at first received them and made them retreat but the latter joyning the Foot that were come up charged them again and closed Soon after the Enemy gave ground and some of the Sicyonians fell together with a great many brave men of the Pellenians For this Action the Phliasians erected a noble Trophy and according to the custom sang an Hymn In the mean while the Theban General and Euphron beheld this Skirmish from several places as if they had intended to have seen a sight Afterwards the Enemy returned home to Sicyon and the Townsmen to the City The Phliasians behaved themselves incomparably well in this Action and tho they were reduced to great want yet they discharged a Pellenian who had been their publick Host without ransom Who would not allow men who perform'd such Exploits as these to be both brave and couragious for 't is known to the whole world that they adhered to their Friends with invincible resolution When they were deprived of their Corn they lived partly upon Forage and partly by what they bought at Corinth going to Market through many dangers getting Money with great difficulty hardly procuring any to furnish them and scarcely hiring it upon the security of their labouring Beasts At last being in extreme want they prevailed with Chares to send them a Convoy to Phlius and after he arrived they desired him to conduct the useless people to Pellene which he did and left them there Then they bought provisions and loading as many Beasts as they could get departed by night and tho they knew that the Enemy way-laid them yet thinking it would be more grievous to starve than fight they proceeded on their way with Chares and meeting the Enemy encouraged one another and presently fell to work * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 calling upon him for assistance Having obtain'd the Victory they beat the Enemy out of the Road and at last arrived safe with their Convoy The next day they slept late because they had watched that night At last when Chares rose the Horse and principal Men of the City came to him and said Chares You may do an excellent piece of Service today for the Sicyonians are fortifying a place in the Frontiers having with them a great many Masons but not many Soldiers Wherefore our Horse with the body of chosen Men will go before and if you will follow with your Mercenaries it may be you will find the work done to your hand or if you do but appear perhaps the Enemy will run as they did at Pellene But if any thing seem difficult do you consult the Gods by Sacrifice for we are of opinion that they had rather you should undertake this Enterprise than we Assure your self Chares that if you effect it you will not only defeat the Enemy but preserve a City that is in amity with you Besides you shall be the most honourable person in your Country and most Renown'd of all whether Allies or Enemies Chares embracing their proposal sacrificed and immediately the Phliasian Horse put on their Breast-plates and bridled their Horses the heavy-arm'd Men providing all things necessary for the Foot. When they had arm'd themselves and were gone to the place where he sacrificed he and the Priest met them and told them that the Sacrifice was auspicious Only stay a while said they till we march out with you Orders were immediately given and the Mercenaries went with full speed as it were by a divine impulse and when Chares began to march the Phliasian Horse and Foot went on before at the first marching nimbly then * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 jogging on faster at last the Horse and Foot advancing gave a furious charge in the best order they were able and were seconded by Chares with diligence This was a little before Sun-set when they surprised some of the Enemy upon the Wall others washing some getting ready their provisions others kneading their Dough and some making their Beds When they saw the violence of the Attack they were soon terrified and fled abandoning all their provisions to those valiant men who supped on them and carried the Remainder home Then sacrificing for their good Fortune and singing an Hymn they set their Watches and reposed themselves The Corinthians receiving the News about Thyamia by night summoned all their Carriages and loading them with Provisions sent them very courteously to Phlius whither they went every day after till the Wall was finished This is the relation of the Phliasians how they persisted in their fidelity to their Friends and behaved themselves with Bravery in the War and remained firm to their alliance altho reduced to extreme want Much about this time Aeneas the Stymphalian General of the Arcadians thinking the Transactions at Sicyon were not to be endured went up into the Cittadel with his Army and assembled the principal Men of the Sicyonians recalling those who were banished without a publick Decree Euphron fearing this fled to the Port of Sicyon and sent for Pasimelus from Corinth by which means he delivered up the Port to the Lacedemonians and again embraced their Alliance professing he had ever been faithful to them for when it was put to a vote whether they should break with the Lacedemonians or no he with a few more declar'd against it Afterwards designing to call them that betrayed him to an account he constituted a Democracy And now says he I have banished all those that have betraid you and if it had lain in my power I had brought over the City to you but the Port which I was possess'd of I have delivered up Many heard him what he said tho how many believ'd him is not certain But since I have begun with Euphron's Designs I will go through with them The principal Men and People of Sicyon being divided Euphron return'd into his own Country bringing with him some Mercenaries from Athens by whose assistance he possess'd himself of the Town but the Theban Governor had the Cittadel Euphron knowing it was impossible to maintain the City whilst the Theban held the Cittadel raised money and going to Thebes perswaded the Thebans to banish the principal Men and deliver up the Town again But those who had been banished by him knowing his intent and scenting his journey and design went to Thebes to prevent him where fearing he might effect what he came for because they saw him familiar with the Magistrates they ventured the danger and cut his Throat in the Cittadel at the time the Magistrates and Senate were sitting The Magistrates brought the Men that committed the Fact before the Senate and spoke thus We Fellow-Citizens indict these Men who have kill'd Euphron for Murder The Murderers of Euphron indicted We find that sober Men never commit any unjust or villainous Act and when Rogues do they endeavour to hide it But these have so far transcended all Men in boldness and villany that without authority they have murdered a man in the face
Lacedemonians should march out of their Countrey who gladly accepted it and taking their dead retired out of Boeotia After this Action the Lacedemonians went away much dejected but the Thebans insulting fell upon those that stragled in the Villages and pursued them to the Roads Thus ended the Expedition of the Lacedemonians and Pausanias when he came home was tried for his Life being accused for coming later to Lysander at Haliartus than he ought to have done having agreed to meet him by a certain day and for that he had made Truce to fetch off the killed and had not attempted it by fighting as also for that he dismissed the Athenians taken in the Piraeus besides all this he did not make his Appearance and therefore was condemned to lose his Life But he made his Escape to Tegea where he sickned and died of a Distemper And this was the State of Affairs in Greece at that time XENOPHON'S History OF THE Affairs of Greece LIB IV. THE CONTENTS The Marriage Treaty between Cotys King of Paphlagonia and Spithridates's Daughter The Thebans are vanquisht by the Lacedemonians The Athenians beat the Lacedemonians in a Sea-fight at Cnidus The Battel at Chaeronea The Massacre at Corinth Corinth surprized by the Argives and recovered by Praxitas The Walls of Athens rebuilt by Conon Antalcidas is sent to Teribazus the Persian to negotiate a Peace The Lacedemonians defeated by Iphicrates and Anaxibius their General slain AFterwards early in the Autumn Agesilaus entring Phrygia the Government of Pharnabazus burned and destroyed the Countrey taking in some Cities by Force and others by Surrender But Spithridates telling him That if he would go with him into Paphlagonia he would bring him to an interview with the King thereof and make him an Ally Agesilaus was very forward to go having a great desire a long time before to bring over this Nation from the Obedience of the King of Persia After Agesilaus arrived in Paphlagonia Cotys came to him and made an Alliance for though he was sent for by the King of Persia he went not too him but by the perswasion of Spithridates left a thousand Horse and two thousand Targetiers with Agesilaus who returning his thanks to Spithridates for them said Tell me Spithridates won't you bestow your Daughter on Cotys That I would replied he more willingly a great deal than Cotys King of so large a Countrey and so mighty a People would marry a poor Exiles Daughter Thus much only was mentioned at that time about a Match but afterwards Cotys being upon his departure came to take his leave of Agesilaus who ordering Spithridates to withdraw said to Cotys in the presence of the XXX Commissioners Pray tell me Cotys of what kind of Family is Spithridates descended Of one replied he that is no ways inferiour to any in Persia Have you seen said Agesilaus what an handsome Son he has What then says Cotys Yes I have for last Night I supped with him They say replies Agesilaus that he has a Daughter more beautiful than he Before God says Cotys she is a Beauty Then replied Agesilaus Since you are become one of our Friends by my consent you shall marry her for first she is extraordinary handsome the most welcome Quality in a Wife and then descended of a most Illustrious Father and one of so considerable Power that being affronted by Pharnabazus he has revenged himself in the manner you see and chased him out of his Province You may be assured therefore said he that as he is able to revenge himself on an Enemy so he can oblige a Friend and consider with your self that if such a thing should be you will not only contract an Affinity with him but with me also and the rest of the Lacedemonians and we as you well know are the leading People of all Greece What Nuptial Solemnity therefore can be more Pompous than yours What Bride was ever attended by so many Horse Targetiers and Heavy-armed men as shall conduct yours to your Court Then Cotys asking him said Agesilaus Does Spithridates approve of what you say By Heaven replied he Cotys I speak not by his Order for though the pleasure of revenging my self on an Enemy be very sweet yet I am much more pleased when I can find out any thing that can be serviceable to a Friend Then said Cotys why don't you ask his Consent Go you therefore Herippidas and the rest says Agesilaus and inform him of these Proposals and use all the best Arguments you can to perswade him so they went and acquainted him And whilst they staid Agesilaus said Shall we Cotys send for Spithridates hither for I believe he will be sooner prevailed upon by you than by all together Soon after Agesilaus sent for Spithridates and the rest and when they drew near Herippidas said Agesilaus Not to trouble you with the whole Relation of the Matter Spithridates says he will submit wholly to your pleasure Then 't is my pleasure says Agesilaus that you Spithridates bestow your Daughter on Cotys and that you Cotys accept her and I wish you much joy Yet we cannot send you her by Land before the Spring Faith saith Cotys but you may presently have her conveyed if you please by Sea. In Conclusion the Marriage-Treaty being ratified Cotys was dismissed Immediately Agesilaus knowing him to be in hast fitted out a Gally giving Orders to Callias the Lacedemonian to convey the Lady and went himself to Dascyllium the Court of Pharnabazus which had a great many and large Villages about it furnished with all necessaries for life as also Wild Beasts some in Parks and others in Forrests exceeding delightful being encompassed by a River stored with all sorts of Fish and abundance of Fowls for those that loved the Game There he took up his Winter Quarters and partly in that Place and partly by Depredations in the Countrey got Provisions for his Army but as the Soldiers never having been foyled before contemned the Enemy and were not upon their Guard when they foraged Pharnabazus with two Scythed Chariots and four hundred Horse met them stragling in the Plains As soon as the Greeks discovered him advancing towards them about seven hundred of them drew up in a Body Pharnabazus without any more ado placed the Chariots in the Front and following himself with the Horse in the Rear commanded them to drive upon the Enemy The Chariots falling in and breaking their Body the Horse forthwith killed and took Prisoners an hundred men and the rest fled to Agesilaus who was not far off with the Heavy-armed men Three or four days after Spithridates discovered Pharnabazus's Camp at Caue a large Village about an hundred and sixty Furlongs from thence and immediately informed Herippidas of it who ever longing to perform some brave Exploit desired of Agesilaus two thousand Heavy-armed men as many Targetiers Spithridates's Horse the Paphlagonians and what Greek Horse he could prevail with besides When he had obtained a Promise of
was possible supposing that he should dispossess the King of Persia of all the Provinces he left behind him As Agesilaus designed thus with himself Diophantus Archon the Lacedemonians discovering that for certain Money had been sent into Greece and that the most considerable Cities had confederated to make War upon them and apprehending their Republick was in danger and that they were obliged to provide for a New War they accordingly did and sent Epicydidas to Agesilaus who after he arrived related how Affairs stood and that the State had sent Orders for him to come to the assistance of his Countrey Agesilaus hearing this was extraordinarily concerned considering what Honours and Hopes he should thereby be deprived of However he called the Confederates together and communicated to them the State 's Orders declaring that he was necessitated to go to the assistance of his Countrey If things succeed well with us assure your selves said he that I will not forget you but return and do whatever you shall require When they heard this they shed abundance of Tears and resolved with an Universal Consent to accompany Agesilaus and succour Lacedemon and if they met with Success to bring him back again into Asia Whilst they were preparing for the Expedition Agesilaus left Euxenus General with an Army of 400 men to preserve the Towns they were possest of and intended to carry with him a considerable Body of the stoutest men finding that several of the Soldiers were more inclined to stay there than to go and fight against the Greeks He proposed Prizes to those Cities that furnished the best Soldiers and to those Captains of the Mercenaries who came into the Service with a Company of the best appointed either of Heavy-armed men Archers or Targetiers To the Captains of Horse he declared that whosoever brought a Troop the best horsed and armed should have also a Reward telling them he would determine this matter in the Chersonese after he was passed out of Asia into Europe and that they should be sure to chuse select men for this Expedition The Prizes were generally Arms for the Heavy-armed men and Horse neatly made and some Crowns of Gold so that all of them amounted to no less than the value of four Talents 750 l. and though he had been at such Expences yet he provided Arms for his Soldiers Afterwards when he had passed the Hellespont there were chosen Umpires of the Lacedemonians Menascus Herippidas and Orsippus of the Confederates one out of every City As soon as this Arbitration was over Agesilaus marched with his Army the same Way that Xerxes did when he invaded Greece About this time the Ephori raised Forces and the States because Agesipolis was a Minor gave the Command of the Army to Aristodemus the Protector and one of the Royal Family After the Lacedemonians had taken the Field the Enemy assembled together and consulted how they might manage the War to the best advantage Timolaus his Speech Then said Timolaus the Corinthian Gentlemen Methinks the Affairs of the Lacedemonians are like Rivers which being not large near their Springs may be easily forded over but while they continue their course farther the accession of other Waters makes their Stream more rapid Just so are the Lacedemonians for at the Place they set forth they are only themselves but in their Progress they having joyned other Cities become more numerous and are hardly to be grapled with I find too says he that those who would destroy Wasps if they hunt them after they get out of their holes are stung by Swarms of them but if they set fire to them in their Nests then they destroy them and suffer no harm at all themselves Therefore upon these considerations I think it best to give them battel at Lacedemon or if that cannot be yet as near to the Place as is possible This Proposal seeming reasonable they made a Decree accordingly and whilst they debated about the Command in Chief they agreed how many they should draw up in Front lest they should make their Battalions too deep and thereby let the Enemy encompass them The Lacedemonians together with the Tegeans and Mantineans marched out by the Sea side and arrived about the same time at Sicyon that the Corinthians and their Confederates did at Nemea Hereupon the latter made an Impression upon the Lacedemonians near Epiecaea and at first the Enemies Light-armed men darting and throwing from an Eminence did great Execution upon them but the Lacedemonians marching down by the Sea side and taking the way through the Plain destroyed and burnt the Countrey The Enemy went out and encamped by a Brook that ran before their Camp the Lacedemonians advancing within less than ten furlongs off them encamped also and lay still I will now give an Account how strong both Armies were there were drawn together about six thousand of the Lacedemonian Heavy-armed men of the Eleans Triphylians Acrorians and Lasioneans near 3000 of Sicyonians 1500 of Epidaurians Traezenians Hermioneans and Halieans no less than 3000 besides these there were six hundred Lacedemonian Horse supported by three hundred Cretan Archers Of the Marganean Ledrinian Amphidolian Slingers no less than four hundred The Phliasians were not in the Army but pretended there was a Truce These were the Forces of the Lacedemonians The Enemies Army consisted in six thousand Athenian Heavy-armed men and as the report went seven thousand Argives The Boeotians the Orchomenians being not there were but about 5000. the Corinthians three thousand and out of all Euboea three thousand more These were their Heavy-armed men The Boeotian Horse the Orchomenians being not there were about eight hundred the Athenian near six hundred of the Chalcideans that came out of Euboea an hundred of the Locri Opuntij fifty The Light-armed men together with the Corinthians exceeded this number being joyned by the Locri Ozolae the Melieans and Acarnanians These were the Forces on both sides The Boeotians whilst they had the left Wing were not urgent for a Battel but when the Athenians were drawn up against the Lacedemonians and they opposed to the Achaeans in the right they immediately cried out the Sacrifice was auspicious and ordered to make ready for a Battle Here at first they took no care to draw up sixteen in Front but made their Battalion altogether deep nor did they move to the right that they might thereby outwing the Enemy The Athenians followed that they might not be disordered although they understood that they were in danger of being surrounded Hitherto the Lacedemonians did not discover that the Enemy advanced because the Place thereabouts was woody but after they had begun to sing the Paean they then perceived them instantly and commanded all to prepare for fighting and being drawn up in the order the Officers of the Mercenaries had marshalled each Battalion they were commanded to follow their Leader The Lacedemonians advanced towards the right of the Enemy and did so far
