innate Spirit of the Heart the principal Cause of Motion is overmuch coagulated refrigerated or dissipated by those Humors 3. Because other more sensible Parts being pain'd and tormented by those vicious Humors are very much agitated contracted and loosen'd and for that reason they force the Blood from themselves toward the Heart after an unusual manner whence it happens that the Blood is attenuated also in the Heart after an unusual manner so that the Pulse being alter'd it is not sent conveniently to the Brain by which means it happens that the Animal Spirits are generated out of order and sent out of Order to the Nerves Descartes observing no remarkable or apparently manifest Nerves to be extended into the Substance it self of the Heart was unwilling confidently to affert it but in the mean time that he might the better explain the Passions of the Mind affirms with Fallopius that there are certain diminutive Nerves which reach to the Orifices of the Ventricles of the Heart for he says that there are particularly to be observ'd certain Nerves inserted into the Basis of the Heart which serve to dilate and contract the Orifices of its Concavities and upon this foundation he rear'd his Learn'd Treatise of the Passions of the Mind XVII These Animal Spirits therefore as has been said contribute a certain faint sense of feeling to the Heart for it ought not to have a quick sense lest it should be disturb'd and molested by its continual motion and the Passage and Fermentation of sharp and corroding Humors Besides the Parts being altogether compleated they contribute also a kind of fermentative power to the Nourishment of the Heart of which at the beginning it had no need because the sharp particles of the ingendring Seed collected together in the formation of the Heart contain in themselves a sufficiently sharp fermenting quality proportionable to the tenderness of the Matter wherein they operate But afterwards when the Bulk of the Heart enlarging it self there is in need of stronger Matter than there is requir'd the assistance of Spirits somewhat more fermentative Lastly These Spirits loosen or contract the Orifices of the Heart or its Ventricles by which means there happens a freer Ingress and Egress of the Blood to the Heart in the Passions of the Mind and hence at the same time proceed alterations of the Blood Hence in Fear Palpitations of the Heart in Grief Contractions with a small Pulse in Joy a grateful and pleasing heat about the Heart with a swift and strong Pulse XVIII The Heart then is the principal and sovereign Bowel from which is diffus'd the vital Liquor with perpetual heat the support of Life to all Parts of the Body of which when any of the Parts are never so little depriv'd they fall and die And therefore the Distempers that befal it are chiefly dangerous and the Wounds of it altogether mortal as Hippocrates pronounc'd so that although some being wounded in the Heart have lived for a time yet they could never be cur'd Nay for the most part so soon as the Wound enters the Ventricles they fall like men Thunder-struck which I have seen three or four times with my own Eyes so that I have often stood in admiration how a man could be so soon depriv'd of all Life Sense and Motion Nevertheless the Reason is plain for that the Blood which ought to be forc'd into the Great Artery and through that to the Brain and all other Parts by reason of the Wound is pour'd forth into the Concavity of the Breast So that no Blood being carry'd to the Brain presently the motion of the Animal Spirits ceases in the Brain nor are they any longer convey'd through the Nerves to the several parts Hence also there happens a Cessation of the principal Faculties and Senses and of all motion of the Muscles and among the rest of the Respiratory which occasions the suddenness of the Death But if a small Wound do not penetrate into the Ventricles then sometimes but very seldom it happens that a man does not fall presently but lives for some hours Thus Paraeus saw a man wounded in the Heart that ran above two hundred Paces Schenkius also makes mention of a Student who having receiv'd a Wound through both his Ventricles yet ran the length of a whole Street and was in perfect sense of Mind for an Hour Sennertus Iohnson Muller Heer 's and Tulpius produce several Examples of men that have liv'd after they were wounded in the Heart for several hours nav for one or two day Says Fernelius Wounds in the Heart which do not penetrate far into the Ventricles do not presently kill In a certain Person who linger'd and consum'd away by degrees and at length dy'd I found three Ulcers in his Heart hollow and foul and long before contracted Somewhat like this concerning an Ulcer in the Heart Dominic Marchettis relates of a man who having been consuming a long time dy'd in the dissection of which person he found a great Ulcer which had eaten out not only the Capsula of the Heart but also a great part of its Substance till it had penetrated into the Cavity of the left Ventricle and then kill'd the man But it is more wonderful that a great Wound in the Heart should be cur'd Of which Cabrolius saw a President in the Dissection of a human Carcass in the Anatomical Theater For he says he found in the Heart of a Thief that was hang'd the remaining Scar of a Wound that had been cur'd about two Fingers long and about the thickness of a Sixpence But though such Accidents are rare nevertheless I never remember that ever I read so extraordinary an Example of a Heart wounded as what I saw with my Eyes a Story so remarkable that I thought fit to insert it in this place In the Year 1660. April 5. I was sent for to Câ—…lenburgh together with some other Physicians and Surgeons at the Request of the Magistracy of that Town to view the Body of a Young Man of about twenty years of Age and very strong when he was alive wounded with a Sword and dying of his Wound to the end we might give our Judgments whether he dy'd of his Wound or by any other Disaster Upon opening the Body my self first we were inform'd that the young man after he had receiv'd the Wound walk'd about fifty or sixty paces and then fell down and then falling into a Convulsion was carry'd home and in a little time after came to himself again The Physicians and Surgeons who then lookt after him affirm'd that the first and second day very little Blood issu'd forth from his Wound which was very narrow but that afterwards the Wound being somewhat dilated such a quantity of Blood gush'd forth that they were forc'd to stop the Flux of Blood by tying of his Body in several places They added That the Patient was all along very sensible and never complain'd in
Knowledg he attain'd by a particular Experiment That is by blowing up the Spleen through the Splenetic Artery and Branch till it was very much swollen and drying it swell'd as it was for so he says it may be plainly seen that the whole Mass of the Spleen consists of Membranous Ends or Cells like the Cells of Hony-combs And as for the Original of these Cells and their wonderful Structure he elegantly and at large describes it in his Book de Liene where it is to be read XXVIII The same Malpigius was the first that observed in the Substance of the Spleen several little Glandules worthy Observation Of which he thus writes In the Spleen says he are to be observ'd several numerous Clusters of little Glandules or rather little Bladders or Baggs dispersed through the whole Spleen that resemble a Cluster of Grapes exactly The least of these Glandules are of an Oval Figure and in bigness little differ from the Glandules of the Kidneys Their Colour as I have always observ'd is White and altho ' the Vasa Sanguinea of the Spleen by the pouring in of Ink swell and play about 'em these preserve the same Colour Their Substance seems to be Membranous but soft and subject to crumble Their Hollowness by reason of their extraordinary Smallness is not perceptible to the Eye and only to be apprehended by Conjecture while being slit they seem to fall one into another They are very numerous and almost innumerable and are wonderfully placed in the forementioned Cells of the whole Spleen where vulgarly its Parenchyma is said to be Also from the Slips there hang little Boxes or else from the Fibres that arise from it And besides the ends of the Arteries like young