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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

and of vnreproueable manners both which I haue knowne by sight These two and Mathew the Ethiopian Embassador sayled towards India vnder the conduct of Lupo Soarez the Viceroy and after his death vnder Viceroy Didaco Lupeza a Sequeira who was Lupos successor with a Nauy well furnished which hee had prepared against the Turkes by whom they were brought to a hauen called Arquicum situated vpon the Erythraean shore vnder the dominiō of Prester Iohn into which hauen the ship ariued vpon the second day of Aprill in the yeare of Christ 1520. In which iourney Edward Galuanus dyed in Camara an Island in the Erythraean sea Rhodericus Limius was placed in his stead who with his fellowes in Embassage set forwards on their iourney from the said hauen of Arquicum towards the Court of Prester Iohn hauing Mathew with them as their guide and companion for that young man Abesynus whom I formerly mentioned was dead before this time And in this iourney Mathew dyed likewise and was buried in a famous Monastery called Bisayn after whose funerals performed they set forwards on their intended iourney and after great trauels infinite labours and many dangers they arriued at the Court of Prester Iohn of whom Rhodoricke with his associates were very honorably receiued and he hauing perfected his businesse and receiued new message was sent backe againe vnto King Emanuell which done hee went to the hauen of Arquicum but found not the Nauy there of whom Ludouicus Menesius was gouernour and which came purposely thither to carry them backe againe for they stayed so long that the ship could no longer expect their comming by reason of the outragious and vehement tempests within those coasts by an admirable secret of nature blow sixe monethes together from one climate and the other sixe monethes from the other At Arquicum hee found letters with the Gouernor of the towne left there by Pretor Ludouicus perporting the death of king Emanuell wherefore he determined to returne againe to Prestor Iohns Court at whose returne Prester Iohn writ letters vnto the Pope of Rome committing them to Francis Aluarez to bee carried to him at Rome All these hauing remained in those prouinces for the space of sixe yeares in the the end together with the Ethiopian Embassador whom Prester Iohn sent anew vnto our King entred into one of the Kings ships at Arquicum which was there laid for the purpose in the moneth of Aprill in the yeare of Christ 1526. and disankering thence sailed towards India and at length by tedious trauels at sea they returned to King Iohn at Lisbon in the moneth of Iuly in the yeare 1527. who retained the Ethiopian Embassador with him touching certaine poynts of his Embassage vnto the yeare 1539. and sent Francis Aluarez vnto Pope Clement the seuenth with letters from Prester Iohn from whom he came as Embassador Which letters the Pope receiued at the hands of the said Francis Aluarez at Bononia in the moneth of Ianuary 1533. In the presence of the Emperour Charles the fift of which letters and of others written to Emanuell and Iohn King of Portugall Paulus Iouius a very learned man was interpretor who hath translated them out of the Portingall language wherein they were written into Latine as here you may see A letter from Dauid the most renowned Emperour of Aethithiopia written to Emanuell King of Portugall in the yeare of our Lord 1521. Paulus Iouius being interpretor IN the name of God the Father as hee alwaies hath beene voyd of all beginning in the name of God his onely sonne who is like vnto him and was before the starres gaue light and before hee laid the foundation of the Ocean who at another time was conceiued in the wombe of the blessed Virgin without the seede of man without mariage for in this maner was the knowledge of his dutie in the name of the holy Ghost the Spirit of sanctity who knoweth all secrets that be where he was before that is of al the altitudes of heauen which is sustained without any pillers or props hee who amplified the earth which before was not created nor knowne through all parts from the east to the west from the north to the south Neither is this the first or second but the vndiuided Trinity in the only eternall Creator of all things of one only councell and one word for euer and euer Amen These letters are sent by Atani Thingil that is to say the incense of a virgin which name was giuen him in baptisme but now at his first entrance into his kingdome he tooke the name of Dauid the beloued of God the piller of faith a kinsman of the tribe of Iuda the son of Dauid the son of Salomon the son of the piller of Sion the son of the seed of Iacob a son of the hand of Mary and the carnal son of Nav Emperour of great and high Ethiopia and of great kingdoms lands and