the_o place_n be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o strong_a and_o consequent_o better_a because_o gain_n more_o sideâ—_n vi_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bastion_n must_v never_o be_v greateâ—_n than_o 100_o degree_n nor_o less_o than_o 60_o for_o be_v big_a the_o face_n can_v be_v defend_v as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v and_o be_v less_o it_o be_v not_o able_a to_o resist_v the_o injury_n of_o the_o wether_n or_o the_o effort_n of_o the_o mine_n and_o cannon_n see_v chap._n 1._o sect._n 4._o of_o book_n iu._n vii_o the_o great_a angle_n be_v best_a to_o fortify_v viii_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o curtain_n ought_v never_o to_o be_v less_o than_o 90_o degree_n nor_o great_a than_o 110_o because_o if_o it_o be_v large_a it_o be_v too_o much_o subject_n to_o the_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n see_v chap._n 1._o sect._n 5._o of_o book_n iu._n ix_o the_o great_a demi-gorges_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o small_a one_o as_o well_o because_o there_o be_v more_o space_n to_o retrench_v in_o as_o because_o one_o may_v make_v retire_v flank_n which_o add_v very_o much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n x._o great_a flank_n be_v best_a xi_o the_o face_n ought_v to_o be_v never_o less_o than_o the_o half_a of_o the_o curtain_n if_o it_o be_v not_o in_o a_o irregular_a fortificationâ—_n xii_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bastion_n ought_v to_o be_v defend_v by_o the_o small_a shot_n of_o the_o opposite_a flank_n xiii_o the_o short_a face_n be_v best_a because_o they_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v attack_v as_o when_o they_o come_v ouâ—_n a_o great_a way_n in_o the_o country_n see_v chap._n â—_o of_o book_n iu._n fourteen_o the_o curtain_n ought_v never_o to_o be_v short_a than_o 60_o fathom_n which_o be_v 360_o foot_n english_a nor_o long_o than_o 100_o if_o it_o be_v not_o in_o a_o irregular_a fortification_n xv._n the_o line_n of_o defence_n must_v not_o be_v of_o great_a length_n than_o 120_o or_o 125_o fathom_n because_o a_o musket_n can_v carry_v no_o far_o to_o do_v execution_n holdman_n go_v contrary_a to_o this_o axiom_n when_o he_o say_v that_o it_o may_v be_v 150_o fathom_n and_o likewise_o george_n pascha_fw-la who_o believe_v it_o may_v be_v 136_o fathom_n long_o xvi_o the_o taluâ—_n or_o level_n aught_o by_o no_o mean_n to_o be_v force_v or_o streighten_v but_o oâ—ght_n to_o have_v sloap_n enough_o that_o the_o ground_n or_o earth_n may_v settle_v of_o itself_o xvii_o large_a and_o deep_a trench_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o those_o that_o be_v narrow_a and_o hollow_a or_o large_a and_o less_o deep_a because_o the_o enemy_n will_v find_v more_o difficulty_n to_o get_v over_o the_o first_o sort_n see_v chap._n 10._o of_o book_n i._n xviii_o dry_a trench_n be_v to_o be_v esteem_v before_o those_o that_o be_v full_a of_o water_n especial_o in_o great_a place_n where_o sally_n retreat_n and_o succour_n be_v necessary_a xix_o trench_n full_a of_o water_n that_o can_v easy_o be_v drain_v aught_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o those_o that_o be_v dry_a in_o small_a fortress_n where_o sally_n retreat_n and_o succour_n be_v not_o so_o necessary_a xx._n the_o outwork_n ought_v always_o to_o be_v low_a than_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n and_o those_o that_o be_v at_o the_o great_a distance_n ought_v to_o be_v the_o low_a chap._n ii_o of_o the_o situation_n of_o place_n as_o it_o be_v very_o rare_o permit_v to_o make_v choice_n of_o that_o space_n of_o ground_n which_o be_v to_o be_v fortify_v but_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o place_n be_v almost_o always_o determine_v whether_o we_o design_v to_o repair_v a_o old_a fortification_n or_o surround_v any_o town_n with_o bastion_n and_o other_o kind_n of_o work_n or_o whether_o we_o be_v to_o make_v ourselves_o master_n of_o the_o passage_n of_o a_o river_n of_o any_o strait_a place_n or_o a_o eminence_n that_o be_v of_o advantage_n to_o command_v the_o flat_a country_n or_o a_o island_n in_o a_o river_n or_o of_o one_o or_o more_o jetting_n out_o of_o land_n into_o the_o sea_n for_o the_o make_v a_o port_n and_o last_o for_o several_a other_o uses_n the_o recital_n whereof_o will_v be_v too_o tedious_a it_o be_v necessary_a upon_o these_o account_n to_o understand_v what_o kind_n of_o situation_n be_v best_a for_o the_o erect_v a_o strong_a hold_n and_o to_o know_v the_o opinion_n of_o other_o concern_v this_o matter_n i._o what_o be_v the_o advantage_n of_o a_o fortress_n situate_v upon_o a_o mountain_n 1._o this_o fortification_n be_v not_o easy_o ruin_v by_o mine_n 2._o the_o enemy_n will_v be_v at_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o difficulty_n to_o bring_v their_o machine_n to_z batter_v down_o this_o fortification_n 3._o those_o of_o the_o place_n may_v discover_v the_o enemy_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n and_o so_o hinder_v they_o from_o make_v their_o approach_n near_o 4._o the_o horse_n or_o battery_n of_o the_o enemy_n which_o be_v plant_v either_o on_o plain_a or_o rise_a ground_n can_v no_o way_n do_v any_o damage_n to_o this_o fortification_n it_o be_v always_o low_o 5._o upon_o a_o eminence_n the_o air_n be_v always_o more_o healthy_a than_o in_o valley_n or_o low_a place_n 6._o the_o enemy_n will_v but_o very_o rare_o be_v able_a to_o take_v such_o a_o place_n by_o assault_n what_o be_v the_o disadvantage_n of_o a_o fortress_n build_v upon_o a_o rock_n 1._o they_o common_o want_v water_n in_o such_o a_o place_n 2._o it_o be_v difficult_a to_o bring_v thither_o material_n provision_n â—nd_v other_o ammunition_n 3._o these_o fortification_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_v not_o very_o durable_a have_v only_o a_o sandy_a or_o gravelly_a earth_n for_o foundation_n 4._o place_n so_o situate_v be_v not_o to_o be_v succour_v but_o with_o great_a difficulty_n 5â—_n such_o a_o place_n can_v well_o be_v defend_v because_o what_o be_v do_v by_o the_o cannon_n from_o top_n to_o bottom_n be_v but_o of_o little_a consequence_n 6._o sally_n be_v there_o very_o dangerous_a especial_o if_o they_o be_v at_o any_o distance_n from_o the_o counterscarp_n 7._o these_o fortification_n be_v almost_o always_o irregular_a advertisement_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o these_o kind_n of_o situation_n be_v good_a for_o citadel_n castle_n and_o other_o small_a fort_n in_o order_n to_o command_v the_o country_n thereabouts_o ii_o the_o advantage_n of_o a_o marshy_a or_o fenny_a situation_n 1._o the_o enemy_n can_v come_v near_o it_o without_o danger_n of_o be_v lose_v 2._o this_o fortification_n be_v not_o easy_o blow_v up_o 3._o these_o place_n may_v be_v fortify_v for_o little_a charge_n 4._o they_o have_v there_o no_o need_n of_o a_o great_a garrison_n the_o disadvantage_n of_o a_o marshy_a situation_n 1._o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o relieve_v it_o 2._o it_o must_v be_v strengthen_v with_o pile_n drive_v in_o 3._o sally_n thence_o be_v common_o unsuccessful_a 4._o the_o air_n be_v there_o always_o unhealthy_a which_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o frequent_a distemper_n because_o the_o water_n there_o be_v always_o corrupt_v 5._o these_o place_n may_v be_v attack_v without_o any_o great_a loss_n of_o man_n provide_v they_o stay_v till_o the_o frost_n iii_o the_o advantage_n of_o a_o place_n encompass_v round_o with_o water_n 1._o it_o can_v be_v undermine_v 2._o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n for_o any_o great_a worke_v 3._o the_o enemy_n can_v always_o discharge_v their_o cannon_n with_o any_o certainty_n because_o the_o water_n abate_v much_o of_o their_o force_n 4._o the_o besiege_a may_v very_o easy_o set_v fire_n to_o the_o enemy_n ship_n 5._o â—he_v naval_a army_n be_v too_o much_o expose_v to_o the_o â—iew_n of_o the_o artillery_n of_o the_o place_n the_o disadvantage_n of_o a_o place_n surround_v with_o water_n 1._o the_o enâ—my_n may_v â—asily_o stop_v their_o provision_n and_o hinder_v their_o succour_n 2._o boat_n alone_o be_v sufficient_a to_o attack_v such_o a_o place_n and_o so_o there_o be_v no_o occasion_n for_o horse_n 3._o these_o place_n be_v more_o subject_a to_o disease_n than_o otheâ—s_n advertisement_n we_o may_v affirm_v that_o these_o place_n that_o be_v encompass_v all_o round_a with_o water_n which_o can_v be_v quite_o drain_v or_o at_o least_o with_o great_a difficulty_n be_v the_o best_a notwithstanding_o because_o they_o be_v as_o it_o be_v fortify_v by_o nature_n iv._o the_o advantage_n of_o place_n situate_v upon_o a_o open_a rise_a ground_n 1._o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n of_o good_a earth_n 2._o they_o be_v never_o there_o in_o want_n of_o water_n 3._o almost_o all_o these_o place_n be_v common_o regular_a 4._o they_o have_v there_o earth_n enough_o to_o make_v retrenchment_n in_o case_n the_o enemy_n make_v their_o attack_n with_o great_a fury_n 5._o the_o enemy_n have_v need_v to_o have_v two_o or_o three_o army_n if_o they_o will_v
to_o throw_v into_o moat_n and_o breach_n to_o stop_v the_o hasty_a come_n on_o of_o the_o enemy_n covert_a way_n be_v a_o walk_v round_o about_o the_o moat_n towards_o the_o country_n have_v a_o footpace_n and_o the_o glacis_fw-la for_o a_o parapet_n the_o chemin_fw-fr de_fw-fr ronde_n be_v a_o walk_n between_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o wall_n the_o shirt_n or_o chemise_n be_v the_o solidity_n of_o the_o wall_n from_o the_o talus_fw-la to_o the_o stone_n row_n chevaâ—x_n or_o freisland_n horse_n so_o call_v because_o first_o make_v use_v of_o at_o groningen_n a_o city_n of_o freisland_n be_v great_a piece_n of_o wood_n with_o six_o side_n drive_v through_o pile_n or_o stake_n of_o wood_n arm_v with_o iron_n to_o hinder_v the_o horse_n and_o foot_n from_o go_v forward_o circumvallation_n be_v a_o moat_n border_v with_o a_o parapet_n which_o slank_v itself_o from_o distance_n to_o distance_n sink_v about_o the_o besieger_n camp_n as_o well_o to_o hinder_v the_o relief_n of_o the_o besiege_a as_o to_o stop_v deserter_n clayes_n be_v twig_n interweave_v together_o have_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o long_a square_n they_o be_v place_v upon_o a_o allodgment_n and_o cover_v with_o earth_n and_o sometime_o they_o be_v lay_v upon_o marshy_a ground_n to_o consolidate_v it_o coffâ—r_n be_v a_o hollowed_a depth_n from_o 6_o to_o 7_o foot_n and_o broad_a from_o 16_o to_o 18_o all_o athwart_o a_o dry_a moat_n upon_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o this_o they_o place_v a_o parapet_n and_o a_o cross_n piece_n of_o wood_n cover_v with_o clayes_n load_v with_o earth_n commandment_n be_v a_o height_n of_o 9_o foot_n which_o one_o place_n have_v above_o another_o compliment_n of_o the_o curtin_n be_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o curtin_n after_o you_o have_v take_v away_o its_o flank_n to_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o gorge_n compliment_n of_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n be_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n after_o you_o have_v take_v away_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o flank_n counter-approache_n be_v work_n which_o the_o besiege_a make_v to_o hinder_v the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n counterscarp_n be_v proper_o the_o decline_a of_o the_o moat_n on_o that_o side_n next_o the_o country_n although_o by_o this_o term_n be_v understand_v the_o covert-way_n with_o its_o parapet_n counterfort_n be_v certain_a pillar_n and_o part_n of_o the_o wall_n distant_a from_o 15_o to_o 20_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o which_o advance_v themselves_o as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v in_o the_o ground_n and_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o cordon_n by_o vault_n to_o sustain_v the_o chemin_fw-fr de_fw-fr rondes_fw-la and_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n to_o fortify_v the_o wall_n and_o strengthen_v the_o ground_n counter-gard_n be_v triangular_a piece_n in_o form_n of_o a_o large_a parapet_n which_o raise_v themselves_o above_o the_o moat_n before_o the_o face_n and_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n to_o preserve_v they_o countermine_n be_v a_o subterraneal_a way_n which_o the_o besiege_a make_v in_o search_n of_o the_o enemy_n mine_n to_o take_v away_o the_o powder_n and_o frustrate_v the_o effect_n of_o it_o though_o fire_v by_o the_o assailant_n countervallation_n be_v a_o moat_n guard_v with_o a_o parapet_n which_o the_o besieger_n make_v to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o the_o sally_n of_o the_o garrison_n corbeills_n be_v a_o sort_n of_o gabion_n fill_v with_o earth_n place_v upon_o the_o parapet_n to_o fire_n upon_o the_o enemy_n without_o be_v see_v by_o they_o cordon_n be_v a_o row_n of_o stone_n make_v round_o which_o be_v place_v where_o the_o wall_n end_v and_o the_o parapet_n begin_v and_o it_o run_v round_o about_o the_o place_n coridor_n be_v the_o covert_a way_n above_o the_o counterscarp_n round_o about_o the_o place_n between_o the_o moat_n and_o the_o palisado_n corn_n or_o horn_n be_v outwork_n which_o advance_v towards_o the_o â—â—eld_n and_o carry_v in_o the_o before_o part_n two_o half_a bastion_n in_o the_o form_n of_o horn_n which_o they_o present_v to_o the_o enemy_n crown_v be_v a_o work_n draw_v beyond_o the_o horn_n to_o keep_v the_o enemy_n at_o a_o distance_n curtin_n be_v the_o long_a straight_a line_n that_o run_v about_o the_o rampart_n draw_v from_o one_o flank_n to_o the_o other_o and_o border_v with_o a_o good_a parapet_n 5_o foot_n high_a behind_o which_o the_o soldier_n place_v themselves_o to_o fire_n upon_o the_o covert_a way_n and_o into_o the_o moat_n cuâ—ette_n