should rather take it for a new sort of Echinites not yet discover'd which is wholly left to the Readers choice 177. In the Quarry of rubble stone near Shotover-hill I met with a Spar-like stone made I suppose of the dropings of petrifying water not unlike to the bags called Manicae Hippocratis used in filtrations by the Chymists three one above another as they usually place them as in Fig. 10. And in the very same Quarry I found a single Trochites of a cinereous colour so called from its likeness to a wheel having rays coming forth of its center like the spoaks of a Cart-wheel from its stock hub or nave These are said to have affinity with the Lapis Judaicus in their texture i Boet. de Lapid Gem. cap. 227. and with the Asteriae in the property of moving in Vinegar k Geo. Agricola de Natura Fossilium cap. 5. neither of which I could well try having but one and that too set in a rubble stone of the Quarry They are found plentifully Northward in Holy-Island and in the bottom of the Chanel of the River Tees l Mr. Ray's Topograph observat p. 116. at Braughton and Stock in York-shire at Beresford in Stafford-shire m Philosoph Transact Num. 100. and are commonly there called St. Cuthbert's Beads whereof I intend Cuts and shall treat more at large when I come to those places 178. At the Parish of Heath I met with a reddish sort of stone in the usual form of a Whet-stone as in Tab. 8. Fig. 11. about four inches long very hard and for both those reasons not fit for use it was given me by Mr. Evans Rector of the place and said by him to be taken out of a block of stone dug in the Quarries thereabout naturally having grown in that form And at Stonor there was given me a crisp'd white stone taken up not far thence resembling a sort of Sweet-meat not like the Confetti de Tivoli but rather of Viterbo mentioned by Aldrovandus n Musaeum Metallicum lib. 4. p. 518 or a sort of Sweet-meat we have from Portugal 179. Amongst the stones like things of Art I think I must also number a sort of globular iron-colour'd balls taken up about Cornwell whereof I have two given me by Sir Thomas Pennyston the one plain and smooth the other granulated on the out-side not unlike to an Orange very weighty and made up within of a golden striated substance from the center to the circumference shewn in the Hemisphere of one of them Fig. 12. Of these there are some so equally round as if done by Art and so they are says Cambden at Huntley Nab o Cambd. in the North-Riding of York-shire where under the craggy Rocks they lye scatter'd here and there of divers bignesses so artificially by Nature shaped round in manner of a Globe that one would take them to be great bullets cast for shot to be discharged out of great Ordnance Such as these are also mention'd by Joh. Kentmannus found inter lapides aerarios which if broken says he are like the silver or cinereous Marchasite out of which somtimes brass or silver are smelted p Catalog Fossilium Tit. 16. de Lapid aerariis à natura effigiatis than which ours are somwhat of a better colour but whether possest with those or a better metal I must confess I have not tryed and therefore cannot inform the Reader 180. Hither also must be referred a round stone before mentioned chap. 3 sect 30. containing within it a white sort of earth and therefore called Geodes or the pregnant stone differing from the Aetites in this that whereas that has within it a movable stone by the Naturalists called Callimus this contains only earth or sand that moves not at all The outward crust of these is somtimes only an indurated chalk under which are some other folds like the coats of an Onyon and when found thus by the Inhabitants of the Chiltern where they are most plentiful they are called chalk Eggs. Others there are of them whose outermost coats are hard black Flints some very thin and others thicker according I suppose to the seniority of their generation For I have some of them by me whose coats are not much thicker than the shell of a Wall-nut others stone half way and others so almost to the very center and these Flint coats black without side and gradually whiter and whiter as they approach nearer to the whitish earth contained within whence I am almost perswaded that however it may be in irregular Flints that in these the chalky matter does turn into stone and is the chief principle of their generation 181. Upon the Chiltern-hills near to Sherbourn and Lewkner I found many of the Flints inclining to a Conical Figure And in the gravel about Oxford I have seen fasciated Pebbles having as it were Zones or girdles round them of different colours from those of the stones About Fawler and Stunsfield the Pebbles before mentioned cap. 4. sect 18. are most of them streaked with iron-colour'd lines somtimes inclining towards one another like the ramifications of a Dendrites which though not so curious as the Pietra di figure de boschi of Ferrante Imperato q Dell ' Hist Naturale lib. 24. cap. 24. yet fit me well enough with a transition to the Chapter of Vegetables which immediatly follows 182. Only I must beg leave first to advertise the Reader that what I have ascribed to Dr. Merret concerning the Toad-stone sect 146. I have found since the Printing of that sheet seemingly also given to the Learned Sir George Ent by the no less Learned Sir Thomas Brown in the last Edition of his Pseudodoxia Epidemica r Pseudodox Epidem lib. 3. cap. 13. to whether more rightly let them contend And that since the Printing the beginning of this Chapter I received from the Right worshipful Sir Philip Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt two kinds of Selenites though of the same texture yet much differently formed from any there mention'd both of them being Dodecaëdrums but the Hedrae too as much different from one another as from any of the former The first sort of them being made up of two Rhomboideal sides four oblong and as many shorter pentagons and two small Trapeziums one half whereof are represented Tab. 8. Fig. 13. And the second of two oblong Hexagons four oblong Trapeziums four oblong parallelograms and two large pentagons one half whereof are also represented Fig. 14. In both which it is to be understood that the Hedrae at the ends of each stone are opposed by two others like them not according to the breadth but length of the stone The two pentagons at the top of the stone Fig. 13. being opposed by two others like them behind the small Trapezium at the bottom of it and the small Trapezium at the bottom by another like it behind the two short pentagons at the top and so
between Hockley and the Woods under Shotover-hill 8. Orobanche Verbasculi odore The root of this Plant is skaly and obtuse to which are appended a bundle of complicated Fibers like those of Nidus avis whence it riseth up with a soft round very brittle stalk seldom eight inches high set with thin small short skaly leaves like skins growing close to it At or very near the top of which stalk grow somtimes eight or ten small flowers altogether different from those of the common Orobanche each consisting of four pretty large leaves within which are contained as many lesser as in Tab. 9. Fig. 6. About the seed vessel which is round at the bottom with a narrow neck and a hole at the top somwhat resembling a childs sucking-bottle as in Fig. 6. a stand small chives with purplish tops as in Fig. 6. b. The whole herb flowers stalks and leaves are at the first flowering of a whitish yellow or straw colour and being broken or bruised smell like the root of a Primrose It grows at the bottoms of Trees in the woods near Stoken-Church and we find it mention'd in some MS. notes of the famous Mr. Goodyer 9. Saxifraga Anglica annua Alsine folio This small annual Saxifrage from a small fibrous root spreadeth its trailing jointed stalks about an inch or two from it at each joint come forth small narrow leaves as in the other Chickweed-break stone and from the upper joynts toward the end of the stalks come small herbaceous flowers made up of four leaves which prove the case for the small included seed vessel as in Tab. 9. Fig. 7. This Plant differs from the common one which is of a light fresh green perennial and somtimes