out-wing them that the Lacedemonians confronted six of the Athenian Regiments and the Tegeans four Now both Armies being less than a Furlong distant from each other the Lacedemonians according to custom sacrificed a Goat to Minerva Agrotera and advanced toward the Enemy wheeling about to surround them with the part of their Wing that out-reached theirs When the Battels were joyned all the Lacedemonian Confederates were foyled by the Enemy except the Pellenians that fought the Thespieans who behaved themselves so well that several were slain on both sides The Lacedemonians beat as many of the Athenians as fell to their share and surrounded them with their extended Wing cutting off a great many and marched on in good order as if they had suffered nothing and passed by four of the Athenian Regiments before they gave over the pursuit Nor did they lose any men except those in the Charge against the Tegeans but in their return they fell upon the Argives and as the foremost Colonel was going to attack them one they say cried out to let the foremost of the Enemy pass which being done accordingly they galled their Flank and killed a great many men that fled by them After that they received the Corinthians coming back from pursuing and cut in pieces abundance of them Upon this the routed fled first to the Garisons but afterwards by the Example of the Corinthians betook themselves to their former Camp thereupon the Lacedemonians returned to the Place where the Battel begun and erected a Trophy This is the account of that Fight In the mean while Agesilaus hastned with Succours out of Asia and whilst he was at Amphipolis Dercyllidas brought him the News of a Victory the Lacedemonians had obtained with the loss of considerable numbers on the Enemies side and but eight Lacedemonians though several of their Confederates were killed Then Agesilaus said to him Dercyllidas would it not be convenient that the Cities which have sent their Forces to joyn ours should have Intelligence of it with all speed Dercyllidas made answer that they would be the more encouraged if they heard on 't Therefore since you are here said Agesilaus you might make a fit Messenger Dercyllidas hearkned willingly to this for he loved travelling and said to Agesilaus I 'll go if you 'll command me Then I command you replied he and moreover I would have you tell them that if things succeed well here I 'll be with them again according to my Promise Dercyllidas was now departed from the Hellespont and Agesilaus marched through Macedon and came into Thessaly where the Larisseans Cranonians Scotusaeans and Pharsalians being in League with the Boeotians together with all the Thessalians except the Exiles pursued him and cut off some of his Rear He marched with his Army in a Square placing one half of his Cavalry in the Front and the other in the Rear but the Thessalians attacking his Rear and hindering his March he sent all the Horse to the Front except his own Guards As soon as they confronted each other the Thessalians not thinking fit with their Horse to engage the Heavy-armed men faced about and retreated gently Agesilaus's Horse pursued them unadvisedly and he finding both them and the Enemy in disorder sent his own Guards being very stout men and ordered them to command the rest to pursue with all speed imaginable and not give them opportunity of facing about The Thessalians seeing the Lacedemonians coming upon them contrary to their expectation some of them fled some turned upon the Enemy and others that attempted the like were flanked by the Horse and taken Polymachus the Pharsalian that commanded the Horse faced about and fighting with those he had with him was slain Thereupon the Thessalians falling into a confused Flight some were killed and others taken nor did they make an halt till they had recovered the Mountain Narthacium Then Agesilaus erected a Trophy between Pras and Narthacium and rested there being much pleased with the Action in that he had beat those Cavalry that gloried in their Horsemanship with such Horse as he himself had raised Next day passing the Achaean Mountains of Pthia he marched through a Friends Countrey till he came to the frontiers of Boeotia and as he was entring the Enemies Countrey the Sun appeared like a Crescent News came too that the Lacedemonians were beaten at Sea and that their Admiral Pisander was killed There was a Relation of the Engagement how it was that both the Fleets engaged about Cnidus that Pharnabazus the Admiral was there with the Phaenicians and Conon with the Grecian Navy lay in the Front and that when Pisander had drawn up against Conon it appeared he had fewer Ships in his whole Navy than he only in the Grecian Fleet. The Confederates that were in the Rear ran immediately but Pisander engaging the Enemy with a stemmed Gally was forced aground and the rest that were driven ashore left their Ships getting as well as they could into Cnidus only Pisander fought on board his own Ship till he was slain Agesilaus was exceedingly troubled at first when he heard it yet recollecting that as the News of good Success is a marvellous encouragement to an Army so if things fall out ill it is not necessary to let them know it he soon after changed his Mind and reported to the Soldiers how Pisander was killed but had got the Victory and after he had related it he offered some Bullocks for the good News and sent part of the Sacrifice to several Persons So that a light skirmish happening Agesilaus's men beat the Enemy upon the Fame of this Sea-Victory that he gave out the Lacedemonians had won There were opposed to Agesilaus the Boeotians Athenians Argives Corinthians Aenians Euboeans and both the Locri Agesilaus had with him a Regiment of Lacedemonians that came from Corinth and half of another from Orchomenus having beside these the Half Slaves from Lacedemon and the Mercenaries that Herippidas commanded as also those that he joyned in his march from the Greek Cities in Asia and Europe there he was joyned by the Orchomenians and Phocean Heavy-armed men Agesilaus was stronger in Targetiers but the Horse were equal and these were the Forces of both Armies I will give a Relation of the Fight being such an one as has not happened in our time The Battel at Cheronea The Armies met on the Plains near Coronea Agesilaus's Forces marching from the Cephisus and the Thebans from Helicon Agesilaus led the Van himself the Orchomenians being in the Rear of all the Thebans had the Van of their Army and the Argives the Rear Just as they engaged there was a profound Silence in both Armies and when they were within a Furlongs distance the Thebans set up a shout and gave a furious charge afterwards at the distance of three hundred feet the Mercenaries of Agesilaus's Battalion that Herippidas commanded ran upon the Enemy and together with them the Ionians Aeolians and Hellespontians these
four hundred Horse near him partly because he admired these Troops and partly to shew respect to Derdas thereby to oblige him the more to the Service Afterwards the Enemy sallying out of the Town drew up under the Walls and marshalling their Horse in a close Body charged the Lacedemonians and Baeotians and beating Polycharmus General of the Lacedemonian Cavalry of his Horse gave him a great many wounds as he lay on the ground and killed some others At last the Horse in the right were routed and they flying the Foot that were next them gave ground so that the whole Army was in danger of being defeated had not Derdas advanced with his Horse to the Gates of the City and Teleutias seconded him with his Troops in good order which when the Olynthian Cavalry perceived they faced about and retreated with great diligence searing they should be cut off from the Gates Derdas killed a great many of their Horse as they passed by him but the Infantry being near the Walls retired back into the Town without much loss Teleutias having obtained this Advantage erected a Trophy cut down the Trees and retreated disbanding the Macedonian Troops and those of Derdas at the end of the Campagn Nevertheless the Olynthians making several Incursions into the Territories of the Lacedemonian Confederates ravaged the Country and killed the Inhabitants Early in the Spring near six hundred of the Olynthian Horse over-ran the Country about Apollonia at Mid-day Menaâ—der Archon and foraged in small Parties The same day Derdas arrived with his Cavalry and Dined there When he saw the Inroad he lay still having the Horses in readiness and their Riders armed But the Olynthians advancing to the Suburbs and Gates of the Town in contempt of him he went out against them with a body of men As soon as they discovered him they sell to flight and he having put them once to the rout gave not over pursuing and slaying for ninety Furlongs together and followed them up to the Walls of Olynthus 'T was reported that Derdas killed eighty of their Cavalry in this Action and from this time the Enemy kept themselves within their Walls tilling but little ground Some time after Teleutias moved to the Walls of Olynthus destroying every Tree and all the ground that was tilled On the contrary the Olynthian Horse going out and marching gently passed the River that ran by the Town and advanced slowly towards the Enemy Teleutias seeing them was provoked by their boldness and ordered Tlemonidas who commanded the Targetiers instantly to charge them with sull speed When the Olynthians discovered them running before the rest of the Army they faced about and making a gentle Retreat repassed the River The Lacedemonians followed them very boldly and as they retreated the others pursued and passed the River after them The Olynthian Horse thinking they could master those that were already come over saced about and charged them killing Tlemonides with above a hundred more When Teleutias saw it he was enraged and taking up his Arms again he instantly drew out the Heavy-arm'd men and commanded the Targetiers and Horse to pursue without any intermission Hereby it hapned that as several indiscreetly followed the Enemy too near the Wall they came short home for they being shot at from the Turrets were forced to retire in disorder and defend themselves from the Arrows The Olynthians being supported with a body of Targetiers charged with their Horse and at length the Heavy-arm'd men run out and attacked the disordered Troops of the Enemy In this Skirmish Teleutias died fighting which when those near him saw they gave ground nor did the rest stand any longer but were totally routed some flying to Spartolus others to Acanthus some to Apollonia and most of them to Potidaea Thus as they fled several ways dispersedly so the Enemy pursuing them in small bodies killed abundance and those too the slower of that great Army From these Accidents men may learn this general Instruction Not to correct Servants in their passion for sometimes they have suffered more themselves in their Commotions than what they have inflicted upon others And to attack an Enemy rather in a rage than upon mature deliberation is the most unpardonable fault in the World. Passion is inconsiderate but Reason is no less circumspect to secure it self than to annoy an Enemy When the Lacedemonians received News of this Disaster Demophilus Archon they resolved to send a considerable Force to take down the Pride of the Victors and not to make a fruitless Expedition as the former was They made a Decree and sent King Agesipolis to be their General with thirty Commissioners as they had done before to Agesilaus when he marcht into Asia Many of the Neighbouring people who were valiant men went Voluntiers and several of the Mercenaries that were bred in the Service as also the Natural Sons of the Spartans that were comely men 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for studious men è Proem ad Ex. de leg Hist Byz and had been educated in the Spartan Discipline several Voluntiers too went out of the Confederate Towns amongst which were some Thessalian Horse who had a desire to signalize themselves before Agesipolis Amyntas and Derdas likewise pursued the War now more vigorously than formerly At that time Agesipolis having got his Army together marched to Olynthus In the mean while the Phliasian Republick having been commended by Agesipolis for contributing so largely and readily to the carrying on of the War and supposing that whilst he was abroad Agesilaus would not come against them nor that both Kings would leave Sparta at the same time treated the recalled Exiles very rudely and contrary to all justice For the banished men prayed that their Cases might be heard at an indifferent Tribunal but they compelled the Exiles to try them in their own City and though they pleaded that no justice could be expected there where the same were Judges and Parties too yet for all this they had no hearing After that the recalled Exiles being accompanied with several others from home went to Lacedemon and accused their Republick alledging that many of their Citizens had not justice done them The Phliasian Government provoked by this fined all those that went thither without a Deputation from the City and they who were fined remained there fearing to return home and declared that things were arbitrarily carried on by those who banished them and expulsed the Lacedemonians that they had bought up the Exiles Goods and forcibly detain'd them having procured that they should be fined for coming to Lacedemon that so none for the future should dare to go thither and discover what was done in the City The Ephori plainly apprehending by this that the Phliasians would grow insolent Olymp. 100. Pytheus Archon decreed to send an Army against them and Agesilaus was glad of this opportunity For Podanemus and his relatious the guests of his Father