Vine Shoots or crawling Ivy creep about 'em which is to be observ'd in a fresh Spleeâ—… the Arteries being blacken'd They hang for the most part in Clusters every Cluster containing seven or eight Yet they do not so easily appear in the Spleen of every Creature Nay in the Spleen of an Ox a Sheep or a Goat they are only to be discovered upon Laceration of the Bowel or by a slight shaving with a Penkife and long washing with fair Water They are not so easâ—…ly discrib'd in a Man But if by the occasion of any Disease the whole Body of the Glandules swell they appear more manifest being enlarg'd in Bigness as I observ'd in a Girl that dy'd whose Spleen was full of little Globes dispersed in Clusters More than this in the same place he tells ye his Opinion of the Use of Glandules and what separation of Humors is made therein in a Discourse at large Certainly we are much indebted to this quicksighted Malpigius who by his Microscopes has so clearly dispell'd the thick Clouds that hung over the Knowledg of the Spleen to the end the use of it which was doubtful before may be the better understood XXIX Sometimes unusual things have been found in the Spleen Vesalius l. 19. de Corp. fab c. 9. writes that he found in the Spleen of a certain Person small enough but of an extraordinary Hardness Fat growing to the gibbous or bunchy Part compacted together like a hard white Stone Schenkius Observ. l. 3. relates that there was found in the Body of a Spoletan Lord a Spleen without any Juice or Pulp at all empty like a Purse and fix'd to the left Ribs Tâ—…rneiferus in Exam. Urin. writes that he found a Stone in the Spleen of a certain noble Woman of the Bigness of a Chestnut soft as Alabaster weighing two Ounces and five Drams consisting as it were of thin places wrapt one within another like Eggshels In like manner Fallopius has observed Stones to be bred in the Spleen In the Year 1667. in Ianuary we dissected a Woman in the presence of several Spectators whose Spleen was exact as to its Proportion and for heat and hardness well enough but in the fore-part where it looks toward the Stomach we observ'd a white Substance much different from the Substance of the Bowel hard and firm and which would scarce give way to the crushing of the Fingers about the bigness of a Goose Egg not growing withoutside to the Bowel nor swelling outward from it but plainly and truly continuous with it and being a part of it tho' nothing like the other Particles of the Bowel neither could it be called Fat or a Glandule from whose Service it differ'd altogether XXX Concerning the Temper of the Spleen some question whether it be to be call'd a hot or a cold Part To which I answer that it ought to be call'd a cold Part. Not that it is really cold but less hot than the Heart Liver and many other Bowels and besides because it refrigerates the arterious Blood that flows into it and makes it subacid and fixes and dulls its sulphury hot Particles and deprives 'em of all their Volatilitie XXXI Concerning the Action of the Spleen various are the Opinions of the Learned Erasistratus and Ruffus the Ephesian will allow it no Office or Function Aristotle affirms it to be necessary by Accident like the Excrements of the Belly and Bladder Hippocrates calls the Spleen a Fountain of Water And hence perhaps Wharton affirms that it sucks forth a watry Liquor out of the Blood but to what end cannot be discovered unless it be for the Nourishment of the Nerves Which Opinion we have sufficiently refuted to which he adds several other things of little Moment concerning the use of the Spleen XXXII Many according to the Opinion of Galen and the Ancients believed the Office of it to be to separate the feculent or melancholy part of the Chylus and to attract it through the splenetic Branch and to collect it into its self as the Gall-bladder receives the yellow Choler and to concoct it somwhat than to empty it again partly through the Vas Breve into the Stomach to excite Hunger and partly through the splenetic Branch into the Intestins and through the Haemorrhoidal Vein to the Podex Which Opinion Bauhinus Riolan and Bartholine have refuted by many and almost the same Reasons tho' there were little need of so many when these three are sufficient to destroy it 1. Because there is no such large Hollowness in the Spleen where such Excrement should be stor'd up 2. Because there is no way through which it may be commodiously evacuated since it neither ought nor can pass and repass through the same Splenetic Branch 3. Because if in a living Animal you tye a Knot upon the Splenetic Vein the Vas venosum breve and the Haemorrhoidal Vein it demonstrates the contrary as we have already shown which Demonstration alone is sufficient to destroy that fond Opinion XXXIII Vesalius Plater Charles Piso Bauhin Spigelius Jessenus and many others affirm'd the Spleen to be a sanguifying Bowel no less than the Liver and call'd it as Aristotle does Hepar Vicarium the Deputy-Liver believing when the Liver was
distempered that this Bowel did execute its Office Chiefly enduc'd by this Argument because the Spleen in the Birth is of a ruddy Colour just like the Liver and for that the Spleen being deprav'd Sanguification is annoy'd Then they thought that that same Blood which was made in the Spleen serv'd for the Nourishment of Bowels contain'd in the Abdomen as the Liver-blood serves for the Nourishment of the rest of the Parts Which splenetick Blood they affirm'd was made of the watry feculent Chylus which some believe to be carried thither through the Milkie Vessels others from the Stomach through the Vas Breve and others that it was attracted by the Spleen through the Splenetic Branch But this Opinion by many things already said is most plainly overturned Seeing the Work of Sanguification is not accomplished either by the Liver or the Spleen but only by the Heart there being no Vessels that proceed from the Liver through which any Blood can conveniently flow to the Nourishment of the Parts seated in the Abdomen Neither are there any Passages that convey the Chylus to the Spleen as being a Part to which no Milkie Vessels run Neither is any thing carried through the Vas venosum breve from the Stomach seeing that the said Vas breve is not inserted into the Spleen but into the Splenetic Branch without the Spleen nor can any Attraction be made of the Splenetic Branch toward the Spleen as is before prov'd Veslingius therefore observing this Difficulty of the Access of the Chylus flyes to the Invisible Pores of the Ventricle through which he says there is a watry Chylus conveighed to the Spleen but proves it by no Reasons Lastly this Opinion is totally refuted by the circular Motion of the Blood by which it is apparent that no Blood is carried to the Parts from the Liver or Spleen through the Veins for the Ends of Nutrition nor can be carried by any manner of Means by reason of the obstructing Valves but that the Boold is all transâ—…uted from the Heart through the Arteries to all the Parts XXXIV Emilius Parisanus Subtil l. 6. Exercit. 2. c. 3. following the Opinion of Ulmus believes that the Spleen prepares Arterious Blood out of the best part of the Chylus for the left Ventricle of the Heart which Blood is carried through the Arteries into the Aorta and thence into the left Ventricle of the Heart Which Fiction Ent deservedly derides and explodes Apolog. Artic. 