roots again at its joynts in that its stalks and leaves are of a brownish green colour the Plant annual and never reptant it grows plentifully in the walks of Baliol College gardens and on the fallow Fields about Heddington and Cowley and many other places 10. To which perhaps I might add two different Lychnis's from the sylvestris flore albo Gerardi observed this Year by Mr. Richard Stapley one whereof bears a white flower somwhat less than the common yet at the center having another little flowery TAB IX ad pag 146. To the right Worsp ll the learned and curious Botanist Sr. Geo Croke Knight This Table of undescribed Plants natives of Oxfordsh is humbly dedicated by R. P. L L D circle in the middle of which appear several fine stamina with yellow longish apices whereas the reclining stamina of the common Campion have no apices at all the other also bears a white flower without that flowery circle but has stamina crowned with roundish purple apices with the dust whereof the flower it self is commonly soiled But in the first of these the seed vessel not appearing at all and in the second withering away with the flower We are not so bold as to make them distinct species's not knowing as yet whence they should be propagated These were found near Holy-Well in the Suburbs of Oxford and grow also in the Corn-fields about New-parks and as we suppose in most parts of England Sed de hoc quaere 11. Beside these there is also another of which Authors write so obscurely that we cannot positively say whether described or no However we have ventured to call it Artiplex vulgaris sinuata spicata it not being like the Pes anserinus alter sive ramosior of John Bauhin mentioned by Mr. Ray w In Catalog Plant. Angl. in that it bears its seeds in buttons close to the stalks like the Fragifera This grows equally common on Dung-hills with the sinuata major amongst which we suppose it has hitherto lay hid 12. As for the Plants described by other Authors but not noted by Mr. Ray to be of English growth we find only these in the County of Oxford 1. Clematis Daphnoides sive pervinca major in the High-ways between Woolvercot and Yarnton and in several hedges thereabout 2. Lagopus major vulgaris Parkinsoni in Stow-wood plentifully and several other places 3. Oenan the aquatica minor Park sive juncus odoratus Cordi in the ditches about Medley and Binsey-Common and almost every where about Oxford 13. Whereunto add some others indeed noted by Mr. Ray but left in doubt whether described or different from one another Such are the Helleborine flore albo mentioned in his Appendix x In Appendice p. 339. to grow in the woods near Stoken-Church not far from the road leading from London to Oxford which because he had not seen either flowering or green modestly refused to determin whether described or no But we having had time and curiosity of viewing it often in flower find it to be the Helleborine flore albo of Gerard and Tabernaemontanus Epipactis angustifolia of Besler y Jac. Theod. Tabernaemont Part. 2. p. 400. in his Hortus Eystettensis z Horti Eystett Plant. Vernal Ord. 9. fol. 5. Alisma quorundam Cordi a Valer. Cordi Hist de Plant. lib. 2. cap. 107. and Alisma Cymbaleanthemon Thalii b Ioh. Thalii Harcynia Saxono-Thuringica p. 13. Which Authors and others we have diligently searched and by comparing them together find the Plant to agree with each Figure as well as they could do one with another had they as indeed they commonly are been Printed from one Plate 14. The Plants which he doubts whether specifically distinct yet found so in Oxford-shire are also Helleborine's the one his Helleborine flore atro-rubente and the other Helleborine latifolia montana c In Catalog-Plant Angl. both plentifully growing on Stoken-Church hills Whereof the former has small narrow leaves somwhat like the Palustris and growing thicker on the stalk whereas those of the latter are broad and much thinner the one also flowering a full month after the other which we take to be distinguishing Characters enough though not so signally differing in the flowers as Mr. Ray owns his to do our latifolia montana coming nearer to that of Gerard then of him or Dodonaeus having purple flowers but as deep or deeper than those of the Helleborine flore atro rubente 15. Of Accidents that are incident to herbaceous Plants beside what I have seen amongst forreigners in Gardens I have met also with some amongst the natives of Oxford-shire which I guess may happen to them as likewise to all others most times through excess or defect in their nourishment Thus have I seen the stalks of Dyers-weed and Succory from a round near the root spread themselves upward into a broad flat stalk as if there were several of them fasciated together occasioned I suppose by reason of the ascent of to much nourishment for one stalk and yet not enough for two The fasciation if I may be allowed to coyn such a word being as it were an attempt for two stalks which upon the ascent of sufficient sap is somtimes accomplish'd the flat stalk then
Which the same ingenious person at least questions not and therefore wishes tryals may be made of the Tithymali Esulae and especially of Pinguicula and Ros Solis which last sucks up moisture faster than the Sun can exhale it and is bedewed all over at Noon-day notwithstanding its power Nor doubts he but that Wormwood and all other Plants that are very hot and of strong smells expire as much if not more than Mint 98 There are also several Arts used about the Corn in this County whil'st in the blade and straw that belong to this place such as eating it off with Sheep if too rank to make it grow strong and prevent lodging whil'st the Corn is young they also weed it cutting the thistles with a hook but rattles they handweed as soon as in flower and so they do cockles when they intend the Corn for seed If the Crows toward Harvest are any thing mischievous as they many times are destroying the Corn in the outer limits of the Fields they dig a hole narrow at the bottom and broad at the top in the green swarth near the Corn wherein they put dust and cinders from the Smiths forge mixt with a little Gun-powder and in and about the holes stick feathers Crow-feathers if they can get them which they find about Burford to have good success 99. They cut their Wheat here rather a little before than let it stand till it be over-ripe for if it be cut but a little too soon the shock will ripen it and the Corn will be beautiful whereas if it stand too long much will shatter out of the head in reaping especially if the wind blow hard and that the best Corn too the worst only remaining which will be pale in the hand an unpardonable fault where the Baker is the Chapman In reaping Wheat and Rye they use not the sicle but a smooth edged hook laying their Corn in small hand-fulls all over the Field I suppose that it may the sooner dry in case wet come before they bind it which they do in very small sheaves and very loose in comparison of some other Counties They shock it rafter-wise ten sheaves in a shock which if set wide in the butt-but-end will be very copped and sharp at the top and will bear out rain beyond hope or almost credit 100. They count their Barly ripe as they do their Wheat when it hangs the head and the straw has lost its verdure which they mow with a sithe without a cradle never binding but raking it together and cocking it with a fork which is usually a trident whose teeth stand not in a row but meet pyramidally in a center at the staff They let it lie in the swathe a day or two which both ripens the Corn and withers the weeds Oats and all mixed Corns called Horse-meat are Harvested somtimes with two reaping hooks whereof the manner is thus The Work-man taking a hook in each hand cuts them with that in his right hand and rolls them up the while with that in his left which they call bagging of Peas Others they cut with a reaping hook set in a staff about a yard long and then they cut and turn the Peas before them with both hands till they have a wad which they lay by and begin again and this they call cutting with the staff-hook But the sithe they say is much the speediest way which if used with care cuts them as well and