a_o little_a moat_n about_o 4_o fathom_n broad_a which_o be_v usual_o sink_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o great_a dry_a moat_n till_o you_o meet_v with_o water_n it_o be_v good_a to_o prevent_v the_o besieger_n mining_n d._n defence_n be_v all_o sort_n of_o work_n that_o flank_v one_o another_o and_o which_o the_o enemy_n desire_v to_o ruin_v before_o he_o strive_v to_o pass_v the_o moat_n deâ—ilé_fw-fr be_v a_o straight_a narrow_a passage_n through_o which_o there_o be_v no_o march_v but_o in_o file_n dehors_fw-fr be_v all_o sort_n of_o separate_a outwork_n as_o ravelin_n halfmoon_n hornwork_n crownwork_n counter-guard_n tenailles_fw-fr etc._n etc._n the_o better_a to_o secure_v the_o main_a place_n demi-distance_n of_o polygon_n be_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o exterior_a polygon_n and_o the_o flank_n demi-gorge_n be_v a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o flank_n to_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o polygon_n demi-lune_a be_v a_o small_a flank_v bastion_n place_v before_o the_o point_n of_o a_o bastion_n when_o it_o be_v too_o weak_a sometime_o this_o work_n be_v place_v before_o the_o curtin_n when_o the_o moat_n be_v a_o little_a wide_o than_o it_o ought_v to_o beâ—_n dâ—scent_n into_o the_o moat_n be_v a_o deep_a dig_v into_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o covert_a way_n in_o form_n of_o a_o trench_n of_o which_o the_o upper_a part_n be_v cover_v against_o artificial_a fire_n to_o secure_v the_o descent_n into_o the_o moat_n distance_n of_o polygon_n be_v the_o line_n compose_v from_o the_o flank_n and_o its_o prolongation_n to_o the_o exterior_a polygon_n donjon_n be_v a_o place_n of_o retreat_n to_o capitulate_v with_o more_o advantage_n in_o case_n of_o necessity_n e._n embrasure_n the_o hole_n through_o which_o the_o great_a gun_n be_v discharge_v embuscade_n the_o place_n where_o the_o soldier_n hide_v themselves_o to_o surprise_v the_o enemy_n enceinte_v the_o circumference_n of_o a_o place_n sometime_o line_v and_o compose_v of_o bastion_n and_o curtain_n sometime_o not_o esplanade_n be_v the_o place_n void_a of_o house_n between_o the_o citadel_n and_o the_o town_n f._n face_n be_v the_o most_o advance_a part_n of_o the_o bastion_n towards_o the_o field_n and_o be_v the_o first_o attack_v fascin_n be_v bavin_n of_o small_a wood_n two_o foot_n broad_a and_o four_o long_v bind_v about_o at_o the_o end_n and_o middle_a throw_v into_o moat_n where_o there_o be_v much_o water_n to_o facilitate_v the_o passage_n over_o to_o the_o wall_n fall_v braye_n be_v a_o small_a rampart_n four_o fathom_v wide_a border_v with_o a_o parapet_n and_o a_o banquet_n run_v round_o about_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n it_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o fire_n upon_o the_o enemy_n when_o he_o be_v already_o so_o far_o advance_v that_o you_o can_v force_v he_o back_o from_o off_o the_o parapet_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n or_o else_o to_o receive_v the_o ruin_n which_o the_o cannon_n make_v in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n flank_n be_v the_o part_n which_o join_v the_o curtin_n to_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bastion_n from_o which_o the_o face_n of_o the_o next_o bastion_n require_v its_o defence_n flank_n covert_n be_v that_o the_o exterior_a part_n of_o which_o advance_v to_o secure_v the_o innermost_a which_o advance_v part_n if_o it_o be_v round_v be_v call_v a_o orillon_n flank_n fichant_n that_o which_o play_v and_o fix_v its_o bullet_n in_o a_o direct_a line_n in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o adjoin_a bastion_n flank_n razant_n be_v that_o from_o the_o conjunction_n of_o which_o with_o the_o curtin_n the_o shot_n raze_v the_o face_n of_o the_o next_o bastion_n which_o happen_v when_o the_o face_n can_v be_v discover_v but_o from_o the_o flank_n alone_o to_o flank_n a_o place_n be_v to_o play_v upon_o a_o place_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o part_n of_o it_o but_o what_o be_v defend_v and_o from_o which_o you_o may_v play_v upon_o the_o enemy_n both_o in_o front_n and_o rear_n and_o so_o oblige_v he_o to_o retire_v fort_n of_o the_o field_n or_o fortin_n be_v all_o fortress_n who_o flank_v angle_n be_v distant_a one_o from_o another_o 120_o fathom_n they_o be_v only_o for_o a_o time_n to_o guard_v some_o passage_n or_o dangerous_a place_n or_o else_o they_o be_v use_v in_o circumvallation_n fougade_n be_v a_o small_a mine_n make_v under_o the_o ground_n which_o the_o enemy_n will_v blow_v
intercept_v the_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n come_v to_o those_o of_o the_o place_n from_o all_o part_n the_o disadvantage_n of_o place_n erect_v upon_o rise_v ground_n 1._o the_o good_a soil_n that_o there_o be_v about_o such_o a_o place_n serve_v only_o for_o the_o enemy_n to_o make_v retrenchment_n 〈◊〉_d battery_n approach_n redoubt_n and_o other_o work_n from_o whence_o they_o may_v do_v great_a damage_n to_o the_o besiege_a 2._o the_o enemy_n may_v form_v their_o camp_n as_o those_o of_o the_o place_n do_v their_o fortification_n that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o may_v give_v it_o a_o regular_a figure_n and_o encompass_v it_o with_o a_o good_a trench_n and_o a_o good_a rampart_n 3._o the_o ground_n be_v very_o good_a to_o make_v mine_n under_o such_o a_o place_n 4._o the_o enemy_n may_v seize_v all_o the_o fruit_n grow_v about_o these_o place_n advertisement_n these_o place_n however_o be_v best_a because_o those_o of_o the_o place_n will_v take_v double_a the_o advantage_n that_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v v._o the_o side_n of_o a_o mountain_n be_v a_o very_a ill_a place_n to_o fortify_v and_o it_o must_v be_v avoid_v as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v because_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n almost_o always_o command_v the_o place_n within_o vi_o the_o valley_n be_v be_v no_o good_a place_n to_o fortify_v because_o the_o enemy_n may_v discover_v they_o from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n vii_o the_o advantage_n of_o place_n situate_v on_o the_o side_n of_o any_o great_a river_n 1._o you_o may_v bring_v thither_o by_o water_n whatsoever_o be_v necessary_a for_o building_n and_o for_o the_o soldier_n 2._o you_o may_v fortify_v the_o circumference_n after_o the_o regular_a manner_n or_o at_o least_o very_a near_o it_o the_o side_n towards_o the_o water_n be_v fortify_v with_o small_a charge_n 3._o it_o may_v be_v easy_o relieve_v 4._o earth_n be_v there_o very_o plentiful_a for_o repair_v thâ—_n work_v and_o for_o make_v retrenchment_n 5._o you_o may_v there_o make_v sluice_n to_o put_v all_o the_o country_n thereabouts_o under_o water_n 6._o they_o never_o want_v there_o any_o water_n 7._o the_o enemy_n must_v have_v a_o great_a many_o troop_n to_o â—ay_n siege_n to_o such_o a_o place_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o quarter_n 8._o if_o it_o be_v attack_v only_o by_o land_n nothing_o hinder_v but_o that_o the_o besiege_a may_v pass_v the_o river_n at_o pleasure_n and_o receive_v succour_n by_o bo_n 9_o if_o it_o be_v attack_v both_o by_o land_n and_o by_o water_n there_o must_v be_v two_o great_a army_n which_o will_v be_v very_o chargeable_a the_o disadvantage_n of_o place_n situate_v on_o the_o side_n of_o a_o great_a river_n 1._o the_o river_n serve_v the_o enemy_n for_o transport_v whatsoever_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o siege_n 2._o the_o enemy_n may_v cast_v up_o great_a heap_n of_o earth_n to_o command_v the_o place_n 3._o the_o enemy_n may_v easy_o shelter_v themselves_o from_o the_o fire_v of_o the_o besiege_a have_v great_a plenty_n of_o earth_n advertisement_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v deny_v but_o that_o these_o place_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o any_o of_o those_o that_o we_o have_v now_o mention_v in_o case_n they_o be_v master_n of_o the_o pass_n by_o which_o the_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n be_v to_o come_v in_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o earth_n when_o you_o have_v once_o make_v choice_n of_o a_o place_n for_o the_o erect_v a_o fortress_n before_o you_o engage_v yourself_o in_o so_o expensive_a a_o undertake_n you_o must_v examine_v the_o quality_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o consider_v whether_o it_o be_v good_a or_o bad_a for_o there_o be_v very_o advantageous_a situation_n the_o earth_n whereof_o be_v good_a for_o nothing_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a there_o be_v ill_a situation_n that_o have_v a_o very_a good_a soil_n but_o they_o lie_v subject_a to_o be_v command_v after_o such_o a_o rate_n that_o it_o will_v be_v great_a folly_n to_o settle_v there_o as_o may_v be_v evident_a by_o the_o follow_a observation_n sect._n i._n mountain_n common_o have_v a_o stony_a ground_n which_o be_v the_o worst_a of_o all_o as_o well_o because_o it_o will_v not_o stick_v together_o as_o because_o the_o paraper_n make_v thereof_o be_v good_a for_o nothing_o but_o if_o you_o be_v compel_v to_o fortify_v in_o such_o a_o place_n you_o must_v make_v choice_n of_o the_o best_a vein_n of_o earth_n to_o make_v the_o parapet_n and_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v bring_v from_o elsewhere_o it_o be_v true_a this_o sort_n of_o earth_n be_v of_o some_o advantage_n in_o that_o the_o besieger_n will_v find_v it_o difficult_a to_o cover_v themselves_o in_o their_o approach_n for_o want_n of_o good_a earth_n sect._n ii_o the_o gravelly_a or_o sandy_a earth_n be_v likewise_o very_o bad_a by_o reason_n that_o it_o want_v a_o bind_a quality_n be_v always_o apt_a to_o tumble_v down_o when_o you_o be_v force_v to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o you_o must_v mix_v some_o good_a earth_n therewith_o or_o some_o old_a dung_n and_o the_o rampart_n must_v be_v well_o line_v with_o stonâ—s_n or_o brick_n and_o the_o parapet_n with_o turf_n sect._n iii_o the_o marshy_a ground_n be_v better_a than_o the_o two_o former_a sort_n although_o general_o it_o be_v not_o very_o good_a because_o when_o it_o come_v to_o dry_v be_v raise_v into_o rampart_n and_o parapet_n it_o be_v subject_a to_o fall_v to_o piece_n beside_o it_o be_v difficult_a to_o find_v earth_n enough_o about_o a_o marshy_a place_n for_o raise_v rampart_n parapet_n and_o glacis_fw-la of_o a_o reasonable_a height_n and_o moreover_o the_o foundation_n of_o these_o work_n must_v be_v always_o strengthen_v with_o pile_n but_o if_o there_o bâ—_n a_o necessity_n of_o raise_v fortification_n in_o these_o place_n it_o must_v be_v during_o the_o heat_n that_o so_o the_o earth_n may_v have_v the_o great_a consistence_n sect._n iu._n the_o best_a kind_n of_o earth_n for_o fortify_v be_v that_o which_o they_o call_v fat_a or_o fertile_a ground_n because_o it_o be_v pliable_a and_o you_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o strengthen_v the_o foundation_n with_o pile_n nor_o to_o line_v the_o rampart_n unless_o you_o will_n chap._n iu._n of_o provision_n and_o other_o necessary_n see_v a_o place_n can_v be_v able_a to_o endure_v a_o long_a siege_n if_o it_o have_v not_o wherewithal_o to_o make_v resistance_n therefore_o there_o must_v be_v provision_n make_v of_o whatsoever_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o soldier_n under_o which_o head_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v money_n to_o pay_v the_o troop_n meal_n corn_n hay_o wine_n beer_n brandy_n butter_n salt_n wood_n powder_n lead_v match_n bullet_n cannon_n or_o great_a gun_n musket_n pike_n sulphur_n pitch_n brimstone_n palisado_n chevaux_n de_fw-fr frise_n hand-mill_n horsemill_n and_o windmill_n that_o so_o if_o the_o enemy_n shall_v cut_v off_o the_o water_n they_o may_v not_o be_v without_o something_o to_o grind_v their_o corn._n a_o good_a commander_n will_v take_v care_n of_o all_o this_o a_o able_a physician_n chirurgeon_n and_o apothecary_n be_v there_o likewise_o very_o necessary_a to_o these_o there_o may_v be_v add_v some_o other_o thing_n requisite_a in_o order_n to_o keep_v the_o soldier_n in_o good_a heart_n a_o new_a treatise_n of_o fortification_n book_n iii_o chap._n i._n sect._n 1_o how_o to_o inscribe_v any_o polygon_n within_o a_o circle_n giuâ—nâ—_n this_o problem_n be_v common_o treat_v of_o in_o geometry_n nevertheless_o because_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o work_v on_o a_o regular_a fortification_n on_o paper_n without_o know_v beforehand_o how_o to_o inscribe_v regular_a figure_n in_o a_o circle_n give_v or_o take_v at_o pleasure_n we_o shall_v at_o present_a discourse_n something_o thereof_o 1._o divide_v the_o diameter_n of_o your_o circle_n give_v a._n b._n into_o as_o many_o equal_a part_n as_o you_o will_v give_v side_n to_o your_o figure_n for_o example_n into_o five_o 2._o draw_v the_o diameter_n a._n b._n and_o make_v with_o this_o distance_n of_o point_n a._n b._n 〈◊〉_d aâ—â—â—es_v to_o intersect_v in_o c._n 3._o draw_v from_o the_o point_n c._n through_o the_o second_o part_n which_o be_v mark_v by_o the_o point_n e._n of_o the_o say_a diameter_n a_o riâ—ht_n liâ—â—_n tâ—ll_v it_o toâ—ch_v the_o circumference_n 〈◊〉_d beâ—oâ—â—_n the_o diameter_n in_o â—_o 4._o this_o distance_n from_o the_o intersection_n to_o the_o first_o â—â—int_n a._n of_o the_o diameter_n will_v be_v always_o one_o side_n of_o the_o polygon_n demand_v see_v the_o plate_n b._n fig._n 2._o seâ—t_fw-la â—_o how_o to_o make_v a_o scale_n as_o every_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v do_v by_o a_o scale_n you_o must_v know_v likewise_o the_o manâ—er_n how_o it_o be_v make_v which_o be_v as_o follow_v 1._o divide_v a_o line_n into_o 10_o equal_a part_n and_o one_o of_o these_o to_o show_v the_o