23. Galen also writes that some of the Scholars of Erasistratus believ'd that the whole Chylus was carried to the Spleen by which it was made into a courser sort of Blood for the Liver But both these Opinions are so absurd that if we only consider the Passages and Motion of the Blood they want no farther Refutation XXXV Walaeus observing that there was no motion of the Humours through the Splenetick Branch to the Spleen nor that any milkie Vessels reach'd thither concluded rightly that the matter concocted in the Spleen is Arterial Blood infus'd into it through the Coeliaca Only in this he fail'd that he thought the Spleen attracted to it self the acid part of the blood and not the rest as if the Spleen being endu'd with judgment and taste was more pleas'd with the acid than the sweet part and not only could distinguish but knew how to separate the one from the other Moreover he consider'd not that in Arterial Blood there are no Particles actually acid but that acid Particles are generated in the Spleen out of the saltest Particles of it which being mix'd with the Venal Blood serve instead of a Ferment whose slightest acidity concocted in a specific manner in the Liver with the sulphurous Particles changes it into a biliary Ferment which by that Effervescency that is made in the Heart perishes again and vanishes XXXVI Glisson asserts that the chief Action of the Spleen is to make Alimentary Liquor for the Nourishment of the Nerves which Opinion we rejected when we discours'd of the Nerves of the Spleen XXXVII As for Helmont's Opinion who places the seat of the sensitive Soul in the Spleen it is not worth a Refutation XXXVIII The most accurate and industrious Malpigius being very much dissatisfied concerning the Action and Use of the Spleen to the end he might be able to assert something more certain than others had done resolv'd to try an ingenious Experiment hoping thereby to discover some light in this obscure darkness In a young Dog says he having made a wound in the left Hypochondrium the bloody Vessels of the Spleen bursting forth at the gates of the Spleen were ty'd with a string then thrusting back what was coming forth into their places the Peritonaeum and Muscles being sow'd up together and the skin loosly united in a few days time the wound was cur'd In a weeks time the Dog recover'd and ran about as he us'd to do so that as long as he liv'd there was no sign observ'd that any harm had been done him or of the hurt of his health But becoming more hungry he greedily devour'd his Meat and eat Bones or any thing of that nature and his Excrement observ'd the exact course of Nature One thing only I observ'd that the Dog piss't frequently and very much which though it be customary to other Dogs yet this seem'd to exceed the common custome The habit of body every way healthy and fat and in nimbleness and briskness equal to others of his kind But this was peculiar in the external habit of his body a swelling of the right Hypochondrium so that the extream Ribs burgeon'd out beyond the rest Thereupon fresh hopes encouraging a second Dissection is design'd The Spleen then in the slit Abdomen whose Vessels were fast ty'd appear'd very slender so that being wrapt with the Caul there hardly remain'd any footstep of it behind For it resembled a small bag interwoven with Membranes the Blood-Vessels numerously dispers'd to the Stomach and through the Caul were entire and flourishing and full of blood The Splenetic Branch open and natural surrounded with its natural fat The Liver to sight as to substance colour and shootings forth of the Branches all in good order only you might have said it exceeded a little in bigness in regard it spread it self largely over the left Hypochondrium Neither was there any thing found amiss in the Breast or the Abdomen or the fleshy part the blood brisk ruddy and fluid All these things being found in a Dog gave us not the least light to find out the use of the Liver Certainly it is a wonder that nothing could be learnt or found out concerning the Use of the Spleen Nevertheless I put down this that I might excite others to make the like Experiments that so at length the true use of the Spleen may come not only to be taught by Reason but to be shewn and prov'd by Demonstration XXXIX From what has been said it is
must be cut on both sides which is very hazardous in regord that upon the least wound of the Abdomen and especially of the small Gut penetrating the Abdomen the Guts presently burst forth Which wounds in this case must be of a good bigness for the fingers to be thrust in the Guts to be remov'd to the end the Stones may be found and brought forth Besides upon the cutting off the Stone the Spermatic Vessels are also cut away from whence it would be very hard to stop the flux of Blood into the lower Belly which appears from hence that it is a hard matter to stop the blood in men whose Vessels may however be much more conveniently bound or cauteriz'd For tho' as Galen testifies Sows might be spay'd in Cappaâ—…ocia and Asia and the same thing be practis'd among the Germans and Westphalians though Bitches in the same manner may be spay'd yet the cutting out of womens Stones is not to be attempted with like security for Mankind is not to be expos'd to the same dangers with brute Beasts among which many of the Females dye when spay'd And therefore I wonder that Platerus a man of great Judgment should think that women might be spay'd as easily as brute Beasts not considering the difficulty and cruelty of the Operation accompanied with a thousand hazards which enjoyn all men especially Christians to abhor such a wicked piece of Villany Tho' Histories assure us that it was a Cruelty most barbarously and ignominiously practis'd upon women in former Ages The Creophagi a People so call'd in Arabia as Alexander ab Alexandro testifies not only gelt their men but castrated their women according to the Example of the Egyptians who were wont to spay their women in that manner Xanthus cited by Athenaeus relates that Adramytes King of the Lybians spay'd his women and made use of 'em instead of Eunuchs and Hesychius and Suidas accuse Gyges of the same Crime XLIII Wierus makes mention of the other sort of Castration by cutting out a womans womb by which she is made unfit for Conception which he relates fell out very successfully to a certain Sowgelder who suspecting his Daughter to be guilty of Adultery spay'd her by cutting out her womb But this way of Castration is no less hazardous than the other CHAP. XXV Of the Womb and its Motion HAving explain'd the Parts that serve for the making and evacuation oâ—… the Eggs and Female Seed we come now to those where Conception is finish'd that is to say the womb and its several parts I. The Womb which is also call'd Matrix and Vulva by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and sometimes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is an organic part serving for Generation seated in the middle of the Hypogastrium between the Bladder and the right Gut in the strong Pelvis form'd out of the Os Ilium the Hip-bone the Share and Os Sacrum Which Pelvis is larger in women than in men And in time of Labour the strong Ligaments about the Os Sacrum and Os Puâ—…is being loosen'd and the Cocâ—…yx or last portion of the Back-bone giving way may yet be further stretch'd to release the Birth out of the straits of the Uterine Prison II. The Substance of it in Virgins is white nervous thick and compacted in women with Child somewhat spungy and soft III. It has two Membranes The outermost doubled and strong from the Peritonaeum smooth and smear'd over with a watery Humour by means of which Membrane it is fasten'd to the Intestinum Rectum the Bladder and the adjacent lateral parts The innermost which is proper to it is fibrous and more porous rising from the inner substance of the womb and firmly fasten'd to it rough in the larger Cavity about the Neck full of wrinkles or surrows and full of little Pores IV. Between these Membranes is found a fleshie and fibrous Contexture which in Big-belly'd women by reason of the great quantity of Nutritive Humours flowing to it swells together with the said Membranes so that the more the Birth grows and increases the more fleshie fibrous and thicker the womb grows which in the last Months of a womans Time equals the thickness of a Thumb and sometimes of two fingers Neither does this thickness proceed from the Humours penetrating into the Porosities of the womb as many believe but is a real thick flesh which afterwards like Muscles serves for the expulsion of the Birth Such a sort of fleshie Substance of the womb in Novemb. 