clean as either of the other 101. After the sithe they wad both Beans and Peas and so turn them till they are throughly withered and dry and then cock and fit them for carriage only with this difference that Beans while they are cocked and carryed have the loose stalks pickt up by hand the rake being apt to beat the Beans out of the pods as they are drawn up against the leg All sorts of Cocks are best made of a middleing cize and well top'd the advantages are that these are apprehended at least to take less wet with the same rain than greater and will dry again without breaking whereas the great cocks after rain must be pulled to pieces which cannot be done without great loss for in the opening and turning much Corn will be beaten out and that certainly the best too 102. If their Corn be brought home a little moister or greener than ordinary or the weeds be not let lie to be throughly shrunk or wither'd that they suspect it may heat in the Barn more than ordinary for it is kind for Corn and fodder to heat a little then they draw a Cubb or Beer-lip which others call the Seed-cord up the middle of the mow or stack and through the hole that this leaves the heat will ascend and so prevent mow-burning Or if it heat in the Barn beyond expectation and be like to do amiss they then pull a hole in the middle from the top to the bottom which will also help it much They draw an old Axel-tree of a Cart up a Hay-rick to the same purpose if they think their Hay of the greenest or over moist when stacked 103. But the best contrivance I ever yet saw to prevent the fireing of Ricks of Hay or Sainct-foin I met with at Tusmore at the Worshipful Richard Fermors Esq where they let in square pipes made of boards of a foot diagonal to the middle of their stacks to give them Air perpetually the number of pipes bearing proportion to the bigness of the Ricks which no question may also be as rationally applyed to stacks of Corn whenever thought subject to the same danger 104. To preserve their Ricks of Corn lyable to rats and mice they commonly place them in this Country on standers and caps of stone the standers being four Obeliscs about two foot high and the caps as many Hemispherical stones placed upon them with the flat sides downwards on which having laid four strong pieces of Timber and other Joists to bear up the Corn they place their Ricks which then are not annoyed by mice or rats at least not so much as stacks on the ground by reason the Hemispherical stones being planums at the bottom though they may possibly ascend the standers well enough yet can scarce get up the caps whose broad bottoms hang so over them in plano Horizontis that they must needs fall in the attempt 105. The Cart they most use to bring home their Corn is the two-wheeled long Cart having shambles over the shafts or thills a Cart Ladder at the breech and hoops over the wheels on which they will lay great and very broad loads though it go not so secure and steady as a Waggon which notwithstanding that advantage is of but little use here only amongst Carriers c. They use also a sort of Cart they call a Whip-lade or Whip-cart whose hinder part is made up with boards after the manner of a Dung-cart having also a head of boards and shambles over the thills which head being
made so as to be taken out or left in the Cart may be indifferently used to carry dung or other matters dung when the head is in and Corn c. when taken out 106. About Banbury most of their Carts have Axel-trees of Iron made square at one end and round at the other at the square end they are made fast into one of the wheels and move round together with it and at the other end they move within the box of the wheel and the wheel round them too With this sort of Axel some are of opinion that the Cart moves much lighter for the Cattle than with a wooden one to whom I should much rather assent did the round end of the Axel move in a box of brass and were the places where the Cart rests on it lined with brass plates for then a small matter of oil as 't is in the oiling of bells would cause the heaviest weight to be moved with great ease however as they are much less grease serves the turn and one of them made of good tough iron will last a mans age and somtimes two whereas the wooden ones are frequently at reparations nor does there any inconveniency attend them that I could hear of but that the wheels have not so much room to play to and fro on these as on the others of wood and therefore not so good where either the ways or Cart-routs are deep 107. Their way in this Country to bring the corn from the straw is for the most part by the flail only in some places when their wheat is very smutty they have a way of whipping it first and then threshing it afterwards their manner of whipping is striking the corn by a handful at a time against a door set on its edge and when a sheaf is thus whipt they bind it up again for the flail which way indeed is troublesom and tedious but by this means the smut bags or balls are preserved unbroken and by the strength of a good wind and care in the raying most part of them may be gotten forth and the wheat left clear 108. But before they thresh Rye they somtimes take care to preserve some of the straw whole or unbroken to serve for straw-works which I should not have thought worth mentioning but that we have an Artist here in Oxford the ingenious Robert Wiseman excellent for such matters beyond all comparison and yet he modestly owns that he saw work in Italy that gave him a hint for his Invention but knows not whether that Artist but believes rather the contrary uses the same procedure that he does or no However if it must not be allowed his Invention yet because he has improved it to so great an excellency I cannot but let the World know that though he professes nothing extraordinary in the dying of his colours yet by certain method of first scraping the straw and cutting it into small square pieces none longer than the 20th or 30th part of an inch he can lay them on wood copper or silver first prepared for the purpose in such order and manner and that with great expedition that thereby he represents the ruins of Buildings Prospects of Cities Churches c. upon dressing or writing Boxes or Boxes for any other use 109. He also represents in a most exquisite manner both the Irish and Bredth stitch in Carpets and Screens which he makes of this straw work for the more curious Ladies and with these he covers Tobacco boxes or of any other kind whether of wood or metal puting the Arms of the Nobility and Gentry if desired upon the tops or elsewhere And all these with the colours so neatly shaded off from one another that at due distance they show nothing inferior to colours laid with a Pensil When these Prospects c. are made he can and does frequently wash his work with common water leting it continue at least an hour underneath it then drys it with a spunge and beats it with a wooden mallet as thin as may be and then lays it on his boxes giving it lastly so curious a polish that no varnishing excels it which work though made of such minute squares of straw will endure portage and any other as severe usage as most other materials none of them being to be gotten off by easie means but will admit of washing and polishing again when at any time foul as well as at the first 110. Which is all concerning Corn whil'st in the blade or straw what remains relates to the separating the seed from the chaff and preserving it in the stores As to the first they either do it in a good wind abroad or with the fan at home I mean the leaved fan for the knee fan and casting the corn the length of the Barn are not in use amongst them They that have but small quantities when no wind is stirring will do it with a sheet the manner thus Two persons take a sheet and double it at the seam then rolling in each end a little and holding one hand at the top and the other a foot or 18 inches lower they strike together and make a good wind and some speed But the wheel fan saves a mans labor makes a better wind and does it with much more expedition 111. They preserve it in their stores as well as ricks from mice and rats by many ordinary means used in