unless he was first possest of Cithaeron and being advertised that the Cletorians were at War with the Orchomenians and had entertained Mercenary Troops in their Service he treated with them to lend him those Forces in case he had occasion for them After he had obtained an auspicious Sacrifice for his Expedition he sent before he arrived with his Army at Tegea to the General of the Mercenaries that served under the Cletorians and gave them a Months pay commanding them to go and possess themselves of Cithaeron and ordered the Orchomenians to forbear Hostilities threatning also that if any City should make War during the time of this Expedition he would persuant to the Decree of the Confederates fall immediately upon them After he had passed Cithaeron he arrived at Thespiae and parting from thence with his Army he marched into the Thebans Countrey and finding the Plain and best Parts of it entrenched and fortified with Palisadoes he encamped in several Places and after Dinner sent out Parties to burn and destroy the Countrey that lay before his Works For wheresoever Agesilaus marched the Enemy appeared upon the Defensive Part within their Trenches But when he returned to his Camp the Theban Horse lying under a Covert sallied out of the Avenews about the time the Targetiers were getting their Supper ready and preparing for it the Horse being partly mounted and dismounted They charged and killed Cleo and Epilytidas two Spartan Horsemen as also Eudicus one of the Neighbourhood of Sparta with some of the Athenian Exiles that had not yet mounted But when Agesilaus faced about and came to their Assistance with the Heavy-armed men and Horse supported by those that were ten years above man's estate and charged them full speed The Theban Horse shew themselves to be meer Slugs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 'T was a note of Luxury and Sottishness to sleep after Dinner Athen. standing their Ground only till the Cavalry advanced and threw their Lances but reached them not for as soon as they did they gave back and lost twelve of their men Agesilaus understanding that the Enemy used to appear in the Field after it was Noon sacrificed by break of Day and marching with diligence entred their Trenches through a Place that was not well guarded wasting and destroying all to the Gates of Thebes After this Action he retired to Thespiae and walled the Town appointing Phoebidas Governour of the Place and marching back again to Megara disbanded the Auxiliaries and returned home with his Spartans From that time Phoebidas sent out Foragers to ruin and destroy the Countrey about Thebes who wasted it with their continual Depredations On the contrary the Thebans to be even with them fell with all their Forces into the Thespians Countrey but whilst they were there Phoebidas observed them and obliged them to keep together in a close Body So that the Thebans being weary of their invasion hastened their Retreat out of the Countrey the Muletiers also threw away the Corn they carried and drave their Mules home so great a Consternation was the Army in Then Phoebidas taking the Targetiers along with him commanded the Heavy-armed men to follow and pressed the Enemy very hard hoping to give them a total Defeat For he led on very boldly encouraging his men to set seriously to their Work and the Thespian Heavy-armed men to follow The Theban Cavalry getting together in a Body retired to a Forest that could not be passed through and there they turned upon the Enemy because there was no way to retreat Whereupon the formost of the Lacedemonian Targetiers being few in number and struck with a terror fell to flight Which the Theban Horse seeing they were encouraged to fall upon those that fled and soon after Phoebidas with two or three more that fought by him were slain Whereupon all the Mercenaries fled When they came in their pursuit to the Heavy-armed men of the Thespians these who before disdained to yield to the Thebans turned their backs though pursued by none because it was late in the Evening and though but few of them were slain yet they stopped not till they had a Wall between them and their Enemy By this Action the Theban Affairs recovered new Life again so that they made War upon the Thespians and other Neighbouring Cities causing the People to remove from these Places to Thebes there being in those Towns the same Government as in that City by which the Friends of the Lacedemonians were weakned there After Phaebidas was slain the Lacedemonians sent a Colonel with a Regiment by Sea to put into the Garison at Thespiae In the Spring the Lacedemonians sent an Army against Thebes Olymp. 101. Chariander Archon and intreated Agesilaus to command it He took the same Measures in this Expedition as in the other sending before he had an auspicious Sacrifice to the Colonel at Thespiae to possess himself of the Pass over Cithaeron and keep it till he himself arrived thither When Agesilaus passed this Hill and came to Plataeae he made as if he would first march to Thespiae sending thither and ordering Provisions to be got ready and the Deputies to expect him there The Day following Agesilaus sacrificed by break of Day and reaching Erythroe performed two days march in one and passed the Trench at Scolum before the Thebans came from the Guard of that Post where he entred at first Having performed this he destroyed the Thebans Countrey as far as that of Tanagra which hitherto was defended by Hypatadorus and his men the Lacedemonian Allies and retreated to the left of the Town The Thebans coming upon him drew up in Batallia at a Place called the Old Woman's Breast having secured their Rear with a Ditch and Palisado supposing they might easily hazard a Battle there because the Place was very narrow and not easily accessible Agesilaus seeing this did not attack them but marched a contrary way towards Thebes the Thebans being in pain for their City because it was naked left the place where they were drawn up and hastned thither with diligence by the way that leads to Potniae that being the securest This was esteemed a neat Stratagem for Agesilaus by retiring a good distance from the Enemy obliged them also to retreat full speed besides the Colonels flanked them with some Regiments as they passed by On the other hand the Thebans darted their Javelins from the Hill so that Alipetus one of the Colonels was killed therewith Yet the Thebans were beaten from this Hill and the Sciritae ascending with a Party of Horse cut off some of their Rear as they passed by towards Thebes When the Thebans were advanced near the Walls they faced about which the Sciritae seeing retired with diligence and though not one of them was lost yet the Thebans erected a Trophy because the Enemy retreated from the Place to which they had first ascended The Season being advanced Agesilaus parted thence and encamped in a Place where he discovered the
the day following to pass over the Bridge into the City because they found that the Enemies heavy-arm'd men were in the Temple of Minerva Alea but left the Eurotas on the right and marcht on plundering destroying and burning the Houses which were richly furnisht The Women in the City having never seen the face of an Enemy before could not endure so much as to behold the smoke The men though their fewness appeared being posted in several Places nevertheless defended the City though it had no Walls The Magistrates thought it convenient to proclaim to the Slaves that if they would form themselves into Companies and come into the Service as many as did should have Security to be free 'T is said there were above six thousand listed in an instant so that when they were armed and made so great and appearance they struck a terrour into the Spartans themselves But when the Mercenaries from Orchomenus staid there and the Phliasians Corinthians Epidaurians and Pellenians with some Forces from othe Cities came to their assistance they then less dreaded those new raised men The Theban Army advancing towards Amyclae passed the Eurotas there and forthwith they cut down as many Trees as they could where they encamped and placing them before their Camp guarded it therewith The Arcadians took different measures for they left their Arms and went to plundering Three or four days after all the Theban and Elean Horse together with the Phoceans Thessalians and Locrians came to the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Place and the Temple of †Geaochus Neptune which the Lacedemonian Horse confronted though they were but a contemptible Number and having placed an Ambuscade of three hundred men in the Temple of the Tyndaridae they sallied out at the same time that the Horse advanced The Enemy never stood them but gave Ground which several of the Foot seeing gave ground too After the Lacedemonians had given over the pursuit the Thebans halted and encamped again but it being thought somewhat too dangerous an Adventure to attempt the City a second time the Army decamped and marched towards Helos and Gytheum The Cities which had no Walls they burnt and attacked Gytheum where the Lacedemonians had a Yard for building of Ships three days together Some of the Neighbourhood who served the Thebans fell upon the Lacedemonians The Athenians hearing of these Passages and being very sollicitous what measures to take concerning the Lacedemonian Affairs called an Assembly by order of the Senate at which the Lacedemonians and the rest of their remaining Friends were present Aratus Ocyllus Pharax Etymocles Olonthens The Lacedemonians spoke all of them much to the same purpose putting the Athenians in mind that both States had assisted each other in the most Critical times with happy Success and shew how they drave the XXX Tyrants out of Athens and that on the contrary the Athenians had readily assisted them when the Messenians besieged them adding the good Success when both acted joyntly and commemorating how they with their united Forces had driven the Barbarian out of Greece reminding them also that the Athenians were chosen Generals at sea The Athenians were entrusted with a Fond of Money raised by the Greeks to carry on a War against the Persian Thucid. lib. 1. and Trustees for the publick mony by the advice of the Lacedemonians and on the other hand the Lacedemonians by the directions of the Athenians with Universal consent were chosen Generals at Land. One of the Ambassadors made a Speech to this purpose If both the States My Lords of Athens joyn together there is hopes that the Thebans as was formerly discoursed may be totally ruined The Athenians gave not much heed to what he said but such a kind of muttering as this ran through the Assembly how that they said so now though when they were in prosperity they were our bitter Adversaries Yet the most material Argument the Lacedemonians were thought to urge was That when the Lacedemonians had subdued the Athenians and the Thebans would have razed the City the former hindred them from putting their Design in Execution So the general Discourse was that they should have Succors pursuant to the Treaty For the Arcadians and their Confederates did not make War upon the Lacedemonians for any Injury they had done but because they assisted the Tegeans against whom the Mantineans had employed their Arms contrary to the Treaty Upon these Debates a Clamour ran through the Assembly some saying that the Mantineans did well in assisting Proxenus's Party who were murdered by Stasippus's Faction and others that they had broke the Treaty by making of War against the Tegeans Whiles the Assembly were debating the Matter Cliteles the Corinthian rose up and spoke Perhaps Cliteles's Speech My Lords of Athens it may be a Question who were the Aggressors Yet can any one lay to our charge that we since the Conclusion of the Peace have attempted any Place made any Depredations or ravaged any Countrey Though the Thebans have invaded ours and cut down the Trees fired our Houses plundered our Goods and drave away our Cattle How then can you satisfie your Oath if you do not succour us being we are so manifestly injured and the Ratification of the Treaty was by your procurement The Athenians heard him with Applause he having offered what was equitable and just After him Patrocles the Phliasian rose up and spake I suppose My Lords of Athens Patrocles's Speech 't is manifest to all that when the Thebans have ruined the Lacedemonians in the next place they will attack you for they are sensible that you are the only obstacle which hinder them from becoming Lords of all Greece Seeing therefore Affairs stand thus you will in my opinion do your selves as much Service as the Lacedemonians by making War upon them For I imagine it will be much more troublesome to have the Thebans who border upon you and are ill affected to be Lords of Greece than to have your Enemies at a farther distance And you will defend your selves with more advantage now whilst there remain some Allies than if they be ruined and you alone be forced to fight it out with the Thebans If any fear that the Lacedemonians if they escape this time will create you trouble hereafter consider that we need not apprehend the growth of those we have deserved well of but those we have injured Moreover you should take this into consideration that States as well as private Persons ought to make Friends when in a flourishing condition that if they be reduced to a strait they may expect assistance from those they have obliged Providence has at this time put a signal opportunity into your hands and if you will succor the Lacedemonians in this their distress you will for ever make them your most faithful Friends Nor will you have a few witnesses of your Benefaction the Confederates and Enemies nay the whole World shall be eye-witnesses
the Sea and the Hills near the City and destroyed all before them The Athenian and Corinthian Cavalry when they discovered the strength and numbers of the Enemy did not come very near them Yet Dionysius's Horse though a few in number advanced in small Parties and threw their Lances but the Enemy falling upon them they retreated and then advancing again darted their Lances as before But when any Charged them as they were lighting off their Horses and rested themselves they nimbly mounted again and retreated And when they were pursued any distance from the main Body they attacked their Pursuers and did great execution upon them with their Lances compelling the whole Army both to Advance and Retreat according to their Motions The Thebans returned home not many days after and so did the whole Army Dionysius's Troops made an attempt upon Sicyon and beat the Sicyonians in a fair Field killing about seventy and took the Fort Deras by Storm These were the first Auxiliaries sent by Dionysius who after they had performed these Exploits sailed home to Syracuse The Thebans and those that had Revolted from the Lacedemonians did every thing till this time by general consent and the Thebans wholly managed the War But there arose one Lycomedes a Mantinean in Birth inferiour to none Wealthy and Ambitious who puff'd up the Arcadians with high Conceits telling them That Peloponnesus was only their Country and they its first Inhabitants That they were the most numerous Nation of the Greeks and men of very able bodies alledging this as a Proof of their Prowess that when there was occasion for Auxiliaries none were preferred before them Moreover that the Lacedemonians never attacked Athens without the Arcadians nor had the Thebans come now against Lacedemon had they not been supported by them Wherefore if you are wise says he no longer follow others Command for before when you served the Lacedemonians you advanced them and if you still inconsiderately engage with the Thebans and don 't seek to command in your turns you will perhaps find them Lacedemonians too The Arcadians hearing this became elated and treated Lycomedes with extraordinary Respect esteeming him the only man amongst them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Insomuch that they chose such to be Officers as he nominated whereby the Arcadians became very great For when the Argives entred Epidaurus their Retreat was cut off by Chabrias's Mercenaries the Athenians and Corinthians the Arcadians opened them a Passage and brought them off though they suffered as well by the difficulty of the Passes as the opposition of the Enemy They also attempted Asina in Laconia and mastering the Garison destroyed the Suburbs thereof and killed Peranor a Spartan Colonel When ever they had a design to march neither Night nor Storm nor length of way nor unpassable Mountains hindred them so that they esteemed themselves at this time the hardiest Souldiers in the World. For these Reasons the Thebans began to envy and to be colder in their kindness towards them But the Eleans demanding back of the Arcadians those Towns that the Lacedemonians took from them observed that they not only slighted what they said but magnified the Triphylians and the others that revolted from them because they pretended themselves to be Arcadians and hereupon the Eleans also began to be ill affected to them Thus the Allies entertaining an high opinion of themselves Philiscus the Abydenian came with a great Sum of Money from Ariobarzanes and summoned the Thebans their Allies and the Lacedemonians to Delphos about a Peace When they came there they did not communicate their Business to Apollo but debated it amongst themselves At last when the Thebans would not yield that Messene should remain in the hands of the Lacedemonians Philiscus raised a great Body of Mercenaries to assist them Whilst these things were in agitation Polyzelus Archon there arrived a second Supply from Dionysius The Athenians declaring it expedient that they should fall into Thessaly against the Thebans the Lacedemonians would have had them landed in Laconia and this latter Opinion was approved by the Council of War Afterwards Dionysius's Auxiliaries sailed round to Lacedemon and Archidamus taking the Field with them and his Spartans storm'd Caryae and put the Garison to the Sword. From thence he went directly to Parrhasia a Town in Arcadia and destroyed the Country about it But when the Arcadians and Argives came with Succors he Retreated and Encamped upon the Hills that overlookt Midea Whilst he was there Cissidas the General of Dionysius's Forces declared that the time limited for his stay was expired and so departed home by the way of Sparta But the Messenians cutting off his Retreat at a narrow Pass he sent to Archidamus and demanded Relief who accordingly succoured him When they came to the turning that goes to Euctresii the Arcadians and Argives entred Laconia designing to cut off his Retreat homeward but Archidamus drawing up in a Level at the meeting of the Roads that lead to Euctresii and Midea came as they say to the head of his Troops and thus encouraged them Dear Country-men Let us be brave Archidamus's Speech to his Souldiers and look forward that we may deliver our Country to Posterity in such a condition as we receiv'd it from our Ancestors Nor let us any longer be a Reproach to the present Age since in former times we have been the most Renown'd of all the Greeks 'T is reported that when he had ended his Speech it thundred and an auspicious Lightning shone about him in a clear Sky There hapned also to be on the right Wing a Grove and an Image of Hercules from whom he was said to be descended Hereby there was raised such Courage and Alacrity in the Army that the Commanders found some difficulty to restrain the Souldiers from pushing forward Archidamus immediately leading them on a small Party of the Enemy received them at push of Pike some whereof were slain the rest fled many of them being kill'd by the Horse and several by the Celtes When the Fight was over he erected a Trophy and dispatch'd Demoteles the Herald home with the News of a great Victory how that not one of the Lacemonians fell but that the Enemy lost a great many When News hereof came to Sparta they say that Agesilaus first wept and then the Senate and Ephori So common are Tears both to Joy and Grief The Thebans and Eleans growing weary of the Arcadians Arrogance were not less pleas'd at this their ill Success than the Lacedemonians The Thebans continually studying how they might become Lords of Greece thought if they sent to the King of Persia they might by his assistance compass their Design Whereupon under pretence that Euthycles the Lacedemonian was with the King they exhorted the Confederates to send an Embassie and accordingly Pelopidas went from the Thebans Antiochus the Champion from the Arcadians Archidamus from the Eleans and in company of these the Argive On the other
