-bray_a and_o out-brestwork_a in_o like_a manner_n the_o ditch_n will_v be_v almost_o equal_a to_o the_o solid_a that_o shall_v be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o multiplication_n of_o the_o orthographical_a section_n of_o the_o ditch_n s_o 8_o 7_o five_o into_o the_o perimeter_n that_o pass_v through_o the_o middle_a point_n of_o its_o width_n α_n therefore_o because_o the_o ditch_n ought_v to_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o work_n it_o will_v be_v by_o the_o corrol_n of_o the_o 34th_o of_o the_o 11_o of_o euclid_n as_o the_o perimeter_n pass_v by_o α_n be_v to_o the_o principal_a perimeter_n of_o the_o fortification_n so_o be_v the_o sum_n of_o the_o section_n of_o the_o rampar_n etc._n etc._n to_o the_o section_n of_o the_o ditch_n s_o 8_o 7_o five_o which_o be_v consequent_o know_v because_o it_o be_v a_o four_o proportional_a to_o three_o quantity_n know_v now_o because_o s_n v_n be_v know_v and_o its_o half_a s_n α_n that_o be_v α_n β_n for_o since_o s_n h_n be_v equal_a to_o h_n 8_o s_o α_n will_v be_v equal_a to_o α_n β_n by_o the_o 4._o 6._o euclid_n therefore_o β_n α_n multiply_v into_o s_o α_n shall_v give_v the_o triangle_n s_o β_n v._o from_o which_o subtract_v s_n 8_o 7_o five_o already_o know_v and_o there_o will_v remain_v the_o triangle_n 8_o β_n 7_o also_o know_v then_o as_o the_o triangle_n s_o β_n v_n be_v to_o the_o square_n of_o α_n β_n so_o be_v the_o triangle_n 8_o β_n 7_o to_o the_o square_n of_o Ï€_n β_n wherefore_o since_o three_o term_n be_v know_v the_o four_o also_o will_v be_v know_v which_o be_v the_o square_a of_o Ï€_n β_n who_o root_n be_v the_o line_n β_n Ï€_n which_o substract_v from_o β_n α_n that_o be_v s_o α_n shall_v give_v α_n Ï€_n the_o depth_n of_o the_o ditch_n which_o this_o way_n be_v find_v to_o be_v near_o ten_o foot_n if_o you_o need_v any_o more_o earth_n to_o raise_v battery_n for_o cannon_n and_o cavalier_n make_v your_o ditch_n something_o deep_a about_o the_o bulwork_n if_o there_o be_v no_o fausâ—-bray_a nor_o out-brestwork_a yet_o it_o will_v be_v requisite_a to_o make_v the_o ditch_n ten_o foot_n deep_a especial_o if_o you_o intend_v it_o a_o dry_a one_o the_o earth_n that_o shall_v be_v over_o and_o above_o will_v serve_v to_o raise_v cavalier_n and_o other_o work_n of_o which_o there_o be_v great_a use_n vi_o the_o width_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ditch_n 8_o 7._o this_o follow_v from_o the_o upper_a width_n the_o angle_n form_v the_o sloap_n and_o the_o depth_n be_v already_o determine_v in_o iu._n v._o vi_o vii_o viii_o ix_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 52._o 64_o 76._o 84._o 96._o 108._o foot_n vii_o the_o property_n of_o a_o dry_a ditch_n 1._o it_o ought_v to_o be_v something_o deep_a than_o a_o wet_a one_o 2._o it_o be_v inward_a talu_n s_o h_n must_v be_v less_o than_o a_o wet_a one_o half_a the_o depth_n that_o be_v six_o foot_n that_o it_o may_v be_v hard_a for_o the_o enemy_n to_o climb_v up_o 3._o but_o it_o must_v not_o be_v less_o than_o six_o foot_n lest_o the_o rampar_n fall_v down_o 4._o you_o will_v make_v the_o enemy_n a_o great_a deal_n of_o work_n if_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o great_a ditch_n you_o dig_v a_o less_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 16_o 18_o 20_o foot_n broad_a and_o 4_o or_o 5._o foot_n deep_a 5._o the_o outside_n of_o the_o ditch_n 7_o five_o must_v be_v make_v after_o the_o fashion_n of_o a_o brestwork_n that_o may_v cover_v a_o man_n and_o have_v two_o step_n or_o banquet_n for_o the_o easy_a get_v up_o to_o it_o 6._o sally-port_n must_v be_v make_v in_o the_o rampar_n for_o the_o townsman_n to_o descend_v into_o the_o ditch_n chap._n xi_o the_o out-brestwork_a and_o covert-way_n i._o its_o use_n a_o dry_a ditch_n may_v safe_o be_v without_o a_o out-brestwork_a but_o a_o wet_a one_o altogether_o want_v it_o for_o since_o a_o wet_a ditch_n do_v not_o keep_v out_o the_o enemy_n more_o than_o it_o keep_v in_o the_o townsman_n when_o upon_o occasion_n they_o shall_v sally_v out_o upon_o the_o besieger_n a_o covert-way_n five_o 6_o be_v find_v necessary_a to_o be_v make_v beyond_o the_o ditch_n and_o a_o brestwork_n to_o protect_v it_o by_o which_o mean_v the_o defendant_n can_v sally_v safe_o out_o of_o their_o city_n over_o the_o moat_n and_o so_o the_o enemy_n be_v keep_v from_o the_o town_n but_o the_o townsman_n be_v not_o hinder_v when_o they_o please_v to_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n ii_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o covert-way_n most_o common_o it_o be_v make_v equal_a to_o the_o walk_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a 24_o or_o 21_o foot_n for_o so_o much_o almost_o will_v be_v require_v here_o for_o traverse_v great_a gun_n and_o perform_v other_o military_a duty_n if_o you_o have_v a_o fancy_n to_o vary_v it_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o figure_n use_v this_o table_n in_o iu._n v._o vi_o vii_o viii_o ix_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 12._o 15._o 15._o 17._o 21._o 24._o foot_n iii_o the_o make_n of_o the_o out-brestwork_a 1._o it_o be_v height_n ψ_n you_o must_v be_v six_o foot_n 2._o the_o inward_a talu_n must_v be_v one_o foot_n as_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o brestworks_n 3._o the_o outward_a sloap_n of_o it_o y_fw-fr z_o must_v be_v so_o incline_v that_o be_v produce_v it_o may_v pass_v through_o 1._o the_o top_n of_o the_o brestwork_n of_o the_o rampar_n there_o be_v many_o and_o great_a advantage_n from_o this_o form_n for_o so_o all_o of_o it_o will_v be_v scour_v from_o the_o brestwork_n of_o the_o rampar_n which_o will_v not_o have_v be_v if_o the_o inclination_n have_v fall_v from_o you_o in_o 10._o for_o so_o all_o the_o triangle_n ψy_n 10._o be_v obscure_v from_o the_o sight_n and_o shoot_v of_o the_o brestwork_n of_o the_o rampar_n 4._o to_o find_v this_o sloap_n or_o inclination_n the_o base_a ψ_n you_o must_v first_o be_v know_v which_o be_v after_o this_o manner_n the_o line_n i_o c_o and_o c_o 9_o be_v know_v and_o therefore_o 9_o i_o
