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the_o order_n of_o session_n in_o the_o diet_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o the_o king_n sit_v on_o a_o throne_n under_o a_o canopy_n upon_o which_o be_v place_v on_o each_o side_n the_o arm_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n on_o the_o two_o side_n of_o the_o throne_n stand_v the_o ten_o senator-officer_n whereof_o five_o for_o poland_n be_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o as_o many_o for_o lithuania_n on_o the_o left_a then_o the_o bishop_n sit_v in_o two_o row_v whereof_o the_o first_o part_n be_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n with_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o the_o other_o on_o the_o left_a with_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n below_o and_o behind_o the_o bishop_n sit_v the_o senator_n according_a to_o their_o respective_a precedence_n and_o next_o behind_o they_o stand_v the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n all_o with_o their_o cap_n off_o all_o the_o senator_n sit_v cover_v before_o the_o king_n in_o the_o senate_n though_o in_o all_o other_o place_n they_o stand_v bare_a 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faction_n there_o be_v nothing_o that_o can_v promote_v or_o favour_v foreign_a faction_n more_o than_o the_o unlimited_a prerogative_n of_o each_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n for_o the_o king_n senators_z and_o deputy_n have_v all_o equal_a voice_n and_o equal_a power_n in_o their_o affirmative_a or_o negative_a vote_n and_o affair_n be_v not_o conclude_v or_o agree_v upon_o by_o plurality_n of_o voice_n but_o universal_a consent_n of_o all_o the_o three_o order_n and_o the_o free_a approbation_n of_o every_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n in_o particular_a so_o that_o if_o but_o one_o person_n only_o who_o have_v a_o lawful_a vote_n think_v fit_a to_o refuse_v his_o consent_n to_o what_o all_o the_o rest_n have_v agree_v to_o he_o alone_o can_v interrupt_v their_o proceed_n and_o annihilate_v their_o suffrage_n nay_o what_o be_v yet_o more_o extravagant_a if_o for_o example_n there_o be_v thirty_o article_n or_o bill_n to_o pass_v and_o they_o all_o unanimous_o agree_v to_o nine_o and_o twenty_o yet_o if_o but_o one_o deputy_n disapprove_v of_o the_o thirty_o not_o only_o that_o but_o also_o the_o other_o nine_o and_o twenty_o be_v void_a and_o of_o no_o force_n and_o this_o because_o all_o the_o article_n at_o first_o propose_v have_v not_o pass_v bill_n hence_o say_v they_o the_o diet_n can_v make_v no_o law_n without_o its_o have_v be_v conclude_v by_o their_o concludere_fw-la comitia_fw-la or_o break_v up_o of_o the_o diet_n they_o understand_v likewise_o that_o all_o the_o point_n propose_v be_v to_o be_v unanimous_o agree_v upon_o which_o nevertheless_o happen_v but_o very_a seldom_o for_o most_o common_o some_o factious_a person_n or_o other_o have_v perhaps_o be_v bribe_v or_o otherwise_o bias_v will_v protest_v against_o their_o proceed_n and_o who_o consequent_o oftentimes_o prefer_v his_o own_o private_a interest_n to_o the_o public_a good_a of_o his_o country_n moreover_o their_o liberty_n extend_v so_o far_o that_o this_o corrupt_a member_n be_v not_o oblige_v by_o law_n
any_o condition_n to_o become_v master_n of_o so_o considerable_a a_o kingdom_n to_o which_o he_o have_v no_o right_a either_o by_o birth_n or_o other_o claim_n and_o more_o especial_o since_o these_o condition_n be_v neither_o rigorous_a nor_o dishonourable_a but_o such_o as_o be_v decent_o consistent_a with_o the_o regal_a character_n he_o be_v to_o be_v invest_v with_o republic_n thus_o the_o polish_v gentry_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o monarchical_a government_n have_v in_o time_n make_v a_o perfect_a republic_n consist_v of_o three_o order_n the_o king_n senate_n and_o gentry_n which_o they_o call_v the_o nobility_n poland_n here_o my_o lord_n i_o must_v take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o the_o polish_v nation_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o sort_n of_o people_n the_o gentry_n or_o freeborn_a subject_n who_o be_v hardly_o a_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o vassal_n who_o be_v no_o better_a than_o slave_n to_o the_o gentry_n for_o they_o have_v no_o benefit_n of_o the_o law_n can_v buy_v no_o estate_n nor_o enjoy_v any_o property_n no_o more_o than_o our_o negro_n in_o the_o west-indies_n can_n and_o this_o because_o some_o age_n since_o the_o common_a people_n revolt_a against_o their_o lord_n and_o have_v drive_v they_o out_o of_o the_o nation_n the_o gentry_n come_v with_o a_o foreign_a power_n and_o reduce_v they_o to_o a_o great_a subjection_n than_o before_o in_o which_o they_o have_v be_v keep_v ever_o since_o so_o that_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n at_o present_a comprehend_v only_o the_o king_n and_o gentry_n by_o a_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n of_o poland_n be_v understand_v a_o person_n who_o either_o himself_n or_o his_o family_n have_v a_o possession_n in_o land_n for_o they_o never_o intermarry_v with_o the_o common_a people_n all_o the_o gentry_n from_o the_o king_n son_n to_o those_o that_o be_v but_o only_a master_n of_o a_o acre_n of_o land_n be_v equal_o noble_a both_o by_o their_o birth_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o no_o body_n be_v bear_v either_o a_o palatine_n senator_n or_o lord_n but_o those_o title_n be_v always_o annex_v to_o certain_a employment_n which_o the_o king_n only_o give_v to_o person_n advance_v in_o age_n and_o recommend_v by_o their_o merit_n diet._n the_o diet_n of_o poland_n in_o some_o respect_n resemble_v our_o parliament_n be_v make_v up_o of_o two_o house_n the_o house_n of_o senator_n answerable_a to_o our_o house_n of_o lord_n and_o the_o house_n of_o nuncio_n not_o unlike_o our_o house_n of_o commons_o the_o senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n palatine_n castellan_n and_o the_o ten_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o all_o about_o 142._o in_o the_o upper-house_n the_o senator_n sit_v not_o by_o any_o writ_n of_o summons_n or_o letter_n patent_n as_o in_o england_n but_o only_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o great_a preferment_n in_o the_o king_n gift_n which_o they_o enjoy_v for_o life_n so_o that_o the_o king_n whole_o constitute_v the_o upper_a 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the_o universal_a consent_n and_o concurrence_n of_o this_o parliament_n which_o they_o term_v the_o free_a state_n of_o poland_n government_n several_a powerful_a motive_n have_v incline_v the_o pole_n to_o establish_v this_o kind_n of_o mix_a government_n which_o they_o take_v to_o be_v a_o just_a temperament_n of_o whatever_o be_v to_o be_v find_v most_o excellent_a in_o the_o several_a monarchy_n aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n that_o have_v be_v in_o the_o world_n the_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o motive_n as_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o they_o in_o their_o history_n or_o learn_v they_o from_o the_o most_o know_v among_o their_o native_n be_v as_o follow_v motive_n first_o they_o think_v by_o this_o judicious_a choice_n of_o a_o government_n to_o preserve_v their_o kingdom_n from_o those_o disorder_n which_o most_o common_o attend_v absolute_a monarchy_n agree_v herein_o with_o that_o prince_n of_o philosopher_n aristotle_n who_o though_o he_o prefer_v this_o kind_n of_o government_n to_o all_o other_o yet_o be_v he_o nevertheless_o oblige_v to_o own_o that_o when_o ever_o it_o degenerate_v it_o be_v the_o most_o pernicious_a of_o all_o thus_o the_o pole_n have_v temper_v the_o exorbitant_a power_n of_o their_o king_n with_o the_o mixture_n of_o two_o other_o government_n whereby_o they_o think_v to_o secure_v their_o liberty_n a_o thing_n always_o most_o dear_a to_o they_o from_o the_o arbitrary_a will_n of_o a_o prince_n who_o by_o imagine_v himself_o above_o the_o law_n may_v fancy_n whatever_o his_o passion_n prompt_v he_o to_o allowable_a and_o his_o true_a interest_n to_o be_v the_o entire_a subjection_n of_o his_o people_n the_o miserable_a example_n of_o their_o neighbour_n the_o turk_n and_o moscovite_n have_v sufficient_o convince_v they_o of_o this_o truth_n wherefore_o the_o polish_v nation_n think_v it_o but_o convenient_a to_o limit_v the_o excessive_a power_n of_o their_o king_n and_o confine_v they_o to_o rule_v with_o more_o moderation_n and_o justice_n motive_n second_o the_o pole_n have_v observe_v as_o well_o from_o their_o own_o government_n as_o from_o that_o of_o their_o neighbour_n that_o no_o small_a disadvantage_n have_v flow_v from_o a_o aristocracy_n they_o can_v not_o be_v persuade_v but_o that_o the_o authority_n of_o one_o person_n be_v infinite_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v tolerate_v than_o that_o of_o many_o for_o that_o either_o the_o ambition_n or_o jealousy_n of_o such_o will_v often_o disturb_v the_o repose_n and_o tranquillity_n of_o the_o public_a poland_n also_o begin_v to_o reflect_v upon_o its_o former_a misery_n under_o its_o woievod_n when_o it_o be_v deplorable_o rend_v and_o tear_v by_o the_o faction_n among_o those_o palatine_n insomuch_o that_o even_o while_o it_o become_v a_o conqueror_n from_o without_o it_o be_v vanquish_v within_o and_o that_o by_o its_o own_o force_n this_o give_v the_o pole_n no_o small_a dislike_n to_o a_o aristocracy_n which_o they_o have_v resolve_v never_o more_o to_o admit_v among_o they_o motive_n the_o three_o reason_n of_o state_n which_o have_v oblige_v the_o pole_n to_o reject_v a_o democracy_n be_v that_o they_o look_v upon_o that_o sort_n of_o government_n to_o be_v the_o most_o dangerous_a of_o all_o be_v the_o easy_a inflame_v and_o the_o great_a enemy_n to_o true_a nobility_n its_o first_o maxim_n be_v to_o procure_v a_o universal_a level_v or_o make_v all_o alike_o whereby_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o common_a liberty_n they_o weaken_v and_o enervate_v those_o great_a genius_n which_o be_v design_v to_o govern_v and_o protect_v they_o how_o then_o can_v it_o be_v expect_v that_o the_o descendants_n of_o those_o mighty_a warrior_n who_o found_v the_o polish_v nation_n and_o have_v so_o long_o maintain_v the_o honour_n of_o it_o by_o their_o valour_n shall_v submit_v to_o have_v their_o blood_n debase_v by_o mix_v it_o with_o the_o ignoble_a vulgar_a the_o tyranny_n of_o law_n which_o the_o noble_n be_v subject_v to_o in_o a_o absolute_a commonwealth_n will_v be_v too_o rude_a a_o check_n to_o this_o ambition_n which_o the_o pole_n have_v always_o have_v to_o command_v over_o their_o vassal_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v always_o entertain_v a_o secret_a odium_n for_o those_o grecian_a republic_n that_o banish_v their_o great_a statesman_n mere_o because_o they_o will_v not_o have_v they_o gain_v too_o fast_o upon_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o people_n if_o any_o shall_v perhaps_o doubt_v of_o the_o pernicious_a consequence_n of_o a_o popular_a government_n where_o reason_n do_v not_o so_o much_o reign_v as_o a_o unruly_a violence_n of_o a_o people_n who_o know_v no_o other_o law_n than_o those_o of_o their_o passion_n let_v they_o cast_v their_o eye_n on_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n who_o be_v often_o ready_a to_o overturn_v the_o state_n have_v not_o the_o senate_n speedy_o apply_v a_o prudent_a remedy_n but_o there_o be_v other_o example_n more_o modern_a as_o the_o revolt_n