the_o short_a statuâ—â—_n soldier_n chap._n xiii_o of_o false_a bray_v here_o it_o be_v that_o some_o will_v ask_v i_o why_o the_o french_a admit_v no_o false_a bray_v in_o their_o fortification_n as_o be_v a_o second_o defence_n and_o a_o admirable_a work_n to_o dispute_v the_o counterscarp_n with_o the_o enemy_n and_o to_o hinder_v he_o from_o cross_v the_o moaâ—_n moreover_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o small_a shot_n do_v more_o execution_n from_o a_o low_a than_o a_o high_a place_n beside_o that_o the_o small_a shot_n place_v in_o the_o false_a bray_n double_v the_o defence_n of_o it_o as_o that_o work_n double_v the_o defence_n of_o the_o place_n but_o if_o you_o talk_v of_o the_o defence_n why_o do_v you_o then_o put_v the_o counterscarp_n before_o the_o face_n know_v that_o those_o part_n defend_v nothing_o you_o will_v answer_v that_o this_o be_v to_o dispute_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o moat_n but_o consider_v that_o the_o enemy_n have_v break_v the_o parapet_n of_o the_o point_n may_v afterward_o pierce_v with_o his_o great_a gâ—ns_n the_o walk_n that_o run_v all_o along_o the_o face_n beside_o that_o the_o ruine_n of_o that_o work_n be_v very_o advantageous_a to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d who_o will_v willing_o have_v wherewithal_o to_o fill_v the_o 〈◊〉_d as_o for_o the_o part_n of_o the_o false_a bray_n that_o be_v before_o the_o curtain_n it_o be_v no_o long_o good_a because_o it_o do_v not_o flank_v the_o face_n of_o the_o bastion_n nor_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o moat_n which_o be_v object_v always_o for_o the_o principal_a reason_n nevertheless_o the_o remainder_n of_o that_o work_n which_o be_v before_o the_o flank_n will_v be_v good_a but_o know_v that_o this_o part_n be_v easy_o render_v unserviceable_a by_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o parapet_n of_o the_o flank_n which_o fall_v within_o side_n fill_v up_o its_o platform_n and_o if_o the_o rampart_n be_v line_v the_o splinter_n of_o it_o maim_v the_o soldier_n that_o guard_v that_o flank_n of_o the_o false_a braye_n to_o remedy_v which_o defect_n the_o french_a now_o adays_o erect_v tenailles_fw-fr in_o the_o moat_n before_o the_o curtain_n and_o before_o the_o flank_n separate_v from_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n by_o a_o little_a moat_n to_o the_o end_n the_o fall_n of_o the_o rampart_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n may_v not_o kill_v or_o wound_v those_o that_o be_v in_o it_o be_v line_v with_o wall_n there_o be_v nothing_o of_o all_o that_o you_o talk_v of_o false_a brays_n that_o can_v be_v attribute_v to_o these_o tenailles_fw-fr beside_o that_o they_o cast_v not_o the_o half_a of_o what_o those_o other_o work_v do_v chap._n fourteen_o of_o cavalier_n cavalier_n be_v one_o of_o the_o best_a defence_n of_o a_o place_n because_o they_o most_o notable_o scour_v the_o field_n which_o oblige_v the_o enemy_n to_o open_v his_o treâ—ches_n at_o a_o great_a distance_n in_o regard_n these_o be_v as_o so_o many_o second_o bastion_n which_o be_v oppose_v to_o the_o enemy_n and_o moreover_o that_o they_o defend_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o moat_n command_v the_o covert-way_o and_o above_o the_o glacis_fw-la it_o be_v certain_a that_o be_v well_o dispose_v they_o may_v defend_v the_o head_n of_o the_o breach_n which_o the_o enemy_n shall_v make_v in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bastion_n wherein_o those_o cavalier_n be_v erect_v now_o a_o figure_n show_v all_o the_o angle_n in_o a_o square_a a_o draught_n &_o square_n of_o vaubane_n for_o §_o 3_o book_n iii_o chap_n v._o fig_n vi._n for_o §_o 2._o book_n iii_o chap_n v._o fig_n v._n for_o §_o 4_o book_n iii_o chap_n v._o fig_n vii_o in_o regard_n that_o opinion_n be_v different_a as_o well_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o place_n where_o â—hey_n be_v to_o be_v set_v as_o in_o regard_n of_o their_o figure_n let_v we_o see_v the_o reason_n both_o of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o 1._o there_o be_v some_o that_o will_v have_v the_o cavalcer_n place_v upon_o that_o part_n of_o the_o curtain_n which_o discover_v the_o face_n of_o the_o opposite_a bastion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v upon_o the_o line_n of_o the_o second_o flank_n as_o aâ—_n the_o construction_n of_o which_o be_v such_o see_v the_o plate_n qui_fw-fr figure_n xxvii_o 1._o bring_v down_o a_o straight_a line_n perpendicular_o under_o the_o flank_n and_o upon_o this_o line_n put_v two_o three_o part_n of_o the_o demi-gorge_n as_o a_o b._n 2._o divide_v the_o line_n ab_fw-la into_o two_o equal_a part_n as_o ac_fw-la cb_n and_o prolong_v perpendicular_o the_o point_n c_o till_o this_o prolongation_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o demi-gorge_n as_o c_o d._n 3._o bring_v down_o also_o a_o perpendicular_a from_o the_o point_n d_o of_o the_o length_n cb_n as_o de_fw-fr and_o at_o length_n join_v be_v together_o by_o a_o straight_a line_n 4._o have_v raise_v the_o cavalier_n to_o a_o just_a height_n they_o give_v it_o a_o parapet_n of_o thâ—ee_o fathom_n and_o two_o banquet_n as_o be_v usual_a 1_o but_o it_o may_v be_v object_v against_o this_o situation_n thâ—t_v the_o cavalier_n do_v not_o flank_n but_o very_a obliquelyâ—_n and_o by_o consequence_n that_o the_o effect_n of_o it_o be_v of_o little_a consequence_n 2._o that_o the_o ruin_n which_o the_o enemy_n cannon_n will_v make_v as_o be_v oppose_v to_o it_o in_o front_n fall_v between_o the_o curtain_n and_o the_o cavalier_n will_v hinder_v the_o execution_n of_o the_o small_a shot_n of_o thâ—_n second_o flank_n ii_o 1_o other_o loâ—ge_v the_o cavalier_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o curtâ—in_n and_o give_v it_o a_o triangular_a figure_n allege_v that_o in_o that_o partâ—_n one_o and_o the_o same_o cavalier_n may_v flank_v two_o face_n of_o the_o bâ—stions_n to_o which_o it_o be_v answer_v that_o a_o cavalier_n can_v be_v erect_v after_o that_o manner_n but_o in_o place_n which_o have_v more_o than_o half_a the_o curtain_n for_o the_o secâ—nd_n flank_n which_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a unless_o it_o be_v in_o city_n where_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o polygon_n be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a overture_n for_o to_o say_v we_o oâ—ght_n to_o make_v these_o second_o flank_n veâ—y_v large_a as_o well_o to_o augment_v the_o fire_v from_o the_o curtain_n as_o to_o gâ—in_v room_n foâ—_n place_v of_o thâ—_n cavalier_n this_o be_v to_o make_v bastion_n in_o a_o place_n that_o serve_v for_o nothing_o because_o that_o by_o this_o mean_n the_o flank_n be_v make_v so_o small_a that_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v only_o for_o ornament_n 2._o that_o the_o enemy_n stand_v in_o no_o fear_n of_o the_o fire_v from_o a_o cavalier_n dispose_v after_o that_o manner_n when_o once_o he_o be_v lodge_v upon_o the_o counterscarp_n because_o it_o be_v too_o high_a and_o the_o cannon_n can_v plunge_v low_a enough_o the_o construction_n of_o this_o cavalier_n be_v such_o see_v the_o plate_n q._n fig._n xxvii_o b._n 1._o from_o the_o curtain_n bring_v down_o a_o perpendicular_a lineâ—_n and_o put_v there_o above_o 14_o fathom_n as_o ab_fw-la 2._o take_v that_o distance_n and_o draw_v from_o the_o point_n b_o a_o circle_n 3._o divide_v this_o circle_n into_o three_o equal_a part_n begin_v from_o the_o point_n a_o as_o ac_fw-la ad_fw-la and_o cd_o which_o join_v together_o by_o right_a line_n and_o this_o shall_v be_v the_o base_a of_o the_o cavalier_n 4._o draw_v on_o the_o side_n ac_fw-la and_o ad_fw-la the_o base_a of_o the_o parapet_n of_o 3_o fathom_n but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o these_o cavalier_n be_v not_o to_o be_v erect_v but_o from_o 9_o to_z 10_o foot_n above_o the_o platform_n of_o the_o rampart_n unless_o there_o be_v very_o strong_a reason_n to_o raise_v it_o high_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o this_o cavalier_n be_v not_o better_a than_o the_o precede_a because_o the_o angle_n of_o it_o be_v very_o acute_a for_o when_o the_o angle_n a_o be_v carry_v away_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v worth_a nothing_o since_o neither_o cannon_n nor_o soldier_n can_v subsist_v upâ—n_v the_o side_n ac_fw-la and_o ad_fw-la by_o reason_n of_o the_o enemy_n continual_a play_v upon_o they_o iii_o some_o raise_v the_o cavalier_n upon_o the_o platform_n of_o the_o bastion_n and_o dispose_v it_o in_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o face_n and_o flank_n of_o the_o cavalier_n be_v parallel_v to_o the_o face_n and_o flaâ—ks_n of_o the_o bastion_n as_o c._n the_o advantage_n that_o proâ—â—â—d_v from_o this_o disposition_n be_v that_o the_o enemy_n be_v get_v uâ—â—n_o the_o opposite_a counterscarp_n will_v be_v trouble_v to_o lodge_v his_o cannon_n there_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o cannon_n upon_o the_o flank_n and_o upon_o the_o cavalier_n which_o play_v without_o cease_v will_v dismount_v the_o enemy_n artillery_n hinder_v he_o from_o raise_v shouldering_n to_o secure_v himself_o beside_o that_o the_o breach_n of_o
of_o military_a architecture_n fortification_n or_o military_a architecture_n as_o no_o other_o thing_n than_o a_o art_n which_o teacheâ—_n man_n to_o fortify_v themselves_o with_o rampart_n parapet_n moat_n covert_a way_n and_o glacis_n to_o the_o end_n the_o enemy_n may_v not_o be_v able_a to_o attack_v such_o a_o part_n without_o great_a loss_n of_o his_o man_n and_o that_o thâ—_n small_a number_n of_o soldier_n which_o defend_v the_o place_n may_v be_v able_a to_o hold_v out_o for_o some_o time_n sect._n 2._o of_o the_o original_a of_o fortification_n certain_a it_o be_v that_o fortification_n be_v original_o very_o inconsiderable_a for_o in_o regard_n that_o man_n have_v nothing_o to_o fear_v at_o that_o time_n but_o the_o assault_v of_o wild_a beast_n and_o robber_n they_o have_v no_o other_o fortification_n than_o simple_a hedge_n which_o continue_v still_o in_o use_n 328_o year_n before_o our_o saviour_n at_o what_o time_n alexander_n the_o great_a find_v the_o hircanian_n and_o mardian_o fortify_v after_o that_o manner_n q._n curtius_n l._n 6._o c._n 5._o afterward_o they_o fortify_v themselves_o with_o wall_n those_o hedge_n be_v easy_a to_o be_v cut_v down_o but_o ambition_n increase_v in_o regard_n that_o they_o who_o covet_v dominion_n over_o other_o soon_o find_v a_o way_n to_o leap_v over_o these_o feeble_a defence_n they_o add_v a_o moat_n and_o in_o make_v this_o moat_n they_o raise_v at_o the_o same_o time_n a_o rampart_n behind_o which_o the_o besiege_a place_v himself_o to_o dispierce_v the_o enemy_n with_o their_o arrow_n the_o enemy_n not_o able_a to_o surmount_v these_o obstacle_n resolve_v to_o venture_v some_o arrow_n to_o pass_v the_o moat_n and_o lodge_v himself_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o wall_n whence_o the_o besieged_a can_v not_o chase_v he_o notwithstanding_o the_o great_a number_n of_o stone_n which_o they_o throw_v down_o to_o annoy_v the_o assailant_n because_o the_o enemy_n cover_v themselves_o with_o their_o buckler_n which_o they_o hold_v over_o their_o head_n this_o oblige_v those_o within_o to_o make_v holes_n in_o the_o wall_n by_o shoot_v their_o arrow_n at_o the_o enemy_n to_o hinder_v he_o from_o attacking_z they_o for_o which_o way_n soever_o he_o come_v the_o arbâ—lesta_fw-it annoy_v he_o nevertheless_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o wall_n be_v without_o defence_n so_o that_o the_o enemy_n lodging_n himself_o between_o the_o near_a holes_n they_o bethink_v themselves_o of_o make_v square_a tower_n with_o holes_n on_o every_o side_n for_o they_o stand_v at_o the_o heaâ—_n of_o the_o wall_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n from_o lodging_n between_o the_o holes_n in_o the_o wall_n true_a it_o be_v that_o they_o soon_o invent_v certain_a engine_n which_o we_o call_v at_o this_o day_n barter_v ram_n which_o be_v strengthen_v at_o the_o head_n with_o a_o massy_a point_n oâ—_n iron_n and_o so_o push_v against_o the_o wall_n of_o those_o square_a tower_n till_o they_o bring_v they_o to_o ruin_v after_o which_o they_o make_v roundel_n which_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o strong_a sort_n of_o fortification_n till_o powder_n begin_v to_o be_v know_v in_o europe_n for_o we_o find_v in_o history_n that_o in_o the_o yâ—ar_n 1380._o under_o the_o reign_n of_o wenleslatis_n the_o son_n of_o charles_n the_o iv_o a_o certain_a franciscan_a monk_n who_o name_n be_v berthold_n schwarts_n of_o friburg_n in_o brisgau_n show_v the_o first_o use_n of_o powder_n to_o the_o venetian_n then_o at_o war_n with_o the_o genoeses_n after_o which_o they_o make_v cannon_n to_o batter_v place_n the_o furious_a execution_n of_o which_o ranverse_v like_o a_o clap_n of_o thunder_n those_o feeble_a wall_n which_o oblige_v they_o that_o be_v attack_v with_o these_o astonish_a engine_n to_o erect_v a_o good_a rampart_n behind_o their_o wall_n and_o to_o make_v the_o same_o wall_n much_o thick_a than_o before_o this_o manner_n of_o fortification_n will_v have_v subsist_v a_o long_a time_n have_v it_o not_o have_v one_o defect_n which_o be_v that_o those_o round_a tower_n have_v one_o part_n in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o triangle_n which_o can_v not_o be_v see_v by_o those_o within_o and_o which_o the_o enemy_n cover_v to_o batter_v on_o purpose_n that_o he_o may_v lodge_v himself_o secure_a from_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o besiege_a who_o can_v not_o see_v he_o in_o that_o part_n to_o correct_v this_o default_n they_o fill_v that_o defective_a part_n with_o good_a earth_n which_o be_v environ_v with_o a_o good_a wall_n form_v also_o two_o point_n which_o look_v towards_o the_o field_n as_o now_o the_o face_n of_o a_o bastion_n and_o which_o cover_v that_o part_n