dominions king of Xoa Caffate Fatigar Angote Boru Baaligaze Adea Vangue Goiame where is the head of the riuer Nilus of Damaraa of Vaguemedri Ambeaa Vagne Tigri Mahon of Sabain where Saba was Queene and of Bermagaes and Lord vnto Nobia the end of Egypt These letters I say bee sent from him and directed to the high mightie and inuincible Lord Emanuell who dwelleth in the loue of God and remaineth firme in the Catholicke faith the sonne of the Apostles Peter and Paul King of Portingall and of the Algarbians friend of Christians enemy iudge Emperour and vanquisher of the Moores and of the people of Affricke and of Guiennea from the Promontory and Island of the Moone of the redde sea of Arabia Persis and Armutia of great India and of all places and of those Islands and adiacent Countries spoyler and ouerthrower of the Moores and strange Paganes Lord of Castles high Towers and Walles and increaser of the faith of Christ Peace be vnto you King Emanuell who by Gods assistance destroyest the Moores and with your Nauy your Armie and your Captaines driuest them vp and downe like vnbeleeuing dogges Peace be vnto your wife the Queene the friend of Iesus Christ hand-maide of the virgine Mary the mother of the Sauiour of the world Peace bee vnto your Sonnes who bee as a Table well furnished with dainties in a greene Garden amongst the flourishing Lillies Peace bee vnto your Daughters who are attired with garments and costly ornaments as Princes Palaces bee garnished with Tapestry Peace bee vnto your kinsfolkes which bee procreated of the seede of the Saints as the Scripture saith the sonnes of the Saints be blessed both within doores and without Peace be vnto your Councellors officers your Magistrates Lawyers Peace be vnto the captains of your castles borders and of all matters of munition Peace bee vnto all your Nation and to all your inhabitants Moores and Iewes excepted Peace be vnto all your parishes and to all that be faithfull to Christ and to you Amen I vnderstand

twy-light Mattins in the morning and their houres at the first third sixt and ninth houre of the day and that all this if it be possible should be done in the Church humbly kneeling or standing before the Altar with their faces towards the East The Lords prayer and the Apostles Creed were then vsed to be sayd as they are now at this day Saint Hierome at the instance of Pope Damasus distributed and digested the Psalmes by the dayes assigning to euery houre his proper Psalmes and their number as nine at nocturns vpon holy dayes and 12. vpon working daies for the laudes at Mattins fiue fiue at euen-song and at all other houres three and it was chiefly he that disposed and set in order the Gospels Epistles all other things which as yet be read out of the old new Testament sauing only the hymnes Damasus diuiding the Quire of singing men into two parts appointed them to sing in course the Anthemes written by S. Ambrose Bishop of Millaine added Gloria Patri to the end of euery Antheme The Toletan Agathon Councels allowed the lessons hymnes which be read before euery houre The prayers grails tracts alleluias offertories communions in the Masse anthems versicles tropes and other things sung and read to the honor of God in the office of the Masse as well for the day as night were penned by S. Gregory Gelasius Ambros and diuers others of the holy Fathers not all at once but at diuers times The Masse for so is that sacrifice called was celebrated at the first in that simple furniture and plaine manner as it is now vsed vpon Easter Eue. Pope Celestinus added the Priests manner of entrance to the altar the Gloria in excelsis was annexed by Telesphorus the hymne which begins et in terra was composed by Hillarie Bishop of Poictiers and was afterwards by Symachus ordained to be sung The salutations taken out of the booke of Ruth which the priest pronounceth 7. times in the Masse by saying Dominus vobiscum were appointed by Clement Anacletus Gelasius disposed the rest to the offertory in the Order they be now vsed except the Sequentiae which are said after the Masse and these Nicholas added the Apostles Creed which Damasus annexed vnto them out of the Constantinopolitan councell The Sermon which is preached to the people by the priest or deacon standing in a pulpit vppon holy-daies was rather vsed by tradition after the examples of Nehemias or Esdras then instituted by any other in which Sermon the people that be present at Masse bee admonished to communicate as in duty they are bound and that they should imbrace mutual loue that they should be purged from their sins not be polluted with vices when they receiue the Sacrament of the altar and for that cause he concludeth his Sermon with the publike confession of sinners he declareth moreouer vnto them the contents of the old and new Testament and putteth them in mind of the ten