see_v the_o construction_n in_o dogen_n pag._n 160_o 161._o if_o they_o be_v build_v before_o the_o courtine_n let_v their_o side_n be_v rather_o parallel_v and_o perpendicular_a on_o the_o courtine_n if_o they_o cover_v the_o whole_a courtine_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o and_o as_o we_o have_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n their_o defence_n will_v be_v from_o the_o face_n of_o those_o bulwork_n that_o the_o courtine_n lie_v betwixt_o if_o it_o do_v not_o cover_v the_o whole_a courtine_n as_o other_o will_v have_v it_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o side_n will_v be_v the_o great_a to_o wit_n both_o from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n and_o from_o part_n of_o the_o courtine_n betwixt_o the_o horn-work_n and_o the_o courtine_n there_o be_v common_o raise_v a_o raveline_n nay_o before_o the_o work_n itself_o betwixt_o each_o of_o its_o horn_n a_o raveline_n or_o rather_o a_o halfmoon_n may_v be_v build_v to_o conclude_v you_o will_v add_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o strength_n to_o this_o work_n if_o you_o make_v some_o retrenchment_n but_o of_o that_o afterward_o iii_o its_o delineation_n 1._o let_v there_o be_v draw_v two_o parallel_n e_z i_o f_o k_o for_o the_o side_n of_o the_o horn-work_n from_o the_o out-brestwork_a towards_o the_o field_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n that_o if_o they_o be_v produce_v towards_o the_o main_a work_n they_o may_v fall_v in_o a_o strait_a line_n with_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwork_n or_o if_o you_o desire_v a_o less_o breadth_n for_o the_o horn-work_n let_v they_o fall_v within_o the_o flanque_n on_o the_o courtine_n itself_o but_o the_o end_n of_o these_o side_n must_v not_o be_v above_o musquet-shot_a from_o the_o rampar_n wherefore_o they_o must_v not_o run_v beyond_o the_o rampar_n above_o sixty_o rhynland_a perch_n yet_o these_o sixty_o rhynland_a perch_n use_v to_o be_v count_v from_o the_o out-brestwork_a that_o so_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n may_v be_v the_o more_o infest_a join_v e_o f_o on_o which_o make_v the_o angle_n f_o e_o g_o e_o f_o h_n twenty_o five_o degree_n each_o then_o bisect_v one_o of_o these_o f_o e_o g_o with_o the_o right_a line_n e_o l_o meeting_n with_o f_o h_n in_o c_z then_z from_z e_z g_z cut_z off_z e_z d_o equal_a to_o f_o c_o so_fw-mi will_v f_o c_o e_o d_o be_v the_o face_n of_o the_o half_a bulwork_n 3._o from_o the_o point_n d_o and_o c_o draw_v d_o a_n and_o c_o b_o equal_a and_o parallel_v to_o e_o i_o and_o f_o k_n for_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o horn_n and_o join_v the_o courtine_n a_o b_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o flanque_n d_o a_n and_o c_o b_o to_o the_o face_n will_v be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o use_v to_o be_v in_o regular_a fortification_n also_o after_o this_o manner_n follow_v the_o capital_a and_o gorge_n line_n the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n will_v be_v with_o more_o ease_n determine_v for_o ⅓_n of_o e_o f_o give_v the_o capital_n e_o n_n and_o f_o m_o also_o ⅓_n of_o m_o n_n or_o e_o f_o give_v the_o gorge_n line_n n_o at_fw-fr m_o b_o and_o there_o remain_v for_o the_o courtine_n a_o b_o also_o ⅓_n the_o right_a line_n m_o e_z n_o f_o will_v determine_v the_o length_n of_o the_o flanque_n raise_v from_o a_o and_o b_o and_o so_o also_o the_o face_n e_o d_o f_o c_o will_v be_v find_v these_o thing_n be_v do_v a_o horn-work_n be_v delineate_v such_o as_o use_n to_o be_v stretch_v before_o the_o courtine_n in_o a_o regular_a fortification_n the_o delineation_n of_o the_o rest_n will_v be_v perform_v almost_o by_o the_o like_a method_n have_v always_o a_o respect_n to_o the_o place_n note_n that_o here_o be_v a_o twofold_a practice_n in_o build_v horn-work_n 1._o that_o the_o courtine_n may_v be_v determine_v by_o the_o face_n 2._o the_o face_n by_o the_o courtine_n iv_o its_o use_n if_o ravelin_n halfmoon_n and_o horn-work_n be_v build_v about_o a_o fortify_v place_n the_o fortification_n be_v account_v most_o complete_a and_o perfect_a who_o use_n consist_v most_o in_o this_o 1._o they_o keep_v off_o the_o enemy_n far_o from_o the_o fortification_n 2._o they_o be_v take_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o difficulty_n for_o they_o be_v defend_v from_o the_o courtine_n from_o the_o bulwork_n and_o from_o the_o adjacent_a work_n and_o some_o line_n from_o the_o out-brestwork_a itself_o 3._o be_v take_v and_o possess_v they_o can_v hardly_o be_v keep_v because_o they_o lie_v open_a towards_o the_o fortification_n 4._o horn-work_n be_v most_o destructive_a to_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o under_o their_o shelter_n the_o besiege_a may_v work_v counter_a as_o occasion_n shall_v offer_v etc._n etc._n prop._n iu._n of_o the_o have_v in_o french_a tenaile_n i._o their_o definition_n and_o kind_n they_o be_v outwork_n that_o differ_v from_o horn-work_n almost_o only_o in_o this_o that_o instead_o of_o two_o half_a bulwork_n they_o have_v only_o a_o external_a angle_n and_o this_o sort_n be_v call_v the_o single_a one_o it_o it_o call_v the_o double_a one_o when_o it_o have_v two_o outward_a angle_n with_o one_o inward_a the_o twelve_o figure_n show_v the_o single_a one_o the_o thirteen_o the_o double_a one_o now_o this_o outward_a angle_n be_v that_o which_o be_v without_o the_o figure_n and_o who_o side_n incline_v inward_o the_o inward_a be_v that_o which_o be_v within_o the_o figure_n with_o its_o side_n run_v outward_a ii_o their_o place_n the_o same_o as_o that_o of_o the_o horn-work_n yet_o it_o will_v hardly_o be_v expedient_a to_o lay_v they_o before_o bulwork_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o weakness_n of_o which_o num._n 4._o iii_o its_o delineation_n 