the_o enemy_n see_v that_o begin_v to_o attack_v those_o two_o face_n before_o any_o other_o thing_n so_o that_o the_o besiege_v find_v themselves_o oblige_v to_o add_v flank_n to_o those_o face_n to_o plant_v cannon_n upon_o they_o and_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n from_o do_v so_o much_o mischief_n to_o the_o face_n as_o before_o and_o thus_o the_o bastion_n be_v invent_v as_o we_o see_v they_o at_o this_o day_n build_v upon_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o gorge_n sect._n 3_o of_o the_o part_n of_o fortification_n there_o be_v three_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v to_o say_v icâ—nograpâ—y_n orthography_n and_o scenography_n ichnography_n be_v no_o other_o than_o what_o we_o call_v the_o plane_n or_o representation_n of_o the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o a_o foâ—â—ressâ—_n of_o which_o the_o part_n be_v mark_v out_o either_o upon_o the_o ground_n or_o upon_o paper_n orthography_n be_v call_v the_o profil_n or_o the_o representation_n of_o a_o fortress_n make_v and_o raise_v so_o that_o a_o man_n may_v see_v the_o length_n the_o breadth_n and_o height_n of_o its_o part_n scenography_n be_v the_o perspective_n of_o the_o part_n of_o a_o fortress_n sect._n 4._o of_o the_o division_n of_o military_a architecture_n fortification_n be_v regular_a or_o irregular_a regular_n be_v that_o where_o all_o the_o side_n and_o all_o the_o angle_n that_o compose_v it_o be_v equal_a one_o to_o another_o irregular_a be_v that_o where_o all_o the_o side_n and_o angle_n be_v not_o all_o equal_a nor_o uniform_a one_o to_o another_o and_o it_o be_v either_o durable_a or_o temporary_a durable_a be_v that_o which_o be_v build_v to_o continue_v a_o long_a time_n temporary_a be_v that_o which_o be_v erect_v in_o case_n of_o necessity_n for_o a_o little_a time_n and_o under_o this_o signification_n be_v contain_v all_o sort_n of_o work_n erect_v for_o the_o seize_v upon_o a_o passage_n or_o some_o hill_n or_o when_o they_o make_v circumvallation_n and_o countervallation_n that_o be_v to_o say_v redoubt_n trench_n and_o batteries_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o part_n of_o a_o fortress_n and_o its_o angle_n the_o curtin_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o c._n the_o flank_n seeâ—_n chap._n 4._o under_o f._n the_o face_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o f._n the_o face_n prolong_v be_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o flank_a line_n after_o you_o have_v take_v away_o the_o face_n the_o flank_n prolong_v be_v the_o prolong_v of_o the_o flank_n to_o the_o exterior_a side_n the_o demi-gorge_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o d._n the_o capital_a line_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o l._n the_o line_n of_o defence_n be_v make_v high_a and_o raze_v see_v chap._n 4._o under_o l._n the_o compliment_n of_o the_o curtin_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o c._n the_o distance_n of_o the_o polygon_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o d._n the_o half_a distance_n of_o the_o polygon_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o d._n the_o interior_a side_n of_o the_o polygon_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o c._n the_o exterior_a side_n of_o the_o polygon_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o c._n the_o small_a diameter_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o p._n the_o great_a diameter_n see_v chap._n 4._o under_o g._n see_v the_o plan_n represent_v all_o these_o part_n of_o the_o angles_n the_o angle_n of_o the_o centre_n or_o angle_n of_o the_o figure_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v by_o draw_v right_a line_n from_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o two_o mean_a angles_n of_o the_o polygon_n the_o angle_n of_o the_o circumference_n be_v the_o mix_a angle_n which_o be_v make_v by_o the_o arch_n which_o be_v draw_v from_o one_o gorge_n to_o the_o other_o the_o flank_v angle_n be_v the_o angle_n compose_v of_o two_o face_n the_o flank_a angle_n be_v the_o angle_n compose_v of_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n and_o the_o curtin_n the_o angle_n of_o compliment_n of_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n be_v the_o angle_n which_o be_v make_v of_o the_o two_o compliment_n where_o they_o intercut_a one_o another_o the_o angle_n form-flank_n be_v the_o angle_n which_o be_v compose_v of_o one_o flank_n and_o one_o demi-gorge_n the_o angle_n form-face_n be_v that_o which_o be_v compose_v by_o one_o flank_n and_o one_o face_n the_o angle_n of_o the_o moat_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v before_o the_o
curtin_n where_o it_o cut_v itself_o the_o re-entering_a angle_n be_v that_o which_o retire_v inward_a the_o salient_a angle_n be_v that_o which_o advance_v towards_o the_o field_n see_v the_o plate_n a._n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o term_n of_o the_o measure_n a_o rod_n be_v the_o length_n of_o 12_o geometrical_a foot_n and_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o germany_n and_o holland_n a_o fathom_n be_v the_o length_n of_o six_o geometrical_a foot_n of_o which_o they_o make_v use_v in_o france_n a_o geometrical_a pace_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o five_o geometrical_a foot_n the_o simple_a pace_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o three_o geometrical_a foot_n the_o cubit_n be_v the_o length_n of_o one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a the_o geometrical_a foot_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o 12_o thumb_n breadth_n a_o thumb_n breadth_n be_v the_o length_n of_o 12_o line_n of_o which_o the_o one_o be_v a_o barley-corn's_a distance_n from_o the_o other_o a_o german_a league_n be_v the_o space_n of_o 4000_o geometrical_a pace_n a_o italian_a league_n be_v the_o space_n of_o 1000_o geometrical_a pace_n a_o simple_a french_a league_n be_v the_o space_n of_o 1000_o geometrical_a pace_n a_o common_a league_n be_v the_o space_n of_o 2000_o geometrical_a pace_n a_o furlong_n be_v the_o space_n of_o 125_o geometrical_a pace_n of_o which_o they_o make_v use_v in_o greece_n a_o parasangue_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o 30_o furlong_n or_o 3750_o geometrical_a pace_n make_v use_v of_o in_o persia._n the_o simple_a schoenuâ—_n or_o cord_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o 30_o furlong_n among_o the_o egyptian_n the_o compound_v schoenuâ—_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o 60_o furlong_n in_o egypt_n chap._n iu._n of_o the_o name_n and_o term_n make_v use_v of_o as_o well_o in_o attacking_z as_o in_o the_o defence_n of_o place_n alphabetical_o set_v down_o a._n wing_n be_v the_o large_a side_n which_o terminate_v and_o bind_v to_o the_o right_n and_o leave_v the_o exterior_a work_n as_o the_o horn_n and_o crownwork_a etc._n etc._n wing_n of_o army_n be_v the_o regiment_n post_v upon_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n when_o the_o army_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o battalion_n antestature_n be_v a_o small_a retrenchment_n make_v of_o gabion_n to_o possess_v the_o remainder_n of_o the_o grand_a attack_z approach_n be_v all_o sort_n of_o advantage_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o which_o we_o advance_v towards_o a_o place_n besiege_v arriere-card_n be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o army_n which_o march_v after_o the_o main_a battle_n to_o hinder_v and_o stop_v deserter_n arsenal_n be_v a_o place_n appoint_v for_o the_o form_n and_o preservation_n of_o every_o thing_n that_o be_v necessary_a for_o defence_n and_o assault_n artillery_n be_v all_o sort_n of_o fire-arm_n assault_v be_v a_o attack_z make_v upon_o a_o fortress_n to_o win_v it_o by_o main_a force_n attack_z be_v a_o effort_n make_v by_o the_o besieger_n to_o approach_v the_o wall_n of_o a_o fortress_n false_a attack_z be_v a_o effort_n to_o the_o same_o end_n but_o more_o remiss_a to_o oblige_v the_o besiege_a to_o divide_v their_o force_n to_o attack_v in_o flank_n be_v to_o attack_v both_o side_n of_o the_o bastion_n b._n bacule_fw-la be_v a_o gate_n that_o be_v make_v like_o a_o pitfall_n with_o a_o counterpoise_n before_o the_o corpse_n de_fw-fr guard_n advance_v near_o the_o gate_n and_o which_o be_v support_v by_o two_o great_a stakesâ—_n a_o portcullis_n banquet_n a_o little_a footpace_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o parapet_n upon_o which_o the_o soldier_n get_v up_o to_o fire_n into_o the_o moat_n or_o upon_o the_o covert_a way_n barricado_n be_v tree_n cut_v with_o six_o face_n cross_v with_o battoon_n as_o long_o as_o a_o half-pike_n bind_v about_o with_o iron_n at_o the_o foot_n and_o set_v up_o in_o passage_n or_o breach_n to_o keep_v back_o as_o well_o the_o horse_n as_o foot_n barrier_n be_v great_a stake_n plant_v 10_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o about_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n high_a with_o their_o transom_n or_o overthwart_a rafter_n to_o stop_v those_o that_o will_v enter_v with_o violence_n and_o where_o they_o cry_v to_o every_o body_n that_o show_v themselves_o whence_o come_v you_o bastion_n be_v a_o heap_n of_o earth_n usual_o raise_v upon_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o gorge_n compose_v of_o two_o flank_n and_o two_o face_n flat_a bastion_n be_v that_o which_o be_v raise_v upon_o the_o curtin_n when_o it_o be_v too_o long_o to_o be_v defend_v by_o the_o bastion_n on_o each_o side_n battalion_n be_v several_a foot-soldier_n range_v in_o battalion_n it_o be_v compose_v of_o two_o march_n of_o musqueteer_n and_o a_o centre_n of_o pikeman_n battery_n be_v a_o place_n raise_v whereon_o to_o plant_v the_o great_a gun_n and_o play_v upon_o the_o enemy_n berme_v be_v a_o little_a space_n of_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n leave_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o rampart_n without_o to_o prevent_v the_o earth_n from_o fall_v into_o the_o moat_n blind_v be_v piece_n of_o wood_n set_v across_o upon_o the_o trench_n to_o sustain_v the_o bavin_n or_o hurdle_n lade_v with_o earth_n which_o be_v to_o cover_v the_o trench_n red_a bullet_n be_v bullet_n make_v red_a hot_a in_o a_o forge_n with_o which_o the_o cannon_n be_v charge_v to_o set_v fire_n upon_o house_n or_o magazine_n boyau_n be_v a_o moat_n border_v with_o a_o paraper_n which_o be_v draw_v from_o one_o trench_n to_o another_o for_o better_a communication_n breach_n be_v the_o ruin_n which_o the_o cannon_n or_o a_o mine_n make_v in_o a_o fortification_n to_o take_v it_o by_o assault_n brisure_n be_v a_o line_n from_o four_o to_o five_o fathom_n which_o be_v allow_v to_o the_o curtin_n and_o orillon_n to_o make_v the_o hollow_a tower_n or_o to_o cover_v the_o conceal_a flank_n c._n a_o bomb-chest_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o wooden_a chest_n wherein_o be_v put_v from_o three_o to_o six_o bomb_n which_o be_v place_v under_o ground_n to_o blow_v it_o up_o into_o the_o air_n in_o case_n it_o be_v take_v camp_n flying_n be_v a_o small_a body_n of_o a_o army_n which_o keep_v the_o field_n to_o prevent_v the_o incursion_n of_o the_o enemy_n harrass_n the_o country_n hinder_v convoy_n and_o to_o throw_v itself_o into_o any_o besiege_a place_n caponiere_n be_v a_o hollow_a lodgmentâ—_n of_o about_o four_o or_o five_o foot_n border_v with_o a_o little_a parapet_n of_o above_o two_o foot_n high_a to_o hold_v plank_n lade_v with_o earth_n there_o be_v little_a embrasure_n sometime_o make_v in_o they_o which_o be_v call_v murdress_n this_o lodgement_n be_v wide_a enough_o to_o contain_v 20_o or_o 30_o soldier_n and_o be_v usual_o place_v upon_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o counterscarp_n carcase_n be_v a_o artificial_a fire_n compose_v of_o from_o three_o to_o four_o granade_n with_o several_a barrel_n of_o pistolet_n charge_v and_o wrap_v up_o in_o tow_n dip_v in_o oily_a substance_n with_o a_o pitch_a cloth_n round_o about_o it_o all_o which_o be_v put_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o lantern_n which_o have_v a_o thin_a plate_n of_o iron_n at_o each_o end_n hold_v fast_o by_o two_o branch_n of_o iron_n which_o be_v cross_v by_o circle_n of_o the_o same_o matter_n and_o in_o one_o of_o these_o thin_a plate_n there_o be_v a_o hole_n to_o fire_v the_o carcase_n which_o be_v afterward_o force_v into_o the_o air_n like_o a_o bomb._n cartouche_fw-fr be_v a_o roll_n wherein_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o cannon_n be_v put_v which_o beside_o the_o powder_n consist_v of_o several_a chain-ring_n end_n of_o pistol_n bullet_n head_n of_o cart-nail_n and_o and_o other_o iron_n material_n and_o the_o cannon_n conceal_v in_o the_o retire_a flank_n be_v usual_o charge_v with_o such_o cartouche_n to_o make_v the_o more_o havoc_n cascans_n be_v certain_a well_n some_o more_o hollow_a than_o other_o which_o be_v make_v in_o the_o retrenchment_n of_o the_o platform_n near_o the_o wall_n to_o give_v air_n to_o a_o mine_n casamatte_fw-it be_v a_o certain_a vault_n make_v in_o a_o part_n of_o the_o flank_n which_o be_v next_o the_o curtin_n all_o of_o mason_n work_v it_o be_v make_v to_o fire_n upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o defend_v the_o face_n of_o the_o opposite_a bastion_n and_o the_o moat_n cavalier_n be_v a_o mass_n of_o earth_n raise_v in_o a_o fortress_n to_o lodge_v the_o cannon_n to_o scour_v the_o field_n or_o oppose_v a_o command_a work_n chandelier_n be_v wooden_a parapet_n cover_v with_o bavin_n fill_v with_o earth_n about_o a_o foot_n high_a make_v use_v of_o in_o approach_n mine_n and_o gallery_n to_o cover_v the_o workman_n and_o hinder_v the_o besiege_a from_o constrain_a they_o to_o quit_v their_o labour_n chauses_n trap_n or_o caltrop_n be_v iron_n with_o four_o spikes_n about_o four_o inch_n long_o so_o dispose_v that_o which_o way_n soever_o they_o fall_v one_o point_n still_o lie_v uppermost_a they_o be_v make_v use_n of_o