other places but I met with one way somwhat extraordinary performed by a peculiar sort of Rats-bane that kills no creatures but those for which it is designed except poultry so that it is an excellent remedy especially within doors where Fowls seldom come or any other place where they may be kept from it all Cats Dogs c. tasting it without hurt To secure their Corn from musting I have heard of some that have laid it in Chambers mixt with Pebble-stones of the larger cize stratum super stratum viz. after every six inches thickness of Corn a stratum of Pebbles placed about a yard distance from each other then Corn again to the same thickness and so S S S to ten lains apiece by which method as I was told Corn had been preserved sweet and free from must ten years together only removing it once a year and laying it again as before and in the Summer time when the weather was dry setting open the windows in the day time and shutting them at night 112. To recover it from mustiness to its pristin sweetness some have laid it out all night thin spred on cloaths to receive the Evening and Morning dews with so good success that being dryed again next day in the Sun the ill smell has been quite removed And thus I have done with the most uncommon Arts I have met with concerning Plants related to Husbandry and the whole Herbaceous kind where by the way let it be noted as in Chap. 6. § 23. that these Arts are called uncommon not so much in respect of this
1. Fig. 4. where a. is the place of the speaker or maker of any other sound b. the primary object first terminating the sound and reflecting it on the Peers of the other wall c c c c c c. the Peers between every two Niches that receive the sound reflected from the primary object and make the Echo d d d d d d. the lines wherein the voice is carryed back again over the primary object whereby the Echo appears out of its place But herein let it be noted that I am not so sanguine as to exclude all fears that it may be otherwise but only suggest what seems most probable at present cum animo revocandi whenever I shall be better informed by another or my own future experience 30. At New College in the Cloysters there are others of this kind to be heard indeed on all sides but best on the South and West because on those there are no doors either to interrupt or wast the sound These return a stamp or voice seven eight or nine times which so plainly is occasion'd by the Peers between the windows that on the West and shorter side being but 38 yards long the returns are more quick and thicker by much than on the South where the primary object being above fifty yards removed from the corpus sonorum and the secondary ones proportionably further the returns are much slower and more distinct in so much that on that side the Echo will return a dissyllable whereas on the West side you can have but a monosyllable only If it be objected that according to the rule 38 yards are not enough for the return of a monosyllable I answer that though it may be likely enough that the return of the primary object on that side is not heard yet that there is none of the secondary ones or Peers between the windows but what are distant from the speaker above 40 yards and therefore may well return a monosyllable And if again it be objected that the interval of an Echo must be liberum and patens * Blancani Echometria Theoremate 4. and it be further demanded how it comes about that we have such Echo's in Cloysters when we can have none in wells that are cover'd with houses because the interval is closed at both ends as this Cloyster is It must be answered that that rule holds only in narrow intervals closed up on all sides and not in such Cloysters that are open and arched to the top Which may also be the reason why at Magdalen College where the Cloysters are covered with a flat roof they have but an inconsiderable Echo and at Corpus Christi none at all notwithstanding they have all other conditions requisite TAB I. ad pag. 16 To the right honble IAMES Lord NORREYS Baron of Ricot His MAIties L d Lieutenant of Oxfordsh This first Table in memory of his Lord ps favours is gratefully dedicated by R. P. L L. D. M. Burghers sculp 32. Other Echo's there be that belong to this place as Echo's upon Echo's and such as my Lord Verulam y Nat. Hist Cent. 3. Num. 249 250. stiles back-Echo's of which because I have met with none considerable I am content to pass them by having sufficiently as I suppose by this time tired the Readers patience with too tedious a consideration of so particular a subject and make haste to treat of the Air of Oxford-shire as it stands in reference to Sickness or Health But all Air of it self being equally pure and only accidentally good or bad accordingly as more or less filled with wholsom or noxious vapors ascending from the Waters or moist Earths I refer its consideration to the next Chapter to which it seems more intimately and originally to belong it being the opinion of Hippocrates and on all hands agreed That Waters are of much more concernment in reference to health than the Air can be because they are as it were part of our aliment and the Air not so and may be of themselves fundamentally bad whereas the Air is only so by participation CHAP. II. Of the Waters THAT Oxford-shire is the best water'd County in England though I dare not with too much confidence assert yet am induced to believe there are few better since beside the five more considerable Rivers of Thame Isis Cherwell Evenlode and Windrush there are numbred no less than threescore and ten at least of an inferior rank beside smaller Brooks not worthy notice And all these of so quick a stream and free from stagnation so clear and yet so well impregnated with wholsom primogenial Steams of Salts and Sulphurs that few if any vappid and stinking Exhalations can ascend from them to corrupt the Air. As for standing Pools Marish or Boggy grounds the parents at least occasions of Agues Coughs Catarhs they are fewest here of any place to be found the Soyl for the most part lying dry and water'd only with clear and rapid Fountains In short so altogether agreeable is this County to Cardans z Comment in Hippoc. de Aere aquis locis rule Solum siccum cum aquis currentibus salubritatem Aeris efficiunt that had he wanted an instance for confirmation he might have found one here most suitable to his purpose And if plenty of wholsom Fish spontaneous productions of odoriferous Plants and the scarcity of filthy Reptils be cogent Arguments of the goodness of Waters Soyls and consequently of Air as heretofore they have been accounted I know not the place can make better pretences as shall be shewn more at large in their proper places 2. Beside its clearness from pestiferous vapors I take the sharpness we find this Air to be of to be no small argument of its health and purity Aristotle 't is true thought Air moderately warm but its constant return to a brisk coldness after it has been heated either by fire the Sun or warm exhalations gives us strong suspitions that 't is naturally cold All natural Bodies after they have suffered violence returning of themselves to their innate condition To which add that the Air on the tops of high Mountains above the reach of the Clouds and other warm Exhalations as 't is found to be clear so 't is very cold whence I think it may not be illogically concluded That the colder the Air the nearer to purity and consequentially more healthy Which is also very suitable to the doctrine of Hippocrates who speaking concerning the healthy situation of Cities says That such which are placed to cold winds a Hippocr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. that though their Waters are harsh and cold yet for the most part they are sweet and the Inhabitants healthy and brisk sound and free from defluxions And so indeed in the main I find them here of a very chearful humor affable and courteous in their Deportment neither sparing nor profuse in their Entertainments but of a generous temper suitable to the