12._o fig._n 12._o you_o must_v describe_v a_o single_a one_o after_o this_o manner_n draw_v the_o side_n a_o c_o b_o d_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o in_o the_o delineation_n of_o horn-work_n which_o be_v already_o prescribe_v unless_o these_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v short_a viz._n than_o forty_o or_o fifty_o perch_n 2._o join_v c_o d_o which_o bisect_v in_o f_o and_o from_o f_o let_v fall_v the_o perpendicular_a f_o e_o equal_a to_o ¼_n of_o c_o d_o and_o join_v c_o e_z and_z d_o e_z so_o have_v you_o the_o simple_a external_a angle_n 13._o fig._n 13._o draw_v the_o double_a one_o after_o this_o manner_n have_v draw_v the_o side_n a_o c_o b_o d_o as_o above_z join_v c_o d_o which_o be_v bisect_v in_o g_o from_z g_z raise_v the_o perpendicular_a g_o e_z equal_a to_o ¼_n of_o c_o d_o and_o join_v c_o e_z and_z d_o e._n 2._o produce_v e_z g_o to_o f_o till_o g_o f_o be_v the_o half_a of_o g_z e_z and_o the_o right_a line_n c_o e_o d_o e_o be_v bisect_v in_o k_o and_o h_n join_v f_o k_o and_o f_o h_n so_o will_v a_o c_o k_n f_o h_o d_o b_o be_v the_o double_a have_v or_o double_a external_a angle_n iv_o its_o strength_n and_o use_n they_o be_v much_o inferior_a to_o the_o horn-work_n insomuch_o that_o they_o seem_v only_o then_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o when_o some_o sudden_a occasion_n urge_v moreover_o the_o defect_n of_o these_o have_v and_o of_o all_o external_a angle_n be_v this_o that_o about_o its_o very_a angle_n it_o afford_v the_o enemy_n a_o certain_a quadrangular_a space_n within_o which_o he_o need_v not_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o defendant_n this_o space_n be_v determine_v if_o the_o outward_a sloap_a surface_n of_o the_o brestwork_n be_v conceive_v to_o be_v produce_v till_o it_o cut_v the_o field_n its_o capacity_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o twenty_o three_o rhynland_a perch_n which_o will_v be_v easy_o compute_v since_o then_o this_o sort_n of_o building_n be_v so_o much_o against_o the_o first_o law_n of_o architecture_n it_o will_v be_v almost_o necessary_a to_o raise_v a_o raveline_n before_o it_o the_o double_a have_v since_o they_o have_v a_o double_a external_a angle_n k_o and_o h_n will_v likewise_o double_a the_o defect_n already_o speak_v of_o wherefore_o they_o be_v less_o use_v prop._n v._o of_o the_o crownwork_n i._o its_o definition_n that_o work_n be_v call_v a_o crownwork_n that_o have_v on_o both_o side_n two_o half_a bulwork_n 14._o fig._n 14._o and_o in_o the_o middle_a one_o or_o more_o whole_a one_o therefore_o it_o be_v the_o part_n of_o some_o regular_a fortification_n and_o seem_v to_o have_v this_o name_n give_v it_o because_o it_o do_v as_o it_o be_v encompass_v part_n of_o the_o fortification_n ii_o its_o place_n be_v the_o same_o as_o that_o of_o horn-work_n though_o the_o crownwork_n can_v cover_v more_o of_o the_o fortification_n than_o the_o horn-work_n and_o sometime_o they_o be_v draw_v about_o horn-work_n their_o chief_a use_n be_v to_o enclose_v neighbour_a place_n that_o may_v inse_v the_o town_n as_o hill_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n iii_o
dalmatia_n albania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n by_o henry_n ruse_n engineer_n and_o captain_n of_o a_o foot-company_n belong_v to_o the_o city_n of_o amsterdam_n translate_v out_o of_o the_o low-dutch-copy_n by_o his_o majesty_n command_n in_o the_o savoy_n print_v by_o the_o assign_v of_o john_n bill_n and_o christopher_n barker_n printer_n to_o the_o king_n most_o excellent_a majesty_n 1668._o the_o strengthen_v of_o stronghold_n invent_v on_o several_a occasion_n and_o practise_v in_o the_o late_a war_n as_o well_o in_o holland_n as_o in_o france_n germany_n italy_n dalmatia_n albania_n and_o the_o neighbour_a country_n by_o henry_n ruse._n after_o i_o have_v thorough_o consider_v the_o best_a method_n of_o fortification_n practise_v in_o the_o country_n before_o mention_v i_o find_v that_o none_o of_o they_o have_v make_v better_o use_v of_o situation_n as_o to_o the_o artificial_a part_n than_o the_o unite_a province_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o have_v not_o only_o very_o well_o design_v and_o contrive_v their_o fortress_n but_o have_v also_o place_v they_o so_o advantageous_o that_o by_o the_o overflow_a of_o water_n which_o they_o can_v by_o the_o open_n of_o sluice_n let_v in_o or_o out_o as_o they_o please_v they_o have_v render_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o work_v impregnable_a i_o do_v not_o say_v but_o that_o in_o other_o country_n be_v also_o find_v very_o sufficient_a fortress_n and_o well_o contrive_v but_o there_o have_v be_v a_o necessity_n in_o these_o province_n where_o they_o have_v have_v to_o deal_v with_o so_o potent_a a_o enemy_n to_o use_v great_a caution_n and_o circumspection_n then_o elsewhere_o and_o to_o make_v choice_n of_o the_o best_a fortification_n and_o yet_o with_o no_o great_a charge_n be_v make_v of_o earth_n only_o which_o of_o all_o material_n i_o hold_v to_o be_v the_o best_a for_o this_o purpose_n whereas_o in_o other_o country_n especial_o in_o italy_n they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o outside_n of_o their_o work_n ought_v to_o be_v altogether_o of_o stone_n and_o afterward_o cut_v or_o pare_v which_o can_v be_v do_v without_o excessive_a charge_n and_o yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o their_o endeavour_n they_o have_v not_o be_v able_a so_o to_o contrive_v their_o stronghold_n but_o that_o the_o best_a of_o they_o if_o accessible_a be_v take_v in_o a_o short_a time_n be_v hardly_o tenable_a for_o three_o month_n to_o the_o astonishment_n of_o the_o world_n as_o example_n do_v abundant_o testify_v this_o have_v be_v the_o cause_n why_o many_o military_a architect_n have_v try_v all_o way_n and_o mean_n to_o supply_v those_o defect_n of_o which_o i_o have_v see_v many_o conceit_n but_o in_o my_o judgement_n