up_o it_o be_v furnish_v with_o some_o sack_n of_o powder_n to_o which_o the_o sawcedge_n be_v fix_v which_o answer_v to_o another_o post_n to_o the_o end_n it_o may_v be_v fiâ—ed_v without_o danger_n fraise_n be_v piece_n of_o wood_n from_o 7_o to_o 8_o foot_n long_o drive_v in_o almost_o half_a way_n into_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o rampart_n without_o side_n and_o a_o little_a below_o the_o parapet_n they_o present_v their_o point_n somewhat_o slope_v towards_o the_o field_n and_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o prevent_v deâ—erters_n and_o surprise_v g._n gabion_n be_v basket_n equal_o wide_a at_o top_n and_o bottom_n about_o four_o foot_n in_o diameter_n they_o be_v fill_v with_o earth_n and_o usual_o place_v upon_o battery_n and_o parapet_n that_o have_v suffer_v very_o much_o and_o before_o other_o place_n to_o secure_v they_o from_o the_o enemy_n shot_n gallery_n be_v a_o cover_a walk_n either_o of_o earth_n or_o turf_n the_o side_n of_o it_o be_v make_v with_o plank_n and_o pillar_n and_o they_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o moat_n already_o fill_v with_o faggot_n and_o bavin_n to_o the_o end_n the_o minor_a may_v approach_v safe_a to_o the_o bastion_n glacis_fw-la be_v the_o parapet_n of_o the_o covert-way_n which_o lose_v itself_o insensible_o in_o the_o field_n the_o large_a be_v the_o best_a gorge_fw-fr be_v the_o entrance_n of_o the_o platform_n of_o the_o bastion_n and_o other_o work_n it_o never_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o parapet_n for_o fear_v the_o enemy_n be_v maâ—ter_n of_o it_o he_o shall_v secure_v himself_o thereby_o from_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o garrison_n granado_n a_o little_a hollow_a globe_n fill_v with_o powder_n to_o which_o there_o answer_v a_o little_a fusee_fw-fr of_o powder_n to_o set_v they_o on_o fire_n they_o aâ—e_v use_v to_o fire_n close_o and_o narrow_a place_n or_o else_o to_o disorder_v the_o rank_n of_o the_o soldier_n grand_fw-fr demi_fw-fr diameter_n be_v the_o line_n compose_v of_o the_o capital_a and_o the_o small_a demi-diameter_n of_o the_o polygon_n gazon_n be_v piece_n of_o fresh_a earth_n cover_v with_o grass_n about_o a_o foot_n long_o and_o half_a a_o foot_n thick_a cut_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o wedge_n to_o line_v the_o parapet_n and_o the_o traverse_n of_o the_o gallery_n h._n herisson_n a_o beam_n with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o nail_n have_v their_o point_n outward_a it_o be_v support_v by_o a_o pivot_n upon_o which_o it_o turn_v to_o stop_v up_o any_o passage_n instead_o of_o a_o barrier_n hearse_n be_v a_o lattice_n or_o portcullis_n of_o great_a piece_n of_o sharp-pointed_a wood_n at_o the_o low_a end_n sustain_v by_o a_o cord_n fasten_v to_o a_o moulinet_n which_o be_v cut_v in_o case_n of_o surprise_n to_o the_o end_n the_o hearse_n may_v fall_v and_o stop_v up_o the_o passage_n of_o a_o gate_n or_o other_o entrance_n of_o a_o fortress_n horse-shoe_n be_v a_o work_n sometime_o round_o sometime_o oval_a border_v with_o a_o parapet_n it_o be_v make_v to_o secure_v a_o gate_n or_o to_o relieve_v a_o over-tedious_a defence_n l._n line_n capital_a be_v a_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o gorge_n to_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bastion_n line_n cogrital_a be_v the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bastion_n line_n of_o defence_n be_v that_o which_o be_v represent_v by_o the_o discharge_v of_o the_o small_a shot_n which_o uncover_v the_o face_n of_o one_o bastion_n by_o raze_v it_o line_n of_o defence_n fichant_n be_v the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o common_a point_n to_o the_o curtin_n and_o from_o the_o flank_n to_o the_o flank_v angle_n of_o the_o bastion_n line_n of_o defence_n razant_n be_v the_o line_n draw_v from_o the_o capital_a line_n of_o a_o bastion_n to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o curtin_n where_o the_o defence_n begin_v to_o discover_v the_o face_n of_o the_o same_o bastion_n line_n of_o communication_n be_v the_o line_n that_o run_v from_o one_o work_n to_o another_o to_o stop_v the_o fury_n of_o the_o enemy_n line_n withinside_n be_v the_o moat_n towards_o the_o place_n to_o hinder_v sally_n line_n withoutside_o be_v the_o moat_n towards_o the_o field_n to_o hinder_v relief_n lodgement_n of_o a_o attack_z be_v a_o work_n cast_v up_o in_o a_o dangerous_a post_n to_o secure_v themselves_o against_o the_o enemy_n fireâ—_n this_o lodgement_n be_v make_v of_o all_o the_o material_n that_o be_v capable_a to_o make_v resistance_n to_o line_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o environ_v a_o rampart_n parapet_n or_o moat_n with_o a_o good_a wall_n or_o good_a turf_n m._n madrier_n be_v a_o thick_a plank_n sufficient_a to_o cover_v the_o mouth_n of_o a_o petard_n and_o which_o be_v apply_v with_o the_o petard_n against_o the_o place_n they_o will_v break_v this_o term_n be_v also_o apply_v to_o several_a flat_a beam_n which_o be_v put_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o moat_n to_o support_v the_o wall_n mantellet_fw-la be_v one_o or_o several_a plank_n join_v together_o and_o cover_v with_o tin_n carry_v upon_o two_o wheel_n which_o the_o pioner_n in_o a_o siege_n drive_v before_o they_o to_o secure_v themselves_o against_o the_o small_a shot_n merlon_n be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o paparet_n which_o be_v between_o the_o two_o embrasure_n mortier_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o great_a cannon_n very_o short_a which_o be_v charge_v with_o bomb_n carcase_n or_o stone_n and_o be_v mount_v upon_o a_o carriage_n the_o wheel_n of_o which_o be_v very_o low_a moulinet_n be_v a_o cross_n of_o wood_n which_o turn_v horizontal_o upon_o a_o wooden_a stake_n which_o stand_v at_o the_o side_n of_o the_o barrier_n between_o the_o bar_n of_o which_o the_o footman_n pass_v moyenau_n a_o â—ort_n of_o small_a flat_a bastion_n place_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o over_o long_a curtain_n of_o which_o the_o bastion_n that_o be_v at_o the_o extremity_n be_v not_o well_o defend_v from_o the_o small_a shot_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o distance_n this_o work_n be_v proper_a for_o the_o place_n in_o it_o a_o body_n of_o musketter_n to_o fire_n from_o all_o side_n n._n nailing_n of_o cannon_n the_o drive_v of_o a_o nail_n by_o force_n into_o the_o touch_n hole_n of_o a_o great_a gun_n o._n orgue_v be_v thick_a and_o long_a piece_n of_o wood_n hang_v up_o over_o a_o gate_n every_o one_o by_o a_o cord_n which_o answer_v to_o the_o moulinet_n that_o be_v to_o be_v cut_v in_o case_n of_o a_o surprise_n and_o they_o be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o herse_n orillon_n be_v a_o small_a round_v which_o join_v with_o the_o hollow_a tower_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bastion_n cover_v one_o part_n of_o the_o flank_n p._n pallisadoe_n be_v wooden_a stake_n from_o 5_o to_o 7_o foot_n high_a arm_v with_o two_o or_o three_o iron_n point_n which_o be_v fix_v before_o fortress_n curtain_n rampart_n and_o glace_n some_o there_o be_v which_o be_v not_o arm_v with_o iron_n parapet_n be_v a_o elevation_n of_o earth_n upon_o the_o rampart_n behind_o which_o the_o soldier_n stand_v and_o where_o the_o cannon_n be_v plant_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o place_n park_n be_v a_o certain_a place_n make_v choice_n of_o in_o the_o camp_n out_o of_o canonshot_n of_o the_o place_n besiege_v to_o plant_v the_o artillery_n and_o to_o keep_v the_o artificial_a fire_n powder_n and_o warlike_a ammunition_n which_o be_v only_o guard_v by_o pike-man_n petard_n be_v a_o hollow_a engine_n make_v of_o â—etal_n almost_o in_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o cap_n from_o seven_o to_o eight_o inch_n deep_a and_o five_o diameter_n in_o the_o muzzle_n it_o be_v charge_v with_o powder_n beat_v as_o small_a as_o may_v be_v and_o then_o fix_v to_o the_o madrier_n petty_a demi-diameter_n be_v the_o circumference_n draw_v from_o the_o centre_n through_o the_o gorges_n place_v of_o arm_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o ground_n sufficient_a to_o draw_v up_o the_o man_n to_o be_v send_v from_o thence_o as_o occasion_n require_v place_v of_o arm_n without_o be_v a_o place_n allow_v to_o the_o covert_a way_n where_o they_o make_v obtuse_a angle_n whereon_o to_o plant_v some_o piece_n of_o cannon_n or_o falcon_n to_o force_v those_o that_o advance_v in_o their_o approach_n to_o retire_v place_v of_o arm_n particular_a be_v a_o place_n near_o every_o bastion_n whence_o the_o soldier_n send_v from_o the_o grand_a place_n to_o the_o quarter_n assign_v they_o relieve_v those_o that_o be_v either_o upon_o the_o guard_n or_o in_o fight_n place_v irregular_a be_v a_o place_n who_o angle_n and_o side_n be_v unequal_a place_v regular_n who_o angle_n and_o side_n be_v every_o where_o equal_a plane_n the_o representation_n of_o a_o work_n in_o its_o height_n and_o breadth_n platform_n be_v the_o whole_a piece_n of_o fortification_n raise_v in_o a_o re-enter_v angle_n polygon_n exterior_a
be_v the_o distance_n of_o one_o point_n of_o a_o bastion_n from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o other_o pont_n de_fw-fr jonc_n be_v a_o bridge_n make_v of_o great_a bundle_n of_o bulrush_n that_o grow_v in_o the_o marsh_n which_o be_v afterward_o bind_v together_o upon_o which_o they_o lay_v plank_n and_o then_o lie_v they_o in_o muddy_a and_o marshy_a place_n to_o secure_v their_o foot_n pont_n flottant_n or_o float_v bridge_n be_v a_o bridge_n make_v in_o form_n of_o a_o redoubt_n compose_v of_o two_o boat_n cover_v with_o plank_n they_o ought_v to_o be_v so_o solid_o frame_v as_o to_o bear_v horse_n and_o cannon_n potern_a be_v a_o false_a door_n often_o make_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o curtin_n or_o near_o the_o orillon_n for_o private_a sally_n profil_v the_o draught_n of_o a_o work_n with_o all_o its_o lengthy_a breadth_n and_o heighth_n q._n quarter_n of_o a_o siege_n be_v the_o incampment_n upon_o one_o of_o the_o most_o principal_a and_o important_a passage_n round_o about_o the_o place_n besiege_v to_o prevent_v relief_n and_o convoy_n r._n ravelin_n be_v a_o small_a triangular_a work_n without_o flank_n and_o have_v no_o more_o than_o its_o two_o face_n it_o be_v general_o raise_v before_o the_o curtain_n where_o the_o moat_n make_v a_o salient_a angle_n redans_fw-fr work_v make_v in_o form_n of_o the_o tooth_n of_o a_o see_v in_o re-enter_v and_o salient_a angle_n to_o the_o end_n that_o one_o part_n may_v defend_v another_o they_o be_v usual_o place_v upon_o the_o entrance_n into_o river_n redoubt_n be_v a_o small_a square_a fort_n have_v no_o defence_n but_o in_o front_n it_o be_v usual_o design_v to_o maintain_v the_o trench_n for_o circumvallation_n and_o countervallation_n and_o in_o watery_a place_n they_o be_v often_o make_v of_o mason_n work_v for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n reduit_n a_o advantageous_a piece_n of_o ground_n entrench_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o place_n to_o retire_v to_o in_o case_n of_o surprise_n rampart_n be_v the_o raise_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o run_v about_o a_o place_n compose_v of_o bastion_n and_o curtain_n wherein_o to_o put_v the_o soldier_n and_o plant_v the_o cannon_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o place_n retirade_n a_o entrenchment_n form_v by_o two_o parapet_n make_v a_o re-enter_v angle_n which_o be_v make_v in_o a_o work_n resolve_v to_o be_v dispute_v inch_n by_o inch._n sometime_o it_o have_v a_o moat_n retrenchment_n be_v a_o work_n make_v of_o part_n of_o a_o rampart_n when_o the_o enemy_n be_v so_o far_o advance_v that_o he_o be_v no_o long_o to_o be_v resist_v or_o beat_v from_o the_o old_a rampart_n and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o he_o may_v not_o make_v any_o new_a opposition_n it_o be_v border_v with_o a_o good_a parapet_n and_o sometime_o with_o gabioris_fw-la and_o bavin_n lade_v with_o earth_n rideaâ—_n be_v a_o small_a elevation_n of_o earth_n in_o the_o plain_a field_n which_o extend_v itself_o in_o length_n very_o proper_a for_o those_o that_o will_v besiege_v a_o place_n at_o a_o near_a distance_n and_o to_o secure_v those_o that_o will_v approach_v to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o place_n rondel_n be_v a_o round_a tower_n sometime_o raise_v at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o bastion_n s._n sack_n for_o earth_n a_o sack_n of_o course_n cloth_n to_o contain_v a_o foot_n or_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a serviceable_a upon_o several_a occasion_n but_o especial_o for_o the_o make_v retrenchment_n in_o haste_n to_o saignor_n a_o moat_n to_o empty_a the_o water_n by_o subterraneal_a conveyance_n to_o pass_v it_o the_o more_o easy_o after_o you_o have_v cast_v hurdle_n upon_o the_o mud_n that_o remain_v sappe_n be_v the_o deep_a dig_v into_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o covert_a way_n and_o glacis_fw-la in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o trench_n the_o earth_n which_o be_v thence_o dig_v out_o serve_v for_o security_n on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a and_o cover_v you_o above_o against_o the_o firework_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o hurdle_n lade_v with_o earth_n a_o sarrasin_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o hearse_n saucidge_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o long_a cloth_n of_o which_o they_o sow_v the_o side_n all_o along_o in_o form_n of_o a_o gut_n which_o they_o dip_v in_o pitch_n and_o fill_v with_o