dare promise it must needs be excellent 60. And so is the stone Ostracomorphos made of heaps of Oysters cemented together and found plentifully enough on Shot-over hill not far from the way to Sir Timothy Tyrrils of which I have forborn to give any draught it being easily conceived from the manner of the Cockles thus heaped together in the two former cuts 61. To these succeed the stones resembling Sea-fish of the testaceous kind not found in clusters after the manner of the former but in a separate state of these there are some curiously lineated and others plain with but few or no such ornaments which yet I must treat of promiscuously together because there are of both sorts in several species 62. Of these again some are of a turbinated form and others bivalvular resembling the double shell'd kind joyned together with a hinge and yet these somtimes found all with their shells apart and somtimes again none of them so 63. Amongst these the turbinated or wreathed kind of stones by the Greeks called Strombites from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 torqueo to wreath which is always helically and for the most part from the right hand to the left and spirally from a greater to a smaller ending are but seldom found However I have met with both the sorts of Agricola g De Natura Fossilium lib. 7. the greater which he says is somtimes nine inches long but ours indeed not much exceeding five of a plain superficies as in Tab. 4. Fig. 1 * Vid. Buccinum lapideum laeve Fabii Columnae Aquatilium terrestr observ cap. 22. and the lesser wanting of half an inch in length but curiously striated as Fig. 2. both found in the Quarries in the Parish of Heddington of a cinereous colour somwhat inclining to yellow and of a harder consistence than the stone wherein they lye TAB III ad pag 100 To the right honble Henry Earle of Clarendon Viscount CORNBURY Baron HYDE of Hindon c This 3. Table of formed STONES whereof the 12th fort is dug in his LORD ps own Lands in memory of his LORD ps many and great favours is gratefully consecrated by R P. L L. D. Michael Burghers Delin et Sculp 65. Some there are again whose striae also descend from the hinge or commissure but not in straight lines but bent and undulated and much broader than the former as in Tab. 4. Fig. 4. which though in magnitude it fall short of the Concha Tridacna of Aldrovandus so called it seems because they made three mouthfuls apiece yet in form it shews to be so very like as may be seen also in Jonston Tab. 13. that were it not a stone I must pronounce it the same h Vid. Concham imbricatam minimam Aldrovandi de Test. lib. 3. cap. 43. This I found at Great Rolwright in a bluish clay whereof and of nothing else it seems to be concreted for it do's not much exceed it in hardness and still participates most of that colour though covered with a bright and shining substance by the Naturalists called Hoplites or Armatura of which more anon when I come to Cornu Ammonius a stone the most of any adorned with that substance 66. Another sort there is found at Heddington Quarries whose lines or striae are not drawn like the two former from the commissure of the valves to the rim but transversly and circularly from one side of the stone to the other the lesser circles having place next the commissure and the greater next to the rim of the stone as in Tab. 4. Fig. 5. which seems much to resemble the Concha rugata of Rondoletius i Rondoletius de testaceis lib. 1. cap. 25. with valves swelling very high of colour it is cinereous inclining to yellow not hollow within but a solid stone and of much the same texture with the rubble of the Quarry 67. Of the smaller Conchites there are also several sorts differing in colour lineation and valves for at Teynton and about Burford where they are found in the Fields they are most of them yellow with their valves rising high and approaching to a round * These made red hot and put into drink are accounted in this Country a present remedy for a stitch but at Glympton where they are only found in a spring that rises in a Wood about a mile Southward from the Church they are much more depressed and of a cinereous colour but both having their lineations from the commissure to the rim they are both therefore represented under one draught Tab. 4. Fig. 6. 68. How it should come about that these Cockle-stones of Glympton should only be found at the Fountain-head and no where lower in the stream nor that I could hear of in the Fields about I must acknowledg to be a knot not easily loosed Some have thought them brought out from amongst the Rocks at the bottom of the hill where the Spring rises others that they are formed by a peculiar virtue of the water as it runs over the rubble stones that lye near its exit for say they if you pick them never so clean away in few months time you shall have as many more And indeed it must be confest that I met with several that were only striated on one side and rubble stone on the other and some of them but just begun to be a little lineated However it be I shall determine nothing yet having imployed a careful and ingenious person to watch the increase and lineations of these stones which when throughly understood shall be faithfully communicated 69. Beside those of Glympton there are others at Cornwell in the Park of the Right Worshipful Sir Thomas Pennyston found in a bank of yellowish clay of a much different form and transversly striated as in Tab. 4. Fig. 7. which though indeed for the most part are hard stones yet I was shewed several by the Ingenious Owner of the place that were nothing but clay not differing at all from that in the bed wherein they lye and out of which they seem to be formed but in figure only which is also different from all the bivalvular Conchae that I find in Books or have seen in collections of that sort of Shell-fish 70. And so is the figure of the Conchites found in Hornton Quarry near approaching to an oval and scarce striated at all which inclines me at least to doubt if not certainly to conclude that these Cockle-like stones were never heretofore any real Cockle-shells thus transmuted by the penetrating force of petrifying juices but that most of them as the ingenious Mr. Lister k Philosoph Transact Numb 76. thinks ever were as they now are Lapides sui generis differing not only from one another but many of them from any thing in Nature beside that the fresh or salt-water can any where afford us But before I engage in this great controversie let us first consider a few more of these stones resembling shell-fish 71. And
a growing have a plentiful issue of thin sap between the bark and the wood and that readily bleed when they are wounded or bored do most commonly if not always certainly dye whereas some of the same trees when older past growing especially if they have a more gummy juice such as Ash Elm Lime-tree c. may live and flourish many years after their disbarking by the saps ascent through the sap or air vessels of the wood 75. Moreover amongst the accidents that have happen'd to Elms I must not forget a very pleasant one that fell out at Middle-Aston where cleaving of Elm blocks at one Mr. Langston's there came out a piece so exactly representing a shoulder of Veal that it was thought worth while to preserve it from the fire by the owner of it by whom it was kindly bestowed on me as an addition to the rest of my Curiosities of Nature 76. But the most remarkable accidents that ever befel trees perhaps here or in any other County were the foundations of two eminent Religious houses both occasion'd by trees The first Oseney Abby founded in that place by Robert D'Oyly the second by reason of a certain tree that stood in the meddows where after he built the Abbey to which it seems repaired a company of Pyes as often as Editha the wife of Robert came to walk that way which in company with her maid she often used to do as Leland expresses it to solace her self g Lelandi Itinerarium Vol. 2. pag. 18 19. at whose arrival the Pyes were alwaies so clamorous that she took notice of it and consults with one Radulphus Canon of St. Frideswid's what this might signifie who cuningly advises that she must build some Church or Monastery where the tree stood which she instantly procures her Husband to do and this Radulphus her Confessor to be made the first Prior. 