of_o the_o cosack_n and_o the_o last_o trouble_n in_o bohemia_n to_o these_o also_o may_v be_v add_v the_o revolution_n of_o our_o own_o nation_n in_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n i._n when_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o people_n extend_v their_o rage_n even_o to_o the_o dip_v their_o hand_n in_o this_o prince_n blood_n politician_n do_v general_o own_v that_o the_o people_n be_v a_o wild_a beast_n which_o ought_v rather_o to_o be_v lead_v than_o leave_v at_o liberty_n and_o by_o consequence_n have_v pronounce_v it_o most_o perilous_a to_o acquiesce_v under_o their_o subjection_n a_o anarchy_n will_v undoubted_o do_v more_o harm_n in_o a_o day_n than_o a_o tyrant_n can_v in_o all_o his_o reign_n if_o he_o punish_v it_o be_v with_o some_o pretence_n of_o justice_n when_o nothing_o can_v abate_v the_o people_n rage_n but_o a_o utter_a extinction_n of_o whatever_o be_v place_v over_o their_o heâ—ds_n a_o mix_a government_n therefore_o make_v out_o of_o all_o these_o three_o be_v that_o which_o have_v prove_v most_o government_n agreeable_a to_o the_o polish_v nation_n be_v a_o just_a medium_fw-la between_o the_o dangerous_a extremity_n of_o a_o absolute_a monarchy_n and_o those_o of_o aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n it_o be_v this_o the_o pole_n have_v pitch_v upon_o as_o most_o proper_a to_o preserve_v the_o public_a liberty_n and_o to_o perpetuate_v the_o happiness_n of_o their_o state_n be_v it_o seem_v persuade_v that_o a_o body_n politic_n resemble_v a_o humane_a in_o this_o that_o as_o the_o one_o borrow_v all_o its_o vigour_n and_o health_n from_o a_o just_a temperament_n of_o the_o different_a humour_n that_o compose_v it_o so_o the_o other_o depend_v absolute_o on_o that_o of_o the_o three_o beforementioned_a form_n of_o government_n and_o moreover_o as_o the_o former_a subsist_v by_o the_o mutual_a opposition_n of_o contrary_a quality_n so_o the_o king_n senate_n and_o gentry_n of_o poland_n have_v in_o some_o measure_n different_a interest_n and_o inclination_n be_v not_o only_o hinder_v from_o deviate_a into_o vicious_a extremity_n but_o also_o through_o a_o noble_a emulation_n be_v excite_v to_o labour_v careful_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o public_a republic_n the_o republic_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o state_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n yet_o both_o which_o be_v but_o as_o one_o body_n have_v the_o same_o king_n the_o same_o parliament_n the_o same_o law_n the_o same_o privilege_n the_o same_o religion_n and_o as_o the_o natural_a result_n of_o all_o these_o the_o same_o interest_n these_o two_o state_n be_v so_o very_o well_o unite_v that_o a_o king_n can_v be_v elect_v a_o law_n make_v nor_o any_o state-business_n do_v without_o the_o mutual_a consent_n of_o both_o but_o my_o lord_n as_o the_o king_n be_v the_o prime_n and_o chief_a member_n of_o this_o republic_n i_o will_v give_v your_o grace_n a_o account_n of_o his_o present_a power_n and_o prerogatives_n prerogatives_n the_o pole_n be_v too_o proud_a a_o nation_n to_o agree_v with_o those_o politician_n that_o measure_v the_o grandeur_n of_o a_o prince_n and_o happiness_n of_o a_o state_n by_o the_o despotic_a power_n of_o he_o that_o govern_v it_o and_o therefore_o those_o pernicious_a maxim_n of_o tyrant_n si_fw-la lubet_fw-la licet_fw-la oderint_fw-la dum_fw-la metuant_fw-la and_o the_o like_a will_v be_v but_o ill_o receive_v among_o a_o people_n that_o have_v all_o along_o secure_v their_o liberty_n by_o their_o prudence_n and_o valour_n this_o vassalage_n will_v suit_v well_o enough_o with_o the_o slave_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n or_o with_o the_o moscovite_n and_o turk_n who_o all_o suffer_v themselves_o to_o be_v govern_v like_o beast_n and_o lead_v by_o the_o nose_n according_a to_o the_o different_a caprice_n or_o pleasure_n of_o their_o prince_n happiness_n as_o for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n they_o may_v rest_v in_o security_n in_o the_o bosom_n of_o their_o country_n even_o amid_o the_o noise_n of_o arm_n either_o without_o or_o within_o their_o dominion_n since_o they_o have_v always_o their_o subject_n to_o crowd_v about_o they_o for_o their_o guard_n through_o indispensable_a inclination_n for_o what_o contribute_v chief_o to_o the_o happiness_n of_o these_o prince_n be_v the_o loyal_a observance_n and_o voluntary_a obedience_n pay_v they_o even_o by_o those_o that_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o do_v the_o contrary_n i_o have_v often_o hear_v mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr polignac_n the_o french_a ambassador_n say_v at_o warsaw_n that_o he_o think_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n more_o happy_a in_o his_o person_n and_o condition_n than_o a_o king_n of_o france_n nevertheless_o this_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v so_o alloy_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n that_o it_o do_v not_o exact_v more_o veneration_n from_o the_o noble_n or_o gentry_n than_o they_o think_v he_o deserve_v for_o though_o their_o behaviour_n be_v general_o extraordinary_a observant_a yet_o do_v they_o tacit_o seem_v to_o call_v in_o question_n the_o power_n they_o have_v limit_v and_o often_o refuse_v that_o duty_n which_o they_o have_v deem_v he_o worthy_a of_o by_o his_o election_n unhappiness_n the_o polish_v nobility_n make_v no_o difference_n between_o their_o king_n be_v right_a and_o those_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o deputy_n affirm_v that_o since_o these_o three_o member_n compose_v but_o one_o body_n they_o ought_v equal_o to_o share_v in_o the_o same_o benefit_n and_o injury_n and_o consequent_o ought_v all_o either_o to_o reward_v the_o one_o or_o revenge_v the_o other_o state_n the_o small_a authority_n therefore_o of_o their_o king_n and_o the_o impossibility_n of_o their_o act_n by_o themselves_o have_v at_o all_o time_n expose_v poland_n to_o the_o insult_v of_o their_o neighbour_n and_o the_o rage_n of_o their_o own_o people_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o the_o cosack_n and_o the_o treachery_n and_o sedition_n of_o the_o confederate_n which_o can_v never_o have_v arrive_v at_o so_o great_a height_n if_o the_o king_n have_v have_v but_o sufficient_a power_n to_o have_v suppress_v they_o also_o the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n lubomirski_n will_v never_o have_v have_v the_o boldness_n to_o have_v oppose_v king_n casimir_n design_n open_o and_o to_o have_v form_v so_o many_o faction_n against_o the_o court_n have_v he_o not_o have_v some_o assurance_n of_o remain_v unpunished_a this_o make_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o be_v style_v a_o king_n of_o king_n and_o lord_n of_o lord_n since_o he_o have_v no_o better_a than_o companion_n and_o equal_n for_o his_o subject_n king_n we_o have_v divers_a instance_n of_o the_o pole_n love_v for_o their_o king_n and_o particular_o by_o their_o once_o enforce_v the_o right_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n in_o a_o obstinate_a war_n which_o they_o begin_v several_a time_n as_o likewise_o in_o support_v afterward_o the_o pretence_n of_o vladislaus_n vii_o to_o moscovy_n to_o omit_v divers_a other_o of_o a_o more_o ancient_a date_n this_o respect_n of_o their_o oblige_v they_o frequent_o to_o come_v and_o spend_v their_o estate_n at_o court_n think_v to_o augment_v their_o prince_n grandeur_n by_o their_o prodigality_n and_o magnificence_n this_o appear_v by_o the_o mistake_v make_v by_o gregory_n king_n of_o bohemia_n at_o the_o interview_n between_o he_o and_o casimir_n the_o great_a at_o glogan_n which_o place_v the_o former_a have_v demand_v to_o bound_v the_o limit_n of_o silesia_n when_o he_o salute_v a_o private_a gentleman_n splendid_o clothe_v for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n power_n the_o custom_n and_o inclination_n of_o the_o pole_n run_v so_o strong_a towards_o honour_v their_o prince_n that_o all_o they_o have_v or_o be_v able_a to_o do_v even_o to_o the_o destruction_n of_o their_o life_n and_o fortune_n they_o be_v willing_a to_o lavish_a in_o his_o service_n without_o expect_v any_o great_a recompense_n than_o the_o glory_n of_o wait_v on_o his_o majesty_n person_n insomuch_o that_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o be_v courageous_a and_o prudent_a just_a and_o sober_a liberal_a and_o religious_a one_o that_o observe_v the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o in_o a_o word_n who_o have_v no_o other_o interest_n but_o the_o common_a good_a and_o safety_n of_o his_o subject_n be_v as_o much_o respect_a and_o honour_a and_o as_o faithful_o obey_v both_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n nay_o as_o formidable_a to_o all_o his_o enemy_n as_o most_o prince_n in_o europe_n as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o war_n no_o monarch_n have_v great_a advantage_n than_o himself_o for_o he_o be_v neither_o at_o the_o trouble_n of_o raise_v force_n nor_o expense_n in_o maintain_v they_o his_o business_n be_v only_o to_o convene_v the_o diet_n and_o they_o do_v all_o these_o thing_n to_o his_o hand_n after_o war_n be_v once_o declare_v he_o can_v continue_v the_o
of_o the_o great_a dutchy_n army_n and_o receive_v no_o manner_n of_o order_n from_o the_o crown-general_n except_o where_o both_o be_v joint_o engage_v in_o a_o battle_n power_n these_o great_a general_n in_o the_o king_n absence_n have_v the_o great_a power_n in_o the_o kingdom_n for_o they_o have_v then_o a_o supreme_a command_n in_o the_o army_n they_o give_v battle_n and_o besiege_v town_n without_o the_o king_n participation_n and_o settle_v winter-quarter_n where_o and_o upon_o what_o land_n they_o think_v fit_a this_o power_n of_o they_o be_v so_o extraordinary_a considerable_a that_o a_o great_a general_n be_v formidable_a to_o all_o the_o nobility_n duty_n their_o duty_n be_v to_o keep_v good_a order_n and_o discipline_n in_o the_o army_n to_o punish_v mutinous_a and_o seditious_a officer_n and_o soldier_n to_o settle_v the_o prize_n of_o all_o commodity_n and_o provision_n bring_v into_o the_o camp_n to_o give_v command_n or_o necessary_a order_n for_o a_o charge_n or_o retreat_n and_o in_o fine_a to_o do_v any_o thing_n that_o his_o majesty_n can_v be_v he_o present_a army_n it_o be_v therefore_o the_o interest_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n always_o to_o head_n his_o army_n himself_o to_o have_v his_o son_n with_o he_o in_o the_o field_n and_o to_o give_v they_o opportunity_n to_o gain_v reputation_n and_o credit_n by_o their_o valour_n and_o conduct_n for_o the_o more_o the_o king_n increase_v his_o own_o fame_n or_o that_o of_o his_o son_n the_o more_o he_o diminish_v the_o credit_n and_o power_n of_o his_o general_n who_o be_v the_o only_a person_n in_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v most_o to_o be_v fear_v and_o who_o have_v the_o great_a power_n and_o influence_n over_o the_o gentry_n in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n general_n the_o present_a great_a general_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o count_n jablonowski_n of_o the_o french_a faction_n and_o of_o lithuania_n prince_n sapieha_n suppose_v to_o be_v of_o the_o austrian_a faction_n successive_a when_o the_o office_n of_o great_a general_n be_v vacant_a the_o little_a or_o lieutenant-general_n have_v a_o right_a to_o succeed_v he_o office_n the_o two_o lieutenant-general_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n be_v to_o preside_v in_o all_o court-marshal_n and_o to_o take_v care_n that_o guard_n be_v strict_o keep_v throughout_o the_o camp_n also_o they_o be_v to_o observe_v that_o all_o spy_n and_o scout_n be_v send_v out_o as_o often_o as_o occasion_n require_v and_o last_o to_o see_v that_o foreign_a soldier_n be_v due_o pay_v guard_n the_o business_n of_o the_o chief_a commander_n of_o the_o king_n guard_n in_o the_o camp_n be_v to_o command_v sole_o those_o soldier_n who_o be_v assign_v to_o guard_v his_o majesty_n person_n in_o the_o camp_n but_o upon_o the_o king_n departure_n this_o officer_n power_n cease_v army_n there_o be_v several_a other_o officer_n of_o note_n in_o the_o army_n the_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o be_v the_o great_a ensign_n or_o standard-bearer_n the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o artillery_n the_o camp_n notary_n and_o commander_n of_o the_o guard_n against_o incursion_n of_o which_o two_o last_v i_o shall_v only_o speak_v here_o camp-notary_n camp-notary_n be_v paymaster_n general_n for_o the_o army_n both_o of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a duchy_n incursion_n the_o chief_a commander_n of_o the_o guard_n against_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n etc._n etc._n this_o officer_n be_v post_v on_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o kingdom_n towards_o crim-tartary_n etc._n etc._n and_o be_v to_o give_v notice_n of_o all_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o enemy_n authority_n for_o the_o civil_a state-officer_n there_o be_v the_o two_o great_a secretary_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o duchy_n they_o have_v a_o power_n to_o enter_v into_o the_o privy-council_n and_o to_o take_v cognizance_n of_o what_o the_o chancellor_n and_o vice_n chancellor_n do_v they_o must_v both_o be_v ecclesiastic_n and_o their_o office_n be_v a_o great_a step_n to_o the_o chancellor_n dignity_n they_o have_v the_o keep_n of_o the_o king_n signet_n and_o be_v qualify_v for_o the_o high_a episcopal_a honour_n and_o have_v precedence_n before_o most_o officer_n of_o the_o court_n or_o kingdom_n office_n the_o master_n of_o request_n or_o referendary_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n their_o business_n be_v to_o receive_v petition_n make_v to_o the_o king_n and_o to_o give_v his_o majesty_n answer_n they_o have_v a_o place_n in_o any_o of_o the_o king_n court_n of_o justice_n these_o be_v in_o all_o four_o one_o ecclesiastical_a and_o one_o civil_a for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o like_a for_o the_o great_a office_n duchy_n two_o cupbearer_n for_o each_o nation_n for_o the_o same_o two_o carver_n and_o two_o sword-bearer_n the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o