1653. I publickly shewed in our Anatomy Theatre in the body of a woman dying in Childbed twelve hours after her decease and not long after in another woman that dy'd in Labour together with the Child But this same increas'd flesh after the birth is deliver'd the blood and humours flowing out presently with the Birth or afterwards drys up again and so the womb returns to its pristine shape and bigness V. The bigness of the womb is not very considerable but varies according to Age and the use of Copulation In Virgins it is about two fingers in breadth but seldom above three fingers in length which bigness is some what extended in those that make use of men and is still bigger in fruitful women that have born many Children How far it increases in Big-bellied women is known to every body VI. Regner de Graef distinguishes its bigness according to the difference of Age by weight In new-born Children says he we have observ'd the womb to have weigh'd a dram and sometimes a dram and a half In old Women and Virgins growing Ripe it is of that bigness as to weigh from an Ounce to an Ounce and an half In stronger Women that have had many Children and use frequent Copulation it seldom exceeds two Ounces But a most monstrous and diseas'd womb was that which Regner de Graef in the same place tells us took up the whole Concavity of the Abdomen and weighed at least forty pounds VII The shape of it resembles a Pear or rather a Surgeons â—…ucurbit in Virgins somewhat flat before and behind in such as have had Children more round VIII The hollowness of it is but small as being no more than in women not with Child especially in Virgins and will contain a good big Bean but after Conception increases and dilates it self with the whole womb This is not distinguish'd with any Cells as in most brute Beasts that bring forth living Conceptions but only by a future or rather certain Line extended in length and drawn along only in the inner part of the fleshie Tunicle and so by it is divided into the right and left part like the Line which appears in the outside of the Scrotum in men Which Concavity however is so order'd that it is not equal and altogether round but toward the right and left side As it were extended into a Horn being somewhat longer
Instructor than the Instinct of Nature Concerning which Tho. Willis writes many things but little to the Dilucidation of this matter As if that same natural Instinct did not want an Instructor as well in Brutes as in Men For as Man is never a hungry but when he perceives that troublesome Vellication of the Stomach who will believe that Brutes are sensible of Hunger without that Vellication Or if they perceive by Instinct without any other Teacher let us know what that Instinct is which perceives without a Teacher and how it operates that Perception Which if it be not that rational Soul of which Brutes are depriv'd what is it We will call it for the present something Analogous to the Rational Soul which in Brutes operates a kind of Understanding Memory Knowledg with something of obscure Judgment after their manner or some such like thing For Brutes are not mov'd nor do they act like Engines mov'd by Clock-work as most of our modern Philosophers endeavour'd to inculcate Regius and Florentius Schuyl among the rest For Engines mov'd by Clock-work neither feel Pain nor hear nor see nor come when they are call'd nor fly those that threaten 'em all which Operations are observ'd in Beasts And then says Isaiah The Ox knows his Owner and the Ass his Masters Cribb And Ieremiah The Kite knows his Time the Turtle the Swallow and the Stork know the Seasons of their Coming Thus a Dog knows his Master and the Servants from Strangers fawns upon his Friends barks at his Enemies and after his manner understands and executes the Commands of his Master He dreams in his Sleep and barks in his Dream In hunting also he seems after a manner to argue for coming where three ways meet after he has examined two and finds the Game not gone either of them he takes the third without farther Examination as if he had thus reasoned with himself The Game must be gon either that way or that way or this But neither that way nor that way therefore this way Thus Rocarius reports a notable Story of a Dog that belong'd to a peculiar Friend of his which happened in the Court of Cardinal Alexander This Friend of his went a hunting alone one time with his Dog and following his Game with great heat in a solitary Wood fell at length into a deep Pit where he had perished inevitably but for his Dog For the Dog having lost his Master return'd immediately home fill'd all the House with his Howling and Whining and by running out a doors and returning again intimated a kind of eager desire that some body should follow him which the Cardinal observing and perceiving that the Owner of the Dog was missing ordered some Persons to follow the Dog and by him being led directly to the Pit there they found his Master and drew him out Who taught this Dog to leave his Master to seek for human Help to return home to testify his Sadness by his whining to urge the Servants to go along with him to carry them to the Pit and to shew them his Master fallen into it Only the Object Oh the wonderful force of Objects that reaches Beasts to reason in this manner A Mare knows her Enemy the Wolf and stoutly defends her Foal from his Seisure Eagles being to encounter Harts as Rocarius testifies first by their fluttering up and down gather the Dust into their Feathers then flying over the Hart they shake the Dust into the Eyes of the Stag to the end that being blind he may run headlong and fall from the Precipice A wild outragious Panther by the Testimony of the same Author whose Young accidentally fell into a Pit from whence she knew that only Human Help could recover them as it were guided by some kind of Reason besets a Road leading three ways expecting some Man to pass by at length lighting upon an unwary Traveller she fawn'd upon him and laying her Paws upon him gently lead him willing as he was to go to the Pit out of which after he had taken her young ones the cruel yet grateful wild Beast for the Kindness done her guarded the Traveller through the midst of the Desart back again to his Road and dismissed him without the least harm The cruel and hungry Lion in Gellius knew Androclus again that had formerly pull'd a Thorn out of his Foot and was so far from tearing him that by his outward Gestures he shewed him all the Kindness imaginable walk'd about the City with him and obey'd him as his Servant for being formerly his Surgeon The Doves carried out of Holland into England and there kept Prisoners a while flew back when set at Liberty into Holland and in two days return to their old Dove-house as Monsieur Abeels a Merchant well known among us can testify A Stork makes cruel War with another Stork for having possessed her Nest and in conclusion either wounds or kills her and throws her Chickens and her Eggs out of the Nest And the same Bird knows by the Constitution of the Air when 't is seasonable to fly into remote Regions and when to return The singular Subtlety of Apes is discovered by their Actions The Elephant does many things to a Miracle as if endu'd with Reason I omit the wonderful Industry of Ants or to tell with what Art Birds build their Nests Spiders spin their Webs and Bees build their Combs and gather their Honey All which things could never be done without some kind of Understanding Knowledg Memory and Judgment or at least something analogous thereto tho they are not perform'd with equal Perfection in all Creatures for as that same analogous Reason is in some more Excellent and Vivacious as the Organs are more or less fitted so some Beasts differ from others in acuteness of Wit in Understanding Memory Docilitie and Stupidity Hence our Saviour himself ascribes to some Creatures a sort of Knowledg or Understanding where he says Be wise as Serpents but innocent as Doves Now I would fain know how simplicity of Mind or Prudence can be in such Creatures without some kind of Understanding Tho these Operations are more Imperfect in Brutes than in Men In whom also they are sometimes sufficiently imperfect of themselves as in Men that have been exposed in Desarts and bred up by wild Beasts who being afterwards taken by the Hunters have differed little from wild Beasts but in Shape of which we have several Examples in Pliny Goulartius Dresser Camerarius and others who nevertheless by convenient Education and Exercise attain the highest Pinacle of Perfection which slight Shadow only of Perfection tho far different from rational Perfection most manifestly appears in Brutes which nevertheless ought of Necessity to have some Cause And therefore it is apparent from the Reasons foregoing that no Motion can be raised up in Brutes unless Good or Bad be perceiv'd and if they be in such a manner perceiv'd there must of necessity be within 'em something Perceiving