knowing that they had no Title to be Presidents of Jupiter's Temple but that they should do a greater piece of Justice and which would be more pleasing to the God by restoring the Presidentship to the Eleans The Eleans approving of it both sides thought fit to conclude a Peace and accordingly one was concluded When all as well the Tegeans as the Theban that commanded three hundred Boeotian heavy-arm'd Men at Tegea had taken the Oaths some of the Arcadians that remained at Tegea feasted and were merry offering Sacrifices and singing Hymns as tho the Peace had been already Ratified The Thebans and chief of the Arcadians as also the Baeotians that were afraid lest they should be call'd to an account about the consecrated Money and the Epariti that were under the same Circumstances causing the Gates of Tegea to be shut sent Officers to those that were making merry and seized the Principal Persons amongst them For every one being desirous of Peace there was a great Concourse of People from all the Cities of Arcadia whereby there must needs be a great many taken insomuch that the Prison and Town-House were filled with them Several were committed to Custody some leap'd down the Walls and others were let out at the Gates for no body was incens'd against any one except those that thought they should be put to death which put the Theban Commander and his Complices to their Wits-ends because they had seized very few of the Mantineans whom chiefly they design'd to take for their City being near most of them escaped home When it was day and the Mantineans heard how Affairs went they sent immediately to all the Arcadian Towns summoning them to appear in Arms and to be upon their Guard as they were At the same time they sent to Tegea and demanded the Mantineans they had seiz'd Adding that no Arcadian ought to be imprisoned or put to death without a tryal And some there were who blam'd them for these Proceedings because the Mantineans had engag'd to produce any before the Community of the Arcadians that should be Impeached The Theban Commander hearing this could not tell how to govern himself but discharged all the Prisoners and the Day following calling together as many Arcadians as would assemble excused himself before them saying he was mistaken and told them that he heard that the Lacedemonians were in the Frontiers with their Army and that some of the Arcadians were ready to betray Tegea to them which when they heard they let him go though they knew that he imposed upon them The Arcadians sent Ambassadors to Thebes to Impeach this Commander of Treason and then they report that Epaminondas who was at that time their General should say That he did much better in seizing the Arcadians than in discharging them For said he Why may not he accuse you of Treason when we for your sakes made War and you without our Consent have concluded a Peace Assure your selves said he we will employ our Arms against Arcadia and make a joynt War with our Confederates When this was reported to the Community of the Arcadians and the Account hereof spread through every City the rest of the Arcadians and * Mantineans Eleans Achaeans those that were concern'd for Peloponefus gathered from hence that the Thebans did endeavour to weaken the Peloponesians what they could that so they might enslave them with the more ease For said they Why would they have us both involv'd in a War unless it was to weaken one another that so both of us may stand in need of their assistance Why do they make Preparations for a Campagn tho' we have told them that we have no occasion at this time for them Is it not manifest that they design us mischief Thereupon they sent to Athens for assistance and dispatch'd the Epariti on an Embassie to the Lacedemonians requiring them to joyn Forces and preserve Peloponnesus from slavery Then they determined the matter about the Command in Chief how that each Republick should command in their own Territories Whilst these things were in agitation Chariclides Archon Epaminondas took the Field with all the Boeotians Eubaeans and several Thessalians he had from Alexander and from his Enemies The Phoceans did not joyn them alledging they had agreed to assist the Thebans if any invaded them but it was not in the Articles to make a War Offensive Epaminondas considered that they had the Argives Messenians and the Arcadians in Peloponnesus which sided with them the Tegeans also Megalapolitans Aseans Palanteans and some other small Towns that lay amongst these which were compelled to follow them He marched out with great diligence and arriving at Nemea made an halt there hoping to intercept the Athenians that were passing that way thinking this would be of great moment to confirm the Confederates and to put the Enemy into a Consternation and in short every thing would be advantageous to him that incommoded the Athenians Whilst he remained there all the Peloponnesians that had confederated together assembled at Mantinea But as soon as Epaminondas understood that the Athenians had changed their resolution of marching by Land and made Preparations by Sea to pass with their Army through Lacedemon to the relief of the Arcadians he decamped from Nemea and arrived at Tegea I cannot say that this Expedition of his was much successful though I find nothing of Conduct or Courage wanting in him First I cannot but commend him for encamping within the Walls of Tegea as having there a securer Post than if he had been without and being more private from the Enemies understanding his Designs Besides if he had occasion for any necessaries they might be easier procured in the City and the Enemy encamping without the Town might be discovered if they did any thing well or committed any mistake And because he thought himself stronger than the Enemy as often as he saw them attempt the taking any advantageous Posts he went not out to attack them But wen he found never a Town would surrender to him and that the Season advanced he thought he must perform some remarkable Exploit or else expect some great Disgrace instead of his former Glory Therefore being Advertised that the Enemy was strongly encamped near Mantinea and had sent for Agesilaus and all the Lacedemonians being informed also that Agesilaus was already marcht as far as Pellene he Supped and giving Orders to the Army moved directly towards Sparta And if a certain Cretan by a special Providence had not informed Agesilaus that the Army was upon their march Epaminondas had surprized the City like a Nest of young Ones wholly defenceless But Agesilaus having first Intelligence of it reached the City before the Enemy and posted his Spartans who though but an handfull defended the Place For all their Horse their Mercenary Troops and three Companies out of Ten were march'd on before into Arcadia After Epaminondas was come to Sparta he did not enter the Town
his Design for fighting in this order he beat that Part he charged and put the whole Army to flight But after he fell himself the others knew not how to use the Victory for when the Battalion that charged them fled the Heavy-arm'd men killed no body nor advanced from the place where the Fight began In like manner when the Enemies Horse sled the Thebans did not pursue them nor their Heavy-arm'd men but as if they had been beaten got disorderly away through the flying Enemy The Foot and the Targetiers by agreement moved together with the Horse to the left as if they had been Victorious where most of them were cut in pieces by the Athenians This Action hapned contrary to the expectation of all men for most part of Greece being got together and drawn up in Battalia every one believed that if there were a Fight the Victors would rule and the Vanquisht obey But Providence so ordered it that both sides as Victors set up Trophies and neither side hindred the other from erecting them both as Conquerors delivered the Slain upon Truce and both as Conquered received them upon Truce And though both pretended to the Victory yet neither the one nor the other enlarg'd their Territories or encreased their Power but after the Fight there arose greater Confusion and Troubles in Greece than ever were at any time before Thus far have I deduc'd my History and perhaps that which follows may be done by some other hand An Advertisement THE Chronology of this History being obscure it will be necessary to offer something towards the clearing of it Our Author continues the History of the Peloponnesian War which Thucydides began and brought down as far as the end of Summer in the Twenty first Year of the War to the Second Battel at Mantinea containing the Space of Forty eight Years Didorus Siculus affirms in his XIII Book that Xenophon was the Continuator of Thucydides but mistakes in asserting that Thucydides wrote to the Twenty second Year of the War because the latter in the close of his VIII Book says That the Twenty first Year would not be Compleated till the Winter that succeeded the Summer where he breaks off his History was elapsed Some learned men allow Xenophon to be the Continuator of Thucydides but yet they would have the History of some Years wanting concluding it both from the abrupt beginning which has no Introduction as the rest of his Works and from the Account by Olympiades and Archons 'T is very probable the first may be so far true that something may be defective though not whole Years but the Argument they fetch from the Olympiades and Archons to prove it is insufficient because that Account was not so early in use as these Authors as has been formerly observ'd by a learned Gentleman and therefore I have set them in the Margin as being a Gloss and inserted into the Text. Moreover the constant Notation of Time throughout Thucydides and Xenophon is by Summer and Winter and 't is by accident that either of them make any mention of Olympick Years and when they do 't is not in relation to the Annals of the History but to some dependance the History has on them But further to prove that Xenophon was the Continuator of Thucydides I shall alledge a Law of the Lacedemonians that barred the same person from being twice Admiral which is mentioned both in the second Book of this History and by Plutarch in the Life of Lysander on this occasion The Lacedemonians being vanquisht by the Athenians in the Sea Fight at Arginusae their Affairs were reduced to a very ill Condition yet the Confederates resolving to repair their former Losses Requested the Lacedemonians to send them Lysander to Command their Fleet having the experience of his Conduct in the Fight at Notium wherein he overthrew the Athenians The Lacedemonians answered them that by their Law none might be twice Admiral thereupon they gave Aracus the Command of the Fleet choosing Lysander to go in Quality of his Vice-Admiral Moreover the Admirals continued but a year in their Office For we find in the first Book of this History that as soon as Lysander's year was elaps'd the Lacedemonians sent Callicratidas to succeed him Furthermore Thucydides in his last Book witnesses that Mindarus succeeded Astyochus in the Command of the Fleet and Xenophon in the first Book of his History implies that he was Admiral because he mentions Hegesandridas as his Vice-Admiral Therefore since none could be twice Admiral by the Lacedemonian Law and none could bear that Office longer than a year And being Thucydides in the end of the eighth Book and Xenophon in the beginning of this History affirm that Mindarus was Admiral it follows that the one ends and the other begins in the same year In the next place it is to be considered that there are two Opinions concerning the duration of the War. Thucydides in his Fifth Book says That it lasted Twenty seven years and ended when the Walls of the Pireus were demolished but Xenophon says Twenty eight and an half acounting till the time that Lysander return'd home in Triumph Yet there was but half a year betwixt the Demolishing of the Walls and Lysander's Triumph so that there is the difference of a year between both Accounts To this I answer that as there are two ends of this War so there are as many beginnings For Thucydides accounts from the time of Action and Xenophon from the Declaration of the War which was when the Ambassadors of the Allies assembled at Lacedemon to Confederate against the Athenians and the like Supputation Thucydides makes in his Second Book where he says That Pericles died two years and an half after the War began which must be understood in Xenophon's sense and not in his own Having thus proved that Xenophon is the Continuator of Thucydides and that there is no defect of any year I proceed to set out the Six years and an half of the Peloponnesian War that this Author writes of the end of the Twenty first year and beginning of the Twenty second are not distinguished Whereupon I have followed Diodorus Siculus herein and placed the Death of Mindarus in the end of the Twenty first year and began the Twenty second with the Banishment of the Syracusian Captains the other five years are expresly distinguished The rest of the Chronology is very obscure which amongst other things makes me think that Xenophon did not finish this Piece because the Notation of Time is frequently omitted and in many places the Sequel of an Action not continued but interrupted with some new relation I have in order to the clearing of it made four Periods the first to the Fight at Cnidus the second to the Antalcidean Peace the third to the Battel at Leuctra and the fourth to that at Mantinea And because the Marks of Time are wanting in Xenophon I have fitted them to the Annals of Diodorus Siculus
the Athenians and the Tribunes amongst the Romans For what greater Power can there be than to inflict Punishment of Death without Form of Justice Estate follows Life and what can't they do in Religion who are absolute Masters of the other two Liberty is desired by all of which we by our wise Constitution have a greater share than any Nation either has or we could expect from a Change. And because our own Examples affect us most we may look back to the late Civil Wars which were begun and fomented for the Cause of Religion and Liberty yet both destroyed the unhappy Nation suffering well nigh as many Alterations of Government as it did Years of War and Confusion The Troubles also drew along with them Rebellion Schism Faction Atheism and a Train of Vices whose dire effects we still see in the General Corruption of Manners and Tendency of the Factious to the Old Game Nor could our Differences be composed till the Rightful Heir was recalled and the Ancient Government together with our Liberty restored which we enjoy under our Gracious Prince rather unthankfully repining than justly prizing it A brief Account of the Land and Naval Forces of the Ancient Greeks I Thought it might be necessary for the better understanding of this History to give some Account of the Land and Naval Forces of the Greeks yet not to make a set Discourse about it but only to speak of the Militia as it was in the time of the Peloponnesian War this Art continually altering and improving as well in former Times as in this present Age. It will be necessary also to Treat separately of the Lacedemonian Discipline because it was distinct from that of the rest of the Greeks and then speak of those Particulars wherein the Athenians and others varied from it The Lacedemonians were the most valiant People of all the Greeks and tho' their Numbers were but small yet they were so well experienced that they very rarely mist of Success fighting with an assurance of Victory Their Life was continually employ'd in Action and such Provision was made by the Laws of their Country that not only the Men but the Women also were used to Robust Exercises and the Parents inured to hardship that the Children might be rendred strong and able to undergo the Fatigue of War. The Youth were divided into two Parties and exercifed Mock-battels encountring wheresoever they met yet were they under such exact Discipline that if any came by and offered to part them and they refused to obey they were immediately carried before the Paedonomus a Magistrate that took cognizance of those Crimes and severely punish'd them for being so far transported with Passion as not to pay due Obedience to the Laws By this their Discipline they became hardy and resolute fighting with that obstinacy that they would rather die than yield But farther to habituate them to this Virtue of Martial Patience they were once a year cruelly whipt at the Altar of Diana Orthia which though it were rather a Punishment than an Exercise yet they bore it with an Invincible Courage In this manner they were Train'd up till they came to thirty years of age for before none were suffered to go into the Campagn unless it were upon a very great necessity Thus having spent so many years in the Speculation of War they became so strong and vigorous in the practice thereof that they lasted forty years fit for Service none having a Mission till he was seventy years of age Their Infantry consisted of Targetiers Light-arm'd and Heavy-arm'd men the Light-arm'd men were placed in the Wings being commanded out in the Forelone-hope and used in Skirmishes because they were not loaden with Armour Their Arms were Arrows Darts Staves and Stones which they threw or slung taking any extemporary Weapon that came in their way The Scholiast of Thucydides says they did not close but fought at some distance advancing and retiring as they saw occasion for either The Targetiers were a middle sort between the Light and Heavy-arm'd men having a Target or lesser Shield and a Sword They were nimble and expeditious and very useful for pursuing the Lacedemonian Regiment near Corinth being cut off by Iphicrates's Targetiers The Heavy-arm'd men were raised out of the beter sort the other two being for the most part Mercenaries and Half-slaves Their Arms were a Shield of Brass a Pike and a Scymitar their business was to repulse the Enemy and to maintain their ground because the Fortune of the Day depended on them for if they were Defeated the Army was totally Routed And in these indeed did the chief Strength of the Lacedemonians consist When they put the Enemy to flight the Horse light-arm'd men and Targetiers pursued though it was a Maxime amongst them Not to be too eager but to make their Enemies a Bridge of Gold lest Desperation should make them fight and vanquish their Pursuers Our Author also blames Agesilaus for meeting the Enemy in their flight whereas he ought to have rather given them way and followed the Pursuit As for their Horse the Lacedemonians had a Body of three hundred that fought near the King like the Roman Celeres But they were very deficient in this part of their Militia those they had were arm'd with Spears and Charged full Cariere some of them carried Bows and were called Hippotoxotae They were furnished with the main Body of their Horse from the Thebans and being at War with them they were deprived of those Auxiliaries So that Epaminondas the Theban General knowing the Lacedemonians were weak in Cavalry charged them at the Battels of Leuctra and Mantinea with his own and the Thessalian Troops whereby he gave them those two memorable Overthrows The Lacedemonian Forces consisted both of their own Subjects called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and their Allies Of the first there were four sorts The Spartans which were the Inhabitants of the City and enjoyed more Priviledges than the rest the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Lacedemonians which dwelt in the Country the Half-slaves who had merited Freedom by their Valour The Lacedemonians thinking it of dangerous Consequence to cut them absolutely off of all hopes lest the desperateness of their Fortune might provoke them to rise up in Arms against the Government and subvert it the last were the Slaves the Candidates for Liberty whom they trained because the Wars made such a consumption of People and raised Emulation in them that they might advance themselves thereby to their Freedom The Confederates made up the Gross of their Army for their own Numbers were but small which they concealed either out of a Maxime of their own or that the Enemies by knowing how few they were might not despise them Yet this inconsiderable Number were men of such extraordinary Valour that Agis being askt How many strong the Lacedemonians were made answer Enough to fight any Army whatsoever However one may conclude from the Forces they had at Leuctra that