77. What tree this was Leland acquaints us not but that which occasioned the second Foundation in the place where it is was a triple Elm having three trunks issuing from one root Near such a Tree as this Sir Thomas White Lord Major of London as we have it by Tradition was warned in a Dream he should build a College for the education of Youth in Religion and Learning whereupon he repairs to Oxford and first met with somthing near Glocester-Hall that seem'd to answer his Dream where accordingly he erected a great deal of Building But afterward finding another Elm near St. Bernards College supprest not long before by King Hen. 8. more exactly to answer all the circumstances of his Dream he left off at Glocester-Hall and built St. John Bapt. College which with the very Tree beside it that occasion'd its Foundation flourishes to this day under the Presidence of the Reverend and Learned Dr. Levinz a cordial promoter of this Design 78. Beside the Elms at St. Johns knit together at the root there are two Beeches in the way from Oxford to Reading near a place called cain-Cain-end more strangely joined together a great height from the ground for the bodies of these Trees come from different roots and ascend parallel to the top but are joined together a little before they come to bough by a transverse piece of timber entering at each end into the bodies of the Trees and growing jointly with them for which reason 't is commonly called the Gallow-tree though the piece that intercedes them lies somwhat obliquely How this should come to pass many have wondered but the problem I guess may be easily solved only by allowing the transverse piece of Timber to be one of the boughs of the Tree to which its lowermost end still joins which whilst young and tender might bear so hard against the body of the neighboring Tree that with the continual motion of the wind it might not only fret it self asunder but gall off the bark too of the other Tree which closing up again in calm weather at the rising of the sap might well include so near a neighbor first within its bark and after some time within the wood it self which I have observed to have been done but very lately in New College Gardens where the boughs of two different Sycomores are thus grown together only by bearing hard on one another and interchangably fretting away each others bark and then closing up again at the rising of the sap 79. There have also some accidents befallen the Ash and Willow not commonly met with the former whereof in a Close of one Mr. Coker of the Town of Bisseter grows frequently out of the boal of the other yet not as 't is usual amongst other Trees but so that the roots of the Ashes have some of them grown down through the whole length of the trunks of the Willows and at last fastening into the earth it self have so extended themselves that they have burst the Willows in sunder whose sides falling away from them and perishing by degrees what before were but the roots are now become the bodies of the Ashes themselves But this happens only to Willows that have been lopt at six or seven foot high the Willows at Enston in the walks near the Rock whereof there are several about 50 foot high being incapable I suppose of any such accident 80. Beside this unusual growth of the Ash I have met with other accidents that frequently attend it which because so much commended by Pliny h Nat. Hist. lib. 16. cap. 16. in Maple in which they are common I think ought much more to be noted in this And such are the Nodosities called Bruscum and Molluscum to be found in Ash as well as Maple which when cut shew a curled and twining grain the Bruscum thick and intricate the Molluscum being streaked in a more direct course With the Molluscum of Ash there is a whole Closet wainscoted at the much Honored Mr. Stonor's of Watlington Park the grain of the panes being curiously waved like the Gamahe's of Achats And at the Worshipful Mr. Reads of the Parish of Ipsden the Bruscum of an old Ash is so wonderfully figured that in a Dining-table made of it without the help of fansie you have exactly represented the figure of the Fish we commonly call a Jack though endeavoring to mend they have somwhat marr'd it by Art and in some other Tablets the figures of a Vnicorn and an old Man from the navel upwards but neither of these so plain as the former 81. Jacobus Gaffarellus amongst his unheard of Curiosities i Unheard of Curiosities chap. 5. tells us of a Tree found in Holland which being cut to pieces by a wond-cleaver had in one part of it the figure of a Chalice in another that of a Priests Albe in another that of a Stole and in a word there were represented very near all the ornaments belonging to a Priest which relation if true says he it must needs be confest that these figures could not be there casually or by chance and
highly obliged the World having been made in this place 34. Whereof I shall mention no more it being indeed uncertain as to most of them which were made here which at London and which at other places only the Barometer a well known Instrument also invented here by the same Noble Person whereby the gravity of the Atmosphere has been daily observed by the Reverend and Learned Dr. John Wallis for about six years together in all which time he found the Quick-silver in the Tube never to ascend much above 30 inches and never to descend much below 28 which he takes to be the whole latitude of its variation He also observed for most of that time the temper of the air by a Thermometer whereof he has still the Notes by him which are very particular for every day 35. Which latter instrument though of very ancient invention there having been one of them found by Robert de Fluctibus graphically delineated in a MS. of 500 years antiquity at least y Mosaical Philosophy lib. 1. cap. 2. yet it has still received other useful advancements beside that above mention'd from that curious Artist Sir Christopher Wren who finding the usual Thermometers not to give so exact a measure of the airs extension by reason the gravity of the liquor as it stands higher or lower in the Glass weighs unequally on the air and gives it a contraction and extension beside what is produced by heat and cold he therefore invented a Circular Thermometer in which the liquor can occasion no such fallacy it remaining continually of one height and moving the whole instrument like a wheel on its axel z History of the Royal Society part 2. sub finem 36. Amongst other Aerotechnicks here is a Clock lately contrived by the ingenious John Jones LL. B. and Fellow of Jesus College Oxon which moves by the air equally expressed out of bellows of a cylindrical form falling into folds in its descent much after the manner of Paper Lanterns These in place of drawing up the weights of other Clocks are only filled with air admitted into them at a large orifice at the top which is stop'd up again as soon as they are full with a hollow screw in the head whereof there is set a small brass plate about the bigness of a silver half penny with a hole perforated scarce so big as the smallest pins head through this little hole the air is equally expressed by weights laid on the top of the bellows which descending very slowly draw a Clock-line having a counterpoise at the other end that turns a pully-wheel fastened to the arbor or axis of the hand that points to the hour which device though not brought to the intended perfection of the Inventor that perhaps it may be by the help of a tumbrel or fusie yet highly deserves mentioning there being nothing of this nature that I can find amongst the writers of Mechanicks 37. To which may be added a hopeful improvement of that uncommon Hygroscope made of two Deal or rather Poplar boards mention'd in our English Philosophical Transactions a Philosoph Transact Numb 127. contrived by my ingenious Friend John Young M. A. of Magdalen Hall who rationally concluding that the teeth of the thin piece of brass placed across the juncture of the two boards must needs in its passage from bearing on one side of the teeth of the pinion to the other upon change of weather make a stand as it were in respect of the motion of the axel of the hand thinks a pretty stiff spring cut on