Commandements the twelue Articles of our beleefe the seuen Sacraments of the Church the liues and Martyrdomes of Saints the holy-dayes and fasting daies instituted and ordained by the Church the vices and vertues and all other things necessarie for a Christian to know Pope Gregory added the Offertory to the Masse and Leo the Prefaces Gelasius and Sixtus the greater and lesser Canons and Gregory the Lords prayer out of the Gospell of Saint Mathew Martial Saint Peters Disciple instituted that Bishoppes should giue the benediction and Innocentius that inferior Priests should offer the Pax Agnus Dei was adioyned by Sergius the Communion by Gregorie and the Conclusion in these wordes Ite missa est Benedicamus Domino or Deo gratias was inuented by Pope Leo. The twelue Articles of our Faith which the holy Apostles haue commanded euery one not onely to acknowledge but most constantly to beleeue be these following The first that there is one God in Trinitie the Father Almightie Maker of heauen and earth the second That Iesus Christ is his onely begotten Sonne our Lord the third that he was conceiued of the holy Ghost borne of the Virgin Mary the fourth that he suffered vnder Pontius Pilate was crucified dead and buried the fift that he descended into hell and the third day rose againe from the dead the sixt that he ascended into heauen and that there hee sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty the seuenth that he shall come againe in glorie to iudge both the quicke and the dead the eight that there is a holy Ghost the ninth that there is a holy Catholike Church the tenth that there is a Communion of Saints and remission of sinnes the eleuenth that there is a resurrection of the flesh and the twelfth that there is an eternall life after death in another world The tenne Commandements which were written with the finger of God and deliuered by the hands of his seruant Moses to the people of Israel and which he willed vs to obserue and keepe be these following The first to beleeue that there is one God the second not to take the name of God in vaine the third to keepe holy the Sabbath day the fourth to honour our fathers and betters the fift to do no murther the sixt not to commit adulterie the seuenth not to steale the eighth not to beare false witnesse the ninth not to couet other mens goods and the tenth not to desire another mans wife nor any thing that is his The seuen Sacraments of the Church which bee included in the last fiue Articles of our faith and which the holy Fathers haue commanded vs to beleeue be these following First Baptisme and this Sacrament heretofore as it was established by a canonicall sanction was not ministred vnto any vnlesse vpon very vrgent necessitie but vnto such as were afore-hand well instructed in the faith and sufficiently catechised and examined thereof seuen sundrie times to wit vpon certaine dayes in Lent and vppon the vigils of Easter and Penticost beeing the vsuall times for consecration in all Parishes But this Sacrament beeing aboue all the rest most necessarie vnto saluation and least any one should depart out of this life without the benefit thereof it was ordained that as soon as an infant was borne he should haue God-fathers procured for him to be his witnesses or sureties and that then the child beeing brought by his God-fathers before the church doore the Priest standing there for the purpose should demand of the child before he dippe him in the holy Font whether he will forsake the Diuell and all his pompes and whether he stedfastly beleeue all the Articles of the Christian faith and the God-fathers affirming on his behalfe the Priest bloweth three times in the Infants face and when he hath exorcized and catechized him he doth these seuen things in order vnto the child first he putteth hallowed salt into his mouth secondly hee annointeth his eyes eares and

much more beautifull and comely when their heades bee thicke growne with haires and smoothly combed then otherwise they would bee if their haire were shaggie rugged vncombed and neglected The King when he beginneth battaile sacrifiseth a shee-goate to the Muses They vse one certaine and strict kind of liuing both at home and in the warres For they held that they were not borne onely to themselues but for the good of their Countrie They practised no gainefull and commodious arts but were wholly employed in the studie of matters belonging to martiall discipline spending their spare time in sollemne banquettings by which meanes it came to passe that as Plutarch hath very well noted the Spartans neuer would or if they would yet they knew not how to liue priuately with a selfe-regard but were wholly deuoted to the common good of their countrie The Spartanes as they differed from all other nations in many other things so did they in giuing their voyces for electing