court_n in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n these_o supply_n either_o the_o absence_n or_o vacancy_n of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o great_a treasurer_n prussia_n the_o treasurer_n of_o prussia_n who_o business_n be_v to_o take_v all_o account_n of_o the_o collector_n of_o revenue_n in_o that_o province_n and_o to_o transmit_v they_o to_o the_o great_a treasurer_n judge_n associate_n to_o judge_n which_o be_v general_o such_o as_o reside_v in_o the_o king_n court_n viz._n the_o master_n of_o request_n vicechancellor_n etc._n etc._n notary_n two_o chief_a notary_n of_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n for_o civil_a cause_n either_o of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o the_o great_a duchy_n inchancery_n two_o register_n in_o the_o chancery_n of_o both_o nation_n escheator_n a_o officer_n that_o look_v after_o the_o escheat_n call_v by_o we_o escheator_n he_o can_v either_o sue_v for_o or_o seize_v any_o such_o land_n or_o good_n as_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n house_n the_o commissioner_n of_o the_o custom-house_n who_o give_v in_o their_o account_n as_o often_o as_o the_o great_a treasurer_n require_v they_o mine_n the_o governor_n of_o the_o silver_n lead_v and_o salt_n mine_n they_o exercise_v jurisdiction_n over_o the_o workman_n there_o but_o must_v nevertheless_o admit_v of_o appeal_n to_o court_n mint_n the_o governor_n or_o warden_n of_o the_o mint_n which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n their_o business_n be_v to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o money_n there_o coin_v be_v of_o weight_n and_o value_n court-officer_n the_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o king_n court_n be_v treat_v of_o before_o in_o the_o letter_n to_o his_o grace_n the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n district_n the_o officer_n of_o district_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o sort_n civil_a and_o military_a the_o civil_a be_v office_n the_o vice-chamberlain_n who_o office_n be_v to_o decide_v all_o difference_n within_o his_o district_n about_o the_o bound_n of_o land_n etc._n etc._n to_o which_o he_o be_v swear_v he_o have_v several_a deputy_n under_o chamberlain_n he_o call_v chamberlain_n who_o he_o choose_v out_o of_o the_o gentry_n of_o his_o jurisdiction_n and_o to_o who_o he_o give_v a_o oath_n to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a in_o the_o execution_n of_o their_o office_n it_o be_v at_o his_o pleasure_n to_o displace_v these_o as_o often_o as_o he_o think_v fit_a assistant_n the_o judge_n who_o together_o with_o his_o assistant_n determine_v all_o civil_a cause_n and_o controversy_n prothonotary_n the_o prothonotary_n who_o in_o those_o court_n have_v likewise_o a_o power_n of_o give_v his_o opinion_n collector_n the_o head_n collector_n of_o the_o public_a revenue_n who_o be_v accountable_a above_o call_v the_o other_o officer_n be_v less_o considerable_a be_v sewer_n carver_n cupbearer_n sword-bearer_n etc._n etc._n the_o reason_n of_o there_o be_v such_o officer_n in_o every_o palatinate_n be_v because_o former_o each_o province_n of_o poland_n be_v a_o sovereignty_n and_o have_v its_o peculiar_a prince_n who_o have_v all_o their_o court-officer_n but_o now_o though_o these_o office_n remain_v yet_o it_o be_v only_o with_o honorary_a title_n and_o some_o few_o privilege_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v that_o when_o the_o king_n come_v into_o their_o palatinate_n his_o court-officer_n must_v leave_v to_o they_o the_o honour_n of_o serve_v he_o at_o table_n bear_v the_o sword_n before_o he_o etc._n etc._n district_n the_o military_a officer_n of_o a_o district_n be_v starostas_n with_o and_o without_o jurisdiction_n jurisdiction_n starostas_n with_o jurisdiction_n be_v governor_n of_o castle_n and_o royal_a city_n who_o sit_v and_o hear_v private_a cause_n of_o small_a moment_n once_o a_o fortnight_n and_o those_o of_o great_a concern_v every_o six_o week_n if_o nothing_o intervene_v to_o prevent_v they_o etc._n these_o have_v vice_n starostas_fw-la judge_n clerk_n and_o servant_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o sheriff_n officer_n to_o enforce_v justice_n in_o case_n of_o resistance_n starostas_n the_o jurisdiction_n of_o these_o starostas_n extend_v not_o only_o over_o the_o commonalty_n but_o likewise_o over_o the_o gentry_n they_o have_v also_o a_o care_n of_o the_o
name_n by_o her_o chancellor_n after_o which_o they_o march_v to_o the_o szopa_n where_o the_o nobility_n elect_v their_o marshal_n or_o speaker_n by_o majority_n of_o vote_n who_o after_o be_v choose_v take_v the_o usual_a oath_n which_o run_v thus_o that_o he_o will_v discharge_v his_o office_n faithful_o receive_v no_o bribe_n keep_v private_a correspondence_n with_o none_o of_o the_o competitor_n and_o will_v not_o subscribe_v a_o schedule_n of_o a_o free_a election_n without_o the_o knowledge_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o republic_n after_o this_o he_o go_v to_o wait_v on_o the_o senator_n for_o their_o approbation_n it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o the_o senator_n only_o sit_v in_o the_o szopa_n for_o the_o deputy_n have_v their_o session_n in_o the_o open_a field_n which_o they_o call_v their_o eadem_fw-la rota_n equestris_n therein_o the_o first_o thing_n that_o the_o senator_n and_o nuncios_fw-la or_o depute_a gentry_n do_v in_o this_o diet_n after_o establish_v of_o the_o kaptur_n be_v to_o take_v a_o mutual_a oath_n on_o their_o knee_n administer_v by_o the_o prmate_v to_o a_o strict_a union_n and_o intelligence_n among_o themselves_o for_o the_o common_a interest_n of_o the_o nation_n next_o not_o to_o acknowledge_v any_o for_o their_o king_n but_o he_o that_o be_v lawful_o elect_v by_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n and_o who_o must_v withal_o swear_v to_o preserve_v inviolable_a the_o right_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o they_o moreover_o promise_v mutual_o that_o he_o who_o will_v act_v otherwise_o shall_v be_v deem_v and_o declare_v a_o enemy_n to_o his_o country_n likewise_o they_o reciprocal_o promise_v not_o to_o give_v their_o voice_n for_o a_o election_n nor_o to_o enter_v into_o any_o agreement_n with_o any_o of_o the_o candidate_n or_o their_o ambassador_n till_o all_o the_o irregularity_n or_o disorder_n either_o in_o the_o kingdom_n or_o the_o great_a duchy_n be_v first_o consider_v and_o redress_v they_o annul_v all_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o tribunal_n and_o even_o the_o statute_n of_o king_n that_o be_v find_v to_o entrench_v on_o their_o liberty_n they_o declare_v that_o all_o other_o judgement_n pronounce_v before_o the_o publication_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la shall_v be_v valid_a they_o set_v up_o a_o new_a court_n of_o justice_n call_v kaptur_n which_o be_v to_o defend_v the_o country_n coin_v money_n raise_v soldier_n and_o for_o maintain_v of_o the_o law_n they_o give_v order_n that_o no_o body_n shall_v come_v to_o the_o diet_n with_o fire-arm_n nor_o bring_v any_o stranger_n along_o with_o they_o they_o cause_v the_o general_n to_o take_v on_o oath_n before_o commissioner_n to_o discharge_v the_o trust_v repose_v in_o they_o faithful_o to_o employ_v their_o force_n against_o the_o enemy_n of_o the_o republic_n and_o to_o defend_v the_o frontier_n thereby_o to_o secure_v the_o honour_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o kingdom_n they_o oblige_v they_o also_o to_o swear_v to_o assert_v the_o public_a interest_n in_o case_n of_o sedition_n or_o rebellion_n to_o restrain_v soldier_n from_o injure_v any_o person_n to_o receive_v money_n neither_o from_o clergy_n nor_o laity_n and_o to_o prevent_v their_o soldier_n from_o receive_v any_o and_o last_o they_o forbid_v they_o to_o advance_v with_o their_o troop_n into_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o more_o especial_o to_o come_v 530._o near_o the_o diet_n for_o fear_n of_o be_v force_v to_o a_o election_n against_o their_o free_a will_n and_o provide_v the_o republic_n shall_v be_v attack_v by_o such_o a_o force_n as_o the_o army_n be_v not_o strong_a enough_o to_o resist_v than_o they_o declare_v that_o from_o that_o very_a minute_n they_o summon_v all_o the_o nobility_n to_o meet_v together_o without_o delay_n at_o the_o time_n and_o place_n which_o the_o primate_n and_o his_o council_n shall_v appoint_v that_o the_o review_n of_o the_o soldier_n raise_v in_o general_a by_o the_o republic_n or_o in_o particular_a by_o the_o palatinaetes_n shall_v be_v make_v in_o the_o camp_n that_o each_o palatinate_n shall_v take_v care_n to_o pay_v its_o own_o troop_n and_o not_o disband_v any_o but_o such_o as_o the_o general_a diet_n shall_v think_v fit_a to_o dismiss_v they_o forbid_v the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o crown_n or_o great_a duchy_n to_o give_v out_o any_o money_n without_o knowledge_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o archbishop_n and_o his_o council_n but_o only_o for_o payment_n of_o the_o troop_n of_o the_o republic_n they_o order_v that_o skilful_a and_o honest_a person_n shall_v be_v send_v to_o visit_v the_o saltworks_a and_o to_o regulate_v all_o reparation_n that_o shall_v be_v find_v necessary_a there_o and_o in_o the_o last_o place_n that_o the_o deputy_n of_o certain_a city_n shall_v not_o be_v admit_v to_o the_o diet_n till_o they_o have_v sufficient_o prove_v their_o right_n to_o come_v thither_o in_o short_a the_o pole_n in_o this_o diet_n take_v all_o the_o measure_n and_o care_v imaginable_a to_o secure_v their_o frontier_n maintain_v the_o kingdom_n in_o peace_n and_o quietness_n to_o settle_v a_o good_a intelligence_n among_o themselves_o and_o last_o to_o prevent_v bribery_n or_o any_o private_a interest_n in_o any_o of_o the_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n that_o may_v tend_v to_o hinder_v a_o free_a and_o unanimous_a election_n receive_v matter_n be_v thus_o dispose_v they_o immediate_o proceed_v to_o the_o election_n examine_v first_o the_o exorbitance_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o disorder_n and_o excess_n commit_v during_o the_o last_o reign_n to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v prevent_v the_o like_a for_o the_o future_a these_o exorbitance_n be_v not_o examine_v by_o the_o whole_a session_n either_o of_o the_o senator_n or_o deputy_n but_o by_o a_o certain_a number_n assign_v out_o of_o both_o who_o sit_v a-morning_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o warsaw_n then_o the_o diet_n give_v audience_n to_o the_o ambassador_n both_o of_o those_o prince_n that_o pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o those_o that_o recommend_v other_o to_o it_o send_v first_o a_o great_a train_n of_o coach_n to_o wait_v on_o they_o to_o the_o rota_n equestris_n whither_o it_o must_v be_v understand_v that_o on_o this_o occasion_n the_o senate_n go_v when_o these_o ambassador_n be_v thus_o send_v for_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n be_v always_o prefer_v then_o come_v the_o emperor_n ambassador_n next_o the_o french_a and_o after_o these_o the_o spanish_a but_o since_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n convene_v at_o warsaw_n after_o the_o death_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n when_o the_o spanish_a ambassador_n demand_v audience_n before_o the_o king_n of_o france_n who_o notwithstanding_o be_v prefer_v spain_n have_v send_v no_o ambassador_n on_o this_o account_n into_o poland_n for_o as_o for_o don_n pedro_n ronquillos_fw-la who_o be_v present_a at_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n of_o john_n iii_o he_o dare_v never_o assume_v either_o the_o title_n or_o quality_n of_o ambassador_n for_o fear_v he_o shall_v be_v force_v to_o give_v place_n to_o the_o ambassador_n of_o france_n they_o the_o manner_n of_o receive_v these_o ambassador_n be_v this_o the_o pope_n legate_n be_v introduce_v by_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a and_o lay-senator_n as_o likewise_o by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o deputy_n and_o a_o assign_v number_n out_o of_o their_o body_n the_o inter-rex_a arise_v out_o of_o his_o chair_n move_v two_o or_o three_o step_n to_o meet_v he_o and_o place_n he_o on_o his_o right-hand_n the_o secular_a ambassador_n be_v introduce_v by_o some_o of_o the_o lay-senator_n and_o deputy_n only_o the_o emperor_n minister_n be_v place_v by_o they_o between_o the_o great_a marshal_n and_o the_o nuncio-marshal_n minister_n when_o the_o ambassador_n receive_v audience_n they_o make_v their_o harangue_n in_o latin_a to_o which_o the_o archbishop_n that_o preside_v answer_v for_o the_o senator_n and_o the_o nuncio-marshal_n for_o the_o nobility_n it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a for_o all_o minister_n that_o have_v any_o interest_n of_o their_o master_n to_o carry_v on_o in_o the_o diet_n to_o be_v not_o only_o eloquent_a but_o liberal_a and_o generous_a that_o by_o their_o treat_v feast_n and_o chief_o their_o money_n they_o may_v gain_v or_o purchase_v the_o good_a will_n and_o suffrage_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o gentry_n it_o be_v so_o essential_o requisite_a for_o ambassador_n to_o make_v a_o great_a figure_n keep_v a_o open_a table_n spend_v a_o vast_a deal_n of_o money_n and_o to_o make_v considerable_a present_n that_o if_o the_o diet_n do_v but_o in_o the_o least_o suspect_v any_o avarice_n or_o niggardliness_n in_o they_o they_o will_v present_o impute_v it_o to_o the_o poverty_n of_o the_o prince_n that_o send_v they_o which_o will_v prove_v no_o small_a obstruction_n either_o to_o his_o election_n or_o interest_n in_o behalf_n of_o any_o body_n else_o ambassador_n must_v likewise_o take_v more_o than_o ordinary_a care_n to_o keep_v in_o with_o