He farther acquainted them that he had brought five hundred Talents with him 93750 lib. and if that were not enough he would make use of his own mony which his Father had given him and if all this was not sufficient he would make mony of the Throne he sat on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to stamp money which was all Silver and Gold. They liked this very well and advised him to give every Sea-man an Attic * 7 d. ob English for it was exchanged for the Roman Denarius and the Latins turn the sums of Drachma's into Deniers Drachma a piece for their pay shewing that if they had so much the Athenian Sailers would desert the Service and so his expences would be the less He told them what they said was well but that he could not go contrary to the King's Orders and that by the Treaty the Lacedemonians were to receive thirty †A Mina contains 100 Drachma's Pollux that is 3 l. 2 s. 6 d. Tot. 93 l. 15 s. Mina's a Month for every Ship they kept out Lysander made no reply at that time but after Supper when Cyrus drank to him and asked him in what he could oblige him most he made answer if you 'll raise every Sea-man's pay an * Is five farthings or the sixth part of a Drachma Pollux Obolus which was accordingly done and from that time their pay was four Oboli whereas before it was but three He also paid them their Arrears and gave them a Months pay Advance which made the Sea-men far more couragious The Athenians were quite disheartned when they heard this and sent Ambassadors through Tissaphernes his means to Cyrus but he would not receive them though desired by Tissaphernes who told him that Alcibiades his Advice to him was to take care that none of the Greeks should grow powerful but be kept weakned by their Divisions Lysander having setled Affairs thus in the Fleet and haled up his ninety Gallies ashore in the Port of Ephesus lay still refitting them and refreshing his men Alcibiades hearing Thrasybulus was gone without the Hellespont to fortifie Phocaea Alcibiades falls into Disgrace went after him and left the Fleet under the Command of Antiochus his Captain charging him not to come near Lysander Yet Antiochus went himself and another Ship from Notium to the Port of Ephesus and sailed close under the very Stems of Lysander's Ships Lysander at first Launched a few Ships to give him chase but after the Athenians came in with a stronger Squadron to relieve Antiochus he drew up the whole Fleet in good order and bore up to the Enemy Lysander's Victory Then the Athenians lanch't the rest of their Gallies at Notium and coming up as fast as every one of them could get Sea-room they engaged forthwith the Lacedemonians fought in good order the Athenians with a scattered Fleet until they had lost fifteen Sail and then they fled Most of the men escaped except some few that were taken Prisoners Lysander took the Ships along with him and having erected a Trophy sailed to Ephesus The Athenians went to Samos to which place Alcibiades coming afterwards went with his whole Fleet from thence to the Port of Ephesus and drew up before the mouth of it to see if any would come out to engage But when Lysander refused to come out because he was much inferiour to the other in number of Ships he sailed to Samos A while after the Lacedemonians took Delphinium and Eion When the News of the Fight was brought to Athens the Athenians were very much incens'd against Alcibiades supposing he had lost the Fleet through carelessness and ill Conduct 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conon Diomedon Leo Pericles Erasinides Aristocrates Archestratus Protomachus Thrasylus Aristogenes And therefore they chose ten new Admirals Alcibiades having gotten the ill will of the Fleet took one Gally and went to his Fort in the Chersonese After this Conon went by the Decree of the Athenians with the twenty Sail he had brought from Andros to the Fleet at Samos to which place Phanosthenes was sent with four Gallies in his stead He in his way thither light upon two Thurian Gallies and took them men and all The Athenians bound all the Prisoners except their Commander Dorieus whom they out of pity dismist ransom-free He then lived at Thurii but was a Rhodian and had been banish't Rhodes as he was also from Athens where he and his Relations were condemned to death Conon arriving at Samos and finding the Fleet in a very ill condition made it up seventy Sail instead of the former that consisted of above an hundred He also took along with him the other Admirals and putting to Sea made several Descents and harassed the Enemie's Countrey XXVI Year begins Olymp. Xciii Callias Archon Thus the Year ended in which the Carthaginians invaded Sicily with an hundred and twenty Gallies and a Land-Army of an hundred and twenty thousand men and though they lost a Battle yet they took Agrigentum by Famine after a Siege of seven Months The year following * Gloss Wherein the Moon was eclipsed in the Evening the old Temple of Minerva at Athens was burnt Pityas was Ephorus and Callias Archon being the twenty sixth Year of the War the Lacedemonians sent Callicratidas to succeed Lysander in the Fleet whose time was now expired When Lysander resigned the Fleet he told Callicratidas that his Victory had made him Lord of the Sea and that as such he delivered up the Fleet. Callicratidas replied He would acknowledge him Lord of the Sea if he would coast along from Ephesus to the left of Samos where the Athenian Fleet lay and resign it at Miletus But Lysander made answer That he would not meddle whilst another Commanded Callicratidas besides the Ships he had from Lysander reinforc't his Fleet with 50 Sail more from Chius Rhodes and the other Allies and having got together his whole Fleet consisting of an hundred and forty Sail he made preparation to meet the Enemy But when he found that Lysander's Friends mutined against him not only obeying unwillingly but giving out in the Confederate Cities that the Lacedemonians committed a great Error in changing their Admirals and sent such as were unfit for Command no Seamen that knew not how to manage men unskilful in Sea-Affairs and unknown to the Sailers whereby their Affairs were in danger to be damnified Callicratidas his Speech to the Mutinous Soldiers Callicratidas called the Lacedemonians that were there together and spoke to them after this manner I could have been content to have staid at home Nor do I care whether Lysander or any man else be esteemed a better Seaman than my self I was sent by the Government to command the Fleet and my only business is to execute their Orders to the utmost of my Power And seeing 't is my earnest desire to serve my Country I crave your best Advice about these Affairs which
the right wing with fifteen Sail and next him was Diomedon with fifteen more Pericles was placed in the Rear of Aristocrates and Erasinides a Stern of Diomedon's Squadron Next to Diomedon were the Samians with ten Ships in rank under the Command of Hippeus their Countreyman next to these were ten Captains of the Heavy-armed men in Rank and three Admirals with the Confederates in the Rear of these Protomachus had the right Wing with fifteen Sail next him lay Thrasylus with fifteen more Lysias lay in the Rear of Protomachus with the like number and Aristogenes in the Rear of Thrasylus They drew up in this Figure that the Enemy might not charge through them because their Ships were worse Sailers than the others The Lacedemonian's Ships being nimble and fitted either to charge through the Enemie's Fleet or to surround it were drawn up all in a Line Callicratidas had the Van. Here Hermo and Megareus Callicratidas his Pilot told him he would do well to retreat because the Athenian Gallies were much more superiour in number Callicratidas told them again that Sparta would be ne'r the worse inhabited though he were slain and that it was dishonourable to fly Then they had a long Engagement at first in good order afterwards in consusion But when Callicratidas charged into the Enemie's Fleet with his own Ship and falling over board could ne'r be seen more and Protomachus in the right Wing had beaten the Enemie's left the Peloponnesians run most of them to Phocaea and some to Chios The Athenians returned to Arginusae There were twenty five Sail of the Athenians lost men and all except a few that got ashore Of the Peloponnesians nine Lacedemonians out of ten and sixty of the other Confederates The Admirals thought it convenient to send Theramenes and Thrasybulus that fitted out Gallies * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was one that the Law obliged to set out a Gally at his own expence which is mentioned in the second Book of this History and called by Demosthenes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For Theramenes could not be a Captain of a man of War being he is called in two places of this Book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Admiral at their own expence and some of the Captains of Heavy-armed men to go to the Ships that were disabled sinking and take up their men the rest to go and fall upon Eteonicus who blockt up Mitylene But they were hindred by a violent Wind and Storm from executing their Design So they erected a Trophy and staid there all Night In the mean time there came to Eteonicus an Advice-Boat with News of the Sea-fight He sent her away and commanded them on board her to sail out of Harbour without haling any Ship and forthwith to return to the Fleet with Garlands Crying Callicratidas had obtained a Victory at Sea and that all the Athenian Fleet was destroyed They obeyed their Orders and after they returned he sacrificed for the †Just like our Bonfires good News commanding the men to Sup the Merchants to ship their Goods privately and to go along with the Fleet in all hast for the Wind served to Chius The Camp he burnt and sent the Foot to Methymna After the Enemy departed Conon had a fair Gale and launching his Ships he met the Athenians that had parted a little before from Arginusae and gave them an account of Eteonicus The Athenians sailed to Mitylene and so forward to Chius from whence they departed without any Action The Government of Athens put all the Admirals out of Commission except Conon to whom they joyned Adimantus and for a third Philocles Protomachus and Aristogenes two of the Admirals that engaged did not return to Athens The other six * Pericles Diomedon Lysias Aristocrates Thrasilus and Erasiuides went thither Archedemus the Governour of Decelea and the greatest man in Athens at that time plotted secretly against Erasinides and accused him in Court for appropriating to himself the Publick money which came from the Hellespont and for something about his Command whereupon the Court thought fit to commit Erasinides When the Admirals gave a Relation of the Sea-fight and Violence of the Storm in the Senate-house Timocrates moved that the rest of them might be put in Irons and delivered up to the People accordingly the Senate ordered them to be taken into Custody Soon after there was an Assembly wherein several Persons but chiefly Theramenes accused the Admirals who declared they deserved to be call'd to an Account for not taking up the Shipwrackt men and proved by the Evidence of a Letter sent from the Admirals to the Senate and People that they made no other pretence for not doing it than that of the Storm After this each of the Admirals made a short Defence for they were not suffered to plead according to Law and gave a Relation of the whole Action That they persued the Enemy and that they gave Orders about taking up the men to those that fitted out Gallies at their own charge and to Theramenes and Thrasibulus who had formerly been Admirals and to Persons of the like Quality That they knew of none to be accountable for not taking them up except those that were commanded to 't Neither said they will we falsly lay the blame on them tho they have impeacht us for it was the Violence of the Storm that hindred the men from being taken up Moreover they proved what they said by the Depositions of the Masters and others that were in the Fleet and gave the People such satisfaction that several private men stood up and offered to bail them But 't was thought fit to adjourn the matter in hand till the next Assembly for then it was so dark that they could not see their hands that the Senate having prepared matters before should make their report how they would have the Prisoners tried The Feast * A Feast wherein the Parents brought their Children to be enrolled in the Tribes Castell Syntag. Apaturia came soon after wherein the Parents and Children assemble at which Theramenes his Friends put several People in Mourning and shaved them close that they might come into Court as the Relations of those that were drowned and prevailed with Callixenus to impeach the Admirals in the Senate Upon this an Assembly was called in which the Senate made their Report and Callixenus read it Whereas the Accusations and Defences of the Admirals were heard last Court. Let all the Athenians give their Suffrages by their Tribes Let there be set two Vrns in every Tribe Let the Cryer make Proclamation in every Tribe and whosoever is of Opinion that the Admirals are guilty of not taking up the Victors at Sea let him put his Suffrage into the first Vrn and whosoever is of the contrary opinion into the last If they be found guilty let them be delivered to the * XI men were like Sheriffs to take care of the Prisoners to see them tryed and
to do Justice on them XI men and put to death Let their Estates be confiscated and the tenth part of them consecrated to Minerva There came one into Court that said he was saved on a Meal-tub and deposed that the drowning men charged him if he escaped with life to inform the People that the Admirals refused to take those up that had fought with so much bravery for their Countrey Euryptolemus and some others accused Callixenus for bringing in a Bill that was contrary to Law but the Rabble cried out 't was an insufferable thing to abridge the People of their absolute Power Hereupon when Lyciscus told them that unless they forbore to meddle with the Jurisdiction of the Court they should be proceeded against as the Admirals were Again the Rabble made such a Tumult that they were forc't to let fall their Accusation But when the Judges declared that they would suffer no Suffrage to be given contrary to Law Callixenus went up into the Desk and impeacht him for that Then the Multidude cried That they who would not assent should be accused Hereupon all the Judges out of fear said they would submit The famous Socrates except Socrates the Son of Sophroniscus who declared that he would do nothing contrary to Law. Euryptolemus went up after Callixenus and spoke in Defence of the Admirals after this manner Euryptolemus his Oration I am come up here my Lords partly to accuse partly to defend my Friend Diomedon and Pericles my Relation Kinsman partly also to offer what I conceive will be for the general good of my Countrey I blame them for perswading their Colleagues to write to the Senate and People That they had ordered Theramenes and Thrasybulus with forty seven sail of Ships to take up the Ship-wrackt men who ne'r observed their Orders Whereby the miscarriage of a few has involved all in a common guilt and they for their late humanity are brought in danger of their lives by the secret Practises of these and some others Which yet they need not apprehend provided you will do them Right and Justice For thus you shall be well informed of the Truth and have no cause to repent of your Proceedings nor find that you have committed the two grand Offences both against the Gods and your own selves I offer such things to your consideration on wherein neither I nor any else can impose upon you and if you find them guilty you may inflict what punishment you please either on them each severally or on all joyntly Only allow them one day if not longer to make their defence in that you may not give more credit to others than your selves You my Lords know all that Canonus his Law is very severe which says the Prisoner for Treason against the State shall plead in Irons and if convict thereof he shall be put to death and flung into the Barathrum his estate shall be confiscated and a tenth part thereof shall be consecrated to Minerva I move that the Admirals may be tried upon this Statute and begin first if you please with my Cousin Pericles For I should be ashamed to value him above my Countrey Or if you had rather let them be tried upon the Statute against sacrilegious Persons and Traytors which says that if any Person