powder_n the_o largeness_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v so_o much_o as_o to_o contain_v a_o tennis-ball_n and_o then_o they_o put_v one_o end_n of_o it_o to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o mine_n be_v or_o a_o fougade_n or_o chest_n of_o bomb_n and_o the_o other_o end_n answer_v to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o engineer_n stand_v that_o set_v it_o on_o fire_n saucidge_n be_v faggot_n make_v of_o great_a bough_n bind_v in_o the_o middle_n and_o both_o end_n who_o use_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o bavin_n shoulder_v be_v nothing_o but_o the_o orillon_n scalade_fw-fr the_o mount_a of_o the_o wall_n with_o ladder_n scarp_n the_o talus_fw-la star_n a_o work_n with_o several_a face_n compose_v of_o part_n of_o which_o the_o one_o flank_n the_o other_o sillon_n or_o envelop_v a_o little_a rampart_n cover_v with_o its_o parapet_n raise_v in_o a_o very_a large_a moat_n the_o draught_n of_o which_o form_n re-enter_v and_o salient_a angle_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o part_n may_v reciprocal_o flank_v each_o other_o t._n talut_n be_v that_o part_n which_o be_v allow_v to_o work_n whether_o of_o earth_n or_o masonry_n the_o better_a to_o suppoâ—t_v they_o and_o the_o worse_a the_o earth_n be_v the_o more_o the_o sloop_n ought_v to_o be_v tenaille_fw-fr be_v a_o fortification_n that_o have_v in_o front_n a_o re-enter_v angle_n when_o it_o have_v no_o flank_n and_o this_o be_v call_v a_o simple_a tenaille_n but_o if_o it_o have_v flank_n than_o it_o be_v call_v a_o flank_v tenaille_n terre-plain_a be_v that_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n which_o be_v equal_o level_a for_o the_o recoil_v of_o the_o cannon_n tower_n hollow_n be_v a_o round_v make_v of_o the_o remainder_n of_o the_o two_o brisure_n to_o join_v the_o curtain_n to_o the_o orillon_n where_o the_o smallshot_a be_v place_v that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v so_o much_o expose_v to_o the_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n trench_n be_v moat_n which_o the_o besieger_n make_v to_o approach_v the_o more_o secure_o to_o the_o place_n attack_v the_o depth_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v from_o 6_o to_o 7_o foot_n the_o breadth_n from_o 8_o to_o 10._o they_o be_v so_o to_o be_v carry_v on_o as_o not_o to_o be_v in_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n traverse_v be_v a_o little_a moat_n border_v with_o a_o parapet_n to_o the_o right_n and_o left_a which_o the_o besieger_n make_v quite_o athwart_o the_o moat_n of_o the_o place_n to_o pass_v secure_a from_o flank-shot_a and_o bring_v his_o miner_n to_o the_o bastion_n this_o travers_n be_v cover_v with_o hurdle_n load_v with_o earth_n for_o security_n from_o the_o firework_n the_o only_a difference_n between_o this_o work_n and_o the_o coffer_n be_v this_o that_o the_o one_o be_v make_v by_o the_o besieger_n and_o the_o other_o by_o the_o besiege_a v._o vedette_n a_o sentinel_n on_o horseback_n a_o new_a treatise_n of_o fortificationâ—_n book_n ii_o chap_n i._o of_o the_o maxim_n of_o fortification_n since_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o build_v a_o fortress_n without_o have_v consider_v beforehand_o what_o reason_n there_o be_v to_o induce_v a_o engineer_n to_o do_v it_o after_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o there_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n to_o be_v object_v against_o it_o there_o be_v some_o certain_a maxim_n establish_v according_a to_o which_o when_o a_o fortification_n be_v raise_v there_o can_v be_v but_o little_a say_v against_o its_o advantage_n to_o those_o that_o be_v within_o as_o you_o may_v easy_o examine_v it_o yourself_o by_o the_o follow_a observation_n i._o all_o the_o part_n which_o be_v to_o enclose_v a_o space_n of_o ground_n aught_o to_o be_v flank_v that_o be_v to_o say_v view_v on_o every_o side_n that_o so_o there_o may_v be_v no_o shelter_n about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o enemy_n may_v lodge_v himself_o but_o what_o may_v be_v discover_v by_o those_o within_o not_o only_o from_o the_o front_n but_o from_o the_o side_n and_o even_o from_o behind_o if_o it_o be_v possible_a ii_o whatsoever_o enclose_v a_o durable_a fortification_n must_v be_v either_o flank_n face_n or_o curtain_n and_o build_v after_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o the_o first_o discharge_v of_o the_o cannon_n may_v not_o be_v able_a to_o pierce_v its_o thickness_n iii_o regular_a fortification_n be_v much_o to_o be_v prefer_v beâ—ore_o that_o which_o be_v irregular_a iv._o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o fortify_v a_o triangle_n after_o the_o regular_a way_n because_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o gorge_n be_v always_o less_o by_o 90_o degree_n v._o the_o straight_a the_o angle_n of_o the_o centre_n be_v
the_o place_n of_o a_o equal_a bigness_n to_o the_o line_n de_fw-fr that_o be_v to_o say_v of_o five_o fathom_n as_o ki_n to_o the_o end_n that_o you_o may_v have_v the_o brisure_n where_o you_o may_v place_v the_o piece_n of_o cannon_n that_o point_v towards_o the_o half_a moon_n &_o can_v be_v batter_v from_o the_o field_n because_o it_o be_v as_o it_o be_v cover_v by_o the_o ravelin_n last_o to_o make_v the_o round_v of_o the_o flank_n retire_v take_v the_o distance_n ke_n between_o the_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o make_v section_n towards_o the_o moat_n in_o l_o from_o whence_o afterward_o draw_v the_o arch_n from_o k_o to_o f._n it_o can_v be_v say_v but_o that_o these_o orillon_n be_v very_o good_a for_o these_o rounding_n give_v less_o advantage_n to_o the_o enemy_n cannon_n and_o enlarge_v the_o room_n as_o well_o for_o place_v the_o cannon_n as_o for_o the_o musketeer_n if_o you_o object_n that_o the_o distance_n from_o that_o part_n where_o the_o enemy_n may_v pass_v the_o moat_n be_v too_o great_a i_o answer_v that_o the_o principal_a defence_n of_o the_o small_a shot_n to_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o moat_n consist_v in_o the_o tenâ—ille_n where_o you_o may_v set_v a_o body_n of_o musketeer_n to_o fire_v continual_o upon_o this_o method_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr clermont_n observe_v that_o the_o orillon_n of_o the_o square_n will_v be_v too_o little_a if_o you_o allow_v it_o no_o more_o than_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o flank_n as_o to_o the_o polygon_n and_o therefore_o he_o require_v two_o five_o part_n of_o the_o same_o flank_n for_o the_o orillon_n see_v the_o plate_n p._n fig._n xxii_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n chap._n v._o of_o the_o curtain_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o curtain_n ought_v to_o cover_v the_o great_a part_n of_o a_o work_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o it_o shall_v be_v of_o a_o reasonable_a length_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o it_o shall_v never_o be_v short_a than_o sixty_o fathom_n and_o never_o long_o than_o a_o hundred_o mâ—rshâ—user_n allow_v it_o 72_o fathom_n and_o freittag_n as_o much_o goldman_n will_v have_v the_o length_n to_o be_v of_o 96_o fathom_n usum_n de_fw-fr ville_fw-fr 100_o tieu_n make_v it_o 74_o fathom_n in_o length_n himsel_n 84._o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr clermont_n allow_v it_o three_o five_o part_n of_o a_o polygon_n the_o count_n de_fw-fr pagan_a 60_o fathom_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr vauban_n form_n it_o according_a to_o the_o plurality_n of_o the_o bastion_n as_o you_o may_v see_v lib._n 3_o c._n 17._o as_o to_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o curtain_n there_o be_v some_o engineer_n who_o will_v have_v they_o â—o_o be_v as_o be_v mark_v at_o the_o letter_n a_o of_o which_o the_o construction_n be_v such_o see_v the_o plate_n p._n fig._n xxii_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n 1._o divide_v the_o line_n ab_fw-la into_o â—_o equal_a part_n as_o ad_fw-la dm_o nc_n and_o cb_n and_o take_v â—_o for_o the_o demi-gorge_n as_o bc_n ad._n 2._o divide_v the_o same_o line_n ab_fw-la into_o three_o equal_a part_n and_o take_v one_o for_o the_o capital_a as_o be_v aâ—_n 3._o where_o these_o three_o part_n be_v mark_v as_o at_o r_o and_o g_o bring_v down_o from_o the_o point_n r_o g_o two_o perpendicular_o of_o which_o seâ—_n each_o have_v the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o capital_a line_n for_o its_o length_n as_o rh_n and_o give_v and_o then_o join_v h_n and_o i_o together_o by_o a_o right_a line_n 4._o make_v upon_o the_o point_n d_o and_o c_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o curtain_n of_o 100_o degree_n and_o allow_v to_o the_o â—lank_a the_o length_n of_o the_o demi-gorge_n â—â—_o dp_v and_o cq_n this_o be_v do_v join_v eq_n and_o dp_n together_o to_o have_v the_o face_n the_o defect_n of_o the_o curtain_n be_v 1._o that_o it_o be_v too_o short_a 2._o that_o the_o â—ortification_n take_v up_o too_o much_o room_n 3._o that_o it_o render_v the_o bastion_n too_o acute_a other_o there_o be_v that_o form_n a_o angle_n without_o side_n as_o that_o which_o be_v mark_v with_o the_o letter_n b._n the_o construction_n of_o which_o be_v after_o this_o manner_n 1._o divide_v the_o line_n ab_fw-la into_o five_o equal_a part_n as_o ac_fw-la cd_o de_fw-fr of_o and_o fb_n 2._o divide_v the_o first_o line_n ab_fw-la into_o three_o equal_a part_n and_o allow_v one_o for_o the_o capital_a as_o a_z and_o bk_n then_o join_v he_o and_o bk_n together_o to_o gain_v the_o face_n 3._o divide_v the_o curtain_n cf_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n and_o upâ—n_o the_o middle_n mark_v with_o the_o letter_n l_o erect_v a_o perpendicular_a which_o have_v the_o half_a of_o the_o face_n gk_n as_o lm_o 4._o draw_v from_o cf_n two_o straight_a line_n to_o the_o point_n m_o and_o your_o curtain_n will_v be_v make_v see_v the_o plate_n p._n fig._n xxiv_o â—â—hers_n make_v the_o curtain_n of_o a_o circular_a figure_n withinside_o like_o that_o which_o be_v mark_v c_o the_o construction_n of_o which_o be_v as_o follow_v see_v the_o same_o plate_n fig._n xxv_o have_v observe_v what_o have_v be_v say_v touch_v the_o three_o first_o point_n of_o the_o precede_a curtain_n take_v the_o extremity_n of_o the_o curtain_n bc_n and_o make_v two_o arch_n to_o cross_v or_o cuâ—_n one_o another_o underneath_o and_o from_o this_o point_n of_o the_o intersection_n draw_v a_o arch_n from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o curtain_n to_o the_o other_o last_o there_o be_v other_o that_o form_n the_o curtain_n of_o a_o circular_a figure_n without_o side_n like_o that_o which_o be_v mark_v d._n the_o construction_n of_o which_o be_v like_a to_o that_o which_o we_o have_v already_o describe_v only_o that_o here_o you_o make_v the_o intersection_n above_o the_o curtain_n in_o e_o from_o which_o point_n you_o afterward_o draw_v the_o arch_n from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o curtain_n to_o the_o other_o the_o breast_n curtain_n be_v those_o which_o be_v draw_v straight_o outright_o from_o one_o flank_n to_o another_o see_v the_o same_o â—lank_a pâ—_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o book_n fig._n xxvi_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o parapet_n in_o regard_n that_o this_o work_n be_v raise_v to_o cover_v the_o cannon_n and_o the_o soldier_n which_o defend_v the_o place_n it_o must_v be_v allow_v a_o reasonable_a height_n and_o breadth_n cellarius_n allow_v it_o six_o foot_n in_o height_n with_o a_o foot_n of_o slope_v within_o sideâ—_n to_o the_o end_n the_o soldier_n may_v be_v able_a to_o stand_v the_o better_a when_o the_o parapet_n be_v rear_v after_o that_o manner_n the_o height_n without_o side_n from_o the_o cordâ—n_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v above_o four_o foot_n because_o the_o â—loping_n which_o be_v make_v by_o those_o different_a height_n inward_a and_o outward_a give_v the_o soldier_n a_o easy_a view_n of_o the_o covert-way_n and_o the_o moat_n that_o be_v before_o he_o as_o for_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o parapet_n mounseur_fw-fr clermont_n allow_v it_o for_o the_o basis_n the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o basis_n of_o the_o rampart_n the_o count_n de_fw-fr pagan_n make_v it_o three_o fathom_n broad_a of_o which_o opinion_n be_v several_a other_o as_o goldman_n frâ—ittag_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr vauban_n himself_o so_o that_o we_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o parapet_n be_v good_a when_o it_o be_v not_o less_o than_o 18_o foot_n nor_o broad_a than_o 24._o for_o be_v weak_a the_o parapet_n can_v long_o resist_v the_o force_n of_o the_o great_a shot_n which_o will_v soon_o level_v it_o with_o the_o earthâ—_n and_o be_v thick_a it_o will_v hinder_v the_o soldier_n from_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o moat_n and_o the_o covert_a way_n if_o you_o will_v line_v the_o parapet_n it_o must_v be_v allow_v a_o little_a â—loaping_v that_o the_o soldier_n may_v have_v the_o better_a foot_n the_o best_a line_n of_o parapet_n be_v with_o turf_n as_o for_o the_o earth_n or_o mould_n which_o you_o be_v to_o make_v use_n of_o in_o erect_v a_o parapet_n it_o be_v very_o requisite_a to_o mix_v it_o with_o withy_n twig_n or_o bramble_n and_o to_o sow_v it_o with_o any_o weed_n that_o take_v a_o deep_a root_n to_o bind_v the_o earth_n together_o so_o that_o the_o cannon_n may_v not_o easy_o crumble_v it_o down_o hay_o of_o burgundy_n be_v also_o very_o good_a for_o this_o purpose_n in_o regard_n that_o there_o be_v no_o plant_n that_o put_v forth_o more_o or_o deep_a root_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o banquet_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o parapet_n upon_o the_o platform_n be_v usual_o make_v two_o little_a step_n or_o small_a bank_n of_o which_o the_o first_o be_v about_o two_o foot_n broad_a goldman_n make_v it_o four_o foot_n frâ—ittag_n 3._o the_o count_n of_o pagan_a 2._o mounseur_fw-fr clermont_n the_o same_o and_o one_o foot_n and_o