large_a black_a velvet_n pall_v throw_v over_o it_o with_o a_o cross_n of_o red_a satin_n in_o the_o middle_a and_o six_o long_a black_a silk_n tassel_n hang_v down_o from_o it_o which_o be_v bear_v up_o by_o as_o many_o of_o the_o decease_a person_n be_v domestic_n all_o in_o close_o mourn_v before_o the_o chariot_n march_v several_a priest_n monk_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o people_n each_o of_o which_o carry_v a_o white_a wax_n torch_n light_v in_o his_o hand_n next_o to_o who_o and_o immediate_o before_o the_o hearse_n come_v three_o man_n on_o horseback_n who_o carry_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o decease_a one_o his_o sword_n another_o his_o lance_n and_o the_o three_o his_o dart._n proceed_n the_o procession_n thus_o set_v out_o march_v very_o slow_o in_o a_o manner_n that_o they_o usual_o come_v late_o to_o the_o church_n after_o the_o burial-service_n be_v over_o those_o that_o carry_v the_o armour_n enter_v the_o church_n on_o horseback_n and_o furious_o ride_v up_o to_o the_o coffin_n break_v the_o arm_n of_o the_o decease_a thereupon_o after_o which_o the_o body_n be_v inter_v then_o they_o return_v to_o the_o house_n where_o there_o be_v always_o a_o great_a feast_n prepare_v when_o the_o lay-guest_n will_v not_o only_o drink_v to_o excess_n but_o likewise_o force_v the_o clergy_n to_o follow_v their_o example_n innterment_n here_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o observe_v something_o relate_v to_o the_o interment_n of_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o king_n die_v he_o be_v lay_v upon_o a_o bed_n of_o state_n and_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o senator_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a be_v appoint_v to_o attend_v about_o his_o corpse_n the_o republic_n also_o order_v all_o necessary_a expense_n relate_v hereunto_o to_o be_v levy_v out_o of_o the_o crown_n revenue_n a_o decease_a queen_n likewise_o have_v the_o same_o ceremony_n and_o honour_n as_o a_o king_n for_o queen_n mary_n ludovica_n wife_n to_o john_n casimir_n be_v carry_v from_o the_o suburb_n of_o warsaw_n where_o she_o die_v to_o the_o castle_n where_o she_o lie_v in_o state_n till_o she_o be_v carry_v to_o cracow_n to_o be_v bury_v death_n it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o entertain_v your_o lordship_n with_o the_o manner_n of_o her_o death_n there_o be_v something_o observable_a in_o it_o she_o die_v of_o a_o defluxion_n upon_o her_o lung_n or_o of_o a_o consumption_n occasion_v by_o excess_n of_o passion_n on_o account_n of_o a_o contest_v she_o have_v have_v with_o the_o chancellor_n patz_n about_o something_o she_o have_v propose_v to_o he_o which_o he_o will_v not_o consent_v to_o this_o princess_n love_v so_o dear_o to_o intermeddle_v with_o and_o to_o govern_v the_o state_n sole_o according_a to_o her_o fancy_n that_o she_o be_v not_o a_o little_a jealous_a when_o the_o king_n her_o husband_n speak_v to_o any_o other_o woman_n and_o that_o chief_o for_o fear_v he_o may_v incline_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o another_o more_o than_o herself_o this_o your_o lordship_n may_v imagine_v give_v he_o no_o great_a cause_n to_o be_v concern_v at_o her_o death_n for_o at_o the_o very_a instant_a of_o her_o expire_n he_o post_v away_o to_o a_o mistress_n he_o have_v former_o love_v but_o who_o he_o dare_v not_o have_v speak_v to_o during_o his_o queen_n life_n poland_n as_o mourn_v be_v not_o only_o a_o necessary_a circumstance_n but_o also_o the_o sequel_n of_o a_o funeral_n so_o i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v here_o to_o give_v some_o short_a account_n of_o it_o the_o mourn_v of_o the_o man_n be_v much_o like_o we_o only_o differ_v according_a to_o the_o habit_n of_o the_o country_n but_o the_o woman_n of_o quality_n be_v general_o apparel_v in_o a_o sort_n of_o coarse_a black_a stuff_n and_o their_o linen_n be_v not_o much_o fine_a than_o canvas_n and_o the_o great_a the_o quality_n always_o the_o coarse_a the_o linen_n and_o stuff_n this_o habit_n do_v not_o misbecome_v widow_n that_o be_v both_o young_a and_o handsome_a it_o may_v here_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o senator_n deputy_n and_o all_o other_o that_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o appear_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n must_v be_v in_o black_a though_o the_o fashion_n of_o the_o several_a country_n of_o foreigner_n be_v not_o require_v in_o like_a manner_n to_o be_v alter_v pole_n for_o the_o other_o custom_n of_o eat_v and_o drink_v among_o the_o pole_n both_o at_o feast_n and_o elsewhere_o they_o be_v various_a but_o first_o i_o must_v give_v some_o account_n of_o the_o edible_n and_o potable_n their_o ordinary_a meat_n be_v beef_n and_o veal_n for_o mutton_n they_o do_v not_o value_v and_o general_o give_v it_o to_o their_o servant_n they_o have_v great_a store_n of_o grey_a but_o no_o red_a partridge_n a_o great_a many_o hare_n but_o no_o rabit_n for_o they_o will_v soon_o eat_v a_o cat_n than_o these_o last_o they_o have_v it_o be_v true_a some_o white_a rabbit_n which_o they_o breed_v tame_a for_o the_o sake_n of_o their_o fur_n in_o poland_n there_o be_v a_o great_a many_o roe-buck_n but_o few_o stag_n abundance_n of_o wild_a boar_n hog_n poultry_n pigeon_n and_o the_o like_a but_o as_o for_o wild-foul_a they_o have_v great_a store_n indeed_o in_o summer_n but_o none_o in_o winter_n as_o in_o other_o country_n when_o they_o be_v best_a they_o have_v a_o great_a many_o wild_a ox_n which_o when_o moderate_o salt_v be_v great_a dainty_n with_o they_o oxen._n the_o manner_n of_o hunt_v these_o wild_a ox_n it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a here_o to_o give_v some_o short_a account_n of_o when_o they_o have_v surround_v the_o beast_n with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o horseman_n each_o of_o they_o ride_v up_o to_o he_o and_o dart_n he_o with_o a_o arrow_n when_o the_o beast_n feel_v himselfwounded_a eager_o pursue_v its_o enemy_n while_o another_o person_n dart_v he_o from_o behind_o he_o turn_v in_o great_a rage_n after_o that_o person_n and_o then_o another_o dart_v he_o as_o likewise_o many_o other_o successive_o at_o length_n the_o poor_a beast_n be_v so_o tire_v with_o pursue_v so_o many_o assailant_n that_o he_o fall_v down_o and_o be_v easy_o take_v or_o kill_v they_o have_v another_o way_n of_o take_v they_o in_o the_o wood_n which_o be_v by_o cause_v the_o rustic_n to_o enclose_v a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o with_o tree_n feil_v down_o who_o also_o immediate_o raise_v up_o a_o stage_n for_o spectator_n when_o the_o hunter_n assign_v themselves_o every_o one_o a_o post_n and_o the_o beast_n be_v fright_v into_o the_o middle_a by_o dog_n and_o the_o great_a vociferation_n of_o the_o assailant_n as_o they_o move_v towards_o each_o person_n they_o be_v wound_v with_o dart_n which_o make_v they_o to_o run_v with_o great_a force_n against_o their_o enemy_n and_o find_v a_o opposition_n by_o the_o tree_n they_o endeavour_v to_o force_v their_o way_n whilst_o the_o hunter_n from_o behind_o most_o common_o give_v they_o their_o death_n wound_n but_o if_o they_o happen_v to_o break_v through_o then_o the_o next_o hunter_n hold_v out_o a_o piece_n of_o red_a cloth_n which_o it_o seem_v this_o beast_n have_v a_o antipathy_n against_o forthwith_o leave_v that_o person_n and_o run_v at_o the_o other_o who_o be_v provide_v for_o he_o most_o common_o kill_v he_o or_o in_o case_n of_o danger_n his_o neighbour_n have_v recourse_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a stratagem_n which_o never_o fail_v of_o divert_v the_o fury_n of_o this_o wild_a beast_n it_o may_v be_v also_o observe_v that_o this_o beast_n have_v a_o power_n of_o draw_v a_o man_n to_o he_o with_o his_o tongue_n it_o be_v rough_a if_o he_o can_v but_o reach_v any_o part_n of_o his_o coat_n or_o the_o like_a dainty_n near_o the_o mountain_n of_o hungary_n there_o be_v also_o wild_a goat_n which_o they_o admire_v mighty_o for_o meat_n they_o likewise_o make_v a_o fine_a dish_n as_o they_o think_v it_o of_o beaver_n tail_n but_o throw_v away_o the_o body_n they_o likewise_o eat_v bear_n paw_n when_o pickle_v for_o dainty_n when_o they_o take_v or_o kill_v elk_n they_o do_v not_o gut_n they_o for_o fourteen_o or_o fifteen_o day_n afterward_o and_o sometime_o in_o winter_n not_o in_o a_o whole_a month._n when_o the_o great_a man_n come_v to_o the_o diet_n they_o common_o bring_v these_o with_o their_o skin_n and_o gut_n and_o hang_v they_o at_o their_o window_n some_o five_o or_o six_o at_o a_o time_n until_o they_o turn_v rank_n like_o venison_n then_o they_o roast_v some_o and_o dress_v other_o like_o beef_n a_o la_fw-fr mode_n this_o be_v esteem_v delicious_a meat_n and_o none_o but_o great_a man_n table_n have_v it_o the_o manner_n of_o take_v bear_n also_o i_o presume_v may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o lordship_n bear_n they_o be_v general_o take_v with_o net_n even_o
the_o diet_n be_v to_o march_v against_o they_o so_o the_o turk_n once_o come_n towards_o poland_n with_o 600000_o man_n the_o king_n do_v not_o care_n to_o trust_v even_o to_o 70000_o hire_a foreigner_n but_o convoke_v the_o gentry_n together_o at_o leopol_n with_o who_o if_o he_o have_v set_v forward_o as_o speedy_o as_o he_o be_v advise_v he_o may_v have_v total_o extirpate_v the_o infidel_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v out_o of_o europe_n the_o gentry_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v in_o arm_n as_o long_o as_o the_o king_n or_o state_n have_v occasion_n for_o they_o they_o all_o serve_v on_o horseback_n not_o only_o for_o honour_n sake_n but_o likewise_o that_o they_o may_v the_o more_o speedy_o intercept_v and_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n before_o they_o reach_v their_o frontier_n when_o the_o war_n be_v over_o the_o nobility_n be_v not_o ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la discharged_n but_o must_v wait_v till_o they_o be_v methodical_o dismiss_v the_o roll_n or_o register_n by_o the_o palatine_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o be_v for_o fear_v they_o may_v otherwise_o misuse_v the_o citizen_n and_o boor_n in_o a_o tumultuous_a return_n hire_v of_o the_o hire_a soldier_n i_o have_v speak_v something_o before_o all_o that_o i_o think_v proper_a to_o add_v be_v that_o the_o hungarian_a foot_n which_o the_o pole_n call_v wegerska_n piechota_n be_v first_o institute_v by_o stephen_n batori_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n to_o the_o maintain_n of_o which_o almost_o every_o diet_n contribute_v something_o yet_o which_o seldom_o or_o never_o suffice_v they_o former_o the_o hire_a foot_n consist_v as_o well_o of_o native_n as_o stranger_n what_o the_o auxiliary_a differ_v from_o the_o hire_a force_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o former_a be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v agree_v to_o be_v furnish_v the_o pole_n by_o foreign_a prince_n in_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n and_o the_o latter_a be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v levy_v in_o other_o country_n by_o permission_n example_n of_o this_o first_o sort_n be_v a_o certain_a number_n allow_v boleslaus_n crivoustus_n by_o the_o russian_n and_o to_o casimir_n iv._o by_o the_o tartar_n against_o the_o prussia_n which_o be_v to_o have_v some_o reward_n from_o the_o pole_n these_o reward_v the_o tartar_n afterward_o require_v yearly_a as_o a_o tribute_n nay_o though_o they_o do_v no_o manner_n of_o service_n for_o they_o whereupon_o king_n stephen_n repel_v their_o importunacy_n with_o a_o absolute_a refusal_n as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o that_o king_n life_n which_o occasion_v great_a heat_n and_o disturbance_n but_o at_o length_n a_o peace_n be_v conclude_v between_o these_o two_o nation_n under_o the_o reign_n of_o john_n casimir_n whereby_o the_o pole_n be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v