altogether_o impracticable_a which_o have_v encourage_v i_o to_o improve_v my_o own_o observation_n in_o all_o occurrence_n and_o earnest_o to_o mind_v each_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n of_o what_o use_v it_o may_v be_v and_o whether_o it_o be_v able_a to_o perform_v that_o for_o which_o it_o be_v ordain_v and_o intend_v and_o have_v discover_v very_o many_o error_n especial_o in_o the_o modern_a flanque_n and_o outwork_n i_o do_v debate_v my_o observation_n very_o particulary_a with_o many_o engineer_n of_o the_o great_a practice_n and_o renown_n but_o never_o meet_v with_o any_o who_o judgement_n i_o so_o well_o approve_v as_o that_o of_o a_o certain_a noble_a italian_a who_o have_v have_v several_a employment_n as_o well_o in_o germany_n and_o the_o low-countries_n as_o likewise_o in_o the_o french_a war_n have_v careful_o improve_v all_o opportunity_n and_o advantage_n of_o gain_v knowledge_n and_o experience_n with_o this_o gentleman_n i_o therefore_o make_v a_o particular_a acquaintance_n and_o friendship_n and_o we_o do_v mutual_o communicate_v and_o compare_v together_o our_o observation_n till_o such_o time_n as_o we_o have_v find_v out_o and_o agree_v upon_o such_o a_o method_n as_o seem_v to_o we_o to_o be_v of_o all_o other_o the_o safe_a and_o yet_o practicable_a with_o the_o least_o expense_n according_a to_o which_o method_n almost_o all_o considerable_a fortification_n may_v without_o difficulty_n be_v redress_v the_o truth_n be_v this_o method_n be_v something_o near_o that_o which_o shall_v hereafter_o be_v discourse_v of_o for_o have_v look_v yet_o more_o narrow_o into_o this_o matter_n and_o examine_v it_o with_o great_a diligence_n and_o curiosity_n i_o do_v only_o as_o i_o find_v cause_n alter_v something_o of_o that_o our_o first_o design_n i_o do_v not_o here_o undertake_v to_o make_v accessible_a place_n impregnable_a since_o all_o that_o be_v make_v by_o man_n may_v by_o man_n be_v again_o destroy_v for_o the_o attacques_n be_v carry_v on_o upon_o a_o sure_a foot_n and_o the_o approach_n be_v manage_v with_o skill_n and_o judgement_n if_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n no_o relief_n come_v even_o the_o strong_a place_n must_v at_o length_n yield_v up_o to_o the_o besieger_n my_o intention_n be_v only_o so_o to_o contrive_v work_n that_o they_o may_v resist_v much_o long_o then_o ordinary_o they_o do_v that_o so_o the_o besieger_n may_v be_v waste_v and_o consume_v either_o by_o ill_a weather_n or_o some_o other_o accident_n for_o by_o lengthen_v of_o time_n opportunity_n be_v give_v to_o the_o besiege_a to_o get_v relief_n or_o in_o the_o mean_a while_n to_o attaque_fw-la some_o other_o place_n in_o the_o enemy_n custody_n and_o so_o to_o make_v he_o quit_v his_o design_n which_o will_v be_v a_o sufficient_a recompense_n for_o the_o pain_n and_o charge_n which_o i_o conceive_v to_o be_v but_o little_o more_o than_o ordinary_a in_o case_n the_o work_n be_v manage_v by_o a_o experience_a artist_n as_o will_v sufficient_o appear_v by_o what_o hereafter_o follow_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n i_o shall_v propound_v some_o general_a rule_n or_o principle_n of_o fortification_n approve_v and_o own_a by_o many_o skilful_a captain_n and_o engineer_n the_o maxim_n or_o general_a rule_n which_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o modern_a fortification_n 1._o there_o aught_o to_o be_v no_o point_n of_o the_o whole_a fortification_n undiscovered_a or_o unflanque_v and_o that_o from_o several_a place_n of_o defence_n 2._o the_o line_n defend_v aught_o to_o be_v long_o than_o the_o line_n defend_v or_o at_o least_o as_o long_o 3._o a_o regular_a fortification_n be_v very_o much_o strong_a than_o a_o irregular_a 4._o the_o more_o bastion_n a_o regular_a place_n have_v the_o great_a be_v its_o strength_n and_o defence_n 5._o a_o fortress_n ought_v to_o command_v all_o place_n whatsoever_o round_o about_o 6._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortress_n which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o centre_n aught_o to_o command_v those_o that_o be_v more_o remote_a 7._o those_o part_n of_o a_o fortification_n which_o be_v at_o great_a distance_n from_o the_o centre_n ought_v always_o to_o be_v command_v by_o those_o that_o be_v near_a the_o centre_n 8._o the_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr ought_v not_o to_o be_v much_o long_a than_o 60_o rod_n that_o be_v the_o distance_n ordinary_o allow_v for_o the_o port_n of_o a_o musket_n 9_o the_o large_a the_o flanque_n and_o gorges_n be_v the_o better_a and_o strong_a they_o be_v provide_v the_o other_o part_n be_v not_o prejudice_v thereby_o 10._o of_o second_o flanque_n and_o courtine-flanques_a the_o large_a be_v the_o better_a in_o case_n it_o cause_v no_o disproportion_n in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o fortification_n 11._o as_o for_o the_o n1_fw-la stringens_fw-la or_o line_n of_o defence_n secant_fw-la which_o be_v continue_v from_o the_o face_n to_o the_o courtine_n the_o short_a it_o be_v the_o better_a if_o the_o flanque_n be_v not_o too_o much_o lessen_v by_o it_o 12._o that_o open_v of_o the_o angle_n of_o a_o bastion_n be_v the_o best_a which_o give_v a_o right_a length_n to_o the_o flanque_n second_o flanque_n and_o gorge_n 13._o the_o angle_n of_o a_o bastion_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 60_o degree_n nor_o great_a than_o a_o right_a angle_n or_o 90_o degree_n 14._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o poligone_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 90_o degree_n 15._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o face_n and_o flanque_n ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o 150_o degree_n 16._o the_o angle_n of_o the_o courtine_n and_o flanque_n ought_v to_o be_v evermore_o 90_o degree_n or_o a_o right_a angle_n 17._o the_o outward_a angle_n of_o defence_n or_o angle_n flanquant_a can_v well_o be_v too_o acute_a 18._o the_o inward_a angle_n of_o defence_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 25_o degree_n 19_o the_o proportion_n between_o the_o courtine_n and_o the_o face_n ought_v to_o be_v as_o 3_o to_o 2_o or_o as_o 36_o to_o 24._o 20._o the_o face_n shall_v never_o be_v long_o than_o the_o courtine_n nor_o short_a than_o one_o half_a of_o the_o courtine_n these_o be_v the_o maxim_n and_o rule_n for_o the_o structure_n of_o most_o of_o the_o modern_a fortification_n