one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a highâ—_n wherein_o they_o all_o agree_v there_o be_v two_o make_v for_o that_o the_o soldier_n be_v not_o all_o of_o a_o equal_a height_n so_o that_o the_o low_a man_n be_v place_v upon_o the_o upper_a step_n or_o bank_n next_o the_o parapet_n and_o the_o tall_a upon_o the_o lowermost_a so_o that_o every_o one_o may_v have_v a_o view_n from_o the_o parapet_n and_o discharge_v at_o his_o â—ase_n chap._n viii_o of_o the_o rampart_n this_o work_n be_v the_o principal_a piece_n of_o a_o fortification_n and_o therefore_o the_o rampart_n ought_v to_o be_v high_a and_o broad_a than_o any_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o part_n fournier_n allow_v for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o rampart_n from_o 15_o to_o 25_o pace_n and_o for_o the_o height_n from_o the_o level_n of_o the_o field_n from_o 15_o to_o 25_o foot_n freittag_n take_v for_o the_o base_a of_o a_o square_a 9_o fathom_n of_o a_o pentagon_n 10._o of_o a_o hexagon_n 11._o of_o a_o heptagon_n 12._o of_o a_o octagon_n 13._o of_o a_o enneagon_n 14._o and_o observe_v this_o breadth_n in_o all_o other_o polygon_n the_o height_n of_o the_o rampart_n he_o think_v sufficient_a if_o it_o be_v but_o 3_o fathom_n and_o he_o raise_v the_o say_a rampart_n above_o the_o level_n of_o the_o field_n three_o fathom_n mounseur_fw-fr clermont_n will_v have_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o face_n allow_v for_o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n or_o in_o the_o field_n from_o 8_o to_o 12_o fathom_n believe_v that_o a_o large_a breadth_n will_v not_o only_o be_v useless_a but_o also_o prejudicial_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a space_n of_o ground_n it_o will_v take_v up_o and_o the_o vast_a quantity_n of_o earth_n it_o will_v require_v mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr vauban_n never_o make_v the_o basis_n large_a than_o 11_o fathom_n allege_v the_o same_o reason_n that_o mounseur_fw-fr clermont_n bring_v the_o height_n of_o his_o rampart_n never_o exceed_v four_o fathom_n whether_o to_o cover_v the_o house_n of_o the_o place_n or_o to_o command_v the_o enemy_n approach_n for_o be_v low_o the_o garrison_n within_o can_v never_o command_v the_o enemy_n work_n if_o they_o 〈◊〉_d i_o that_o in_o some_o place_n a_o high_a rampart_n be_v requisite_a i_o answer_v that_o a_o good_a cavalier_n supply_v that_o defect_n without_o raise_v the_o whole_a rampart_n any_o high_a the_o upper_a breadth_n of_o the_o rampart_n ought_v to_o be_v from_o 4_o to_z 6_o fathom_n for_o be_v too_o narrow_a it_o will_v require_v that_o the_o parapet_n shall_v be_v make_v too_o broad_a to_o consume_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o earth_n appoint_v for_o the_o rampart_n beside_o that_o it_o will_v be_v prejudicial_a because_o too_o broad_a a_o parapet_n hinder_v the_o soldier_n from_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o moat_n and_o be_v too_o large_a the_o remainder_n of_o the_o earth_n will_v not_o suffice_v to_o make_v a_o good_a parapet_n which_o be_v also_o very_o dangerous_a as_o for_o the_o sloap_a of_o the_o rampart_n it_o have_v be_v say_v above_o that_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v allow_v â—o_o the_o taluâ—_n or_o slope_v of_o the_o rampart_n as_o the_o earth_n tumble_v down_o from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n take_v up_o of_o itself_o for_o every_o body_n know_v thâ—t_n according_a to_o the_o badness_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o sloap_a aught_o to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o the_o better_a to_o sustain_v the_o rampart_n the_o best_a earth_n be_v that_o which_o be_v call_v grey_a clay_n next_o to_o that_o the_o slimy_a earth_n because_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o clamminess_n thâ—y_a bettâ—r_n resist_v the_o inconvenience_n of_o heat_n and_o rain_n beside_o they_o bind_v exact_o well_o together_o support_v themselves_o with_o little_a sloapiâ—g_n and_o feed_v the_o root_n of_o weed_n and_o grass_n better_o to_o every_o foot_n of_o earth_n where_o the_o rampart_n be_v raise_v two_o branche_n of_o willow_n be_v to_o be_v set_v no_o big_a than_o a_o man_n thumb_n beside_o that_o the_o earth_n be_v to_o be_v so_o hard_o ram_v down_o that_o it_o may_v sink_v four_o or_o five_o inch_n and_o that_o there_o remain_v not_o above_o seven_o or_o eight_o last_o you_o ought_v to_o sow_v with_o hay-seed_n and_o weed_n upon_o the_o outside_n in_o every_o row_n to_o the_o end_n the_o earth_n may_v intermix_v with_o the_o root_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o herb_n that_o cast_v forth_o more_o or_o deep_a root_n than_o the_o spanish_a treâ—oyle_n or_o wing_a clover_n moreover_o you_o ought_v to_o erect_v the_o platform_n so_o that_o the_o plane_n of_o it_o may_v decline_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o city_n to_o carry_v off_o the_o waâ—er_n when_o you_o plant_v tree_n upon_o the_o rampart_n it_o be_v a_o great_a ornament_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o a_o good_a provision_n in_o time_n of_o war._n there_o be_v some_o engineer_n that_o do_v not_o like_o this_o advice_n for_o they_o say_v that_o the_o wind_n make_v such_o a_o noise_n when_o the_o branch_n hit_v one_o against_o another_o that_o the_o man_n can_v hard_o hear_v one_o another_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v a_o grâ—â—â—_n hindrance_n to_o the_o centinal_n whicâ—_n be_v a_o consideration_n not_o altogether_o to_o be_v reject_v last_o we_o can_v pass_v by_o in_o silence_n the_o fancy_n of_o some_o man_n who_o proportion_n the_o thickness_n of_o the_o rampart_n to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o bâ—stions_n of_o the_o fortification_n as_o if_o a_o hexagon_n ought_v not_o to_o have_v as_o good_a â—_o rampart_n as_o a_o decagon_n i_o will_v â—ain_o ask_v they_o whether_o small_a place_n be_v not_o attack_v with_o the_o same_o aâ—ms_n as_o great_a on_a if_o they_o answer_v that_o there_o be_v more_o earth_n take_v out_o of_o the_o moat_n of_o a_o large_a place_n than_o a_o small_a one_o we_o râ—ply_v that_o it_o may_v be_v spend_v upon_o the_o glacis_fw-la â—or_a that_o the_o large_a the_o glacisâ—s_n be_v the_o better_a they_o areâ—_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o embrasure_n and_o merlon_n many_o have_v propose_v several_a sort_n of_o embrasureâ—_n but_o the_o best_a be_v those_o which_o be_v straight_o and_o narrow_a within_o side_n and_o wide_a towards_o the_o field_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o great_a gun_n may_v play_v with_o more_o ease_n towards_o the_o right_n and_o left_a the_o mâ—rlons_n to_o the_o end_n that_o they_o may_v be_v good_a aught_o to_o be_v make_v of_o earth_n the_o most_o easy_a to_o be_v temper_v that_o may_v be_v and_o this_o earth_n ought_v also_o to_o be_v mix_v with_o withy_n twig_n or_o bramble_n provide_v they_o take_v root_n after_o which_o they_o be_v to_o be_v line_v with_o good_a turf_n chap._n x._o of_o the_o moat_n in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n in_o regard_n that_o every_o fortress_n ought_v to_o be_v environ_v with_o a_o moat_n we_o shall_v brief_o examine_v which_o sort_n of_o moat_n be_v first_o to_o be_v prefer_v some_o make_v they_o broad_a other_o narrow_a one_o draw_v the_o moâ—t_a parallel_n to_o the_o face_n another_o draw_v they_o narrow_a towards_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n than_o in_o any_o other_o place_n lasâ—ly_o one_o be_v for_o a_o dry_a ditch_n another_o for_o a_o moat_n that_o be_v full_a of_o water_n one_o prefer_v a_o moat_n very_o deep_a but_o not_o so_o broad_a another_o will_v have_v it_o broad_a but_o not_o so_o deep_a let_v we_o examine_v every_o one_o of_o these_o in_o order_n the_o count_n of_o pagan_a make_v his_o moat_n for_o a_o tetragon_n 16_o fathom_n broad_a and_o for_o polygon_n of_o 20_o his_o depth_n do_v not_o exceed_v 4_o fathom_n monsâ—eur_fw-fr clermont_n take_v from_o 16_o to_o 20_o fathom_n for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o moat_n without_o any_o regard_n to_o the_o plurality_n of_o bastion_n and_o make_v it_o hollow_a from_o 18_o to_o 20_o foot_n fouâ—nieâ—_n will_v have_v it_o broad_a from_o 15_o to_o 25_o pace_n and_o deep_a from_o 15_o to_o 25_o foot_n cellarius_n make_v his_o moat_n 3_o fathom_n deep_a and_o broad_a at_o the_o top_n about_o 19_o and_o at_o the_o bottom_n near_o 13._o mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr vauban_n prefer_v monsieur_n clermont_n way_n before_o all_o the_o rest_n as_o to_o the_o breadth_n and_o depth_n of_o the_o moat_n for_o as_o to_o the_o way_n of_o draw_v out_o the_o moat_n mounseur_fw-fr clermont_n make_v it_o narrow_a towards_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n than_o towards_o the_o other_o part_n more_o especial_o if_o the_o flank_n be_v large_a for_o he_o say_v that_o otherwise_o it_o will_v be_v requisite_a that_o the_o moat_n shall_v be_v as_o large_a as_o the_o length_n of_o the_o flank_n or_o else_o much_o more_o narrow_a and_o in_o the_o first_o case_n there_o will_v be_v a_o necessity_n of_o make_v it_o very_o shallow_a which_o will_v render_v it_o defective_a for_o that_o the_o enemy_n will_v easy_o shoulder_v
himself_o into_o it_o and_o suppose_v it_o be_v of_o a_o reasonable_a depth_n there_o will_v be_v ground_n which_o no_o body_n will_v know_v what_o to_o do_v with_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o extraordinary_a wideness_n and_o in_o the_o second_o case_n there_o will_v be_v one_o side_n of_o the_o flank_n that_o will_v not_o uncover_v the_o moat_n which_o will_v be_v against_o the_o rule_n of_o fortification_n other_o answer_v first_o that_o if_o the_o moat_n be_v as_o large_a as_o the_o flank_n with_o a_o moderate_a depth_n that_o wideness_n will_v hinder_v the_o enemy_n from_o cross_v the_o moat_n without_o great_a loss_n of_o his_o men._n but_o if_o the_o depth_n be_v a_o little_a more_o than_o ordinary_a and_o it_o shall_v be_v ask_v what_o shall_v be_v do_v with_o the_o earth_n take_v out_o of_o the_o moat_n they_o reply_v 'twould_v make_v the_o glacis_fw-la the_o learned_a may_v judge_v as_o they_o please_v but_o for_o my_o part_n i_o hold_v with_o they_o that_o be_v for_o make_v the_o moat_n parallel_n to_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n if_o they_o still_o object_n that_o the_o round_v of_o the_o moat_n be_v as_o large_a as_o in_o other_o place_n all_o the_o whole_a curtain_n and_o face_n of_o the_o opposite_a bastion_n can_v be_v discover_v we_o must_v answer_v that_o if_o they_o will_v uncover_v those_o part_n above_o the_o round_v they_o ought_v to_o make_v no_o moat_n at_o all_o because_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n itself_o be_v not_o proper_a for_o that_o add_v to_o this_o that_o if_o the_o moat_n be_v make_v narrow_a towards_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n the_o enemy_n have_v once_o gain_v the_o point_n the_o earth_n of_o which_o be_v fill_v one_o part_n of_o the_o moat_n he_o will_v easy_o pass_v it_o by_o throwing_z bâ—vins_n over_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o bastion_n which_o will_v show_v he_o as_o i_o may_v so_o say_v the_o way_n to_o enter_v direct_o into_o the_o bastion_n the_o next_o question_n be_v whether_o a_o moat_n full_a of_o water_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o a_o dry_a moat_n which_o a_o distinction_n between_o the_o great_a and_o small_a place_n will_v quick_o decide_v as_o for_o great_a fortress_n it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o dry_a moat_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o those_o full_a of_o water_n some_o will_v object_v that_o a_o moat_n full_a of_o water_n secure_v a_o place_n against_o scaladoe_n and_o surprise_v beside_o that_o be_v very_o hard_a to_o be_v fill_v up_o and_o that_o it_o afford_v great_a trouble_n to_o the_o enemy_n that_o will_v either_o pass_v it_o or_o cover_v himself_o or_o fight_v within_o it_o and_o that_o on_o the_o other_o side_n beside_o that_o a_o dry_a ditch_n be_v extreme_o expose_v to_o surprise_v very_o easy_a to_o be_v fill_v up_o and_o no_o less_o easy_a to_o be_v pass_v it_o be_v very_o proper_a to_o cover_v the_o enemy_n in_o make_v of_o mine_n by_o mean_n of_o which_o he_o may_v blow_v up_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o place_n but_o i_o answer_v to_o this_o that_o as_o well_o a_o moat_n full_a of_o water_n hinder_v the_o sally_n of_o those_o within_o without_o the_o help_n of_o boat_n which_o make_v so_o great_a a_o noise_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a but_o the_o out-sentinel_n near_o the_o place_n besiege_v must_v hear_v it_o and_o the_o same_o that_o be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o the_o sally_n be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o the_o retreat_n beside_o if_o the_o water_n that_o fill_v the_o moat_n be_v not_o a_o run_a stream_n it_o beget_v a_o unwholesome_a air_n cause_v frequent_a distemper_n and_o render_v the_o soldier_n less_o courageous_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o noisome_a stenche_n that_o arise_v out_o of_o it_o and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n beside_o that_o a_o dry_a moat_n be_v more_o commodious_a for_o sally_n and_o safe_a retreat_n there_o be_v no_o fear_n of_o sickness_n proceed_v from_o noisome_a water_n and_o unwholesome_a air._n to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o convenience_n of_o mine_n which_o the_o enemy_n have_v to_o make_v you_o must_v make_v a_o cuvette_n or_o little_a