a_o certain_a stipend_n to_o the_o cham_n and_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o cham_n be_v to_o be_v assist_v to_o the_o pole_n whenever_o they_o have_v occasion_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o latter_a break_v his_o promise_n which_o induce_v a_o non-performance_n in_o the_o former_a there_o be_v other_o example_n of_o these_o kind_n of_o soldier_n and_o at_o present_a some_o ally_n be_v still_o oblige_v by_o such_o contract_n these_o soldier_n be_v both_o horse_n and_o foot_n as_o the_o agreement_n be_v make_v call_v this_o breach_n of_o alliance_n by_o the_o tartar_n occasion_v the_o pole_n a_o new_a sort_n of_o soldier_n for_o sigismundus_n augustus_n to_o prevent_v their_o incursion_n into_o his_o kingdom_n allot_v a_o four_o part_n of_o his_o crown-revenue_n to_o maintain_v a_o guard_n on_o the_o frontier_n towards_o tartary_n this_o four_o part_n be_v sometime_o augment_v and_o that_o as_o often_o as_o exigencys_n require_v it_o be_v to_o be_v supervise_v by_o two_o senator_n and_o two_o of_o the_o gentry_n in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o high-treasurer_n of_o poland_n the_o starosta_n of_o rava_n have_v the_o custody_n of_o it_o and_o be_v to_o give_v in_o his_o yearly_a account_n how_o he_o have_v distribute_v it_o from_o hence_o these_o soldier_n have_v the_o name_n of_o quartarians_n before_o this_o time_n the_o like_a institution_n have_v be_v attempt_v at_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o vilna_n to_o guard_v the_o frontier_n of_o lithuania_n against_o the_o muscovite_n but_o this_o meet_v with_o opposition_n and_o consequent_o be_v lay_v aside_o these_o force_n general_o consist_v of_o foot_n and_o be_v always_o keep_v in_o garrison_n poland_n beside_o all_o these_o soldier_n beforementioned_a some_o of_o the_o rich_a gentry_n in_o poland_n have_v all_o along_o be_v accustom_a at_o their_o sole_a cost_n and_o charge_n to_o raise_v several_a troop_n of_o horse_n for_o the_o public_a service_n some_o few_o example_n of_o the_o power_n of_o which_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o insert_v example_n by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o zamoski_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o worsted_n carambeius_n the_o scythian_a with_o 3000_o man_n only_o who_o with_o 70000_o come_v to_o invade_v poland_n but_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o thousand_o of_o his_o tartar_n be_v quick_o force_v to_o return_v home_o and_o in_o the_o same_o reign_n zolkievi_n with_o only_o 3000_o horse_n set_v upon_o 80000_o muscovite_n unawares_o and_o rout_v they_o entire_o bring_v away_o three_o german_a regiment_n that_o serve_v among_o they_o also_o in_o the_o late_a reign_n andrew_n trzebicki_n who_o afterward_o be_v make_v primate_n when_o but_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n and_o duke_n of_o severia_n raise_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o force_n at_o his_o own_o proper_a expense_n to_o be_v send_v against_o the_o turk_n and_o which_o perform_v wonder_n under_o the_o then_o general_n john_n sobieski_n i_o omit_v many_o other_o that_o have_v do_v the_o same_o thing_n gentry_n these_o soldier_n have_v be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n select_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n which_o have_v be_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o so_o frequent_a success_n in_o but_o small_a number_n in_o respect_n to_o those_o of_o their_o enemy_n from_o this_o voluntary_a raise_n of_o these_o soldier_n they_o have_v have_v the_o name_n give_v they_o of_o volunteer_n though_o in_o other_o country_n that_o title_n be_v appropriate_v to_o such_o as_o serve_v of_o their_o own_o accord_n and_o without_o pay_n force_n notwithstanding_o the_o great_a number_n and_o warlike_a disposition_n of_o all_o these_o several_a kind_n of_o soldier_n yet_o their_o power_n be_v very_o much_o abate_v by_o their_o want_n of_o discipline_n and_o the_o neglect_n of_o the_o state_n and_o their_o officer_n in_o the_o due_a administration_n of_o affair_n for_o first_o as_o to_o the_o state_n the_o diet_n consist_v of_o so_o many_o person_n of_o differ_v sentiment_n be_v so_o exceed_v tardy_a in_o fit_v matter_n for_o action_n that_o like_o a_o clock_n make_v up_o of_o many_o contrary_a motion_n its_o progress_n must_v consequent_o be_v very_o slow_a and_o likewise_o before_o the_o senator_n and_o gentry_n can_v meet_v together_o there_o be_v so_o many_o ceremony_n to_o be_v past_a which_o they_o scarce_o ever_o abridge_v in_o the_o great_a extremity_n that_o a_o potent_a enemy_n may_v overrun_v the_o kingdom_n before_o the_o pospolite_n can_v well_o be_v get_v ready_a to_o oppose_v they_o this_o be_v experience_v when_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n take_v polocz_n and_o smolensko_n from_o sigismundus_n augustus_n who_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o disagreement_n at_o that_o time_n in_o the_o diet_n be_v never_o afterward_o able_a to_o revenge_v it_o the_o same_o czar_n likewise_o invade_v livonia_n without_o opposition_n through_o the_o like_a defect_n which_o he_o can_v never_o have_v effect_v with_o so_o good_a success_n have_v the_o pole_n be_v in_o a_o readiness_n to_o have_v march_v against_o he_o but_o they_o be_v general_o so_o long_o in_o fit_v out_o and_o so_o unwilling_a to_o part_v with_o their_o belove_a luxury_n at_o the_o diet_n that_o they_o can_v easy_o change_v to_o the_o rough_a exercise_n of_o war._n state_n boterus_n in_o his_o description_n of_o poland_n say_v that_o four_o thing_n be_v indispensible_o requisite_a to_o the_o defence_n of_o a_o state_n and_o they_o be_v 1._o native_a force_n 2._o numerous_n 3._o potent_a and_o 4._o expeditious_a first_o their_o force_n ought_v to_o be_v native_a that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v betray_v by_o trust_v it_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o stranger_n who_o have_v not_o so_o great_a interest_n in_o the_o success_n as_o themselves_o second_o numerous_n that_o they_o may_v always_o be_v able_a to_o bring_v on_o fresh_a supply_n in_o case_n of_o extremity_n three_o potent_a because_o number_n without_o courage_n will_v rather_o contribute_v towards_o their_o defeat_n than_o victory_n and_o four_a expeditious_a and_o active_a that_o they_o may_v be_v qualify_v for_o hasty_a march_n and_o to_o rally_v upon_o the_o great_a rout._n now_o though_o the_o pole_n have_v a_o sort_n of_o claim_n to_o the_o three_o
former_a of_o these_o quality_n yet_o they_o be_v a_o little_a want_v in_o the_o latter_a especial_o before_o they_o come_v into_o the_o field_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o may_v be_v the_o want_n of_o sufficient_a authority_n in_o the_o prince_n or_o the_o slow_a and_o defective_a supply_n of_o money_n which_o have_v always_o be_v just_o esteem_v the_o sinew_n of_o war._n the_o insufficiency_n of_o the_o prince_n power_n may_v appear_v all_o along_o in_o the_o read_n of_o this_o history_n and_o the_o defect_n in_o supply_n of_o money_n be_v apparent_a by_o the_o bad_a pay_v and_o provide_v for_o the_o army_n for_o the_o soldier_n that_o be_v to_o receive_v pay_n be_v never_o pay_v above_o once_o in_o half_a a_o year_n and_o oftentimes_o not_o at_o all_o but_o be_v force_v to_o subsist_v upon_o plunder_n or_o upon_o what_o they_o can_v find_v in_o the_o wood_n nay_o hauteville_n say_v they_o have_v sometime_o be_v reduce_v to_o eat_v horseflesh_n as_o for_o the_o officer_n they_o receive_v no_o pay_n above_o once_o a_o year_n and_o sometime_o but_o once_o in_o two_o army_n the_o manner_n of_o pay_v they_o be_v particular_a and_o therefore_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o account_n of_o it_o commissioner_n depute_v by_o the_o diet_n for_o this_o purpose_n be_v order_v to_o meet_v at_o a_o place_n that_o be_v a_o good_a way_n off_o from_o court_n to_o the_o end_n the_o king_n may_v not_o concern_v himself_o in_o it_o though_o every_o thing_n there_o be_v do_v in_o his_o name_n then_o they_o proceed_v to_o allot_v every_o officer_n his_o quota_fw-la but_o they_o common_o retrench_v part_n of_o their_o due_n especial_o where_o they_o be_v foreigner_n and_o which_o may_v the_o better_o be_v tolerate_v because_o the_o officer_n be_v general_o at_o no_o charge_n to_o subsist_v and_o recruit_v their_o company_n and_o yet_o their_o commission_n run_v as_o if_o they_o have_v take_v care_n of_o they_o so_o that_o however_o the_o soldier_n suffer_v the_o officer_n have_v no_o reason_n to_o complain_v proceed_v by_o the_o army_n be_v so_o seldom_o pay_v and_o sometime_o not_o at_o all_o for_o want_v of_o money_n the_o soldier_n frequent_o confederate_a together_o and_o mutiny_n the_o manner_n whereof_o be_v common_o this_o the_o officer_n after_o they_o have_v find_v that_o their_o repeat_v complaint_n both_o to_o court_n and_o the_o diet_n prove_v fruitless_a be_v wont_a to_o assemble_v and_o make_v a_o rokosz_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n imply_n a_o forsake_v their_o general_n the_o subaltern_n officer_n be_v thus_o assemble_v elect_v two_o among_o they_o one_o for_o their_o marshal_n and_o another_o for_o their_o lieutenant_n which_o last_o they_o term_v their_o substitute_n both_o these_o they_o immediate_o make_v to_o swear_v that_o they_o will_v use_v their_o utmost_a endeavour_n to_o procure_v their_o pay_n from_o the_o republic_n after_o this_o the_o say_a marshal_n forthwith_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o office_n of_o general_n the_o sequel_n of_o which_o may_v be_v easy_o conjecture_v to_o be_v nothing_o but_o ruin_n and_o desolation_n for_o then_o the_o army_n instead_o of_o march_v against_o the_o enemy_n or_o secure_v the_o frontier_n mind_n nothing_o else_o but_o plunder_n rapine_n and_o destruction_n example_n a_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n happen_v under_o the_o reign_n of_o john_n casimir_n when_o one_o swiderski_n be_v marshal_n and_o one_o borzecki_n his_o lieutenant_n or_o substitute_n this_o confederacy_n which_o be_v not_o easy_o quell_v by_o the_o king_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v occasion_v more_o by_o the_o influence_n of_o some_o malcontent_n who_o hope_v to_o effect_v their_o design_n in_o such_o a_o confusion_n than_o for_o any_o great_a omission_n in_o pay_v the_o army_n power_n there_o be_v other_o inconvenience_n which_o introduce_v confusion_n and_o disorder_n into_o the_o polish_v army_n and_o consequent_o oppression_n of_o the_o people_n and_o these_o flow_v chief_o from_o the_o officer_n and_o first_o from_o the_o general_n be_v be_v perpetual_a the_o king_n be_v often_o oblige_v to_o give_v that_o great_a charge_n to_o a_o rich_a nobleman_n that_o know_v little_a or_o nothing_o of_o warlike_a matter_n yet_o when_o he_o have_v once_o bestow_v it_o he_o can_v recall_v his_o grant_n though_o he_o foresee_v never_o so_o many_o ill_a consequence_n that_o attend_v it_o so_o that_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o poland_n often_o make_v false_a step_n in_o martial_a affair_n when_o it_o have_v frequent_o so_o unexperienced_a a_o guide_n on_o the_o contrary_a if_o this_o high_a command_n be_v only_o confer_v on_o and_o continue_v to_o merit_v what_o wonder_n may_v not_o the_o polish_v cavalry_n be_v able_a to_o perform_v for_o be_v so_o vast_a a_o number_n of_o horse_n they_o may_v easy_o hem_v in_o and_o cut_v off_o the_o great_a body_n of_o foot_n of_o which_o the_o army_n of_o their_o enemy_n chief_o consist_v another_o inconvenience_n proceed_v from_o the_o ill_a conduct_n and_o remissness_n of_o the_o under_o officer_n the_o great_a whereof_o be_v that_o especial_o those_o of_o the_o gentry_n seldom_o come_v to_o the_o place_n of_o rendezvouz_n till_o a_o month_n or_o six_o week_n after_o the_o time_n appoint_v and_o this_o neither_o the_o king_n nor_o general_n dare_v offer_v to_o remedy_n for_o fear_v of_o disoblige_v that_o serviceable_a body_n in_o like_a manner_n the_o gentry_n be_v sometime_o accustom_a to_o leave_v the_o army_n a_o month_n before_o the_o campaign_n be_v end_v which_o grievance_n be_v also_o not_o to_o be_v redress_v without_o danger_n the_o cause_n of_o their_o be_v so_o tardy_a in_o appear_v be_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n to_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o defective_a order_n give_v they_o for_o when_o the_o officer_n be_v command_v to_o march_n to_o such_o or_o such_o a_o place_n in_o the_o kingdom_n neither_o the_o time_n they_o be_v to_o march_v in_o nor_o the_o town_n they_o be_v to_o pass_v through_o be_v comprehend_v so_o that_o by_o these_o mean_v they_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o delay_v on_o account_n of_o their_o own_o private_a business_n as_o much_o as_o they_o please_v or_o else_o to_o wander_v all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n either_o for_o their_o profit_n or_o pleasure_n