Motions there is some little kind of Rest. II. In Dilatation the sides of the Ventricles after they have expell'd the dilated Blood into the Arteries by the contraction of the Fibres presently by the rarefaction of the Blood sliding in again they are thrust from the middle Septum and so rise again In Contraction Bauhinus and Harvey believe that the heart is extended in length the Tip receding from the Base and so the sides of the Ventricles being thrust forward toward the middle Septum that the Blood is thereby expell'd which also seems to be the Opinion of Ent. But the dissection of living Animals teaches us the contrary by which it is manifest that the heart in Contraction is contracted every way together that is to say that the distended sides of the Ventricles are contracted every way together and together ascend the Cone toward the Base and so the heart being now swell'd by the dilated Blood grows rounder and harder and by that contraction of the whole that the Blood is forc'd out of the Ventricles Which that it is so not only Experience but Reason demonstrates seeing that by the dilatation of the Blood contain'd in the interior Pores of the Substance all the Fibres of the Heart are at the same time contracted every way together as we have said already III. Here arises a Question Whether the Cavities of the Vessels are larger and wider when the Heart is contracted into a rounder Figure or when it is extended in Length Harvey thinks the Cavities are larger when the heart is extended in length but narrower when the heart is contracted 1. Because that in Contraction the heart becomes harder 2. Because that in Frogs and other Creatures that have little Blood it is at that time whiter oâ—… less red than when it is extended in length 3. Because if an Incision be made into the Cavity of the Ventricle presently the Blood gushes out of the Wound otherwise than as it happens when it is extended in length Harvey might have also added this Experiment by cutting away the Tip of the Heart in a living Dog and thrusting a Finger into the Cavity of either Ventricle through the open'd Passage for then he would have manifestly perceiv'd a pressure upon the Finger by the contraction of the heart and that compressure to cease upon its being extended Cartesius being quite of another Opinion tells us That the Heart in Contraction becomes harder but broader on the inside by reason of the contain'd and suddenly dilated Blood and for that it manifestly appears to the Eye is not diminish'd in magnitude but rather somewhat augmented and that for this very reason at that instant time it becomes harder and the Blood less red in Creatures that have very little Blood because by that dilatation the Fibres of the heart are extended and by virtue of that distention press forth in good part at that instant of time the Blood in the Pores of the heart and renders it more ruddy He confirms this by an Experiment and says That if you cut away the sharp end of a heart of a young Coney then you may discern by the Eye that the Cavities are made broader at the same moment that the heart is contracted and becomes harder and drives forth the Blood Nay when all the Blood of the Body being almost exhausted it squeezes forth only some few little drops yet the Cavities at the time of expulsion retain the same breadth of dilatation Lastly he adds That in Dogs and other stronger Animals this is not so visible to the sight because the Fibres of the heart are stronger in them and possess a great part of the Cavities But though these Reasons of Cartesius are very strenuous I think however there is some distinction to be made as to the Time that is to say in the beginning and end of the Contraction and the very instant when the Contraction first begins the Cavities are wider because of the dilated Blood contain'd therein but when the Blood breaks forth out of them into the great Vessels that they are at that very moment of time more narrow the Fibres being contracted every way toward the inner parts beyond their stretch and that I believe may be observ'd by diligent inspection into a live heart IV. Besides the Pulses Bartholine makes mention of two other Motions of the Heart Undation and Trembling Motion But in regard that these are nothing else but certain Species of a vitious and diseased Pulse they are to no purpose describ'd as new Motions V. The Use of the Pulse is to force the Blood dilated in the Heart thro' the Arteries to all the Parts of the Body to the end that all the Parts may be nourish'd thereby and that the particular Parts may be able by virtue of a proper Faculty to concoct alter and convert into a Substance like its own some part of that Blood and apply it to themselves and return the remainder to the Heart again there to be again dilated spiritualiz'd and indu'd with new vigor VI. But seeing that by the daily reciprocation of the Pulse there happens a daily expulsion of Blood from the heart there is a necessity that the heart should continually draw from the hollow Vein Blood sufficient to fill the Vessels as Nature requires But because the hollow Vein is never exhausted and moreover because the Arteries into which there is a continual expulsion never swell to excess it follows That this Motion must proceed circularly and that the Blood must be continually empty'd out of the Heart into the Arteries and out of them into the Veins and Parts to be nourish'd and thence return from the lesser Veins to the hollow Vein and so at length to the Heart This Circulation is confirm'd by three most strenuous Arguments VII The great Quantity of Blood empty'd out of the Heart into the Artery Which is so much that the hundredth part of it cannot be supply'd by the receiv'd Nourishment when that emptying proceeds and is carry'd on as equally in a man that has fasted two or three days as in one that has fed well So that unless the Blood should return from the Arteries through the Veins to the heart the heart in a short time would want Matter to empty besides all the Arteries would burst in a short time and the Parts into which the Blood flows would swell after a wonderful manner For the heart of a sound man in the strength of his Age beats in one hour 3000 or somewhat more Pulses Cardan reckons 4000. Bartholin 4400. And Rolfinch has number'd in himself 4420. So that if by every particular Pulse only one scruple of Blood should be empty'd into the Aorta it will be found by computation that eight or nine pound Averdupois weight of Blood must pass through the Heart in one hour and consequently thirty or forty pound in four hours according to the greater or lesser number of the Pulses
who at Smyrna in Ionia receiv'd a Wound in one of the upper Ventricles yet liv'd for all that I my self here in Utrecht in the Year 1648. inspected the Body of a young Nobleman of Over-Yssel a Student in the Law who dy'd of a wound in his Head in whom the Cranium being first open'd it was first found that the Sword had enter'd the bigger or innermost Corner of one Eye without any harm to the Eye it self and had peneâ—…rated through the upper right Ventricles and lighting upon the upper part of the Cranium on the inside toward the top of the Lambdoidal Suture had almost pierced that also yet this young Gentleman was depriv'd of none of his Animal Actions a certain Sign that the Spirits had not flow'd out of the Ventricle through the broad Wound but sound in Mind Seeing Hearing Tasting and well moving all his Parts walking and judiciously discoursing with his Companions that came to see him upon any Discourse liv'd ten days and then being seiz'd with a violent Fever dy'd in two days Thus Lindan makes mention of a certain Patient that was wounded whose Surgeon for fourteen days together before his Death put in a Probe as far as the Ventricle of his Brain whither the Wound had reach'd without any feeling Yet he further adds that the same Person walk'd every day about the City unless it were the last four days at the end of which he dy'd In these Cases certainly the most subtle Spirits had either flow'd out of their own accord or had been expell'd out of the Ventricles by the alternate dilatation and compression of the Brain and so the person must have dy'd depriv'd of his Animal Actions if the place of their Generation had been in the Ventricles From all which