and_o engineer_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o very_a same_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o for_o defence_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o fortress_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v be_v convenient_a for_o use_v shall_v be_v prepare_v for_o it_o long_o before_o now_o this_o can_v be_v practise_v in_o small_a work_n where_o after_o the_o spring_a of_o one_o mine_n all_o be_v lose_v it_o be_v also_o necessary_a that_o the_o work_n shall_v outward_o be_v defend_v as_o well_o with_o canon_n as_o with_o musket_n by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o from_o more_o place_n of_o defence_n then_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o enemy_n convenient_o in_o his_o attacques_n and_o herein_o consist_v the_o virtue_n of_o a_o fortification_n for_o if_o the_o enemy_n do_v find_v place_n to_o make_v a_o battery_n of_o six_o or_o eight_o piece_n to_o break_v the_o flanque_n we_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o commodious_a place_n to_o plant_v twenty_o eight_o or_o thirty_o piece_n in_o contra-battery_n which_o will_v soon_o ruin_v the_o enemy_n battery_n be_v great_a in_o number_n and_o stand_v already_o in_o advantageous_a place_n whereas_o the_o enemy_n must_v first_o raise_v his_o battery_n under_o the_o danger_n of_o those_o canon-shot_n all_o which_o be_v premise_v and_o well_o consider_v let_v we_o now_o inquire_v whether_o our_o modern_a fortress_n have_v this_o conveniency_n and_o if_o not_o where_o the_o difference_n lie_v for_o example_n see_v fig._n 2._o num._n 2._o which_o be_v part_n of_o a_o work_n of_o eleven_o bastion_n and_o fortify_v after_o the_o best_a modern_a method_n and_o practice_n be_v fryday_n second_o way_n and_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o these_o follow_a line_n a_o b_o polygone_n exterior_a 78.13_o long._n f_o g_o polygone_n interior_a 64.93_o long._n f_o e_o demy-gorge_n 14.19_o long._n a_o g_o capital-line_n 24.40_o long._n a_o c_o face_n 24.00_o long._n c_o d_o flanque_n 11.91_o long._n d_o e_o courtine_n 36.00_o long._n a_o e_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr 61.68_o long._n a_o h_n line_n of_o defence_n secant_fw-la 48.85_o long._n fig_n 11_o the_o modern_a engineer_n refer_v themselves_o much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o outwork_n whereof_o some_o nevertheless_o be_v very_a murthering-holes_n more_o troublesome_a than_o useful_a as_o i_o shall_v prove_v in_o due_a time_n but_o for_o the_o present_n shall_v only_o show_v how_o the_o fault_n of_o modern_a fortification_n may_v be_v rectify_v according_a to_o my_o method_n it_o be_v notorious_a to_o every_o one_o who_o understand_v fortification_n according_a to_o the_o maxim_n abovementioned_a that_o the_o long_o the_o defend_v line_n be_v the_o better_a they_o be_v and_o that_o according_a to_o axiom_n 9_o the_o long_a flanque_n and_o gorges_n be_v much_o the_o strong_a always_o provide_v they_o may_v be_v make_v without_o prejudice_n to_o other_o part_n or_o that_o they_o be_v weaken_v thereby_o as_o also_o that_o the_o great_a bulwork_n be_v better_a than_o the_o little_a one_o because_o retrenchment_n and_o countermine_n may_v be_v make_v within_o they_o and_o because_o more_o piece_n of_o canon_n and_o musqueteer_n may_v be_v place_v there_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o next_o bulwark_n and_o because_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o all_o other_o warlike_a action_n it_o be_v also_o notorious_a that_o the_o long_a polygones_n and_o regular_n fortress_n contain_v most_o room_n and_o therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o short_a in_o case_n the_o line_n of_o defence_n in_o the_o fortification_n do_v not_o exceed_v the_o reach_n of_o a_o musket_n that_o be_v 60_o or_o 70_o rod_n for_o after_o this_o manner_n more_o space_n be_v include_v with_o few_o bulwork_n and_o therefore_o with_o less_o charge_n the_o other_o maxim_n be_v also_o very_o strict_o observe_v in_o my_o fortification_n now_o to_o obtain_v all_o these_o advantage_n i_o describe_v in_o fig._n 2._o num._n 2._o the_o ground-line_n of_o part_n of_o a_o eleven-angled_n work_n according_a to_o friday_n as_o also_o part_n of_o a_o eleven-angled_n work_n according_a to_o my_o own_o practice_n both_o of_o they_o fortify_v after_o our_o second_o method_n of_o fortify_v which_o be_v the_o most_o commodious_a and_o the_o fit_a for_o city_n of_o a_o ordinary_a extent_n but_o to_o fortify_v very_o great_a town_n it_o will_v be_v better_a to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o three_o method_n i_o shall_v therefore_o show_v first_o the_o difference_n of_o line_n in_o our_o two_o method_n and_o afterward_o the_o manner_n of_o apply_v the_o whole_a work_n unto_o practice_n see_v num._n 2._o fig._n 2._o the_o length_n of_o line_n in_o a_o eleven-angled_n work_v fortify_v after_o fryday_n second_o method_n a_o b_o exterior_a polygone_n 78.13_o f_o g_o interior_n polygone_n 64.38_o .._o .._o the_o little_a semi-diameter_n 114.26_o f_o e_o the_o gorge_n 14.19_o a_o g_o the_o capital-line_n 24.40_o a_o c_o the_o face_n 24.00_o c_o d_o the_o flanque_n or_o shoulder_n 11.91_o d_o e_o the_o courtine_n 36.00_o a_o e_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr 61.68_o a_o h_n line_n of_o defence_n secant_fw-la 48.85_o e_o h_n second_n flanque_n 14.19_o the_o length_n of_o line_n according_a to_o my_o second_o