whereby_o the_o country_n they_o march_v through_o be_v not_o a_o little_a damage_v and_o the_o best_a lay_v design_n of_o the_o army_n frustrate_v by_o their_o absence_n another_o inconvenience_n arise_v from_o the_o officer_n be_v that_o they_o employ_v so_o much_o money_n in_o fit_v themselves_o out_o with_o costly_a arm_n and_o splendid_a equipage_n that_o for_o want_v of_o timely_a pay_n they_o have_v seldom_o any_o thing_n leave_v in_o a_o little_a time_n to_o support_v their_o necessity_n which_o defect_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o make_v up_o by_o oppress_v the_o people_n after_o a_o unreasonable_a manner_n from_o this_o extravagance_n of_o they_o proceed_v another_o inconvenience_n to_o the_o state_n for_o after_o they_o have_v thus_o exhaust_v their_o pocket_n they_o usual_o lay_v the_o occasion_n of_o their_o misbehaviour_n either_o on_o the_o court_n or_o the_o government_n which_o in_o the_o succeed_a diet_n oftentimes_o produce_v great_a heat_n and_o disturbance_n when_o any_o new_a levy_n be_v to_o be_v make_v in_o poland_n the_o officer_n not_o only_o excuse_v for_o money_n what_o place_n they_o think_v sit_v but_o also_o as_o i_o observe_v before_o seldom_o pay_v the_o soldier_n the_o rate_n that_o they_o be_v allow_v for_o they_o so_o that_o these_o latter_a be_v in_o a_o manner_n force_v to_o pillage_n and_o plunder_v even_o their_o own_o country_n without_o their_o officer_n be_v able_a to_o hinder_v they_o by_o reason_n that_o they_o have_v first_o set_v they_o example_n for_o so_o do_v ever-ruâ—ed_a to_o avoid_v most_o of_o these_o inconvenience_n some_o discern_a politician_n have_v propose_v to_o the_o diet_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n always_o encamp_v to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v be_v make_v more_o subject_a to_o discipline_n by_o disable_n they_o from_o pillage_n the_o country_n and_o by_o keep_v they_o together_o they_o may_v be_v always_o at_o hand_n to_o oppose_v the_o sudden_a inroad_n of_o a_o enemy_n by_o these_o mean_n also_o the_o people_n be_v deliver_v from_o oppression_n will_v be_v the_o better_a able_a to_o pay_v their_o tax_n which_o will_v remove_v that_o fatal_a inconvenience_n of_o the_o army_n be_v be_v ill_o pay_v this_o advice_n some_o approve_v of_o and_o argue_v for_o but_o other_o vigorous_o oppose_v it_o allege_v that_o it_o may_v be_v of_o very_o ill_a consequence_n to_o intrust_v so_o great_a a_o power_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o one_o person_n their_o general_n and_o to_o confide_v it_o to_o more_o than_o one_o will_v probable_o through_o emulation_n occasion_n no_o less_o disorder_n and_o danger_n to_o the_o
commonwealth_n after_o a_o great_a many_o debate_n pro_n and_o con_n these_o last_o get_v the_o better_a and_o prevail_v to_o have_v the_o army_n continue_v in_o the_o same_o disorder_n as_o before_o example_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o inconvenience_n that_o the_o polish_v government_n lie_v under_o as_o to_o military_a affair_n yet_o in_o time_n of_o action_n their_o cavalry_n especial_o have_v effect_v wonder_n a_o few_o example_n of_o which_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o entertain_v your_o grace_n with_o out_o of_o starovolscius_fw-la he_o begin_v with_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n i._o and_o say_v that_o the_o general_n lesniovius_n with_o not_o above_o 1500_o spear-man_n rout_v above_o 40000_o moscovite_n kill_v upward_o of_o 9000_o on_o the_o spot_n in_o like_a manner_n another_o general_n boratinius_n with_o 2000_o horse_n defeat_v 30000_o moscovite_n kill_v 7000_o of_o they_o and_o bring_v away_o all_o their_o cannon_n in_o the_o same_o reign_n likewise_o 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with_o only_o 3000_o man_n who_o be_v come_v to_o invade_v poland_n with_o 70000._o about_o the_o same_o time_n also_o chodkievicz_n with_o no_o more_o than_o 3000_o rout_v the_o suede_v in_o livonia_n kill_v 9000_o and_o take_v 4000_o prisoner_n starovolscius_fw-la have_v some_o few_o other_o instance_n of_o the_o polish_v valour_n but_o whether_o what_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v will_v be_v credit_v by_o your_o grace_n and_o the_o public_a i_o be_o not_o able_a to_o determine_v however_o i_o may_v affirm_v that_o this_o author_n have_v never_o hitherto_o be_v esteem_v for_o fabulous_a war._n what_o i_o have_v remain_v to_o say_v as_o to_o the_o pole_n force_v be_v that_o however_o great_a it_o have_v hitherto_o be_v yet_o be_v it_o rather_o to_o be_v attribute_v to_o their_o good_a fortune_n than_o conduct_v for_o two_o principal_a quality_n to_o make_v a_o warlike_a enterprise_n especial_o successful_a have_v ever_o be_v stranger_n to_o they_o these_o be_v the_o power_n to_o keep_v a_o secret_a and_o a_o exact_a intelligence_n of_o their_o enemy_n advances_n and_o condition_n as_o to_o a_o secret_a which_o be_v the_o soul_n of_o all_o great_a proceed_n that_o be_v so_o little_o observe_v in_o poland_n that_o scarce_o the_o mean_a officer_n in_o the_o army_n but_o know_v what_o the_o general_n intend_v to_o do_v almost_o as_o soon_o as_o himself_o and_o for_o intelligence_n of_o the_o posture_n and_o capacity_n of_o the_o enemy_n by_o reason_n they_o make_v use_v of_o no_o spy_n they_o never_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o matter_n till_o they_o happen_v to_o meet_v a_o party_n and_o take_v they_o prisoner_n from_o who_o they_o be_v accustom_a to_o extort_v confession_n in_o case_n of_o obstinacy_n raise_v as_o to_o the_o pay_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n i_o have_v show_v before_o how_o it_o be_v execute_v now_o i_o must_v give_v some_o short_a account_n from_o what_o it_o arise_v and_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v it_o it_o arise_v either_o from_o 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long_o than_o the_o imposition_n he_o be_v to_o collect_v what_o as_o to_o provision_n there_o be_v no_o sutler_n in_o the_o polish_v army_n for_o two_o reason_n first_o because_o they_o will_v never_o be_v pay_v for_o what_o they_o sell_v and_o then_o though_o they_o dare_v venture_v yet_o they_o will_v run_v no_o ordinary_a risk_a to_o be_v plunder_v before_o they_o reach_v the_o camp_n and_o this_o especial_o by_o the_o lithuanian_n who_o be_v general_o more_o give_v that_o way_n than_o the_o pole_n there_o be_v likewise_o no_o magazine_n as_o in_o other_o country_n so_o that_o the_o officer_n especial_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v great_a equipage_n and_o many_o carriage_n to_o convey_v their_o necessary_n along_o with_o they_o wherever_o they_o march_v among_o these_o their_o tent_n be_v extraordinary_a fine_a though_o very_o heavy_a also_o neither_o the_o king_n nor_o republic_n of_o poland_n have_v any_o public_a armoury_n or_o arsenal_n though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o uladislaus_n jagello_n institute_v some_o few_o repository_n for_o great_a cannon_n yet_o which_o be_v now_o of_o no_o great_a consequence_n and_o those_o which_o be_v in_o far_o great_a number_n and_o much_o more_o useful_a be_v chief_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o gentry_n or_o in_o the_o great_a city_n whence_o as_o often_o as_o the_o king_n have_v occasion_n he_o either_o take_v they_o at_o pleasure_n or_o at_o sufferance_n foreign_a poland_n likewise_o be_v not_o want_v in_o metal_n several_a new_a cannon_n be_v found_v whenever_o the_o old_a become_v unserviceable_a the_o which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v perform_v by_o the_o german_n the_o pole_n not_o be_v so_o skilful_a in_o that_o art_n the_o arm_n the_o polander_v general_o use_v i_o have_v speak_v of_o before_o yet_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o add_v what_o hartknoch_n say_v of_o the_o ancient_n polish_v historian_n which_o be_v that_o they_o affirm_v that_o former_o the_o pole_n make_v use_v of_o a_o very_a heavy_a sort_n of_o arm_n insomuch_o that_o when_o boleslaus_n ii_o in_o his_o expedition_n against_o the_o prussian_n wade_v with_o his_o army_n through_o the_o river_n ossa_n many_o of_o his_o soldier_n be_v drown_v mere_o by_o the_o weight_n of_o their_o arms._n fortification_n for_o castle_n poland_n have_v a_o great_a number_n scarce_o any_o considerable_a city_n or_o town_n be_v without_o one_o yet_o which_o be_v now_o of_o little_a or_o no_o use_n except_o some_o few_o which_o be_v still_o keep_v up_o the_o rest_n be_v suffer_v to_o decay_v by_o the_o noble_n that_o have_v get_v possession_n of_o they_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o first_o fortification_n in_o poland_n be_v on_o account_n of_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o its_o neighbour_n though_o now_o say_v starovolscius_fw-la speak_v of_o himself_o and_o his_o country_n man_n be_v not_o desirous_a of_o invade_v other_o we_o find_v that_o we_o be_v sufficient_o capable_a to_o defend_v ourselves_o with_o our_o body_n though_o be_v we_o otherwise_o incline_v we_o may_v raise_v as_o strong_a fortification_n as_o any_o in_o europe_n yet_o which_o we_o look_v upon_o to_o be_v not_o so_o consistent_a with_o true_a courage_n and_o valour_n thereby_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o unfortify_v country_n lie_v most_o expose_v to_o sudden_a eruption_n as_o this_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n have_v often_o experience_v but_o then_o this_o mischief_n continue_v but_o a_o little_a while_n for_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o nobility_n can_v be_v get_v together_o the_o invader_n be_v general_o force_v to_o retire_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o several_a example_n in_o our_o modern_a history_n alone_o these_o maxim_n of_o the_o pole_n to_o have_v few_o or_o no_o fortify_v place_n be_v found_v upon_o several_a potent_a reason_n for_o they_o thereby_o promote_v the_o personal_a valour_n of_o their_o own_o man_n and_o weaken_v that_o of_o their_o enemy_n by_o not_o leave_v either_o a_o place_n of_o retreat_n if_o we_o
under_o his_o administration_n of_o affair_n the_o prussian_n be_v total_o reduce_v after_o 7_o year_n enjoyment_n of_o his_o office_n he_o abdicate_v it_o and_o live_v afterward_o at_o rhodes_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1290._o the_o ten_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr feuchtwangen_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rodolfe_n i._o and_o pope_n nicholas_n iu._n although_o this_o order_n make_v considerable_a progress_n under_o his_o administration_n yet_o at_o length_n it_o receive_v a_o great_a check_n in_o syria_n where_o the_o city_n of_o acon_n which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a seat_n of_o this_o order_n for_o some_o time_n be_v take_v by_o the_o sultan_n of_o egypt_n he_o die_v at_o prague_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o trebnicz_n 1297._o the_o eleven_o great_a master_n be_v godfrey_n count_n of_o hohenloh_n who_o be_v elect_v adolphus_n be_v emperor_n and_o celestine_n v._o pope_n he_o be_v a_o venetian_a bear_v and_o govern_v this_o order_n 10_o year_n he_o retake_v riga_n in_o livonia_n from_o the_o russian_n and_o cause_v its_o fortification_n to_o be_v demolish_v but_o not_o long_o after_o he_o restore_v the_o inhabitant_n to_o their_o ancient_a privilege_n have_v build_v a_o castle_n there_o to_o awe_v they_o he_o at_o length_n resign_v his_o office_n and_o die_v in_o germany_n 1307._o the_o twelve_o great_a master_n be_v sigfridus_n the_o feuchtwangen_n in_o the_o time_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o austria_n be_v emperor_n and_o clement_n pope_n he_o remove_v his_o seat_n from_o marpurg_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o marienburg_n for_o this_o order_n have_v reside_v there_o ever_o since_o their_o be_v oblige_v to_o leave_n syria_n this_o master_n rule_v only_o 2_o year_n and_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1309._o the_o thirteen_o great_a master_n be_v charles_n beffart_n elect_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n and_o the_o pontificate_n of_o pope_n clement_n v._o he_o be_v a_o very_a wise_a and_o warlike_a person_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1312_o found_v the_o castle_n of_o memula_n in_o courland_n to_o hinder_v the_o incursion_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n upon_o his_o return_n from_o rome_n whither_o he_o have_v be_v cite_v for_o and_o clear_v of_o maladministration_n he_o die_v at_o vienna_n where_o he_o lie_v bury_v 1322._o the_o fourteen_o great_a master_n be_v vernerus_n urselensis_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n john_n he_o execute_v his_o trust_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o fidelity_n and_o bravery_n and_o be_v afterward_o murder_v by_o a_o brother_n of_o the_o order_n one_o john_n bunsdorfius_n while_o he_o be_v go_v out_o of_o the_o church_n