the under side after the manner of a fine file placed flat and not edge-ways and bearing pretty hard upon an axel of Copper may turn the hand upon change of weather in the punctum of reversion without any more than a negative rest which being an opinion so very rational and unlikely to fail when brought to the test I thought fit to propound it to the Ingenious though the Press would not give us leave first to experiment it our selves Whence I proceed 38. To such Arts as relate to the Fire which I have placed next in regard we have knowledge of no other but what is Culinary that in the concave of the Moon being only a dream of the Ancients Amongst which we must not forget the perpetual at least long-lived Lamps invented by the Right Worshipful Sir Christopher Wren nor his Registers of Chymical Furnaces for keeping a constant heat in order to divers uses such as imitation of Nature in the production of Fossiles Plants Insects hatching of Eggs keeping the motions of Watches equal in reference to Longitudes and Astronomical uses and several other advantages b History of the Royal Society Part. 2. sub finem 39. But amongst all the Fire-works ever yet produced by the Art of Man there is none so wonderful as that of Frier Bacon mention'd in his Epistle ad Parisiensem where speaking of the secret works of Nature and Arts he has these words In omnem distantiam quam volumus possumus artificialiter componere ignem comburentem ex sale Petrae aliis c In Epist ad Parisiensem cap. 6. which alia as the Reverend and Learned Dr. John Wallis saw it in a MS. Copy of the same Roger Bacon in the hands of the Learned Dr. Ger. Langbain late Provost of Queens College were Sulphur and Carbonum pulvis concerning which after a while he further adds Praeter haec i. e. combustionem sunt alia stupenda naturae nam soni velut Tonitrus coruscationes possunt fieri in aere imo majore horrore quam illa quae fiunt per naturam Nam modica materia adapta sc ad quantitatem unius pollicis sonum facit horribilem coruscationem ostendit violentem hoc fit multis modis quibus Civitas aut Exercitus destruatur Igne exsiliente cum fragore inaestimabili Mira haec sunt si quis sciret uti ad plenum in debitâ quantitate materiâ 40. That is that of Salt-peter and other matters viz. Sulphur and the dust of coal he could make fire that should burn at what distance he pleased and further that with the same matter he could make sounds like Thunder and coruscations in the air more dreadful than those made by Nature For says he a little of this matter rightly fitted though not bigger than ones Thumb makes a horrible noise and shews a violent coruscation which may be ordered many ways whereby a City or Army may be destroyed the Fire breaking forth with an unspeakable noise which are wonderful things if a man knew exactly how to use them in due quantity and matter 41. Whence 't is plain he either invented or knew Gun-powder though I think we cannot allow him less than the first till we find out an ancienter Author for it * Baconus fatis concessit Anno 1292 near 100 years before any of the other pretended Inventions which if no body
Bees first invented I suppose by the Right Reverend Father in God John Wilkins late Lord Bishop of Chester notwithstanding the pretensions of John Gedde Gent. and his seven years experience for I find one of them set up in Wadham College Garden where it still remains when the said accomplish'd Bishop was Warden there above twenty years since For Fish I was shewed the model of a Net contrived by the ingenious Sir Anthony Cope that seemed likely to catch all found within such a compass 121. Relating to four footed Beasts the ingenious Richard Fermor of Tusmore Esq shewed me a pretty contrivance to avoid the incumbrance of Oat tubs in Stables especially where they are any thing streightned in their room by letting the Oats down from a loft above out of a vessel like the Hopper of a Mill whence they fall into a square pipe let into the wall of about four inches diagonal which comes down into a Cup-board also set into the wall but with its end so near the bottom that there shall never be above a gallon or other desirable quantity in the cup-board at a time which being taken away and given to the Horses another gallon presently succeeds so that in the lower part of the Stable where the Horses stand there is not one inch of room taken up for the whole provision of Oats which contrivance has also this further convenience that by this motion the Oats are kept constantly sweet the taking away one gallon moving the whole mass above which laid up any otherwise in great quantities grow frequently musty 122. The same ingenious Gentleman has also applyed the same contrivance with some little alteration to the feeding of his Swine which have constantly their meat from such a vessel like the hopper of a Mill placed over the sty into which having put a certain quantity of beans enough to fat so many Hogs they continually descend to about half way down the sty in a large square pipe which then divides it self into six smaller ones which terminate each of them in a small trough no bigger than just to admit the nose of a Hog and come all of them with their ends so near the bottom that there is never above a handful of beans or so in each trough at a time which taken away by the Hogs there follow so many handfulls again but never more so that having also drawn a small Rivulet of water through the sty the daily trouble of servants waiting on them is not only saved for they need never come near them till they know they are fat but the Hogs themselves are also made hereby uncapable of spoiling a bean by trampling or pissing amongst them as in most other sties they never having above a handful at a time and those in a trough too small to admit any such means of wast 123. He has thoughts also of applying the same contrivance to the feeding of his Hounds and has made stalls for Oxen by spars of wood descending perpendicularly from the utmost rim of the rack and nailing boards on them half way up before the Oxen that they cannot spoil by trampling or any other means the least straw or grass all that go beside their mouths falling still within the boards nailed upon the spars which when come to any quantity is returned into the rack as sweet and good as when put there at first Which being matters of Architecture relating to Beasts bring me next to treat 124. Of Arts that respect Mankind and first of Architecture wherein we have many remarkable Curiosities as well in the Country as Vniversity some whereof are of an inferior others of a more Honorable rank and quality Of the first sort are several Mills that I have met with in this County scarce perhaps to be found elswhere in England such is that at the same ingenious Mr. Fermors at Tusmore which with one horse and man who is carryed round as it were in a Coach-box behind the horse performs at pleasure these very many offices First it grinds Apples the common way for Cider And secondly Wheat which it sifts at the same time into four different finenesses Thirdly Oats which it cuts from the husk and winnows from the chaff making very good Oat-meal And lastly makes Mustard which indeed is a meer curiosity And all these it performs severally or together according as desired 125. At Hanwell in the Park there is also a Mill erected by the ingenious Sir Anthony Cope of wonderful contrivance wherewith that great Virtuoso did not only grind the Corn for his House but with the same motion turned a very large Engine for cutting the hardest stone after the manner of Lapidaries and another for boaring of Guns and these as in the Mill at Tusmore either severally or all together at pleasure 126. To these add the Mills for making French Barly erected some years since upon the river near Caversham by one Mr. Burnaby but are now carryed on by one Mr. Nelthrop of London Merchant They are four in number and differ from other Corn mills chiefly in the following particulars 1. In that they have always double tackling 2. The stones not being the Cologne but ordinary white stones which thirdly are both of them cut the sending way and fourthly the upper stone or runner hung about a hands