of Officers For there were a few picked out from the rest to vndergo this businesse who were inclosed in a Chamber next adioyning to the Councel-house where they should neither see nor bee seene of any and then as the names of the Competitors were particularly drawne out one after another and at happe-hazard they did diligently marke and obserue the applause and assent of the people vnto euery name aduisedly noting and setting downe in a table who had the greatest applause and who the least which beeing afterwards openly reade it was thereby knowne which of the competitors had the most voyces Furthermore Lycurgus was the first that remoouing all superstition permitted the Cittizens to bury the dead bodies in the cittie allowing thē plots of ground about the Temples wherein to erect their monuments but it was not lawfull for any one to engraue or imprint the name of either man or woman vpon their sepulcher but the names of those onely which were manfully slaine in the wars nor to lament for those which were dead aboue the space of eleuen dayes The citizens moreouer were restrained from trauelling into other countries lest they should bring into their cittie strange customes and manners and all strangers and trauellers which arriued there were bar'd and excluded from out their citty vnlesse their presence were profitable to the common-wealth lest as Thucydides saith forraine nations should learne and be partakers of the Laconian discipline which may iustly be tearmed a very inhumane part or else as Plutarch writeth lest by the mutuall concourse and passage too and fro of strangers new speeches and languages might creepe into the cittie from whence might proceed new iudgements and dissonant desires which to the common-wealth would bee matters most pernitious and dangerous Young men hee allowed to weare but one coate throughout the whole yeare nor might any one go finer or fare more daintily then others did He commanded that nothing should be bought with readie money but by exchange of wares and commodities that children when they were of the age of twelue or fourteene yeares should not be suffered to come into the market-place or chiefe part of the cittie but were brought into the fields to the end they should not spend the prime of their youth in luxurie and wantonnesse but in labour and painfulnesse ordaining that they shold haue nothing layd vnder them to sleepe vpon and that they should eate no pottage nor gruell nor once returne into the cittie before they were men He ordained also that maydes should be married without portions to the end that none should couet wiues for their wealth and that husbands might carrie the more seueritie ouer their wiues when they could not vpbraide them with the greatnesse of their portions and how much they were aduanced by them that men shold be esteemed honourable not for their riches and greatnes but for their age and grauitie for old age was held in more reuerence and reputation amongst the Spartans then in any other countrie besides To the Kings he granted power ouer the wars to the Magistrates iudgements and yearely successions the keeping and custodie of the lawes to the Senate and to the people power and authoritie both to elect the Senat and to create Magistrates whom they pleased Now for because these new lawes and institutions all former customes beeing dissolued and abrogated seemed very harsh and difficult he fained that Apollo of Delphos was the author and inuentor of them and that frō thence at the commandement of that god hee brought them to Sparta thinking thereby that the feare and reuerence of religion would vanquish all rediousnesse and irkesomnesse of vsing them And finally to the end his lawes might remaine and continue to all eternitie he bound and obliged the cittizens by an oath that they should alter none of those lawes which he had made and established for them vntill he himselfe returned back vnto them alledging that he intended to go to Delphos to aske counsell of the Oracle there what he shold alter or adde to his lawes which done he tooke his iourney to Creete and there liued in perpetuall exile commanding when he lay vppon his death-bed that as soone as he was dead his bones should be cast into the sea lest by any chance they might be conueyed to Lacedemon whereby the Spartans might suppose themselues absolued and released from that oath which they had taken not to alter those lawes before his returne vnto them It is not amisse in this place to describe and set foorth what honors and dignities the Spartans were wont to giue to their Kings And first they had two Orders or Estates of Priests attending vppon them to do sacrifices one of the Lacedemonian Iupiter and the other of the celestiall Iupiter and their law of armes was that vpon what people or country the Kings intended to make warres it