from_o vesper_n 1325._o the_o fifteen_o great_a master_n be_v lewis_n d._n of_o brunswick_n he_o be_v a_o very_a prudent_a and_o pious_a man_n but_o rule_v only_o four_o year_n 1329._o the_o sixteen_o great_a master_n be_v districhus_n count_n algemburg_n elect_v when_o he_o be_v 80_o year_n old_a he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o great_a eloquence_n authority_n and_o justice_n after_o have_v build_v st._n mary_n church_n at_o marienburg_n he_o die_v at_o thorn_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o st._n ann_n in_o marienburg_n 1339._o the_o seventeen_o great_a master_n be_v rodolfe_n duke_n of_o saxony_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n lewis_n v._o and_o pope_n benedict_n xi_o he_o gather_v great_a force_n together_o and_o besiege_a and_o take_v neumarcovia_n in_o the_o interim_n the_o lithuanian_n invade_v prussia_n overrun_v all_o with_o fire_n and_o sword_n which_o this_o good_a master_n take_v so_o much_o to_o heart_n that_o he_o first_o become_v mad_a then_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o office_n and_o afterward_o die_v of_o grief_n at_o marienwerder_n where_o he_o be_v bury_v 1342._o the_o eighteentth_n great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr desmer_n or_o tuchmer_n elect_v in_o the_o pontificate_n of_o clement_n vi_o he_o have_v a_o famous_a battle_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n wherein_o he_o kill_v above_o 10000_o of_o the_o enemy_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1348._o the_o nineteen_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr kniprodien_fw-mi elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n clement_n vi_o and_o of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iii_o the_o forego_v war_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n break_v out_o a_o fresh_a in_o his_o time_n wherein_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n keystutus_n be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o carry_v to_o marienburg_n whence_o he_o afterward_o escape_v by_o mean_n of_o a_o servant_n in_o this_o great_a master_n time_n one_o of_o the_o son_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a great_a duke_n become_v a_o christian_a at_o koningsberg_n and_o afterward_o be_v make_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iv._o during_o his_o administration_n which_o be_v about_o 31_o year_n this_o order_n abound_v in_o learned_a men._n he_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1379._o the_o twenty_o great_a master_n be_v conrade_n zolner_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n wenceslaus_n and_o of_o pope_n urban_n vi_o he_o have_v several_a contest_v with_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o samogitian_n during_o the_o several_a reign_n of_o keystutus_n jagello_n votoldus_n and_o suidrigielo_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n he_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n after_o 8_o year_n administration_n of_o the_o government_n of_o this_o order_n 1388._o the_o twenty_o first_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr valenroden_n elect_v during_o the_o papacy_n of_o pope_n boniface_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o very_a warlike_a disposition_n but_o withal_o of_o a_o odd_a temper_n he_o hate_v and_o refuse_v his_o ecclesiastical_a brother_n access_n to_o he_o at_o the_o hour_n of_o his_o death_n in_o his_o time_n this_o order_n make_v a_o descent_n upon_o lithuania_n by_o way_n of_o the_o river_n niemen_n and_o build_v three_o magazine_n near_o the_o castle_n of_o cowno_n by_o help_n of_o which_o they_o make_v great_a devastation_n in_o that_o country_n for_o a_o considerable_a time_n 1394._o the_o twenty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v conrade_z de_fw-fr jungingen_n he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a peaceable_a temper_n and_o therefore_o not_o much_o belove_v by_o his_o order_n however_o he_o rule_v 12_o year_n and_o afterward_o die_v at_o marienburg_n and_o be_v there_o bury_v 1404._o the_o twenty_o third_z great_a master_n be_v ulric_n the_o jungingen_n brother_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a conrade_n he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n rupert_n and_o of_o pope_n gregory_n xii_o he_o be_v of_o a_o warlike_a temper_n and_o to_o that_o degree_n that_o he_o deviate_v not_o a_o little_a from_o his_o order_n he_o persecute_v his_o brother_n and_o take_v several_a of_o their_o possession_n from_o they_o after_o several_a war_n have_v with_o the_o pole_n and_o lithuanian_n jagello_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o vitoldus_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n give_v he_o a_o total_a overthrow_n wherein_o this_o great_a master_n with_o about_o 200_o commendador_n and_o 5000_o other_o knight_n be_v kill_v and_o his_o general_n take_v prisoner_n although_o at_o the_o first_o onset_n the_o lithuanian_n lose_v about_o 7000_o men._n 1406._o the_o twenty_o four_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n count_n of_o plaven_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n and_o pope_n john_n this_o person_n be_v resolve_v to_o revenge_v the_o late_a overthrow_n on_o the_o pole_n but_o before_o he_o can_v effect_v any_o thing_n considerable_a he_o be_v depose_v throw_v into_o prison_n at_o engelsburg_n and_o thence_o remove_v to_o lecksteg_n where_o after_o 7_o year_n confinement_n he_o die_v in_o chain_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1414._o the_o twenty_o fifth_z great_a master_n be_v michael_n the_o sterbergen_n steward_n of_o the_o household_n to_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n in_o the_o very_a first_o year_n of_o his_o government_n jagello_n and_o vitoldus_n take_v from_o he_o and_o destroy_v several_a city_n but_o be_v at_o length_n force_v to_o retire_v he_o govern_v this_o order_n 9_o year_n but_o afterward_o desire_v his_o quietus_n he_o obtain_v it_o die_v at_o dantzic_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1323._o the_o twenty_o six_z great_a master_n be_v paul_n the_o rusdorfien_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o pope_n martin_n during_o his_o administration_n several_a of_o the_o province_n and_o city_n of_o prussia_n shake_v off_o the_o teutonic_n yoke_n and_o revolt_v to_o casimir_n iv._o king_n of_o poland_n he_o enjoy_v this_o office_n nine_o year_n also_o but_o die_v be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1432._o the_o twenty_o seven_o adhere_v master_n be_v conrade_n ab_fw-la herlingshausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n iii_o this_o great_a master_n treat_v casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n at_o thorn_n where_o at_o that_o time_n there_o be_v a_o inviolable_a
over_o his_o pretension_n 208._o etc._n etc._n cujavia_n territory_n division_n into_o palatinate_n 234._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ibid._n cracovia_n palatinate_n it_o be_v division_n into_o district_n 237._o city_n and_o town_n ibid._n their_o several_a description_n 238_o etc._n etc._n castellan_n power_n 248._o czentochova_n a_o town_n famous_a for_o a_o convent_n 244._o cruswick_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 235._o culm_n pal._n join_v by_o the_o territory_n of_o michalovia_n 260._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ibid._n their_o several_a description_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n culm_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 260._o caminiec_fw-la city_n it_o be_v description_n 275._o build_v 320._o chelm_fw-ge pal._n division_n into_o district_n 282._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ibid._n their_o description_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n chelm_fw-ge city_n it_o be_v description_n 282._o crasnistaw_fw-mi town_n it_o be_v description_n 282._o d._n denmark_n it_o be_v king_n take_v prisoner_n ii_o dantzic_n make_v a_o city_n 39_o dantzicker_n reduce_v 89_o etc._n etc._n first_o allow_v a_o vote_n 120._o deputy_n first_o admit_v to_o the_o diet_n 65._o diet._n convened_a 85_o 101_o 119_o 124_o 140_o 154_o 205._o dobrina_n pal._n in_o what_o abound_v 289._o division_n into_o district_n ibid._n chief_a city_n and_o town_n 290._o their_o description_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n dobrina_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 290._o e._n election_n by_o horse-race_n 15._o peaceable_n 118._o of_o sigisimund_n de_fw-fr vasa_n 106._o of_o uladislaus_n vii_o 119._o of_o john_n casimir_n 124._o of_o michael_n wiesnowiski_n 144._o of_o john_n sobieski_n 155._o ambassador_n admit_v to_o audience_n 105_o 120_o 141_o 159._o elbing_n town_n it_o be_v description_n 263._o f._n family_n of_o lechus_n 11_o etc._n etc._n cracus_n from_o 12_o to_o 14._o leschus_n ii_o from_o 15_o to_o 17._o piastus_n from_o 21_o to_o 57_o jagello_n from_o 58_o to_o 82._o faction_n lutheran_n and_o catholic_n 102._o not_o to_o be_v unite_v 103._o the_o former_a mutiny_n ibid._n suppress_v ibid._n three_o faction_n 103._o lutheran_n policy_n 105._o frederic_n august_n king_n elect_v 207._o take_v possession_n of_o cracow_n ibid._n crown_n d_o ibid._n reason_n why_o he_o be_v likely_a to_o restore_v poland_n 209._o first_o german_n prince_n that_o have_v be_v king_n ibid._n g._n great_a poland_n province_n it_o be_v division_n 220._o palatinate_v 221._o their_o several_a city_n and_o town_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n their_o arm_n 226_o etc._n etc._n gnesna_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 223._o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n their_o several_a life_n from_o 310_o to_o 324._o grodno_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 329._o h._n henry_n i._n elect_v and_o dethrone_v 48._o appoint_v a_o successor_n in_o vain_a ibid._n hedwigis_fw-la queen_n come_v into_o poland_n 58_o be_v crown_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v ibid._n have_v several_a suitor_n ibid._n marry_v jagello_n 59_o dies_z ibid._n henry_n of_o valois_n king_n send_v for_o by_o the_o diet_n 85._o agree_v to_o article_n and_o take_v a_o oath_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n be_v crown_v 86._o abdicate_v poland_n 87._o embassy_n send_v after_o he_o in_o vain_a ibid._n house_n of_o austria_n jealous_a of_o sigismond_n i_n greatness_n 71._o raise_v enemy_n against_o he_o ibid._n how_o come_v by_o hungary_n bohemia_n and_o silesia_n ibid._n habit_n of_o the_o pole_n 177._o heilsberg_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 263._o halicz_n town_n it_o be_v description_n 271._o i._o jagello_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n become_v christian_a 59_o crown_v king_n of_o poland_n and_o how_o long_o reign_v ibid._n convert_v the_o lithuanian_n ibid._n find_v the_o university_n of_o cracow_n ibid._n his_o war_n ibid._n death_n and_o issue_n 60._o john_n albert_n king_n his_o character_n 66._o policy_n and_o army_n defeat_v ibid._n make_v peace_n with_o the_o valachian_n and_o turk_n 67._o his_o death_n ibid._n john_n casimir_n king_n lead_v a_o religious_a life_n and_o make_v cardinal_n 124._o his_o character_n and_o travel_n 126._o like_a to_o be_v exclude_v ibid._n etc._n etc._n elect_v 128._o his_o marriage_n ibid._n his_o war_n ibid._n etc._n etc._n suedish_n king_n invade_v poland_n 139._o wherefore_o 131._o motive_n and_o mean_n of_o casimir_n abdication_n 134._o his_o death_n 135._o his_o epitaph_n 136._o john_n basilowitz_n czar_n of_o muscovy_n be_v a_o great_a tyrant_n and_o his_o variety_n of_o torture_n 78._o john_n iii_o sobieski_n elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1674_o 163._o his_o father_n and_o mother_n ibid._n his_o travel_n 164._o his_o marriage_n ibid._n his_o generosity_n 165._o zeal_n to_o arm_n discourage_v 166._o war_n with_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n 167_o etc._n etc._n a_o battle_n 169._o his_o coronation_n 172._o he_o relieve_v vienna_n 173._o defeat_v the_o turk_n 174._o his_o entry_n through_o the_o breach_n 175._o pursue_v the_o enemy_n ibid._n take_v zytehin_n in_o hungary_n 176._o enter_v into_o a_o league_n against_o the_o turk_n 177._o be_v immoderate_o covetous_a ibid._n his_o person_n and_o dress_n ibid._n his_o character_n 179._o engage_v dr._n connor_n in_o a_o dispute_n ibid._n his_o building_n 184._o care_v of_o his_o child_n 185._o his_o great_a riches_n ibid._n fortune_n former_o and_o gradual_a promotion_n 150_o his_o sister_n 198_o what_o issue_n she_o leave_v 200._o account_v of_o the_o king_n distemper_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o plosko_fw-mi 201_o etc._n etc._n the_o king_n death_n 204._o reflection_n on_o his_o disease_n ibid._n inter_fw-la regnum_fw-la before_o the_o present_a king_n election_n 205._o inowlocz_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 235._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ibid._n