shall commit Treason against the Government or shall steal any holy things and upon a legal trial be convict of the same That he shall have no * There was a Law that no Traytor should be buried publickly Thucy 2. lib. burial in Attica and his Estate shall be confiscated Let them be prosecuted upon which you please of these two and divide the day into three parts the first for you to meet and them to be impleaded in the next for them to make their Defence in and the last to vote whether they be guilty or not guilty Thus my Lords the Delinquents shall be severely punisht the Innocent acquitted and not destroyed without any form of Justice So shall you proceed according to Law and your Oath and do not conspire with the Lacedemonians by condemning those men without an Hearing and contrary to Justice who have come off victoriously and taken seventy Sail of Ships What are you afraid of that you make so much hast Is it lest you should not have power to acquit or condemn any without you had proceeded in an extrajudicial way Like Callixenus who moved that all the Admirals might be tried by one Suffrage But if you condemn any innocent Person to death whereof you may afterwards repent consider what a lamentable thing and of what ill consequence it will be to take away the lives of men without Forms of Justice 'T is very hard when you allowed Aristarchus who first endeavoured to subvert the Government and after that betrayed Oenoe to the Thebans your Enemies what day he desired to make his Defence in and all things else according to Law to deny the Admirals the same who have vanquisht your Enemies and fully answered your Expectations Far be it from you my Lords to violate those Laws the Observation of which has made you so great Proceed ye now to those things that seem most to affect the Admirals After they had beaten the Enemy at Sea and made to land Diomedon advised that the Fleet should draw up in a * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in a Line or Series Sch. Thucyd. ad 2. lib. de Phorm Classe line to go and take up the Wrecks and men Erasinides his Advice was that the whole Fleet should go directly to attack the Enemy at Mitylene Thrasylus said both might be done if they left some Ships there and pursued with the rest 'T was resolved that the eight Admirals should each of them send three Ships out of their respective Divisions viz. ten Captains of the Heavy-armed men ten Samians and three Admirals These made up forty seven Sail and were four to every Ship that was lost there being twelve in all Amongst which were Theramenes and Thrasybulus who fitted out Gallies at their own charge that impeacht the Admirals in the last Assembly with the rest of the Fleet they went in pursuit of the Enemy Which of these things have they not well and fully discharged 'T is reasonable then that those only should be accountable for Miscarriages in the Fight who were to engage and they only questioned for not taking the men up that had Orders so to do but observed them not So much I can say for both that the Storm hindred them from executing the Admiral 's Commands This can be proved by those that were saved by accident amongst whom is one of our Admirals that escaped out of a Ship which sunk and though he wanted help himself yet he is now condemned by the same Suffrage with those that obeyed not their Orders But far be it from you my Lords to deal with them for their Victory and good Fortune as if they had been vanquisht and
understood not how to honour them that augment my Glory Lysander replied Perhaps your Majesty is in the right and has discharged your part better than I Yet my request is that I mayn't be disgraced by the loss of my Interest with you and being I am so unpleasing an Object in your sight that you would send me some whither where I may be serviceable to you Upon this Agesilaus was pleased to hearken to him and sent him to the Hellespont where finding that Spithridates a Persian was in disgrace with Pharnabazus he discoursed and perswaded him with his Children and the Estate he had together with two hundred Horse to come over to the Lacedemonians So leaving the rest behind at Cyzicus he brought Spithridates and his Son to Agesilaus who when he understood it was well pleased therewith and presently inquired of him about Pharnabazus his Province and Government After that Tissaphernes elated with the Opinion of the Army that was coming down to him from the King threatned Agesilaus to declare War against him unless he withdrew his Forces out of Asia The Lacedemonians and Confederates who were there present appeared very much concerned at it imagining the Forces Agesilaus had then with him were much inferiour to the preparations of the King of Persia but Agesilaus with a pleasant Countenance bid the Ambassadors tell Tissaphernes that he was very much obliged to him because by his Perjury he had made the Gods Enemies to himself and Friends to the Greeks Immediately he commanded his men to prepare for an Expedition ordering the Towns that he was obliged to pass through in his march to Caria to lay in Provisions and sent Orders to the Ionians Aeolians and those who lived upon the Hellespont to send their Forces to the Rendevous at Ephesus Tissaphernes partly because Agesilaus wanted Cavalry and partly because Caria was impassable for Horse supposing also he was provoked by his Fraud concluded for certain he would fall into Caria the Place of his Residence Whereupon he drew all his Foot thither and marcht about with his Horse into the Plains of Maeander imagining he could trample the Greeks under foot with his Cavalry before they reached those Countries that were impassable for Horse But Agesilaus instead of going into Caria turned a clear contrary way marching into Phrygia and falling unexpectedly upon them took the Towns which were in his way together with a very great Spoyl All this while his march was without any opposition but when he came near Dascyllium the Vant-Curriers ascended up an Hill to see if they could discover any thing before them when by chance a like number of Pharnabazus his Horse sent by him under the Command of Rathines and Bancaeus his Bastard Brother marcht up the same Hill and discovering one another at four hundred foot distance from each other Plethrum is the sixth part of a Furlong Herod or an hundred foot Suid. at first they halted The Greeks were drawn up four deep like a Phalanx the Barbarians not above twelve in Front though a great many deep These gave the Onset and when they came to handy-blows as many of them as hit the Enemy broke their Lances but the Persians having theirs made of Cornel Tree killed instantly twelve men and two Horses So the Greeks were routed though when Agesilaus came to relieve them with his Heavy-armed men the Barbarians lost one man and retreated The next day after the Fight between the Horse Agesilaus sacrificed to see whether he might advance farther up into their Countrey The Liver is dumpt together and all of a mass in diseased Cattle which was an ill Omen in sacrificing but the Liver wanted Lobes upon sight of which he turned back and marched down to the Sea-coast and finding he could not maintain his Ground in the Champion Countrey without he had a sufficient Body of Horse he resolved to make such Provision that he might not be obliged to he always upon the defensive side Therefore he ordered that the wealthiest men in all the adjacent Cities should keep Horses and declared whoever furnisht out Horse and Arms with an approved man should be excused from serving himself which was effected with that Expedition as if one willingly went to search out another to be knockt on the head for him In the beginning of Spring 96 Olymp. Phormio Archon he assembled all his Forces at Ephesus intending to exercise them and proposed Rewards to those Ranks of the Heavy-armed men that had the ablest Bodies and to the Cavalry that rode the great Horse best proposing also Rewards to those Targetiers and Archers that performed their Duty exceeding well Upon this one might see all the Schools full of men exercising the Tilt-yards of Horse-men running the Darters and Archers training which made Ephesus where those things were done a Place worth the seeing the Market was full of Horses and Arms exposed to sale the Brasiers Carpenters Smiths Shomakers and Painters were all employed about making of Arms so that the City seemed to be the Shop of War. This added courage to every one when they saw Agesilaus and the Soldiers return from the Schools with their Garlands and dedicate them to Minerva For why may not there be entertained great Hopes of good Success were men are Religious Martial and Loyal Agesilaus thinking the Contempt of an Enemy would beget a resolution to fight commanded the Cryers to bring out those Barbarians naked to sale that were taken by the Foragers the Soldiers seeing them have white skins because they seldom exposed their Bodies naked being effeminate and tender and always coacht about thought a War with such People would be no more than if they were to fight with a Company of Women At this time a year being almost elapsed since Agesilaus first began his expedition The XXX Commissioners whereof Lysander was one sailed home again and Herippidas with the rest of the Successors arrived Agesilaus appointed Xenocles and another of their Body to be Generals of Horse giving Scythes the Command of the Heavy-armed Half-Slaves Herippidas he made General of those Soldiers that served under Cyrus and Mygdo of the Troops furnisht out by the Cities declaring to them that he would march directly and take his shortest cut into the heart of the Enemies Countrey That therefore they should prepare their Bodies and resolve to fight Tissaphernes thinking he spread this report designing to deceive him again and that now he would in good earnest fall into Caria passed with his Foot thither as he had done before and posted his Horse in the Plains of Meander Agesilaus did not deceive him and according as he had given out he fell into the Neighbourhood of Sardes and marching three day through the deserted Countrey of the Enemies got store of Provisions for his Army The fourth day the Enemies Horse appearing Agesilaus commanded the Camp-Master General to pass the Pactolus and mark out a Camp. Then the Persians observing some of
them Magistrates there were Divisions among the people they bearing one another a mutual hatred and being the leading men of their Factions Ismenias out of spight to the Lacedemonians would not go near Phaebidas on the other hand Leontiades caressed him and becoming familiar discourst him thus This very day Phoebidas it lies in your power to do your Country a signal piece of Service for if you will follow me with your Heavy-armed men I will bring you into the Citadel and when this is done assure your self Thebes will be wholly at the Devotion of the Lacedemonians and us your Friends You see it has been decreed that no Theban should follow you to the Olynthian Wars but if you will joyn with us in this Design we will send a strong Supply of Heavy-armed men and Horse that you may hereby re-inforce your Brother with a very considerable body of men and whilst he is reducing Olynthus you way possess your selves of Thebes which is far the greater City When Phaebidas heard this he was hugely transported for he loved the performance of a noble Enterprize more than life it self though he never had the Reputation of a prudent and thinking man. After it was concluded on Leontiades bid him march forward as though he was preparing for his Voyage and when it is time said he I will come and Conduct you my self The Senate was sitting at that time in the Porch of the Market-place because the Women kept the Feast of Ceres in the Citadel and the Streets were thin it being Summer-time and the heat of the day when Leontiades rode after Phaebidas and calling him back led him directly to the Citadel where having posted Phaebidas and his men he delivered him the Keys of the Gates advising him to let none enter without his Order From thence he went strait to the Senate and being come thither spake thus My Lords Be not disheartned though the Lacedemonians are possest of the Citadel for they declare they come not to any in an hostile manner but such as love hostility I seize this Ismenias for levying of War pursuant to the Law which authorizes the chief Magistrate to apprehend any person suspected of Treason Ye Captains and those under your Command rise take him and commit him to safe Custody They that were privy to the Design drawing near obey'd and laid hold on Ismenias the others that knew nothing of the matter and were Enemies to Leontiades's Faction immediately left the Town fearing they should be put to death the rest having retired home before After they understood that Ismenias was committed to the Tower those that were of his and Androclides's Faction being about four hundred fled to Athens Upon this they chose another chief Magistrate instead of Ismenias Leontiades went immediately to Lacedemon where he found the Ephori and people much offended at Phaebidas for having acted without Orders In whose defence Agesilaus pleaded that if he had done any thing in prejudice of the State he ought to be punished but if good Service he by their ancient Laws might do such things without Commission You ought therefore said he to consider whether what he has done be for your Interest or not When Leontiades came to the General Assembly he made this Speech My Lords of Lacedemon Leontides's Speech You your selves confess that the Thebans were disposed to a War before these Transactions you perceivod too that they always favoured your Enemies and hated your Friends They would not assist you against the people in the Piraeus that made so fierce opposition against you yet they made War upon the Phoceans only because they were well affected towards you Nay when they understood that you employed your Arms against the Olynthians they made an Alliance with them and you continually expected to hear that they had reduced Boeotia Now since Affairs stand thus you need not have any apprehensions of the Thebans one short private Letter will be sufficient to render every thing there agreeable to your desires Provided you will as cordially espouse our Interest as we do yours When the Lacedemonians heard this they decreed that as the Citadel had been surprized so it should be kept and that Ismenias should be brought to his Tryal Soon after they sent three Judges of the Lacedemonians and of the Confederates one from each City both small and great The Judges being sat Ismenias was indicted for holding Correspondence with the Barbarians and for contracting a Friendship with the Persian which was out of no good design to Greece and for sharing of the Money sent by the King and for being together with Androclides the chief Fomenter of all the Troubles in Greece To all this he pleaded yet could not clear himself from being thought an Enterprizer of great Designs and those not very good ones so he was condemned and executed Hereupon Leontiades's Party being possessed of the City were more observant of the Lacedemonians than was expected from them After this the Lacedemonians pursued the War against the Olynthians more vigorously and sent Teleutias General issuing out Orders for the raising an Army of ten thousand men and directed their Letters to the Confederate Towns commanding them to follow Teleutias in the Expedition pursuant to the Decree of the Allies Wherefore amongst others that freely offered their Service to him being a person no ways ungrateful to those that serv'd under him the City of Thebes sent him being the Brother of Agesilaus both Heavy-arm'd men and Horse He made no extraordinary hast but took all possible care that the Army might do their Friends no harm in their march and to raise as great Forces as he possibly could he also dispatched a Message before to Amyntas requiring him to hire some Mercenaries and distribute money amongst the Kings his Neighbours if so be he had any thoughts of recovering his Kingdom Besides he sent to Derdas Prince of Elimea to let him know that the Olynthians had already subdued the greater Monarchy which was that of Macedone nor would they forbear a lesser unless their Insolence were checkt When he had dispatcht these Affairs and drawn a very powerful Army together he marched to the Frontiers of the Consederates and arriving at Potidaea made a general Muster and entred the Enemies Country But when he advanced towards Olynthus he neither burned nor destroyed any thing supposing if he took any such course it would hinder him both in his March and Retreat yet it would do well to cut down the Trees when he retired from the Walls of the City and thereby divert the Enemy from falling on his Rear As soon as he came within less than ten Furlongs of the City he halted leading the left Wing himself the other Body of the Confederates being placed in the right For so it hapned that he marched towards the Gate at which the Enemy went out The Lacedemonian and Theban Horse together with the Macedonians he placed in the right keeping Derdas with his