method_n in_o a_o figure_n of_o eleven_o angle_n a_o b_o 90.00_o f_o g_o 74.03_o ..._o 131.36_o f_o e_o 24.00_o a_o g_o 28.32_o a_o c_o 27.69_o c_o d_o 16.00_o d_o e_o 27.00_o a_o e_o 64.50_o a_o h_o 54.00_o e_o h_o 12.00_o here_o the_o difference_n of_o line_n be_v clear_o see_v and_o that_o my_o figure_n of_o eleven_o angle_n contain_v in_o the_o circuit_n of_o its_o exterior_a polygones_n 130._o 57_o ①_n more_o than_o that_o of_o fryday_n for_o his_o eleven_o polygones_n be_v 859.43_o ①_n in_o length_n and_o my_o eleven_o 990_o ⓪_n and_o my_o line_n of_o defence_n be_v no_o more_o than_o 2.72_o ①_n long_o than_o he_o which_o be_v little_a or_o no_o difference_n my_o flanque_n gorges_n and_o consequent_o whole_a bulwork_n be_v much_o large_a and_o more_o convenient_a my_o bulworks-angle_n or_o angle_v flanque_v be_v equal_a to_o he_o as_o also_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o polygone_a and_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o tenaille_n and_o the_o face_n be_v as_o long_o as_o the_o courtine_n my_o flanque_n defend_v the_o next_o bulwork_n face_n and_o moat_n at_o right_a angle_n so_o that_o all_o part_n do_v mutual_o defend_v themselves_o with_o great_a conveniency_n here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o i_o do_v include_v very_o near_o as_o much_o space_n with_o nine_o of_o my_o bulwork_n as_o friday_n do_v with_o eleven_o of_o he_o keep_v very_o near_o the_o same_o line_n of_o defence_n which_o ease_v the_o charge_n very_o considerable_o beside_o the_o great_a symmetry_n of_o the_o work_n and_o this_o be_v all_o that_o concern_v the_o ground-line_n the_o virtue_n of_o this_o work_n will_v be_v see_v by_o that_o which_o follow_v i_o shall_v proceed_v now_o to_o the_o structure_n of_o these_o fortification_n and_o how_o the_o proportion_n of_o line_n be_v to_o be_v find_v i_o doubt_v not_o but_o there_o be_v many_o theorici_n which_o understand_v the_o use_n of_o fortification_n not_o otherwise_o than_o upon_o the_o paper_n who_o will_v imagine_v that_o this_o work_n can_v be_v good_a see_v the_o flanque_n do_v not_o according_a to_o the_o profound_a error_n before_o mention_v stand_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o courtine_n not_o consider_v what_o strength_n the_o bulwork_n have_v by_o this_o obliquity_n not_o only_o those_o that_o be_v next_o but_o also_o those_o that_o be_v situate_v on_o the_o other_o side_n for_o hereby_o the_o bulwork_n gain_v at_o the_o entrance_n upon_o each_o gorge_n the_o length_n d_o i_o be_v 8_o ⓪_n twice_o which_o be_v 16_o rod_n gain_v upon_o both_o the_o gorges_n so_o that_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o bulwark_n come_v to_o be_v 48_o rods._n this_o afford_v place_n enough_o to_o lodge_v upon_o the_o flanque_n the_o suppose_a artillery_n and_o soldier_n which_o i_o esteem_v necessary_a it_o afford_v also_o room_n for_o the_o make_n of_o retrenchment_n and_o the_o flanque_n come_v to_o be_v much_o long_o after_o this_o manner_n as_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o 47_o of_o the_o first_o of_o euclid_n it_o make_v also_o the_o great_a line_n of_o defence_n to_o keep_v its_o due_a measure_n not_o surpass_v the_o length_n of_o 64_o ⓪_n which_o be_v the_o true_a reach_n of_o a_o musket_n although_o my_o polygones_n be_v considerable_o long_o yet_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n be_v not_o sensible_o long_o than_o those_o of_o fryday_n and_o other_o i_o be_o also_o of_o opinion_n that_o the_o modern_a flanque_n be_v more_o for_o a_o imaginary_a beauty_n than_o to_o make_v good_a the_o defence_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v the_o main_a end_n for_o which_o they_o be_v make_v and_o wherein_o consist_v the_o strength_n of_o fortress_n the_o calculation_n
fausse-bray_a be_v pierce_v perpendicular_o and_o from_o the_o battery_n b_o oblique_o but_o the_o battery_n c_o cut_v and_o clear_v the_o earth_n away_o which_o be_v shake_v by_o the_o two_o other_o so_o that_o by_o these_o battery_n and_o musquet-shot_n come_v from_o the_o line_n and_o cor_n the_o guard_n the_o face_n as_o well_o of_o the_o fausse-bray_a as_o of_o the_o great_a wall_n be_v soon_o ruin_v and_o leave_v without_o defence_n so_o that_o no_o body_n may_v be_v see_v upon_o these_o line_n without_o be_v hit_v whence_o it_o follow_v that_o they_o can_v hinder_v the_o come_n over_o of_o the_o gallery_n but_o it_o must_v of_o necessity_n be_v do_v from_o the_o opposite_a flanque_n item_n that_o so_o soon_o as_o this_o part_n of_o the_o fausse-bray_a lie_v before_o the_o face_n be_v discover_v it_o be_v present_o make_v useless_a to_o the_o defender_n and_o not_o only_o so_o but_o it_o do_v they_o this_o hurt_n and_o disadvantage_n that_o so_o soon_o as_o the_o gallery_n come_v over_o the_o miner_n be_v able_a to_o undermine_n the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwark_n where_o they_o please_v and_o at_o several_a place_n together_o the_o mine_n be_v blow_v up_o the_o enemy_n may_v set_v foot_v upon_o the_o space_n where_o the_o fausse-bray_a lie_n not_o only_o to_o assault_v the_o breach_n but_o he_o may_v run_v along_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o wall_n through_o the_o fausse-bray_a to_o fall_v on_o at_o more_o place_n at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o this_o it_o may_v be_v reply_v that_o the_o fausse-bray_a aught_o to_o be_v cut_v with_o trench_n to_o hinder_v this_o run_v about_o but_o every_o one_o who_o have_v experience_n in_o these_o action_n know_v very_o well_o what_o slender_a opposition_n these_o trench_n be_v able_a to_o make_v especial_o when_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v raise_v by_o the_o mine_n fall_v down_o and_o sometime_o bury_v the_o defender_n alive_a this_o place_n be_v also_o of_o advantage_n for_o the_o enemy_n when_o the_o breach_n be_v retrench_v and_o he_o will_v make_v new_a attacques_n upon_o it_o and_o by_o that_o mean_n will_v lodge_v himself_o