breadth distant from the lower or bed stone also called the Legier They put in the Corn about half a bushel at a time not at the eye but round the hoops at the sides of the stones they stop the spout or tunnel and let the Mill run just an hour for if the Corn stay longer the heat will turn it yellow then they let it out and sever the bran and flower from the Corn and put it up again into another mill of the same kind and let it run in the same manner another hour and the work is finished 127. Hither also must be referred the Mault Kills of Henly so thriftily contrived that the Kill holes are placed in the backs of their Kitchin Chimneys so that drying their mault with wood the same fire serves for that and all the other uses of their Kitchins beside To this place also belongs a sort of Oast made about thirty years since by one Philips a Baker of Magdalen Parish Oxon who having a very great Oven made it plain at the top and plaister'd it over whereon laying mault he dryed it with the same fire that heated his Oven for the bread and thus made the best mault that Oxford afforded and of necessity the cheapest for the fire cost him nothing I have heard also of the same method used at Henly on the Thames and these as some have ventured to assert gave the first hints to the Invention of that sort of Kills whereby they dry mault with coal but herein I dare not be too confident not knowing of what standing those Kills are otherwise the thing seems to be likely enough 128. Thus having run
the oblong parallelograms and large pentagons at the ends of the stone Fig. 14. TAB VIII ad pag. 142 To the right Worsp ll the learned and curious Artist Sr. THOMAS PENYSTON Baront. This 8th Table of formed STONES whereof the 4th 5 ft and 7th were found in his own grounds is humbly presented by RP LLD. CHAP. VI. Of Plants NEXT Inanimate things I proceed to such as have Life amongst which first of those that hold the lowest place that exercise the most universal and therefore inferior Faculties such as Herbs Shrubs Trees all which are contained under the general name of Plants But of these I intend not a compleat Catalogue that being a subject of it self large enough for a Volume but only a short account 1. Of the Indigenous Plants of the County which yet either 1. Are not described by any Author that we know of or 2. Have not been noted by the ingenious Mr. Ray in his excellent Catalogue to be of English natural growth or 3. Have indeed been noted which yet remaining dubious either as to the certainty of their description or specifical difference are cleared in this County 2. Of the extraordinary accidents of well known Plants 3. Of the unusual Plants now cultivated in the Fields under which head somwhat of the Husbandry of the Country according to which method I shall treat of all the three forementioned Species of Plants viz. Herbs Shrubs Trees so far forth as each of them will come up to it And first of those stiled herbaceous Plants 2. By which I understand all and only those that are made up of a succulent and carnous substance that never in any part will become lignous or hardly any of them retain it all winter as Shrubs and Trees do of which those that are indigenous and not described by any Author that we know of are these that follow 3. Viola Martia hirsuta major inodora Which large Violet from a fibrous root sendeth forth many leaves each upon his own foot-stalk neither creeping as the common March nor branched as the common Dog-violet its leaves and stalks are all hairy especially on the back-side they are also broader larger and more pointed than the ordinary March Violets which occasioned as some think the ingenious Dr. Merret to note it by the name of Viola Trachelii folio Å¿ Pinax rer Nat. Britan. p. 125. but that certainly must be some different kind the leaves of ours being all invecked as in Tab. 9. Fig. 1. whereas the Trachelia are all indented Amongst the leaves grow large flowers upon foot-stalks as other Violets of a pale blue colour with white lines or rays issuing from the middle of them but wholly without scent They flower in March and April and are commonly but abusively sold to the shops amongst other Violets they not being so good for any of those uses the Apothecaries put them to as other Violets are They grow plentifully in Magdalen College Cops on Shotover hill Stow-wood and many other places 4. Viola polustris rotundifolia From the root of this Plant which is white and at equal distances knotted whence only it sends forth its fibers not downward but horizontally arise 3 or 4 somtimes more feeble small stalks each bearing at its top only a round leaf as in Tab. 9. Fig. 2. Among which about April come up the stalks of the flowers slender like those of the leaves the whole Plant being weak and beholding to the neighboring ones for its support The flowers are all small and blue which being past a long Prismatical seed-vessel succeeds opening its self when ripe into three parts and shewing a rank of brown seeds appended to each angle by white Nerves This is easily distinguish'd from all other Violets by its native place wherein it is supposed they will not grow and by the smalness of its flowers which are considerably less than any of the rest whereunto add the remarkable roundness of its leaves which are so far from drawing to points that the longest way of them is from side to side Clusius indeed seems to describe a Plant like this by the name of Viola Alpina altera t Car. Clusii Plant. Hist cap. 13. but makes its flower as much greater as ours is less than the common one adding beside that it flowers about the latter end of June a month before which time the Seed of ours is ripe which are differences so irreconcilable that we cannot but pronounce ours as distinct from his as from any other Violets before described by Authors whereof we have consulted most if not all the best It grows sparingly in the Boggs about Stow-wood and on the Banks of Cherwell between Oxford and Water-eaton but most plentifully at Chilswell in Berkshire amongst the moistest Boggs 5. Juncellus omnium minimus capitulis Equiseti This least club-rush from small hairy roots riseth no bigger than horse-hair and not above three inches high bearing at the top a little club as in the other club-rushes but proportionably lesser as in Tab. 9. Fig. 3. where also it may be observed that the rush rises singly from the root and not branched like the Fluitans mentioned by Mr. Ray u In Catalog Plantar Angl. who had he seen this would certainly have owned different species's of club-rushes which he seems so much to doubt It grows in Binsey-Common in the moist ditches next the River Isis 6 Geranium columbinum maximum foliis dissectis Or the great jagged Doves-foot Cranes-bill differs from the jagged ones of other writers in that it is jagged at the first coming up whereas all others are whole then its leaves are also standing on long foot-stalks and much greater than those of any other Doves-feet from the middle of which there rise up great jointed stalks near the bigness of a mans finger branched and almost standing upright a yard in height At the joynts which are largely knotted are also large jagged leaves which at the top grow very thick amongst which stand the flowers upon short foot-stalks as in Tab. 9. Fig. 4. of a bright and red colour whereas the others are of a bluish purple the seeds being like those of other Doves-feet This grows in hedges about Marston and on that part of Botley-Causey next Oxford in great plenty 7. Pentaphyllum reptans alatum foliis profundius serratis This creeping Plant in all respects grows like the common Cinque-foil but that at the bottom some leaves are found round and undivided like Alchimilla and others dividing themselves into five are jagged but half way As it increases in growth the number of leaves oftentimes decrease bearing four three two and at the top one all which have two little leaves or ears at the bottom of the foot-stalk like Tormentill The flowers are of the bigness and colour of common Cinque-foil but generally made up of four leaves as in Tab. 9. Fig. 5. and but very rarely to be found with five It grows in the edges of the Corn-fields