rested not in the power of any of the Spartans to prohibite or gaine-say it for if they did they offended so haynously as they would hardly purge themselues that in their marching and setting forward to the warres the kings should go foremost and be last in the retraite And that they should haue an hundred choice and select men to be their guard that in their expeditions and setting forward on their voyages they might haue what beast they would for sacrifice and that they might take to themselues the hides and skins of the beasts that were offered And these were their priuiledges in the warres And the honors and dignities attributed vnto them in time of peace were these when in their Common-wealth any banquets were made for the death of any great man the Kings should sit downe first and be first serued and that they two alone should haue betwixt them twice as much meate as all those that sate with them besides the skinnes of all beasts sacrificed Moreouer in the Kalends of euery moneth they had each of them a beast giuen them from out the reuenues of the

lookes of great deuotion religion The place or circuit of ground appointed for both these sort of dancers to practise in was three stadia and a halfe in length and foure akres in breadth so that whole compasse of ground lying betwixt Pallatinum and Auentinum hauing gates in three seuerall places to go in and out was able to hold an hundred fifty thousand spectators which were orderly placed vpon Skaffolds round about the Theater there were also acted within this Theater diuers Interludes the beginning whereof at Rome was thus there were certaine fencers or such as could flourish a two hand sword sent for from Hetruria who dancing there after the stroke of the musick made diuers sorts of motions after the Tuscan manner these fencers or dancers the youth of Rome did afterwards imitate pronouncing at the first their iests deuises in harsh verses their motions also being as disagreeable as their voyces were vntuneable but in tract of time by much practise they came to more perfection so as they were as cunning in those exercises as the Hetrurians and then the professors thereof were called Histriones for Hister in the Tuscan toung is Ludio in Latine which signifieth a player and in time they vtterly abandoned those disorderly and confused kind of verses which they vsed at the beginning as most scurrill and dishonest and beganne to settle themselues to more ciuill decent motions pronouncing their speeches Satyrs with more harmony and singing pricke-song to their instruments Lucius Andronicus digressing somewhat from these Satyres deuised fables vnto their arguments and caused thē to be pronounced with a low voice hee appointed a boy also to sing before the minstrell and at his side hee set the players to act their parts and so by little and little it grew from a ridiculous toy to be an art and then the Romaine youth leauing off the dancing and mimicke actions vsed by the Histriones or players fell to acting of Comedies composed in good verses and this was the beginning of their fables and merry interludes and these kind of playes being deriued from the people called Osci in Campania were euer after put in vse and the histriones forbidden the practise of those sorts of playes Now the manner how the Senate and people of Rome did consecrate and deifie their dead Emperours was thus first as Herodianus writeth they placed in the portall or entrance into the Emperors pallace an image made like vnto the dead Emperor vppon a bed of iuorie decked and garnished with gold so as the image lay vppon the bed pale and wan like one that were sicke and about the bed vppon the left hand for the most part of the day sate all the Senate attired in blacke and the Noble-mens wiues vpon the right hand in white for white was then vsed by women for mourning attire and they then vsed no curiositie at all in their apparell and thus they did for seuen dayes together the Phisitians all that while visiting the Image as though it had life and telling them that his death was neare approching at the end of the seuen dayes as though the Emperour had then died all the youth of the Order of the Equestri and Senatours carried the bed betwixt them whereon the image lay by the way called sacra via where none might passe but liuing Priests and dead Emperors vnto the Forum and there placing it in the pulpit wherein they vsed to pleade and make orations a great sort of boyes and girles of the order of the Patricii the whole company being orderly placed on each side of the pulpit did sing in a mournefull and lamentable Ditty certaine hymnes in commendation of the dead Emperor Then did they carry the Iuorie bed with the Image on it from the forum to campus Martius which is a field nere Rome wherin they vsed all manner of exercises and there placed it vppon a