k._n king_n of_o poland_n his_o policy_n 8._o the_o first_o 9_o 25._o four_o class_n of_o king_n 10._o title_n cease_v 30._o restore_v 48._o king_n of_o sueden_n enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n 132._o koningsberg_n in_o regal_a prussia_n build_v 45._o it_o be_v description_n 264._o kalisch_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 226._o kalisch_n pal._n its_o arm_n 227._o kiovia_n pal._n how_o bound_v 277._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n 278._o their_o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n kiow_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 278._o l._n law_n what_o former_o in_o poland_n 5._o lechus_n i._n 10._o find_v poland_n 5._o build_v posnan_n and_o gnesna_n 6._o occasion_n poland_n the_o name_n of_o lechia_n ib._n his_o posterity_n how_o long_o reign_v 11_o 12._o ii_o his_o banishment_n and_o death_n 13._o lescus_n i._n 14._o elect_v by_o a_o stratagem_n ib._n reign_n and_o death_n uncertain_a 15._o ii_o how_o elect_v 14._o his_o death_n 15._o iii_o his_o death_n uncertain_a 16._o iv._o his_o character_n and_o death_n 23._o v._o surname_v the_o white_a 39_o under_o guardian_n ib._n his_o war_n 40._o be_v dethrone_v ib._n restore_v ib._n dethrone_v again_o 41_o put_v by_o a_o election_n ib._n etc._n etc._n re-establish_v 42._o murder_a in_o a_o bath_n ib._n vi_o when_o elect_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 46._o his_o war_n ib._n insurrection_n against_o he_o ib._n retire_v into_o hungary_n 47._o return_v with_o success_n ib._n his_o death_n ib._n leave_v his_o kingdom_n in_o distraction_n ib._n lasconâ—gus_n vide_fw-la uladislaus_n iii_o locticus_n vide_fw-la uladislaus_n iu._n lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n when_o crown_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 56._o oblige_a to_o take_v a_o oath_n ib_n return_v into_o hungary_n ib._n his_o war_n death_n and_o issue_n 57_o commendable_a example_n of_o he_o ib._n leopol_n city_n whence_o so_o call_v 46._o it_o be_v description_n 267._o luther_n doctrine_n when_o first_o know_v here_o 70._o very_o much_o propagate_v 78._o the_o occasion_n ib._n first_o person_n of_o note_n that_o embrace_v it_o ib._n lutheran_n contend_v for_o share_v in_o the_o government_n 101._o obtain_v perpetual_a liberty_n of_o conscience_n ib_n etc._n etc._n lutheran_n party_n dissent_v 107._o elect_v and_o proclaim_v maximilian_n of_o austria_n 〈◊〉_d 2_o pronounce_v traitor_n by_o the_o diet_n 108._o lithuanid_n tend_v towards_o a_o civil_a war_n 160._o how_o call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n 302._o present_v bound_n ib._n ancient_a extent_n ib._n soil_n and_o product_n ib._n &c_n &c_n union_n with_o poland_n and_o privilege_n 303._o division_n ib._n its_o arm_n ib._n different_a opinion_n about_o its_o name_n 304._o its_o duke_n from_o 305_o to_o 310._o division_n into_o palatinate_n 324._o lithuanid_v proper_a province_n 325._o lesser-poland_n province_n its_o bound_n 236._o it_o be_v division_n into_o pal._n ib._n etc._n etc._n their_o several_a arm_n 249_o 254_o 257._o lowitz_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 231._o lanschet_fw-mi pal._n it_o be_v division_n into_o district_n 232_o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n lanschet_fw-mi city_n it_o be_v description_n 232._o lublin_n pal._n join_v by_o the_o territory_n of_o lukovia_n 254._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n 255._o their_o several_a description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n lublin_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 255._o lutzk_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 295._o m._n
reflect_v on_o those_o state_n that_o have_v a_o great_a many_o fortification_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o but_o one_o battle_n they_o have_v be_v in_o a_o manner_n ruin_v for_o the_o enemy_n be_v once_o get_v into_o their_o stronghold_n be_v not_o easy_o force_v out_o of_o they_o when_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o pole_n always_o rally_v in_o a_o field-battle_n and_o have_v no_o place_n to_o retire_v to_o either_o for_o themselves_o or_o their_o enemy_n never_o give_v out_o till_o they_o have_v total_o exclude_v their_o invader_n beside_o the_o pole_n look_v upon_o garrison_n to_o be_v the_o promoter_n of_o effeminacy_n and_o softness_n by_o the_o example_n of_o several_a hero_n of_o antiquity_n for_o the_o courage_n of_o alexander_n and_o hannibal_n be_v altogether_o enervate_v by_o their_o revel_n at_o persepolis_n and_o capua_n and_o boleslaus_n bury_v as_o it_o be_v in_o his_o debauch_n at_o kiovia_n duration_n next_o i_o must_v proceed_v to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o general_a officer_n of_o the_o army_n and_o first_o of_o the_o general_n whereof_o there_o be_v two_o one_o for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o another_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n as_o i_o have_v observe_v before_o he_o that_o be_v for_o the_o kingdom_n be_v style_v hetman_n wielki_n koronni_n and_o he_o for_o the_o duchy_n hetman_n wielki_n w._n x._o litheuskiego_n these_o as_o i_o have_v say_v before_o have_v almost_o the_o same_o power_n with_o the_o king_n whilst_o they_o continue_v in_o the_o field_n over_o their_o respective_a army_n for_o their_o authority_n be_v altogether_o independent_a on_o each_o other_o this_o dignity_n do_v not_o entitle_v they_o to_o sit_v in_o the_o senate_n yet_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n and_o that_o to_o procure_v they_o the_o great_a respect_n and_o sometime_o they_o have_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v the_o high_a officer_n in_o the_o kingdom_n as_o great_a marshal_n great_a chancellor_n etc._n etc._n for_o john_n zamoski_n be_v both_o great_a chancellor_n and_o general_n at_o once_o yet_o this_o be_v afterward_o abrogate_a and_o now_o the_o office_n of_o general_n or_o lieutenant_n general_n be_v usual_o confer_v either_o upon_o the_o palatine_n or_o castellan_n who_o although_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n superior_a to_o the_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o sit_v in_o the_o diet_n when_o the_o other_o be_v to_o stand_v about_o the_o king_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o presume_v to_o have_v so_o great_a a_o power_n in_o the_o republic_n this_o office_n be_v not_o long_o since_o perpetual_a but_o now_o by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1666._o it_o be_v to_o expire_v at_o the_o end_n of_o three_o year_n power_n each_o of_o these_o general_n have_v his_o lieutenant_n general_n the_o office_n of_o these_o be_v describe_v in_o the_o letter_n to_o his_o grace_n the_o duke_n of_o norfolk_z and_o therefore_o need_v not_o be_v repeat_v here_o the_o title_n the_o pole_n give_v the_o former_a be_v hetman_n polny_n koronni_n and_o to_o the_o latter_a hetman_n polny_n w._n x._o litheuskiego_n in_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o general_n they_o have_v almost_o the_o same_o power_n with_o they_o and_o former_o have_v equal_a though_o the_o general_n be_v present_a but_o that_o be_v afterward_o abrogate_a they_o be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o general_n officer_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v the_o general_n of_o the_o frontier-guard_n which_o be_v independent_a on_o all_o but_o the_o king_n and_o diet_n likewise_o the_o general_n of_o the_o cosack_n who_o power_n be_v establish_v by_o the_o constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1661._o next_o may_v be_v reckon_v the_o chief_a commander_n of_o the_o king_n guard_n in_o the_o camp_n who_o office_n have_v be_v describe_v already_o in_o the_o letter_n beforementioned_a next_o to_o these_o general-officer_n come_v the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o artillery_n whereof_o there_o be_v two_o one_o for_o the_o kingdom_n and_o another_o for_o the_o great_a duchy_n their_o office_n be_v to_o take_v charge_n of_o and_o to_o provide_v the_o army_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o cannon_n etc._n etc._n and_o to_o see_v the_o soldier_n want_v for_o no_o ammunition_n after_o these_o may_v be_v rank_v the_o pissarsz_n of_o the_o army_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o intendant_n the_o great_a ensign_n the_o camp-marshal_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o guard_n or_o watch_n and_o last_o the_o major_a general_n which_o be_v much_o the_o same_o with_o our_o brigadier_n army_n then_o come_v the_o colonel_n captain_n etc._n etc._n there_o be_v two_o other_o sort_n of_o officer_n belong_v to_o the_o army_n which_o be_v the_o camp-notary_n and_o the_o roto-magistri_a the_o former_a be_v to_o take_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o number_n of_o soldier_n in_o the_o army_n every_o three_o month_n and_o to_o transmit_v a_o copy_n thereof_o to_o the_o great_a treasurer_n and_o another_o to_o the_o nuncio-marshal_n but_o in_o lithuania_n this_o be_v to_o be_v do_v every_o month_n and_o the_o nuncio-marshal_n copy_n be_v to_o be_v give_v to_o the_o general_n the_o roto-magistri_a be_v as_o it_o be_v captains_z or_o centurious_a of_o the_o frontier-guard_n and_o who_o can_v by_o the_o constitution_n enjoy_v such_o a_o commission_n and_o be_v senator_n at_o the_o same_o time_n belli_n as_o to_o the_o law_n relate_v to_o arm_n your_o grace_n may_v first_o be_v please_v to_o understand_v that_o though_o the_o king_n can_v proper_o be_v say_v to_o declare_v war_n without_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o diet_n yet_o in_o case_n of_o sudden_a incursion_n he_o may_v former_o with_o the_o approbation_n only_o of_o such_o of_o the_o senator_n as_o be_v then_o about_o he_o and_o under_o sigismond_n iii_o there_o be_v a_o council_n of_o war_n assign_v by_o the_o diet_n or_o elect_v by_o the_o little_a diet_n amount_v to_o a_o considerable_a number_n to_o attend_v and_o advise_v in_o those_o matter_n which_o council_n continue_v even_o at_o this_o day_n however_o with_o this_o restraint_n that_o what_o they_o do_v be_v not_o altogether_o valid_a till_o it_o have_v be_v confirm_v by_o the_o general_n diet_n but_o as_o to_o offensive_a war_n that_o belong_v peculiarly_a to_o the_o great_a diet_n to_o declare_v the_o king_n in_o like_a manner_n can_v either_o give_v to_o or_o receive_v assistance_n from_o any_o foreign_a prince_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o general_n diet_n neither_o can_v he_o place_v any_o foreigner_n in_o the_o custody_n of_o castle_n or_o fort_n without_o their_o approbation_n the_o pole_n have_v many_o other_o law_n concern_v martial_a discipline_n which_o i_o have_v not_o room_n here_o to_o insert_v only_o i_o may_v take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o deserter_n be_v punish_v not_o only_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o reputation_n but_o also_o whatever_o else_o they_o have_v in_o the_o world_n be_v consiscate_v to_o the_o sole_a use_n and_o benefit_n of_o the_o army_n by_o the_o law_n also_o no_o woman_n be_v suffer_v to_o follow_v the_o camp_n though_o too_o great_a a_o number_n of_o servant_n and_o useless_a rabble_n be_v allow_v of_o insomuch_o that_o in_o a_o army_n of_o but_o 10000_o man_n there_o will_v at_o least_o be_v 50000_o of_o that_o gang._n thus_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v presume_v to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o what_o particular_n i_o can_v find_v as_o well_o in_o the_o best_a polish_v historian_n as_o in_o some_o private_a memoir_n relate_v to_o the_o military_a affair_n in_o poland_n and_o which_o i_o hope_v though_o not_o capable_a to_o afford_v what_o satisfaction_n may_v be_v expect_v may_v at_o least_o give_v no_o occasion_n of_o offence_n i_o be_o my_o lord_n your_o grace_n most_o humble_a and_o most_o obedient_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n vii_o to_o his_o excellency_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr cleverskerk_n ambassador_n in_o ordinary_a to_o his_o majesty_n william_n iii_o from_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n of_o the_o trade_n coin_n and_o riches_n of_o poland_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o dantzic_n its_o manner_n privilege_n strength_n and_o revenue_n my_o lord_n trade_n have_v ever_o be_v just_o esteem_v so_o necessary_a towards_o the_o support_n and_o grandeur_n of_o any_o state_n that_o no_o nation_n in_o the_o world_n have_v hitherto_o be_v find_v so_o stupid_a as_o to_o be_v without_o it_o some_o country_n indeed_o have_v whole_o confine_v it_o to_o the_o limit_n of_o their_o own_o dominion_n but_o how_o much_o they_o have_v be_v in_o the_o wrong_n may_v appear_v from_o the_o vast_a advantage_n which_o foreign_a commerce_n have_v bring_v to_o other_o nation_n england_n and_o holland_n be_v sufficient_a demonstration_n of_o this_o assertion_n who_o during_o