Examples the weak Supports of the said Opinion are sufficiently evident though Webfer refutes the same Opinion more clearly by other Reasons l. de Apoplexia VI. Cartesius differs not very much from the said Opinion who teaches us that these Spirits are not generated in the Ventricles but says that they are separated in the Pineal Kernel by the narrow Passages of the little Arteries of the Choroid Fold and from thence infus'd into the Ventricles and no other way differ from the Vital Spirits only that they are the thinest Parts separated from them and only call'd by another Name To which he adds that there is no probability that the separation of these Spirits is perform'd in the Pineal Kernel as well by reason of the smalness of the Kernel as the vast quantity of Animal Spirits which can never be so swiftly strain'd through so diminutive a particle Besides that this Kernel being obstructed and compress'd yet it is found that these Spirits are generated in great quantity as was apparent in the forecited persons in whose Ventricles the Pus and Serum that was collected in great quantity could not but compress the Kernel and obstruct it in its Office as is also apparent in such Men in whom you shall find Sand and Stones oppressing more than half the Kernel As to that which follows where Cartesius says that these Spirits are collected in the Ventricles that is already refuted as also that other that they differ nothing from the Vital Spirits but only in their separation VII Many others believe that the Animal Spirits are elaborated in the Choroid Fold and that the Vital Blood in its passage through the Fold is alter'd into these Spirits by a singular propriety of the Brain Which Opinion as the Liver many embrace at this day and I was of the same mind once though now I have good reason to think the contrary For upon more mature consideration three Arguments utterly subvert it First Because the Blood contain'd in that Fold is altogether ruddy neither is it observ'd to undergo any alteration therein neither at any time whatever part of the Fold you inspect is it of any other colour than red and Blood-colour whereas the Animal Spirits are pellucid and invisible by reason of their extraordinary subtility Secondly Because the Fold is not continuous with any of the Nerves and therefore no Spirits can be transfus'd out of it into the Nerves 3ly Because the Blood flows into the Pithy Substance of the Brain out of the Fold partly through innumerable diminutive branches partly by the order of circulation flows to the Vein that runs between the middle Fold above the Kernel and thence is carry'd to the inferior Hollownesses of the hard Meninx or Scythe and from them to the Jugular Veins Through which Passages the Animal Spirits also if any were made in the Fold would flow forth together with the Blood nor would any reach to the Nerves which are seated without the Fold and no way continuous to them VIII Francis de le Boe Sylvius suspects them to be elaborated in the Arteries running forth all along the Superficies of the Brain and Cerebel which he thinks to be distributed thro' the Superficies for that public and not for any private Use and that out of those Arteries they penetrate into the Cortex of the Brain and Cerebel and thence into the middle whitish Substance and in this Passage are freed from its watery part that sticks most closely to it But this Opinion is overthrown by these three Arguments 1. Because that in the Arteries of the Head there is no other Humour contain'd than in other Arteries that is to say Blood and those Arteries are only assisting Parts conveying the Blood not altering it into Animal Spirits or making any other Humor or Spirit out of it 2. Because the innumerable bloody Specks which every way occur to the Sight in the dissected Substance teach us that not the Animal Spirits but the arterious blood it self is thrust forward as well through the Ash-colour'd Cortex of the Brain as through the whitish Substance out of the Arteries which bloody Specks would not appear if that blood were only chang'd into invisible Animal Spirits in the said Arteries 3. Because the several remarkable Mutations of Humors require some particular Bowel to make that alteration as appears in the Stomach which turns the Nourishment into Chylus in the Heart which changes the Chylus into Blood in the Liver which alters the blood into a choleric Ferment and therefore we must certainly conclude that the making of Animal Spirits out of Blood cannot be perform'd in the Arteries which only carry the Matter out of which they are to be generated but that of necessity it must be performed in that most noble Bowel the Brain and not in the Arteries encompassing the Brain and Cerebel but in the Substance it self IX Thus also Galen and with him Bauhinus and Sennertus Hoffman Emilius Parisanus Plempius believethem to be elaborated in the Substance it self of the Brain Whose Opinion we are also willing to embrace as being that of which the Truth appears from hence because the arterious blood is driven
it acquires afterwards by degrees VIII The end of the Bones when arrived at their just Hardness is no Action but a Use for no Bone exercises any Action This end is either common or particular common to be the Props and Supports of all the Parts Their particular Use is various to defend many principal Parts and Bowels from external Injuries to afford a secure Passage for others as in the Spine to bind the Laxity of the Joynts as in the Knee-pan c. IX The Differences between the Bones according to Galen are three In respect of their Bulk some larger some little in respect of their Cavity some hollow others solid in respect of what they contain some containing Marrow others none The other differences we shall shew as we go along X. Their Substance is whitish and hard though harder or softer according to the difference of Age not altogether dry in living Creatures but bespread with a certain Fat and viscous Moisture which the more plentifully it abounds in the Bones the more tenacious they are and the less brittle and being broken they the sooner unite together again by means of the brawny Callosity XI I say that they unite by means of the brawny Callosity for that the Bones being taken away never grow again according to that Maxim of Hippocrates A perfect Bone or Gristle or Nerve or any thin Particle of the Preputium neither grows again nor unites That is it does not unite without a Heterogeneous Medium But the Callosity by means of which broken Bones unite by degrees hardens and becomes bony in such a manner as if it were a real Bone This Lindan seems to have observed where he says that in Children some Bones are consolidated together without the help of any Callosity for proof of which he produces the Example of a Boy of six years old that broke his Thigh-bone the Fragments of which being sequestred by Art and Nature there happens in the middle of the Bone a boneless Space of about four Thumbs breadth This was at length so filled up by the rest of the Parts of the Bone insensibly increased and at last united together that you could not tell where the Bone had been wanting or that the Fracture had done any harm I remember something like this Story in a Person full grown In the Year 1655. a Miller of Nimmeghen falling from his Mill broke his Leg with a Button in the middle with that violence that the upper Part-of the Bone boaring the Flesh stuck in the Ground which not only deprived it of the Flesh but of the Periosteum My self with three Chyrurgeons more were of Opinion the Leg was to be cut off there being no hopes of Cure But one of the Chyrurgions being old and experienced resolved first to cut of that part of the Bone which was bereft of its Periosteum about the breadth of two Fingers So said so done and then the Chyrurgion extended the Leg to its first length and splintered it up all alike dressing and cleansing the Wound every day in a short time there grew a Callus from each end of the Bone which at length uniting grew into a bony hardness and the Wound being cured retained its due length so that you could not perceive the Bone to have been taken away by any limping of the Patient afterward which Cure proved the more successful because there was no great Artery or Vein broken and the Blood which flowed out of the small