high throne of estate made of wood and foure square and rising higher by degrees and narrower towards the top in manner of a watch-tower all the troup being decked in gold and purple and adorned with images and ensigns of iuorie and diuers other pictures within the hollownesse of which throne was set a great pile of dry wood then was the image placed vpon the second step or degree of the throne with all sorts of odors and sweet perfumes which were brought thither from all parts of the cittie and the noblest young men of the Order of the Equestri clothed and attired in linnen garments rode round about the throne with a Pyrrhichian motion and solemne gate and with them all the Nobility in chariots and coaches and last of all the successor of the deceased Emperor brought a torch readie light and deliuered it to the people who set the pile on fire at the bottome of the throne And when the fire began to burne they had a deuise that an Eagle should fly out frō the top of the building which wilfully and foolishly they supposed to bee the soule of the Emperor flying and ascending into heauen all the Romane Emperors that were consecrated by these absurd ceremonies they euer after superstitiously honored as gods And thus much of the state of the citty All parts of Italy be now perfect and religious Christians and obseruers of the ceremonies of the Romane Church some few excepted which dwell in the vttermost part towards Greece which indeed be more then halfe Grecians no man may haue more wiues then one from whom they may not bee diuorced but by the permission of the bishop of Rome The eldest sons of Princes and Noble-men inherit their fathers possessions but amongst priuate men all the issue male do equally inherit so as they be legitimate like our gauelkind in Kent The law of Italy is of three sorts first the spirituall law wherof the Bishop is head then the Emperors law which is generall ouer all and the particular lawes and orders of each seuerall city which particular customes do much differ one from another yet all concur for the good gouernment of their cities In some cities the examination of all ciuill matters is committed vnto certaine Iudges and in some againe to the Magistrates of the same citty for euery cittie hath not one the same forme of gouernement The chiefest of the Nobility of Italy addict themselues vnto the wars and the meaner sort vnto learning to be a priest is a more venerable title then to be a Nobleman for of al learned men the Diuines be best esteemed and next vnto them the Lawyers the Phisitions liue in greater wealth then admiration Mathematicians Logicians Astronomers and Poets bee more famous amongst themselues then amongst the people but Grammarians of all others be lesse esteemed who only liue and dye among children Merchants liue now in as great fame as euer they did and painters caruers of images and bellfounders be better esteemed then husbandmen although husbandry in

the sytuation of our countries should bee publikely knowen which matters I neuer writ vnto any one till this time nor yet declared in words not that I was sparing of my labour but because no Christian after my comming into portugall desired to know such things of me whereof I could not nor cannot but greatly maruell And seeing by many arguments I perceiue that you much desire the knowledge of our affaires I beeseech you by the wounds of our Sauiour Christ and by his crosse to put this my confession of our faith and religion into the latine tongue that by your meanes all the Godly Christians of Europe may vnderstand our customes the integrity of our maners Moreouer if in your trauells you hap to goe to Rome then let mee intreat you to salute in my name the Pope the most reuerent Cardinalls Patriarches Archbishops and Bishops and all other the true worshippers of Christ by Christ Iesus in a kisse of peace and that you will desire of the Pope that hee will send vnto me Francis Aluarez furnished such letters whereby he may answere my Lord the Emperor of Aethiopia that after my long stay I may returne into mine owne country and visit my owne mansion house for I haue bin long here detained that before my death which by reason of my great age is at the dore I may effect that which I am commāded And that hauing furnished this Embassage I might dedicat the residue of my life vnto God only spēd my time in deuotion moreouer I intreate you if you finde any thing in my writings not well penned that you will frame it to the latine phrase but in such manner as in no point you alter the sēce lastly I desire you that in your translatiō you wil search the old new testament that you may know from what place I haue alleaged my authorities that you may be more certain in your translation but if I haue not handled euery thing so happily as may satisfie those which bee curious I am to be pardoned