convenient_o in_o the_o fausse-bray_a and_o further_o in_o the_o breach_n whereas_o otherwise_o where_o there_o be_v no_o fausse-bray_a before_o the_o face_n he_o find_v very_o inconvenient_a lodging_n against_o the_o sloop_a of_o the_o wall_n see_v no_o other_o place_n be_v find_v to_o fix_v upon_o the_o miner_n be_v force_v to_o make_v their_o mine_n about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o gallery_n come_v on_o beside_o that_o the_o face_n which_o be_v surround_v with_o these_o fausse-brays_a be_v attack_v by_o canon_n and_o mine_n all_o the_o ruin_n of_o they_o remain_v lie_v in_o the_o same_o and_o afford_v a_o easy_a ascent_n unto_o the_o enemy_n whereas_o otherwise_o where_o they_o be_v not_o the_o ruin_n roll_v down_o into_o the_o moat_n and_o the_o breach_n remain_v clear_a and_o the_o enemy_n find_v little_a earth_n to_o retrench_v himself_o by_o all_o which_o it_o be_v easy_a 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it_o and_o to_o give_v they_o such_o a_o form_n as_o may_v fit_v they_o for_o that_o service_n i_o expect_v from_o they_o i_o lengthen_v the_o half-diameter_n k_o o_o to_o a_o or_o further_o at_o pleasure_n then_o i_o measure_v upon_o the_o lengthen_a half-diameter_n from_o the_o brink_n of_o the_o moat_n o_o to_o i_o thirty_o rod_n or_o more_o according_a as_o i_o will_v have_v the_o flanque_n n_z 5_o and_z 4_o r_z short_z or_o long_o then_o i_o draw_v from_o ⅓_n of_o the_o face_n as_o from_o k_o the_o line_n k_o g_z 5_o as_o also_o on_o the_o other_a side_n the_o line_n l_o r_o m_o from_o the_o point_n where_o these_o two_o line_n meet_v which_o shall_v be_v before_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o courtine_n as_o here_o from_o g_o i_o draw_v the_o perpendicular_a g_o h_n which_o
be_v the_o capital-line_n of_o the_o ravelin_n w_n g_z p_o h_o then_o i_o measure_v from_o n_n to_o l_o as_o also_o from_o g_z to_o p_o upon_o the_o line_n k_o g_o on_o the_o other_a side_n l_o g_o such_o a_o distance_n as_o i_o need_v for_o my_o retire_a flanque_n from_o these_o point_n viz._n from_o n_n and_o 4_o i_o draw_v n_n 5_o perpendicular_a to_o l_o m_o and_z 4_o r_z perpendicular_a to_o k_o 5_o as_o be_v clear_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n and_o want_v no_o further_a explanation_n as_o to_o the_o delineation_n of_o it_o i_o make_v further_o upon_o the_o line_n 5_o r_n a_o equilateral_a triangle_n as_o 5_o r_z r_o which_o give_v a_o ravelin_n who_o angle_n at_o the_o point_n r_n be_v 60_o degree_n he_o who_o desire_v the_o angle_n to_o be_v great_a may_v make_v it_o so_o without_o prejudice_n to_o the_o other_a work_n about_o this_o work_n i_o draw_v a_o parallel-line_n at_o the_o distance_n of_o five_o rod_n viz._n m_o r_o g_o 5_o 2_o which_o be_v the_o ditch_n about_o the_o counter-guard_n so_o that_o the_o ravelin_n lie_v before_o become_v little_a island_n at_o the_o brink_n of_o this_o ditch_n i_o make_v a_o hide_a way_n or_o esplanade_n who_o slope_v be_v regulate_v according_a to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o counter-guard_n without_o ditch_n with_o small_a cost_n which_o become_v a_o great_a benefit_n this_o i_o continue_v about_o the_o whole_a fortress_n and_o all_o be_v clear_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n how_o the_o work_n must_v lie_v according_a to_o the_o scale_n and_o measure_n these_o be_v all_o the_o outwork_n which_o i_o look_v upon_o as_o necessary_a for_o a_o good_a defence_n and_o i_o make_v no_o hornwork_n etc._n etc._n unless_o extreme_a necessity_n do_v require_v it_o when_o perhaps_o there_o be_v some_o height_n and_o then_o i_o make_v they_o after_o another_o manner_n than_o the_o modern_a as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n do_v require_v of_o the_o virtue_n and_o defect_n of_o the_o modern_a outwork_n the_o modern_a outwork_n be_v ravelin_n halfmoon_n hide_a way_n crownwork_n hornwork_n tongue_n kettle_n etc._n etc._n and_o be_v make_v about_o the_o fortress_n as_o fig._n 5._o num._n 3._o show_v where_o the_o figure_n mark_v with_o c_o be_v call_v halfmoon_n those_o with_o b_o ravelin_n d_o be_v a_o crownwork_n such_o as_o be_v lay_v before_o the_o courtine_n before_o which_o there_o lie_v a_o single_a tongue_n e_o be_v a_o crownwork_n lie_v before_o a_o bulwark_n be_v strengthen_v with_o a_o double_a tongue_n and_o at_o the_o side_n of_o it_o there_o be_v represent_v the_o form_n of_o a_o hornwork_n this_o figure_n be_v part_n of_o a_o regular_a seven-angled_n work_n according_a to_o the_o most_o modern_a practice_n as_o well_o the_o outwork_n as_o the_o royal_a work_n the_o virtue_n and_o defect_n of_o the_o royal_a work_n be_v in_o part_n manifest_v already_o but_o now_o i_o shall_v show_v those_o of_o the_o outwork_n and_o first_o of_o ravelin_n the_o ravelin_n mark_v with_o b_o i_o count_v very_o necessary_a see_v they_o multiply_v very_o much_o the_o defence_n especial_o of_o the_o outwork_n but_o because_o they_o do_v in_o a_o manner_n stand_v instead_o of_o a_o royal_a work_n in_o modern_a fortress_n they_o have_v this_o defect_n that_o their_o flanqued_a angle_n be_v too_o small_a and_o the_o point_n may_v be_v easy_o break_v as_o also_o the_o face_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o fig._n 5._o where_o the_o ravelin_n b_o being_z attack_v from_o the_o battery_n a_o a_o be_v easy_o make_v useless_a there_o may_v be_v more_o battery_n place_v to_o attack_v these_o ravelin_n as_o it_o be_v require_v because_o it_o be_v see_v from_o the_o whole_a field_n i_o a_o l._n these_o work_v be_v attack_v it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o succour_v they_o and_o no_o less_o difficult_a for_o the_o defender_n to_o retire_v when_o it_o be_v take_v and_o be_v once_o take_v it_o become_v as_o it_o be_v a_o knife_n to_o cut_v the_o throat_n of_o the_o whole_a fortress_n of_o the_o modern_a halfmoon_n these_o halfmoon_n mark_v fig._n 5._o numb_a 3._o with_o c_o i_o look_v upon_o as_o work_v of_o