ones easily stopped by the first Ligature From whence it is apparent that broken Bones do not unite but by means of the Callus As for the Bones of Infants that unite and consolidate without the help of any Heterogeneous Medium this is to be said that in New-born Infants many Bones have not attained their due hardness but are as yet soft and flexible like Membranes whereas really they appear to be such as when they have acquired their Hardness and such are the Bones of the Bregma in Infants of the hinder Part of the Head and the nameless Bones which are still Bones though they have not attained their due hardness which being afterwards acquired they become absolute Bones XII Many Bones as those of the Thigh Shoulder Leg c. have a remarkable Concavity the Domicel of much Marrow Others as of the Cranium and Ribs c. have only small and obscure little Cells fill'd with a sanguineous and marrowy Juice necessary for their Nourishment But these Cavities are so small that they can either be hardly or not very plainly discerned and then those Bones are said to be sollid as the Bones of the Nose the little Bones of the Wrist and Foot c. which without question are furnished however with some small Porosities though not manifestly conspicuous In the Superficies of the Bones are to be considered Cavities and Prominences made for the Convenience of the Joyntings the Insertion of the Tendons of the Muscles Ligaments c. The Cavity if it be deep and receive the Head of another Bone as in the Ischion-bone is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if superficiary as in the Knee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Sinus or a Hollowness The Processes which occur at the top of the Hollownesses like Lips and most conspicuous in deep Hollownesses are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Labra and Supercilia Lips and Brains XIII A Prominence is either round as in the Head of the Thigh-bone or long as in the Stytoides or hollow as in the Scapula-bone The round Prominence is called the Head and if it be low and depressed is called Condilus A Prominency is twofold Apophysis and Epiphysis XIV Apophysis in Latin Processus or Process is the continuous Part of a Bone manifestly bunching out beyond the flat Superficies for the more commodious Insertion of the Muscles Tendons and other Parts of which Processes there are many in the Vertebres of the Back also in the lower Jaw and Scapula There is another short Apophysis as in the Bones of the Fingers and another long and that either sharp pointed or simply long variously named according to the Figure which it resembles as Styloides Coracoides Odontoides c. XV. Epiphysis or Appendix is a Bone growing to a Bone like an Addition by simple and immediate Contiguity and that by the Inlet of small Heads or Bosoms like a Gynglynos though without Motion The Substance of the Epiphysis in Infants new Born is thin and gristly in Men of ripe Years it hardens into a thin and spungy Bone and so in progress of time is united with the Bone as if it were an Apophysis and were one continuous Bone so that it cannot be separated again unless by long maceration and boiling if the Party were young But it is no where more soft and weak than about its Connexion for there as spungy as a Pumice Stone it is furnished with many little Cels But it has
Latines Tibia vulgarly Focile Majus and is a large and strong Bone in some measure Triangular in the Fore-part at its full length forming an acute Spine with the point of its foremost Angle in which Part it is also void of Flesh only is covered with a Periosteum a fleshy Membrane with a little Fat scarce visible and the Skin And this is the reason that Contusions of the inside of the Skin are painful in the Cure because of the wound in the Fleshy Pannicle and Periosteum cover'd neither with Flesh nor Fat to any considerable measure At each end it has a thick and remarkable Appendix The upper remarkable for its bigness is divided behind with two heads and at the Top being hollow'd with two long Cavities fortified with a slippery Gristle receives the lower Heads of the Thigh which said Cavities are surrounded with a Gristle thick moveable and almost semicircular Limbus for the strengthning of the Articulation Between these Cavities rises a little Hillock as 't were a Fence which is received by the Cavity of the Thigh-bone from the rough and hollow top of which Hillock proceeds a strong Ligament which is fasten'd to the hollowness of the Thigh and strengthens the Joynt above all the other Ligaments VIII The lower Appendix is less then the other Protuberating with a remarkable Process to the inner side of the Foot which is covered with no Flesh and called the Internal Malleolus This is provided with two Cavities one lateral and lesser to which the Butto joyns the other lower but large distinguished with a slight Protuberancy into two Cavities and overcast with a Gristle which receives the Heel-bone or Talus that lyes under which receives the Shin-bone into its Cavity and thus Articulation is compleated by Gynglimus IX The other Bone of the Leg is called Fibula the Button and is fastened outward to the Shin-bone not inferior to it in length but much slenderer and weaker hollowed all the length of it with various Cavities for the Insertion of the Muscles and rough with many Prominent acute Lines It has two Heads one above the other beneath to which the Appendix grows and they terminate in a Process acute and somewhat rough With the upper Part it does not rise so high as the Knee but stops below the Appendix of the Shin-bone and receives it into a slight hollowness More below the Button is received by the hollowness of the Shin-bone and sends forth a Tuberous head with a Process to the side of the Talus conspicuous without where it is called the External Malleolus and is lower then the Internal CHAP. XX. Of the Bones of the Extream Foot THere are three Classes of the Bones of the Extream Foot the Bones of the Tarsus or Pedion of the Meta-Tarsus or Meta-Pedion and of the Toes I. The Tarsus consists of seven Bones differing in shape and bigness II. First the Astragalus or Talus which enters the lower hollowness of the Leg with a Head somewhat convex by the Process of which constituting the inner Malleolus it is comprehended within as by the Button without and consists of six sides It looses its Prominency before where it joyns to the Bone of the Heel Moreover it has a large Cavity in the lower middle hollowness to which a like Cavity of the Heel is oppositely placed In these little Cells an unctuous slime is preserv'd to moisten the Ligaments and Gristles III. The Second Bone is called Calx or Calcaneus the biggest Bone of the Tarsus oblong toward the hinder Parts for the more firm fixing the Foot and to keep a man from falling backward To the hinder Part is fastened to a most strong Chord made of the Tendons of the three Muscles that extend the Feet More upward it enters with a large and flat Head into the hollowness of the Talus and more forward admits the Protuberances of the Talus into its own hollowness At the inner side it has a large hollowness through which the Tendons and large Vessels descend securely to the lower Parts of the Foot At the outer side it is uneven with little swellings here and there for the firmer Collection of the Ligaments and Tendons IV. This is the Navicular Bone or Boat-resembling Bone called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This behind receives the Talus into a large hollowness before with the flat Heads of three little Bones it enters the hollowness of the Talus a thin Gristle going between these Conjunctions V. The fourth is called the Cuboides Bone also Os Tessera by the Greeks Polymorphus This being bigger then the rest of the lateral Bones is placed before the Heel and is joyned to it with an uneven superficies on the other side it is joyned to the third Wedg-like Bone but toward the Toes it is fastened to the fourth and fifth Bone of the Matatarsus The other three had no Names given them by the Antients However Fallopius gives them the Names of Sphenoides Calcoides and Cuniform The first of these is bigger then the third and the middlemost is the least Many times at the External side of the Articulation of the Wedg-form'd Bone with the fifth Bone of the Meta-Pedion