by reasō of my want of Chaldean bookes whereof I haue none for those I had I lost by misfortune in my iourny wherefore being destitute of the vse of all bookes I could speake of nothing but what was fresh in my memory yet haue I deliuered all things most faithfuly Farwel my deare beloued sonne in Christ Vlispone the twenty foure day of Aprill in the yeare of our Lord God 1534. When I had finished this busines I remembred my selfe of that place whereas I say that Christ descended into hel for the soule of Adam and for the soule of Christ which the same Christ receiued of his mother S. Mary the virgin Of which thing wee haue an assured testimony in those bookes which wee call the bookes of gouernance which Christ Iesus deliuered vnto his Apostles in which bookes be expressed these words which be called the misteries of doctrines by whose authority and testimony we all of vs continue in this opinion without doubting but after I came into Portugall I found diuines teaching a contrary doctrine against all our opinions which is so certaine as wee doe not onely beleeue this but also affirme that the soules of all men had their beginning from Adam and that as our flesh is of the seed of Adames flesh so like-wise our soule being as a candle kindled by the soule of Adam had her originall and nature from Adam whereby it appeareth that we bee all the seede of Adam both of the flesh and of the soule All the relation aboue sayd was written and subscribed with the Embassadors owne proper hand with the Chaldean caracters The deploration of the people of Lappia by the same Damianus a Goes I Thinke it not vnfitting most worthy Bishop to make some mention in the end of this treatise because this also appertaineth to faith and to the vnion of the Church of Iohn Magnus Gothus Archbishoppe of Vpsalia in the Kingdome of Suetia that by him we may be moued to take compassion of the people of Lappia for this Iohn Magnus Gothus was borne of very good parents and rich maruelous well seene in the Scriptures and of an honest conuersation and so addicted to the Roman Church that for the zeale therevnto he lost the great Archbishoppricke of Vpsalia with all the reuenewes thereunto belonging amounting to forty thousand crownes a yeare and al his patrimony besides and hauing lost both dignity and goods and tossed in the variable streames of fortune he lay close in Prussia liuing poorely a long time at the Citty Daniz in Germany where while I was dispatching my Kings affaires in those parts of Germany I grew into great familiarity and indissoluble friendship with him and with Olaus Magnus Gothus his brother which two I afterwards found vnlooked for at Vecenza in poorer estate then befor they wer vnto which place they went purposly by reason of a councel divulged wherby they conceiued much hope for themselues and redresse of their calamities And when the councell was discontinued adorned those good mē being vtterly depriued of al their goods wherwith while they inioyed them they often in those Northerne parts contended much in defence of the Roman Church and yet would haue contended if matters had prospered remoued to Venice there to get their liuing either vpon others liberality or by their owne industry and labour which was cheefly in teaching and instructing others for other succor could they get none but that they reposed their whole cōfidence in Gods assistance whither when they were come they were very curteously intertained only of Hieronymus Quirinus the Patriarke of Venice in his Patriarchship and ther they remaine to this day expecting the divulging of that councel vnder the Archbishoppricke of Vpsalia is contained a great part of that large and vast prouince of Lappia the people wherof be ignorant of the laws of our Sauiour Christ which as I vnderstand by many good and credible men proceeded from the abhominable extortion and couetuousnesse of the prelates and nobles for if they were Christians they should bee free from those taxations and tributes wherwith they as Ethnickes be punished on the other side the nobility and Bishops wax rich and welthy and therefore they forbid them to be Christians least bearing the sweet and delectable yoke of Christ they might withdraw from there tirany and extortion some part of their gaines and diminish some parte of their taxations wherby that miserable nation is most beastly and insatiably vexed and oppressed by those Monarches bearing the burthen most impatiently for if they were Christians they should pay no more tribute vnto them than other Christians pay vnto their princes And therefore nothing regarding the saluation of so many soules they preferre their horrible sacrilegious gaine before the true Faith and Christian religion so as they may rightly bee said to carry the keies and neither enter them-selues nor suffer others to enter Q insatiable