the Walls When Mnasippus saw this he thought he was Cock-sure of the Town and began to Treat the Mercenaries after a new manner abridging some of their whole Pay and was two Months in Arrears to those which he paid Nor did he this for want of Money as was reported for it being a Sea-Expedition several Cities had sent Money in lieu of Men. In the mean while the Besieged discovering from the Towers the Watches not so carefully kept as before and the Souldiers stragling up and down the Country sallied out took some and killed others Mnasippus having notice hereof not only arm'd himself but went out with his heavy-arm'd men to their Relief ordering the Commanders and Captains to lead out their Mercenaries and when some of them made answer It was not easie for him to contain the Souldiers in their Duty who had not supplied them with Necessaries he struck one with his Truncheon and another with the Javelin of his Lance And thus they marched out shrewdly against their humour hating their General a thing no ways expedient in time of Action After he had drawn them up in Battalia he routed those that were posted by the Gates and pursued them but they getting near the Walls and facing about threw their Javelins and darted their Lances from off the Monuments At the same time more sallied out at the other Gates and fell pell-mell upon his Rear The men being marshalled Eight in Front and apprehending that part of the Battalion to be weak endeavoured to face about but as they began to retreat the Enemy attacked them as if they had actually fled so that they could face no more and then those next the Rear were routed By this time Mnasippus was not able to succor them that were pressed because the Enemy lay hard upon him in the Front and hose about him grew still fewer and fewer At last the Enemy gave a furious Charge and attacked Mnasippus his Squadron being already reduced to a small number which the heavy-arm'd men seeing came on and killing Mnasippus pursued with all their Forces and had taken the Camp and Trench but that discovering the Sutiers Servants and Slaves they took them to be men effective and retired The Corcyreans erected a Trophy and restored the Dead upon Truce Hereupon they in the Town gathered strength and the Besiegers were wholly disheartned there being news that Iphicrates was as good as arrived and the Corcyreans were Equipping their Fleet Upon that Hypermenes Mnasippus his Vice-Admiral fitted out all the Ships that were there and sailing about to the Camp put the Slaves and Money on board all the small Vessels and sent them away defending the Camp himself with the Seamen and other Souldiers that had escaped the Battel who having very great Apprehensions lest they should be surprized by the Athenians went on board the Gallies in confusion and setting Sail arrived safe at Leucas leaving behind them a great quantity of Corn and Wine with a considerable number of Slaves and sick men When Iphicrates set Sail he immediately made ready for an engagement leaving his main Sails as though he were going to fight made little use of his small Vessels though it was a fair Gale but kept on his course with rowing whereby he exercised the mens bodies more and made the Ships Sail better For several times in those places where the Fleet were to Dine or Sup he stood out to Sea and then tacking lay with the Stems of the Gallies towards the Shore commanding them when the sign was given to strive who should land first because they that did were by way of Reward served first with Water or any thing else they wanted and had the preeminence of dining first On the contrary it was a great punishment for the Tardy to be deprived of all those Advantages and be obliged to come on board when the sign was made for those that got first ashore did every thing at their leisure but those that came last did all in an hurry When Iphicrates dined in the Enemies Country he set Centinels as the custom is at Land and haled up his Masts setting the men to spy from them so that they looking from an Eminence saw a great deal further than they could upon a Level When he had Supped and Reposed he made no Fires in the Camp but made Lights before it that the Enemy might not approach undiscovered Oftentimes when he supped in a Calm he put to Sea and if it were a Gale the Seamen rested and the Fleet kept on their course if they were obliged to row he refreshed them by turns and in their course by Day he sometimes drew up the Fleet in a Line and other whiles in a Body So that they supposing as they sailed that they went into a Sea possessed by the Enemies had all things in readiness for an Engagement And because Iphicrates did only that which was just necessary he prevented Supplies from being brought to the Enemy and performed his Voyage with great expedition He was at Sphagea a Town in Laconia when Mnasippus was slain from thence he went into the Country of Elis and passing the Mouth of Alpheus put into Port about a place called Icthys next day he sailed from thence to Cephallenia continuing his course in that order so as to have all things ready for an Engagement if occasion served For being he had heard nothing about Mnasippus from any that was an Eye Witness he suspected this report might be spread purposely to catch him and therefore he was upon his Guard but afterwards arriving at Cephallenia and being certified of the truth there he refreshed his Army I confess that Discipline and Exercise is to be used when there is a prospect of an Engagement but this I commend in Iphicrates that being to go where he immediately expected a Sea Fight he so contrived that his men should understand what belonged to one and yet all this Discipline did not retard his course After he had taken in the Towns in Cephallenia he went to Corcyra and there having Intelligence of the ten Gallies which Dionysius sent to the Assistance of the Lacedemonians he went himself to view in what part of the Country they might be discovered when they arrived and at what place from the Town they who were to give the sign of their Arrival might be discerned there he set Scouts and appointed what sign they should make upon the Enemies Arrival and coming into Port. In the mean while he gave Orders to twenty Captains of Gallies who were to attend him upon Summons made and told them before-hand that if they did not thy must thank themselves for what followed It was worth while to have seen what hast they made upon the discovery of the Enemies Arrival and the Proclamation made there being none of them but got aboard with all imaginable diligence Iphicrates went from thence to the place where the Enemies Gallies lay and found that the men were
a Messenger Crowned with a Garland to Athens to relate the greatness of the Victory and to desire that they would joyn with them against the Lacedemonians declaring they might now revenge themselves on them for all their former Injuries At that time the Senate was sitting in the Citadel but when they heard the News any one might see that they were extreamly troubled at it for they neither sent the Herald any Presents nor made any mention of Assistance and so he departed from thence The Thebans sent also an Express to Jason their Ally desiring him to send them Succours considering with themselves what was likely to be the issue of these things He immediately set out a Fleet pretending to assist them by Sea and taking the Mercenaries with his own Guards though the Phoceans had made War upon him without declaring yet he passed by Land into Baeotia appearing in several places sooner than there was any News of his March proceeding a great way in his Voyage before all his Forces could be assembled shewing thereby That things of great Importance are effected easier by Diligence than Force When he arrived in Baeotia the Thebans signified to him that they had then an opportunity of falling upon the Lacedemonians and that whilst he attacked them with his Mercenaries from an Eminence they would set upon them in the Front. But he diverted them from this their Design advising them not to aim still at greater things since they had performed so brave an Exploit already lest they should be deprived of the advantage of the Victory they had lately obtain'd Don't you know says he that when you were reduced to extremities you then became victorious and therefore you should consider that if the Lacedemonians be once made weary of their lives they too will grow desperate and fight it out to the last man. God also is sometimes pleased to humble the Mighty and exalt the Mean. With these Words he disswaded the Thebans from putting all to the hazard On the other hand he shewed the Lacedemonians the difference between a routed and Vctorious Army but if you says he would have this Defeat forgotten I advise you to be quiet till you have recovered and raised a greater Power and then set upon the Thebans who are now invincible You understand says he that there are at this time some of your Confederates who discourse of treating with the Enemy therefore do you endeavour by all means to make a Truce which I the more desire out of a Design to preserve you both in respect of the Alliance between my Father and you and for that I my self am your Publick Host This he spoke though perhaps rather with intention to divide them that so both might stand in need of his assistance The Lacedemonians hearing him say so desired him to negotiate a Truce and when News came that it was concluded the Generals commanded all to prepare themselves and after they had supped to decamp in the Night that by break of Day they might be marching up Cithaeron When they had supped the Generals commanded them to march before they slept and immediately when it was dark they took the way of Creusis chusing rather to pass undiscovered than rely upon the Truce But they marcht on very heavily for being it was Night they departed in fear and the way was bad and came to Aegosthena in the Territory of Megara There they met Archidamus's Army who stayed till all the Confederates were come up and then marched with his Forces as far as Corinth where he dismist the Auxiliaries and marcht with the Spartans home Jason returning through Phocis took the Suburbs of Hyampolis destroyed the Countrey and killed a great many but passed through the rest thereof without any Action at all When he came to Heraclea he took the Town not that he feared any would fall into his Countrey though that Pass were open but considered rather if any should possess themselves of Heraclea which stood in a strait place they might keep him out if he should entertain a Design of invading Greece After he returned back into Thessaly be became a very great man both because he was made General by a Law of the Thessalians and for that he maintained a great many Mercenaries both Foot and Horse that were experienced men and excellent Soldiers being yet greater by reason of the strong Alliance he had already because still more desired it but the greatest of all the men in his time for that no one Enemy was a Match for him When the Pythian Games drew near he gave out an Order amongst the Cities to feed Oxen Sheep Goats and Hogs and to provide them for the Sacrifice 'T is said that he taxed every City tho' moderately no less than one thousand Oxen ten thousand other Cattle proclaiming a Crown of Gold for a Prize to that City which fed the fattest Ox for the Sacrifice of Apollo and sent Orders to the Thessalians to prepare themselves for the Campagn against the Pythian Games having thoughts as the report went to be President himself of the Solemnity and Prizes But what he thought to do with the Sacred Money is not yet known for it being reported that when the Delphians consulted what they should do if Jason offered to seize it the God answered that he could take care of that himself This man that was so great and entertained such vast Designs whilst he was mustering and exercising the Pheraean Horse being sat down and giving an answer to some that had business with him was killed and cut in pieces by seven young men that came to him pretending some Differences among themselves the Guards came briskly to his Assistance and one of the Ruffians being yet stabbing him was wounded with a Lance and killed another mounting his Horse was left behind and after he had received several Wounds died also the rest got upon Horses they had laid and escaped being honourably received in the Greek Towns wheresoever they came By which 't is apparent the Greeks were in great fear lest he should have played the Tyrant with them After his Death Polydorus and Polyphron Brothers were made Generalissimo's but in their Journey to Larissa Polydorus whilst he was sleeping in the Night was killed by his Brother Polyphron as 't is thought for his Death was suddain and without any apparent Causes Polyphron governed one Year converting his Generalship into a Tyranny putting Polydamus and eight more of the Principal Citizens to death at Pharsalus and banished seveal out of Larissa Soon after this he was killed himself by Alexander who revenged Polydorus's death and put an end to that Tyranny This Alexander taking upon him the Administration of Government became troublesome both to the Thessalians and Thebans an Enemy to the Athenians a Rogue at Land and a Pirate at Sea. He having plaid such pranks was murdered by the instigation of his Wife and assistance of her Brothers she having told them that
would be destroyed by the Enemie's Darts faced about and charged their Pursuers In this Skirmish Polytropus was slain and many more had been killed in the flight if the Phliasian Horse had not wheeled about and stopt their further pursuit by attacking the Mantineans Rear After this Exploit the Mantineans returned home Agesilaus hearing of it and concluding that the Orchomenian Mercenaries would not joyn them advanced in this manner The first day he supped in the Territory of Tegea and the day after passing into that of Mantinea he encamped under the Hills that are to the Westward of the City There he burnt the Countrey and destroyed the Fields The Arcadians that were assembled at Asea got into Tegea by Night and next Day Agesilaus encamped within twenty Furlongs of Mantinea The Arcadians coming with a strong Body of Heavy-armed men from Tegea and having reached the Hills betwixt Mantinea and that Place they were very earnest to joyn the Mantineans because the Argives had not sent all their Forces thither Some there were who perswaded Agesilaus to fall upon them separately but he fearing that whilst he attacked them the Mantineans out of the Town would fall upon his Flank and Rear concluded it would be best to let them joyn and then if they would fight they should have a fair and open Field By this time the Arcadians were united and Agesilaus as he was sacrificing before the Camp by day-break discovered the Targetiers from Orchomenus together with the Phliasian Horse who marched in the Night by Mantinea whereupon Agesilaus was obliged to return to his Arms and the rest to run to their Ranks In the Evening he encamped undiscovered in a Vally surrounded by the Mountains on the back of the Mantinean Territory Next day as he was sacrificing at the Head of the Army he discovered the Mantineans assembled on the top of those Hills that overlookt his Rear upon which he resolved to draw his men out of the Valley but fearing if he marcht from thence that the Enemy would fall upon his Rear he lay still and commanded those in the Rear to face about to direct their Arms towards the Enemy and to move to the right towards their Leader By this means he both drew his Troops out of the strait Pass and re-inforc'd his Battalion which when he had doubled he marcht into the Plain in that Order and there extended it nine or ten deep The Mantineans came out no more because the Eleans their Confederates had perswaded them not to fight till the Thebans had joyned them 187. l. being assured of their coming for that they had borrowed ten Talents of them for this expedition The Arcadians when they heard this kept themselves within the Walls of Mantinea Agesilaus though he had a great desire to march away with the Army it being in the midst of Winter yet he stay'd three days in the Neighbourhood of Mantinea that he might not be thought to hasten his departure for fear of the Enemy On the fourth day he refreshed his Army early and began his march making shew as if he would encamp in the Place where he did when he first set out from Eutaea But when none of the Arcadians appeared he though very much belated marched with diligence to Eutaea intending to depart with the Heavy-armed men before the Enemies fires were discovered that none might say he fled whereby he seemed to have allayed the consternation his Countreymen were in before because though he had entered Arcadia and burned it yet none would undertake to fight him As soon as he arrived in Laconia he sent home his Spartans and dismissed the Neighbouring Troops to go to their respective Cities The Arcadians receiving Intelligence that Agesilaus was marcht out of their Countrey and had disbanded his Army got together in a strong Body fell upon the Heraeans for refusing to incorporate with them for invading Arcadia with the Lacedemonians for firing their Houses and cutting down the Trees in their Incursions But when there came News that the Thebans were coming to relieve Mantinea they left Heraea and joyned them after the Armies were united the Thebans thinking all was well because they had succoured their Allies and no Enemy appeared in the Countrey prepared for their departure The Arcadians Argives and Eleans persuaded the Thebans to march directly into Laconia making ostentation of their Numbers and magnifying their Army for all the Boeotians were very well disciplined and elated with their Victory at Leuctra There followed them in this Expedition their Subjects the Phoceans Acarnanians Heracleans and Melieans and Forces out of all the Cities of Euboea both the Locri and Horse and Targetiers out of Thessaly They therefore well informing the Thebans of the Desolation which was in Laconia entreated them that they would not by any means march away before they had made an Incursion into that Countrey The Thebans indeed gave them the hearing but considered on the other hand that Laconia was very difficult to be invaded thinking there might be Guards set to defend those Places which were most easie to be passed For Ischolaus was at Ius in the Territory of Sciris with a Garrison of four hundred stout men consisting partly of half Slaves and partly of the Exiles of Tegea There was another Garrison too near Leuctra beyond Maleatis Moreover the Thebans considered that the Lacedemonians would soon unite and that they would fight no where better than upon their own Ground Upon all these Confiderations they were not very forward to march to Lacedemon but afterwards when some came from Caryae and reported the Countrey was in no posture of Defence proffering to guide the Army and offering themselves to be cut in pieces if they imposed upon them There came also several of the Nighbourhood to invite and to inform them that if they did but appear in the Countrey they would revolt and added that the Neighbours were lately summoned by the Spartans but would not assist them The Thebans hearing all these Reports and from several hands were over-perswaded and fell into Laconia about Caryae as did the Arcadians near Ius in the Territory of Sciris Though if Ischolaus had but gone before and secured the difficult Passes 't was said none could have entered on that side but he designing to joyn those of Ius tarried for them at that Village where the Arcadians came upon them in great Numbers and here Ischolaus's men facing about and charging the Enemy got the better But at last when those on the Houses threw their Lances and darted their Javelins both at the Rear and Flank Ischolaus and all the rest fell except any might escape undistinguished The Arcadians having performed this Exploit marcht towards Caryoe to the Thebans who having heard of their Success came down into the Enemies Countrey the more boldly and immediately destroyed and burnt Sellasia When they came into the Champion Countrey they encamped in a Grove of Apollo's but made no attempt