dike_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o moat_n from_o 15_o to_o 20_o foot_n broad_a and_o very_o deep_a for_o the_o deep_a it_o be_v the_o better_a it_o be_v surround_v it_o with_o a_o good_a parapet_n with_o palisado_n round_o about_o and_o so_o you_o will_v be_v secure_a from_o mine_n and_o surprise_v as_o for_o little_a fortress_n a_o moat_n full_a of_o water_n be_v better_a than_o a_o dry_a because_o sally_n retreat_n and_o succour_n be_v not_o so_o necessary_a as_o in_o great_a place_n the_o moat_n be_v also_o to_o be_v round_v before_o the_o point_n of_o the_o bastion_n to_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v be_v of_o the_o same_o wideness_n quite_o through_o and_o that_o it_o may_v not_o advance_v too_o far_o into_o the_o field_n which_o it_o will_v do_v if_o it_o be_v point_v you_o may_v also_o set_v a_o corpse_n du_fw-fr guard_n upon_o this_o round_v the_o better_a to_o defend_v the_o covert_a way_n last_o when_o you_o will_v line_v the_o moat_n they_o never_o allow_v it_o any_o great_a talus_fw-la or_o sloap_a only_o they_o allow_v it_o such_o as_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o moat_n give_v it_o of_o itself_o chap._n xi_o of_o the_o moat_n belong_v to_o the_o outer_a work_n and_o the_o avaâ—t-moat_n the_o moat_n belong_v to_o outer-works_a aught_o to_o be_v neither_o so_o great_a nor_o so_o deep_a as_o that_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n for_o a_o wideness_n of_o 12_o fathom_n suffice_v for_o these_o moat_n be_v hollow_a from_o 12_o to_o 15_o â—eet_n in_o short_a there_o be_v some_o engineer_n who_o make_v a_o little_a moat_n about_o the_o glacis_fw-la though_o other_o practice_n quite_o contrary_a the_o first_o pretend_v that_o the_o earth_n take_v out_o of_o the_o moat_n serve_v to_o fortify_v the_o glacis_fw-la and_o secure_v the_o covert-way_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o avant-moat_n serve_v only_o to_o hinder_v the_o sally_n and_o retreat_n of_o the_o garrison_n and_o this_o reason_n prevail_v for_o if_o you_o have_v need_n of_o earth_n the_o better_a to_o secure_v your_o cover_a way_n you_o may_v make_v the_o moat_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n deep_a and_o employ_v the_o earth_n which_o you_o take_v from_o thence_o for_o that_o purpose_n if_o you_o think_v that_o this_o moat_n prevent_v surprise_v and_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n i_o answer_v that_o a_o good_a wide_a glacis_fw-la will_n do_v the_o same_o without_o be_v at_o so_o much_o charge_n for_o a_o avant-moat_n nevertheless_o sometime_o they_o be_v constrain_v to_o environ_v the_o glacis_fw-la with_o such_o a_o moat_n they_o make_v it_o five_o fathom_n wide_a and_o two_o deep_a such_o a_o moat_n as_o this_o you_o may_v see_v about_o the_o citadel_n of_o strasburâ—â—_n chap._n xii_o of_o the_o cover_a way_n and_o of_o the_o â—lacis_fw-la a_o good_a covert_a way_n will_v require_v at_o least_o five_o fathom_n in_o breadth_n especial_o if_o the_o ground_n will_v permit_v it_o for_o one_o broaden_v be_v useless_a and_o prejudicial_a unless_o its_o parapet_n be_v high_a than_o ordinary_a otherwise_o it_o be_v easy_o pierce_v by_o the_o enemy_n battery_n and_o one_o less_o wide_a be_v defective_a in_o thisâ—_n that_o there_o be_v not_o room_n for_o the_o great_a gun_n and_o man_n but_o one_o will_v hinder_v the_o other_o beside_o that_o when_o it_o be_v too_o narrow_n it_o be_v not_o flank_v on_o so_o many_o part_n aâ—_n it_o ought_v and_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o this_o part_n must_v be_v then_o too_o much_o in_o view_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o chief_a effort_n in_o a_o siege_n it_o be_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o the_o covert-way_n this_o covert-way_n have_v no_o other_o security_n than_o the_o glacis_fw-la which_o serve_v it_o for_o a_o parapet_n round_o about_o the_o wideness_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o from_o 36_o to_o 40_o fathom_n lose_v itself_o insensible_o in_o its_o inclination_n towards_o the_o field_n but_o the_o better_a to_o secure_v the_o covert_a way_n we_o must_v say_v that_o the_o large_a glacise_n be_v â—he_v best_a for_o that_o by_o this_o mean_n the_o enemy_n lie_v more_o open_a and_o the_o less_o it_o have_v of_o sloaping_n the_o better_a they_o be_v because_o the_o small_a shot_n be_v the_o more_o secure_a in_o the_o covert_a way_n and_o do_v more_o execution_n in_o short_a there_o be_v nothing_o to_o be_v suffer_v about_o the_o glacis_fw-la that_o may_v favour_v the_o enemy_n in_o his_o approach_n so_o that_o if_o the_o glacis_fw-la be_v high_o than_o five_o foot_n above_o the_o covert_a way_n you_o must_v put_v one_o or_o two_o banquet_n below_o as_o need_n shall_v require_v for_o
as_o gh_v ik_fw-mi mn_n 3._o join_v these_o point_n with_o the_o six_o first_o as_o in_o the_o precede_a work_n 4._o draw_v the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n of_o three_o fathom_n that_o of_o the_o parapet_n nine_o foot_n the_o berme_n three_o foot_n and_o the_o moat_n of_o five_o fathom_n see_v the_o plate_n r_o fig._n xxxii_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o triangle_n of_o half_a bastion_n make_v a_o equilateral_a triangle_n of_o which_o each_o side_n contain_v 24_o fathom_n as_o abc_n 2._o prolong_v the_o side_n ab_fw-la and_o place_n upon_o the_o prolongation_n 8_o fathom_n as_o be._n then_o also_o prolong_v the_o other_o side_n bc_n and_o place_n upon_o the_o prolongation_n 8_o fathom_n cf._n last_o place_v upon_o that_o of_o the_o line_n ca_n the_o same_o distance_n as_o ag._n 3._o for_o the_o demi-gorge_n take_v the_o same_o distance_n as_o bh_n ci_o and_o all_o and_o then_o raise_v perpendicular_o upon_o the_o point_v h_n i_o l._n and_o for_o the_o flank_n a_o length_n of_o four_o fathom_n he_o in_o and_o lo_o this_o do_v join_v the_o point_v i_o og_n and_o ni_fw-fr together_o to_o gain_v the_o face_n and_o thus_o you_o have_v the_o design_n of_o your_o triangle_n 4._o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n take_v up_o three_o fathom_n and_o a_o half_a the_o base_a of_o the_o parapet_n 1_o fathom_v 4_o foot_n the_o berme_n 3_o foot_n the_o moat_n 5_o fathom_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v parallel_n to_o the_o flank_n and_o round_o before_o the_o point_n of_o the_o half_a bastion_n see_v the_o late_a r_o fig._n xxxiii_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o square_n of_o the_o half_a bastion_n 1._o make_v a_o square_a each_o side_n contain_v 24_o fathom_n as_o a_o b_o c_o d_o 2._o prolong_v the_o line_n basilius_n and_o upon_o the_o prolongation_n place_n 8_o fathom_n as_o ae_n then_o make_v that_o of_o the_o line_n ad_fw-la of_o the_o same_o distance_n as_o df._n this_o do_v prolong_v also_o the_o line_n dc_o of_o 8_o fathom_n as_o cg_n then_o make_v the_o latter_a cb_n of_o the_o same_o length_n as_o bh_n 3._o for_o the_o demi-gorges_n take_v also_o 8_o fathom_n b_o m_o a_o i_o d_o k_o and_o c_o l._n 4._o raise_v upon_o the_o point_n i_o k_o l_o m_o the_o flank_n perpendicular_o the_o length_n of_o which_o be_v 4_o fathom_n as_o i_o o_o k_o p_o l_o q_o and_o m_o n._n 5._o draw_v the_o face_n join_v together_o nhqgpf_n and_o oe._n 6._o have_v the_o draught_n of_o the_o square_n let_v the_o rest_n be_v as_o in_o the_o precede_a triangle_n see_v the_o plate_n s._n figure_n 34._o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o square_n of_o entire_a bastion_n 1._o make_v a_o square_a each_o side_n contain_v 31_o fathom_n as_o a_o b_o c_o d._n 2._o from_o the_o middle_n of_o each_o side_n let_v fall_v a_o perpendicular_a of_o 4_o fathom_n as_o e_o f_o g_o h_o 3_o draw_v the_o face_n after_o vauâ—an's_n manner_n and_o add_v thereto_o 10_o fathom_n 4._o take_v the_o extremity_n of_o the_o two_o face_n and_o from_o one_o of_o they_o let_v the_o compass_n fall_v upon_o the_o compliment_n of_o the_o other_o and_o in_o that_o part_n where_o it_o touch_v the_o compliment_n join_v the_o same_o point_n to_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o face_n which_o be_v the_o near_a to_o it_o for_o the_o flank_n that_o do_v draw_v the_o curtain_n 5._o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n contain_v 5_o fathom_n that_o of_o the_o parapet_n 2_o fathom_n 3_o foot_n the_o berme_n 3_o foot_n and_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o moat_n 6_o fathom_n see_v the_o plate_n s._n figure_n 35._o chap._n ix_o of_o a_o pentagon_n with_o entire_a bastion_n 1._o draw_v a_o circle_n of_o 17_o fathom_n and_o divide_v it_o into_o five_o equal_a part_n with_o one_o distance_n of_o 31_o fathom_n â—_o foot_n as_o a_o b_o c_o d_o e_o and_o join_v the_o point_n together_o by_o right_a line_n 2._o from_o the_o middle_n of_o each_o side_n let_v fall_v a_o perpendicular_a of_o five_o fathom_n and_o draw_v the_o face_n as_o usual_o after_o vauban_n manner_n the_o length_n of_o which_o must_v be_v 10_o fathom_n 3._o the_o flank_n be_v make_v by_o set_v the_o two_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n upon_o the_o â—_o extremity_n of_o the_o face_n of_o which_o the_o one_o fall_v upon_o the_o compliment_n of_o the_o line_n of_o defence_n as_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o precede_a chapter_n this_o do_v join_v the_o two_o flank_n together_o for_o the_o curtain_n 4._o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n take_v up_o â—_o fathom_n the_o base_a of_o the_o parapet_n 2_o fathom_n 3_o foot_n 5._o the_o berme_n 3_o foot_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o moat_n 6_o fathom_n see_v the_o plate_n s._n figure_n 36._o chap._n x._o of_o the_o half-hexagon_a with_o entire_a bastion_n 1._o draw_v a_o circle_n of_o 28_o fathom_n 4_o foot_n and_o divide_v it_o with_o the_o same_o distance_n into_o 6_o equal_a part_n of_o which_o you_o shall_v take_v three_o for_o your_o temporary_a work_n 2._o divide_v into_o two_o equal_a part_n each_o of_o the_o three_o side_n and_o from_o the_o middle_n let_v fall_v a_o perpendicular_a of_o 5_o fathom_n 3._o draw_v the_o face_n as_o usual_o of_o which_o let_v the_o length_n be_v â—_o fathom_n the_o flank_n and_o curtain_n be_v make_v as_o in_o the_o precede_a work_n 5._o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n contain_v 6_o fathom_n the_o base_a of_o the_o parapet_n 2_o fathom_n 4_o foot_n the_o berme_n 3_o foot_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o moat_n 6_o fathom_n see_v the_o plate_n s._n figure_n 37._o a_o remark_n in_o regard_v this_o fortification_n be_v only_o for_o present_a use_n and_o because_o for_o that_o reason_n it_o be_v sometime_o strong_a than_o the_o other_o the_o draught_n and_o proportion_n of_o it_o can_v not_o be_v ascertain_v as_o in_o a_o continual_a regular_a fortification_n only_o we_o may_v say_v that_o most_o frequent_o the_o rampart_n of_o these_o sort_n of_o fort_n be_v raise_v like_o those_o of_o redoubt_n see_v the_o first_o chapter_n lib._n v._n chap._n xi_o of_o the_o maxim_n of_o irregular_a fortification_n irregular_a fortification_n be_v that_o of_o which_o all_o the_o side_n and_o angle_n be_v not_o equal_a one_o to_o another_o the_o original_a of_o this_o fortification_n proceed_v from_o ancient_a town_n and_o citiesâ—_n which_o be_v build_v after_o no_o regular_a figure_n and_o yet_o require_v to_o be_v encompass_v with_o wall_n and_o bastion_n to_o defend_v themselves_o against_o the_o assault_n of_o their_o enemy_n but_o because_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o fortify_v those_o irregular_a place_n and_o make_v they_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o duration_n equal_a to_o regular_a place_v there_o be_v certain_a maxim_n according_a to_o which_o they_o may_v be_v environ_v with_o a_o passable_a fortification_n for_o example_n 1._o every_o irregular_a fortification_n ought_v to_o be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o maxim_n of_o the_o regular_a as_o near_o as_o may_v be_v 2._o the_o most_o irregular_a fort_n be_v the_o best_a provide_v they_o be_v not_o too_o â—asie_a of_o access_n 3._o entire_a bâ—stions_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v before_o half_a bastion_n 4._o no_o face_n ought_v to_o exceed_v 60_o fathom_n 5._o no_o flank_n ought_v to_o be_v less_o than_o 16_o fathom_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a therefore_o when_o you_o be_v to_o make_v a_o irregular_a fortification_n you_o must_v consider_v 1._o the_o quality_n of_o the_o situation_n 2._o the_o time_n allow_v to_o make_v the_o work_n 3._o the_o number_n of_o man_n which_o be_v to_o be_v put_v in_o to_o defend_v it_o 4._o the_o number_n of_o workman_n 5._o the_o victual_n after_o all_o you_o must_v draw_v the_o plane_n and_o fortify_v it_o after_o the_o follow_a manner_n chap._n xii_o the_o manner_n of_o fortify_v a_o irregular_a place_n where_o there_o be_v nothing_o but_o the_o field_n 1._o have_v the_o plane_n of_o the_o irregular_a place_n divide_v each_o ext_a or_o side_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n and_o from_o the_o middle_a let_v fall_v a_o perpendicularâ—_n 2._o upon_o each_o exterior_a side_n draw_v a_o isosceles_a triangle_n of_o 480_o fathom_n the_o plan_n of_o a_o horn_n work_v before_o the_o bastion_n of_o a_o square_n the_o draught_n of_o a_o horn-work_n with_o shoulder_n a_o horn-work_n with_o a_o crown_n before_o it_o a_o draught_n of_o a_o square_a with_o a_o crown_n work_n before_o the_o courtin_n fig_n 11_o a_o pentagone_fw-mi or_o work_n of_o five_o bastion_n fig_n xvi_o a_o draught_n of_o a_o pentagone_fw-mi or_o five_o side_v figure_n with_o tenailles_fw-fr within_o the_o ditch_n fig_n 16._o chap._n xiii_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o placo_fw-la in_o a_o irregular_a fortification_n the_o body_n of_o the_o place_n make_v thus_o 1._o take_v 11_o fathom_n for_o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampart_n and_o put_v