little_a use_n because_o they_o can_v make_v but_o poor_a defence_n and_o be_v defend_v but_o weak_o since_o they_o have_v no_o other_o flanque_n than_o from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o next_o situate_v ravelin_n which_o defence_n be_v break_v which_o be_v easy_o do_v as_o i_o have_v show_v by_o the_o ravelin_n and_o appear_v by_o the_o figure_n they_o remain_v to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o make_v in_o it_o the_o battery_n h_n whereby_o the_o opposite_a flanque_n of_o the_o bulwork_n be_v ruin_v and_o the_o gallery_n be_v bring_v over_o with_o surety_n all_o which_o be_v clear_o show_v n._n b._n the_o face_n of_o the_o halfmoon_n can_v be_v see_v from_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n the_o ravelin_n be_v in_o the_o way_n ergo_fw-la they_o can_v be_v flanque_v from_o thence_o etc._n etc._n of_o the_o modern_a hide_a way_n or_o counter-scarp_a as_o they_o call_v it_o these_o hide_a way_n be_v very_o advantageous_a before_o fortress_n for_o lie_v low_a by_o the_o horizon_n they_o make_v all_o the_o shot_n that_o come_v from_o thence_o to_o mow_v and_o clear_v the_o horizon_n neither_o can_v they_o well_o be_v break_v by_o the_o canon_n but_o must_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v take_v by_o storm_n and_o they_o be_v command_v from_o the_o great_a wall_n this_o be_v a_o work_n which_o cover_v much_o the_o defect_n of_o the_o modern_a fortification_n they_o favour_v also_o the_o sally_v out_o when_o they_o have_v no_o ditch_n but_o here_o in_o these_o unite_a province_n they_o have_v almost_o all_o of_o they_o their_o ditch_n which_o fault_n be_v discover_v it_o have_v be_v remedy_v by_o another_o hide_a way_n run_v about_o the_o ditch_n of_o the_o first_o and_o be_v cut_v in_o part_n of_o it_o according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o ground_n under_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o parapet_n of_o this_o hide_a way_n lose_v itself_o slope_v into_o the_o field_n without_o a_o ditch_n of_o crown-work_n and_o horn-work_n it_o be_v many_o time_n necessary_a to_o make_v these_o or_o the_o like_a work_n to_o take_v in_o any_o height_n or_o suburb_n according_a as_o the_o place_n require_v it_o they_o be_v make_v after_o the_o manner_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o great_a fortress_n and_o according_a to_o the_o same_o proportion_n except_v only_o that_o their_o part_n be_v small_a and_o they_o have_v but_o half-bulworks_a on_o either_o side_n which_o be_v very_o weak_a and_o yet_o their_o strength_n may_v be_v much_o increase_v by_o a_o understand_a engineer_n they_o ought_v in_o my_o judgement_n to_o be_v make_v so_o that_o they_o need_v not_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n but_o that_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v themselves_o especial_o those_o that_o lie_v before_o the_o courtine_n as_o in_o fig._n 5._o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o crownwork_n d_o who_o wing_n have_v a_o very_a weak_a and_o oblique_a defence_n from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n and_o be_v attack_v by_o night_n the_o line_n e_o e_z can_v be_v well_o defend_v from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n yea_o in_o such_o occasion_n the_o defence_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n be_v but_o troublesome_a to_o these_o or_o the_o like_a work_n for_o the_o musqueteer_n of_o the_o great_a wall_n shoot_v by_o night_n only_o upon_o the_o alarm_n of_o the_o assaulter_n of_o the_o outwork_n do_v hit_v as_o well_o within_o as_o without_o and_o wound_v as_o well_o the_o defender_n as_o the_o adversary_n they_o ought_v nevertheless_o to_o lie_v open_a towards_o the_o city_n and_o to_o be_v make_v so_o that_o be_v take_v they_o may_v be_v little_a able_a to_o hurt_v it_o of_o single_a and_o double_a tongue_n these_o be_v very_o slight_a work_n and_o never_o ought_v to_o have_v other_o profile_v than_o those_o of_o ordinary_a trench_n for_o else_o if_o the_o wall_n shall_v be_v high_a they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o defend_v their_o own_o front_n neither_o be_v they_o but_o seldom_o make_v otherwise_o than_o trench_n or_o to_o hinder_v the_o approach_n as_o also_o the_o kettle_n mark_v with_o h._n hence_o it_o may_v be_v see_v wherein_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o outwork_n now_o in_o use_n do_v consist_v which_o the_o modern_a engineer_n make_v such_o boast_n of_o let_v we_o now_o examine_v the_o outwork_n according_a to_o my_o practice_n of_o outwork_n according_a to_o the_o late_a method_n and_o practice_n first_o of_o the_o counter-guard_n of_o these_o outwork_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o they_o take_v in_o much_o place_n which_o be_v a_o truth_n but_o when_o we_o shall_v have_v show_v what_o benefit_n come_v
by_o they_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o will_v outweigh_v any_o inconvenience_n that_o shall_v be_v occasion_v be_v the_o great_a space_n and_o place_n which_o these_o work_n take_v in_o more_o than_o other_o work_v usual_o do_v neither_o be_v the_o difference_n so_o very_o great_a for_o admit_v that_o about_o the_o modern_a seven-angled_n work_v fig._n 5._o numb_a iii_o there_o shall_v be_v make_v another_o hide_a way_n about_o that_o which_o be_v there_o already_o or_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v strengthen_v with_o two_o hide_a way_n the_o semi-diameter_n of_o my_o heptagone_n fig._n 4._o be_v but_o five_o rod_n long_o than_o that_o of_o the_o other_a in_o recompense_v whereof_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o my_o exterior_a polygones_n of_o the_o heptagone_fw-mi be_v 80_o rod_n whereas_o those_o of_o the_o other_a or_o modern_a heptagone_n be_v but_o 70_o rod_n long_o which_o in_o the_o whole_a make_v 70_o rod_n difference_n which_o be_v a_o entire_a polygone_n wherefore_o 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