where the Enemy might have engaged him in the Plain or where they might have thrown their Darts from off the Houses or where a small number could have done as much service as a greater but took a Place of which he thought he could make advantage and so went down not up into the City But what hapned there afterwards may be partly ascribed to Providence or else it may be said that no Power can resist the Desperate For though Archidamus had not an hundred men he not only passed over the River where in probability he might have been hindred but marched up a rising Ground to the Enemy and there those Souldiers that breathed Fire that had beaten the Lacedemonians that were in every respect stronger than they and on higher Ground could not sustain the Charge of Archidamus's Men but gave ground and the foremost of Epaminondas's Men were slain The Lacedemonians being transported with the Victory and pursuing the Enemy too far came off with some loss For as it seems Providence had circumscribed the bounds of the Victory how far it should extend Archidamus erected a Trophy in the Place where he had routed the Enemy and deliver'd their Dead upon Truce Epaminondas considering that the Arcadians were coming to the relief of Lacedemon would not fight them and the Lacedemonians together especially these having been lately successful and his own Men foiled Wherefore marching back again with all speed to Tegea and refreshing his Heavy-arm'd men he sent his Horse to Mantinea desiring them to hold out bravely telling them that probably all the Mantineans and their Cattel were without the Walls it being the time that they housed their Corn accordingly they went In the mean while the Athenian Horse marching from Eleusis Supped at the Isthmus and passing by Cleone arrived at Mantinea and took up their Quarters in the City The mantineans being certified that the Enemies Cavalry were coming thither desired the Athenian Horse to assist them if 't were possible for all their Cattel were abroad as also their Workmen a great many Children and old Men that were free The Athenians hearing this went out to their Assistance before either they or their Horses had eaten Here who can enough admire the Valour of these Horses who though they saw the Enemy were far stronger and tho they themselves had had a Disaster at Corinth they yet never call'd it to mind or that they were to fight with the Theban and Thessalian Horse which were counted the best in the World But ashamed to come thither without doing the Confederates any Service as soon as ever they came in view of the Enemy desirous to maintain the Glory of their Ancestors they engaged them and by this Encounter saved all that the Mantineans had abroad yet they lost some brave men and slew also some such of the Enemy For there was none on either side that had so short a Weapon but that he could reach his Enemy therewith At last they carried off their Friends that were slain and restored the Enemy theirs upon Truce Here Epaminondas considering that within a few days he should be obliged to depart because the time set for the Expedition was elapsed and that if he should leave them exposed whom he came to assist then they would be besieged by the Enemy and himself should lose all his former Glory because he and a strong body of Heavy-arm'd men had been beaten at Lacedemon by a few foiled at Mantinea in a Skirmish with the Horse and that his Voyage into Peloponnesus had given occasion to the Lacedemonians Arcadians Achaeans Eleans and Athenians to enter into a Confederacy thought it was not possible for him to retreat without fighting considering too that if he conquer'd he should remove all these Difficulties and that if he were killed it would be thought a Noble Death by having attempted to leave his Country the Soveraignty of Peloponnesus Nor is it any great wonder to me that he should entertain these Designs for these are the thoughts of men that are Lovers of Glory But this is a greater wonder that he so inur'd his Souldiers to refuse no kind of Toyl either by Day or Night to decline no Danger and to obey his Commands though they wanted Provisions For at last when he gave out orders to his Army to prepare themselves for Battel the Horse readily at his Command whitened their Head-pieces and some of the Arcadian Heavy-arm'd men form'd themselves into Companies and carried Clubs after the manner of the Thebans Lastly all whetted their Spears and Swords and scoured their Bucklers It is worth while to observe what he did after he had got them in this good Order At first as is usual he drew up in Battalia The Battel at Mantinea and then signified that Preparations should be made for a Battel after he had drawn up as he best liked he did not take the shortest Cut to the Enemy but led to the Hills that lay on the West of Tegea and opposite to the place where he was So that he made the Enemy believe he would not fight that Day But after he came to the Mountains and had extended his Army in Front he made a halt under the Hills as though he was about to Encamp and by this abated the prepared Fury of the Enemy to fight and made them negligent of the order of Battel they had drawn up in But bringing the Companies that were placed in File to the Front 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and making a strong Wedge about himself he commanded them to take up their Arms again and led them on When the Enemy saw them advance contrary to their expectation no one stood still but some ran to their Ranks others prepared themselves in Battalia some bridled their Horses and put on their Armour and seemed rather to be made a Carnage of than to make one On the other hand Epaminondas led on his Army being like the opposite Stem of a Galley concluding that where-ever he made an Impression there he should ruine their whole Body For he had prepared to charge with the Flower of his Forces leaving the Weaker part a good way off considering that if this were beaten it would put the rest into a Consternation and add Resolution to the Enemies The Enemy had drawn up their Horse in depth like a Battalion of Heavy-arm'd men not having flank'd them with Foot. on the contrary Epaminondas made a firm Wedge of his Horse and placed Foot by them thinking that after he had broke through the Enemies Horse he should beat all the rest of their Army For 't is very hard to find any that will abide by 't when they see their Fellow-Souldiers run Now that the Athenians on the left might not relieve those next them he posted some Horse and Heavy-arm'd men on the opposite Hills putting them in fear that if they went to the relief of their men these would fall on their Rear Nor did he sail of
and where the years are not distinguished I have supplied them out of the latter There is but one Notation of Time in the latter part of the History which occurs in the Fifth Book concerning the Mantinean War that broke out at the Expiration of the Thirty years Truce made after the first Battel at Mantinea which was fought in the Fourteenth year of the Peloponnesian War and the third of the Ninety third Olympiad so that accounting from that time to the third of the Ninety eighth Olympiad when this War began there are Two and thirty Years and reck'ning exclusively that is neither the year when the Truce was made nor the Year when the War began and there will remain Thirty the Number sought Addenda I thought it convenient to add these various Lections out of Palmerius which came into my hands since this Translation was in the Press Page 84. lin 9. lege Artaxerxes Page 124. lin 4. pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lege 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For these Exoneans were a Tribe in Attica and had no concern with the Exiles in the Piraeus so that Lysimachus did very unjustly in killing them whereas if they had belong'd to the Exiles they had been Enemies and so no injustice in him to have slain them Page 152 lin 22 Lege 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For Dercyllidas entred the Country about Ephesus with his own Troops in no good order because he arrived there before the Enemy and knowing nothing of their March was not upon his guard FINIS Some Books Printed for and sold by W. Freeman by Temple-Bar in Fleetstreet THE Penitent pardoned Or a Discourse of the Nature of Sin and Efficacy of Repentance under the Parable of the Prodigal Son By J. Goodman D. D. One of His Majesties Chaplains in Ordinary the Second Edition in Quarto Holy Devotions with Directions to Pray Also a brief Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer Creed Ten Commandments Seven Penitential Psalms and the Seven Psalms of Thanksgiving Together with a Litany By the Right Reverend Father in God Lancelet Andrews late Bishop of Winchester the Seventh Edition Daily Exercise for a Christian Or a Manual of Private Devotions consisting of Prayers Praises and Thanksgivings as well for every Day in the Week as upon particular Occasions Composed by a Person of Exemplary Piety for his own use Twelves price 1 s. The manner of the Israelites in three Parts 1. Of the Patriarchs 2. Of the Israelites after their coming out of Egypt until the Captivity of Babylon 3. Of the Jews after their Return from the Captivity until the Preaching of the Gospel Written Originally in French by the Ingenious Mr. Fliere Tutor to the Count de Vendosme faithfully Translated 12o. Scarron's Novels viz. The Fruitless Precaution The Hypocrites The Innocent Adultery The Judge in his own Cause The Rival Brothers The Invisible Mistress The Chastisement of Avarice and the Vnexpected Choice Octavo The Means to preserve Peace in Marriage being an Ingenious Treatise Written Originally in French by the Author of the Rules of Civility Necessary for all Persons that enter into a Wedded State. Sheppard's President of Presidents Or one General President for Common Assurances by Deeds wherein there is an Extract of all the general Learning and Forms of Presidents now extant Out of which you may be fitted for most Purposes and Cases and be able to find the Faults of any Conveyances and so judge of your Right and Title to your Lands and Goods here being the Effect and Quintescence of all Books of this kind Of singular Use and Profit to all men The third Edition Octavo The Clerks Mannual Or an Exact Collection of the most approved Forms of Declarations c. Octavo The Grand Expedient for suppressing Popery examined Or the Project of Exclusion proved to be contrary to Reason and Religion By J. Clipsham Prebendary of Chichester To the Excluders Are your Minds set upon Righteousness O ye Congregation and do you judge the thing that is right O ye Sons of Men Psalm 58.1 In Octavo New. Price 2 s. 6 d. An Infallible way to Contentment in the midst of Publick or Personal Calamities Together with the Christians Courage and Encouragement against Evil Tidings and the Fear of Death Twelves Price 1 s. 6 d. FINIS
Enemy first drawn up and the next Day decamped marching the way that leads to Thespiae The Mercenary Targetiers of the Thebans following them very boldly called to Chabrias to keep up close the Olynthian Horse also who according to a Treaty served under the Thebans facing about pursued them to the rise of an Hill and killed a great many for the Hill being easie to be rode up the Horse made the Foot Prisoners on the Ascent Afterwards when Agesilaus came to Thespiae and found the People divided the Lacedemonian Faction giving out that they would put their Adversaries to death one of which was Meno he would not permit it but composed the Differences and made them sware mutually to be Friends From thence he returned over Cithoeron the way that goes to Megara and there having disbanded the Auxiliaries marched home with the Troops of his own Countreymen The Thebans being hard pressed with scarcity of Provisions at this time because they had reaped no Corn for two years together manned two Gallies and sent ten Talents to be expended in Corn at Pagasae 1875 l. But whilst they were buying of their Corn Alcetas the Lacedemonian Governour of Oreum fitted out three Gallies taking particular care that his Design might not be discovered After it was shipped off Alcetas took that and the Gallies and the men being no less than three hundred and put them into the Citadel where he himself quartered They say then that Alcetas had a marvellous handsome Boy of Oreum to wait upon him whose Company he went down from the Citadel to enjoy The Prisoners observing this his carelessness seized the Citadel upon which the Town revolted and the Thebans imported plenty of Corn. In the beginning of the Spring following Hippodamus Archon Agesilaus was confined to his Bed for when he marcht with his Army out of the Thebans Countrey to Megara as he was going out of Venus's Temple into the Senate-house he broke a Vein somewhere or other in his Body and the Blood flowed out from thence into the sound Leg then the calf swelling and the pains growing intollerable a Syracusian Doctor opened a Vein by the Ankle Yet the blood ran Day and Night continually and did not stop do what they could till he swounded and then it stanched From hence he was carried to Lacedemon where he lay sick the rest of the Summer and the Winter following Early in the Spring the Lacedemonians sent out another Army Socratides Archon and gave the Command thereof to Cleombrotus who marched with his Forces to Cithaeron the Targetiers went before to possess themselves of the Places that lay above the Road but a Party of Athenians and Thebans having taken the Hill before them they let them ascend and having gotten them within their power rose up pursued and killed near forty of them After this Action Cleombrotus thinking it impossible to pass into the Thebans Countrey marched back again with his Army and disbanded them At that time the Confederates being assembled at Lacedemon muttered that they were consumed by the War through the negligence of their Generals that they could man out a much stronger Fleet than the Athenians and could starve their City that they could transport an Army in this Fleet into the Countrey of Thebes either at Phocis or Creusis Hereupon they fitted out sixty Sail and made Pollis Admiral Nor were they mistaken in their Measures for the Athenians were blocked up and their Corn Fleet being at Geraestus could not return from thence because the Lacedemonian Fleet lay off of Aegina Ceos and Andros The Athenians considering their own exigencies fitted out a Fleet and engaged with Pollis under the Conduct of Chabrias beat him at Sea and so the Corn was brought into Athens Soon after the Athenians making Preparations to Transport an Army into Boeotia the Thebans entreated them to send another into Peloponnesus supposing if this were done the Lacedemonians would not be able at the same time to defend their own Countrey and their Confederates as also to send a sufficient force against them The Athenians provoked by what Sphodrias had done equipped a Fleet of sixty Sail with great diligence and chose Timotheus their Admiral But the Enemy having neither entred the Thebans Countrey nor Cleombrotus began his march nor Timotheus sailed round Peloponnesus with his Fleet the Thebans vigorously attacked the Neighbouring Towns and retook them In the mean while Timotheus sailed about Peloponnesus and took Corcyra but did not enslave the People nor banish any nor change their Laws whereby he endeared himself to all the adjacent Towns. On the other hand the Lacedemonians set out a Fleet against them appointing Nicholochus their Admiral a very daring sort of man who coming in view of Timotheus's Fleet without any more delay though six of the Ambracians had not joyned him engaged the other sixty six with fifty five of his own and was beaten Thereupon Timotheus erected a Trophy at Aelyzia Afterwards when Timotheus's Gallies were haled up a shore and refitting Nicolochus having joyned the six Ambracians sailed to Aelyzia where he lay and erected a Trophy in the Neighbouring Isles because he came not out Timotheus refitting those Ships he had and equipping more in Corcyra made up above seventy Sail becoming thereby far stronger at Sea and sent to Athens for mony having occasion for large Summs wherewith to maintain so numerous a Fleet. XENOPHON'S History OF THE Affairs of Greece LIB VI. THE CONTENTS Jason made Captain General of Thessaly Mnasippus the Lacedemonian Admiral ruined by his Avarice Iphicrates a Famous General of the Athenians The States of Greece assemble about making a Peace A Peace is made and broken The Battle of Leuctra wherein the Lacedemonians are overthrown by the Thebans Jason is murdered in the height of his Glory The Lacedemonians beg Assistance of the Athenians against the Thebans THE Affairs of the Athenians and Lacedemonians stood thus The Thebans having subdued the Towns of Boeotia carried the War into Phocis whereupon the Phoceans sent Ambassadors to Lacedemon to let them know that if they were not succoured they must necessarily fall into the hands of the Thebans Upon this Message they sent Cleombrotus their King with four Regiments and a Detachment of the Confederates into Phocis Much about this time Polydamas the Pharsalian came out of Thessaly to Lacedemon being esteemed in the other Parts thereof a Person of Honour and Integrity and in his own City was reputed one of that Probity that the Pharsalians in time of Sedition committed the Citadel to his care ordering him to receive the Revenues assigned by Law to be expended on the * The Sacrifices were at the charge of the Publick for the most part and Tâ—eodosius perswades several Heathens to turn Christians because of the costliness of their Religion Suid. in voce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sacrifices and other Publick Affairs Out of that Money he kept the Citadel and gave up his Accounts every