supporting the little Toe a little Bone is observed at the Insertion of the Tendon of the eighth Muscle of the Foot as also sometimes a bony Particle joyned to the Cube-fashioned Bone somewhat before and filling up its Cavity and adhereing to the Tendon of the seventh Muscle of the Foot which being both present at a time seem to strengthen the Foot exceedingly But Bauhinus reckons this among the Sesamoides Bones All those Bones of the Tarsus in new born Infants are rather Gristly than Bony but in time require a solid Substance like a Pumice-stone full of little holes which hardness some acquire sooner some later and are joyned together and to the Neigbouring Bones with strong Ligaments and strengthened with Gristles for their Connexions VI. The Metatarsus called by the Greeks Pedion by Celsus and others Planta and Pecten consists of five strong fistulous Bones differing in length and thickness separated from each other in the middle to make room for the Interbone Muscles Above and below they protuberate forth with their Heads Of which those that are thicker and next the Pedium receive the four lower Bones of the Tarsus into their hollownesses the other which are provided with round Protuberances are admitted into the hollownesses of the Toes VII The Bones of the Toes are numbered to be fourteen among which the two Bones of the Great Toe excell the rest in bigness The rest of the Toes consist each of them of three Bones whose form and conexion agree with the Bones of the Hand only that they are less All these Bones of the Metatarsus and Toes for the facilitating of their Motion are overspread with a Gristle about the Extremities where they are joynted CHAP. XXI Of the Sesamoides Bones and the
Bone The Man so soon as he was wounded fell down in a deep Sleep void of Sense and Motion and so was carried to Nimeghen for dead No Man thought it possible for such a Wound to be cured in regard the Brain was so much prejudiced However the Chyrurgeon prob'd to the place where the Bullet was lodg'd and felt it about the upper part of the Lambdoidal Bone Then he took a longer slender Instrument like a Mold wherein they cast Bullets and thrusting it into the Wound got hold of the Bullet but as he was about to draw it out I know not by what Misfortune the end of the Instrument that clasp'd the Bullet broke and that part of it which had taken hold of the Bullet remain'd together with the Bullet in the Brain yet not so but that the end of it might be seen about the entrance of the Wound However for want of proper Instruments we were forc'd to leave it in the Brain till the Evening at what time with proper Instruments both the broken Instrument and the Bullet within it were both drawn forth and as much of the Substance of the Brain came out along with it as the quantity of a Nutmeg Also some little bony Fragments sticking to the Orifice of the Wound were taken out The Chyrurgeon applied to the Wound a Magisterial Balsam and Cephalic Fomentations were clap'd round about the whole Head to strengthen the Brain and his Belly moved with a Glister The next day some ounces of Blood were taken out of his Right-Arm The fourth day after the Wound received upon which we presently ordered him some Broth for Nourishment About the fourteenth day that deep Sleep abated and after that he only slept naturally He was troubled with no Fever nor did he loose his Appetite For some Weeks he took cephalic Decoctions and Conditements but as for the Wound nothing was put into it but the said Balsam Afterwards instead of a Cephalic Fomentation we took a dry Cephalic Cap made of certain Cephalic and other Herbs and clapt it about his whole Head And thus this Person so desperately wounded as he was after three Months being perfectly cured walk'd abroad again and at the fourth Months end returned again to the Camp Six years after this Cure coming to Nimeghen he gave me a Visit affirming that he retain'd no farther Inconvenience of his Wound only that upon some suddain and tempestuous Change of Weather his Head would ake a little or if he drank Wine too freely he should presently be intoxicated and then he was almost mad at other times he did whatever he had to do as if he had never been wounded ANNOTATIONS Hâ—…ppocrates affirms all Wounds of the Head to be mortal The Bladder says he being broken or the Brain or the Heart or the Midriff or any of the small Guts or the Stomach or the Liver it is mortal In which place we are to understand by Mortal not of necessity Mortal but very dangerous as Galen observes in his Comment upon that Aphorism For Wounds of the Brain that do not penetrate the Ventricles do not of necessity cause Death because we find they are many times heal'd as Massa Carpus Iacotius and many others testifie And Avicen thus writes concerning Arrows to be drawn out of the Wounds of those Parts If an Arrow says he be fixed in any principal Member as the Brain Heart Lungs Belly small Guts Liver Matrix or Bladder and there appear Signs of Death then we must abstain from drawing out the Arrow because it will occasion us to be look'd upon as Fools when we know we can do the Patient no good But if no ill Sign appear then we go to work for many times in such cases several escape to a wonder We therefore following this Doctrine of Avicen though the case seemed desperate yet because all our Hope lay in drawing out the Bullet drew it out from this Patient whom no rational Physitian would have judged could have ever escaped especially since the Wound was made with so much violence of the Pistol accompanied with a Perforation of the Meninxes and some loss of the Substance of the Brain Certainly if ever there were a miraculous Cure this was one I could hardly give credit before to the Testimonies of Authors in this matter and had I not seen such Wounds as these with loss of the Brain twice healed I should hardly yet have believ'd it OBSERVATION XLIV An Asthma ANdrew à Sal ingen in the Month of May was troubled with a vehement Asthma which afflicted him so terribly that he could hardly speak he had no Cough and spit but very little or nothing and besides he had quite lost his Stomach He had taken several Remedies by the Advice of others for above half a year together And for my Part because the Patient was threescore years of age I did not believe my self that ever the Distemper could be eradicated however I told him it might be much abated and asswaged and therefore bid him pluck up a good Heart and take of the following Electuary Morning and Evening the quantity of a Nutmeg and to abstain from all acid and cold flatulent viscous and smoak'd Meats and in a word from all Meats of hard Concoction and bad Nutriment â„ž Choice Myrrh lucid Aloes Flower of Sulphur Elecampane Licorice slic'd an ℈ â—…j Saffron Benzoin an ℈ j. Make these in to a very fine Powder then add the best Honey Ê’ xiâ—… Oyl of Anise Drops ix Mix these for an Electuary By taking this his Belly was gently loosned and his Apetite restored the Asthma ceased to a Miracle insomuch that within a few days he was quite freed from it and when the Malady afterwards return'd he presently cured himself by taking the same Electuary ANNOTATIONS AN Asthma is of those Diseases which are not curable in old People but accompany them generally to their Graves because it is caused either by crude and cold Defluxions powring down from the Brain upon the Lungs or by more crude and thicker Humors flowing from the Liver into the Lungs through the Arterious Vein Which crude cold and flegmatic Humors in old men do not admit of Concoction by reason of the Debility of the Concoctive Faculty which in them is feeble because of their cold Constitution Age and abundance of cold Superfluities And therefore when they are troubled with this Malady we are only to try how to abate it In which case the use of our Electuary prov'd very advantageous to our Patient Mercurialis for the Cure of an Asthma highly commends a Cautery in the Arm and long kept open For saith he we find it by daily Experience that they who are vexed with difficulty of breathing are mainly succoured by the help of these Remedies As for Specific Remedies proper for an Asthma there are several to be found in various Authors Avicen prescribes to Asthmatics that are grievously troubled with Difficulty of breathing Cumin-seed mix'd with Vinegar