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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52346	An embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, Emperor of China deliver'd by their excellencies, Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking : wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from Canton to Peking are ingeniously describ'd / by Mr. John Nieuhoff ... ; also an epistle of Father John Adams their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; English'd, and set forth with their several sculptures, by John Ogilby Esq. ...; Gezantschap der Neerlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie aan den grooten Tartarischen Cham, den tegenwoordigen keizer van China. English	Nieuhof, Johannes, 1618-1672.; Goyer, Pieter de.; Keizer, Jacob de.; Kircher, Athanasius, 1602-1680. China monumentis. Selections. English.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Schall von Bell, Johann Adam, 1592?-1666.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.	1673 (1673)	Wing N1153; ESTC R3880	438,428	416

or perfum'd Straw nor is their variety greater in substance than their difference in fashion for some are round others four-square c Such as are worn by the Grandees are made of white Paper gilt to open and shut at pleasure with one of which it is customary among them to Present each other as a token of Love and Friendship These Fan-makers also as aforesaid are employ'd much in the making of Quittesoles which are a kind of folding Canopies carried over the Heads of the Grandees by their Servants being made of the same Stuff with Fans and Lin'd with Silk or Linnen The Ruffians Travel through all parts of the Country with Women in their Companies and where by chance they find any handsom young Maids amongst the common sort of People they use all art and means to entice them away neither sparing Money or good Words whom if they prevail upon to follow them they afterwards teach to Dance and Sing so making them fitter for the Entertainment of their Hectoring Blades and wild Gallants When they are thus instructed the Male-Bawds endeavor to sell them either to the Grandees out-right or else to prostitute them for Money for a certain number of days which turns to a considerable advantage for every of these Brokers for impudence have several Women that belong unto them according as their ability is able to afford them a Maintenance They seldom stay long in a Place but go from Town to Town and there residing longest where they can meet with the best Markets Whosoever hires one of these Women for a Nights Lodging must receive her in the publick manner hereafter described viz. She is set upon an Ass and so conducted with a Hood over her Face to the House of him that sent for her and when she is come to his House she casts aside her Hood and then he receives and conducts her into the House There is also another sort of Beggars here who set fire to a combustible kind of Stuff upon their Heads which they suffer to burn there with such excessive pain and torment till they have extorted some Charity from the transient Company with their howling and crying enduring very great misery all that while And lastly Upon every publick Market-day there are to be seen whole Troops of blind Beggars in the several Cities and Towns who beat themselves upon their naked Breasts most furiously with great round Stones till the very Blood drops from them Besides what is mention'd before there are several other Trades in China as the Baking of Porcelane or China-Ware the Gumming and Painting of Chests Trunks and Boxes as also the Weaving of Carpents Damasks Cottons and several other Stuffs which I have thought fit to omit in this Chapter First in regard the same are already mention'd in the first part of our Relation and also because the Chineses do so infinitely abound in all manner of Arts and Handicraft-Trades that it would take up too much time to give a particular Account of the whole But notwithstanding this abundance of Trades in China a great Defect and Abuse is observ'd in most of the Commodities which are made there and it is this that they only appear and seem fair to the Eye but are really for the most part very sleight and for this cause they may well be afforded much cheaper to the Merchant CHAP. IV. Of some strange Customs Fashions and Manners in use amongst the Chineses THE ancient Chineses call'd their Kingdom or Empire in old Times by the Name of Courtesie or Civility and other known Manners yea and which is more Civility or Courtesie is held with them for one of the five principal Vertues amongst which as chief all others are comprehended The nature of this Vertue consists as they say in the shewing of mutual respect Now to be compleat herein and to be Masters of Ceremony they spend no small time to accomplish themselves yet some of them of a higher Speculation viewing humane Vicissitudes lament themselves that they cannot reject and shun these Complemental Formalities although they do therein far exceed those of Europe Wherefore in this Chapter I shall shew in what manner they Salute one another when they meet and afterwards Treat of some other Manners and Customs in use amongst them wherein they differ from others or amongst themselves It is held for no point of Civility amongst the Chineses to take off the Hat or to make Legs as it is usually term'd much le●s to embrace any Person or kiss his Hand or make any outward shew of Complement The most general and common way with them of shewing Civility is done after this manner They carry their Hands when they walk unless they are to Fan themselves or otherwise to use them always folded together in the Sleeve of their upper Garment which is made for that purpose so that when they meet they raise their Hands on high in the Sleeve with great Devotion and then let them fall again after the same manner Greeting each other with the word Cin which signifies Nothing When one comes to visit another or if two Friends meet in the Street they bow with their Hands in their Sleeves all the while the whole Body and their Heads three times to the Ground and this manner of Salutation is call'd Zoye In the performing of which Ceremony the Inferior always gives place to his Better and the Party visited gives the upper Hand to him that makes the Visit But in the Northern Parts of China the Visitant is plac'd on the left-hand Oftentimes also after they have done bowing they exchange Places and go off from the left to the right-hand and from the right to the left which is done for this reason that so the Party that is receiv'd in the highest Place should shew some Respect to the other again When this Ceremony happens to be in the Street both Parties turn themselves side to side toward the North and within Doors to the upper end of the Hall for it is an old Custom amongst them to lay the Threshold of the Palaces Temples and other Edifices to the South so that in regard this Ceremony is perform'd in the Hall next to the Threshold they turn their Faces to the upper end and and then they look toward the North. If so be both Parties meeting or visiting have not seen one another in a long time or perhaps never before and have a desire to bestow extraordinary Civilities upon each other then after performance of the first Ceremony they fall upon their Knees touching the Ground with their Foreheads and this they do three times together But when this Civility is to be shown by an Inferior to a Superior a Child to his Parent or a Subject to his Prince he receives the Honor done unto him either sitting or standing and only bowling a little when the other falls upon his Knees With the same and no greater Reverence and Honor they pay their Religious Duties to

separates it from Tartary and India The furthest Extent of China taken in the breadth begins in the South upon the Island Hainan which lies in 18 Degrees Northern Latitude from thence it reaches toward the North to 42 Degrees insomuch that China in the breadth extends to 22 Degrees that is 330 Dutch Leagues It s length begins in the Province of Iuunan at 120 Degrees and ends in the East at the Mountain of the Town Ningpo call'd by the Portugueses Nampo at 132 Degrees So that this Part consists of 450 Leagues in Longitude China is not a little secure in regard of the adjacent Kingdoms and the natural and strong Forts whereby this Kings Realm stands so intirely protected against all violence from without that the like is hardly to be seen elsewhere neither are there any Avenues found leading to this Monarchy insomuch that it is so well provided and guarded that it seems to be a World within it self and separated from all the rest as well toward the South as East and where the Sea borders it hath so many Islands Banks Flats and blind Rocks that it is altogether unsafe to approach China on the side with any great Ships of Men of War On the West and somewhat toward the South lie the Woods and Hills of Tamessus which are so thick and high that it is altogether unpenetrable on that side and which separate China from the next bordering Asia and the lesser neighboring Kingdoms all which adds to the Defence and Protection of this Empire Toward the North and West it is also sufficiently secur'd against all Invasions by the Sandy and dry Flats of Samo which endanger all Vessels that attempt any Landing in those Parts Lastly this Kingdom has toward the North a great Wall which the Family and Branch of Cina built against the Invasion of the Tartars 215 Years before the Birth of Christ but in what condition this Wall is at present and how far it extends we shall treat at large in the Description of the Province of Peking In respect the Sovereignty over the fifteen Kingdoms of this China belongs at present to a Monarch the Great Cham of Tartary I shall give you an Account of the number of all the great and little Cities situated in all these Dominions First of all they sum up in this whole Empire 145 Capital Cities which out-shine the rest both in Greatness and Glory Under the Command of this Emperor are 1331 small Cities amongst which 148 may be compared in Magnificence Beauty and People with the chief Cities Beside these there are 32 great Cities more which are not subject to any other yet they must not bear the Name of Capital though they Command over 36 small Cities Beside all these there are 3 Cities more for the Officers and Commanders of the Militia to dwell in The Forts and Castles are 159. beside which 17 great Garison Cities and 66 small Garison Towns which are never without full Companies and of Soldiers who are permitted to inhabit promiscuously amongst the Burgers There is no distinguishing by the greatness and largeness of the Cities the one from the other for some of the small ones exceed some others of the great and prime Cities both in Largeness Wealth and People but according to the Worth and Dignity of the Governors and the Priviledges of the Place she bears the Precedency and is reckon'd amongst the chief Cities No Place must presume to take up the Name of a City but what is Wall'd in for every inferior Town or Situation subjects to the next adjacent Capital City Most of the Cities in China are built after one fashion and form commonly four-square with broad and high Walls adorn'd with quadruple Towers placed at an equal distance round about which runs a deep Moat and that also is surrounded with a Mud or Earthen Wall Each City has a double Gate and two double Doors whereof the first stands directly over against the second that there is no seeing through the last though you stand in the first Betwixt these two Gates opens most commonly a large Court where they Discipline their Militia Upon the Gates are likewise built great Watch-Towers where the Soldiers keep Night-Sentinel Most of the Cities have great Suburbs belonging to them which are as full of People as within the Wall Without the Battlements each Metropolis hath a delightful Plain curiously adorned with Towers Trees and other Embellishments most pleasant to the Eye The Country every where swarms with People so that wheresoever you Travel you shall meet continually with Crowds of Men Women and Children As now these 15 Kingdoms seem not onely to exceed all other Parts of the World for the number of most rare Edifices and rich Cities so they are likewise no less abounding in People for the most populous Country of all Europe stands not in competition with this Those that will take the pains to look into the Chinese Pole or Register-Books wherein is exactly set down the number of the People of each Province except those of the Royal Family will find that it amounts to the number of 58 Millions 9 hundred and 40 thousand 2 hundred and 84 Persons Neither need you wonder which way this can be made out for every Master of a Family is oblig'd upon a great Penalty to hang out a little Board over his Door upon which he must set down the number of his Houshold and their Condition c. And to prevent all Fraud one is appointed over every tenth House whom they call Titang which signifies the Tenth-man or Tyther His Office consists in taking an Account of the number of the Persons upon the Board and if the Master of the Family fail to make that known truly he is to acquaint the Governor of the City with the Abuse Having spoken thus much of the Situation Division and Extent of China I shall add in short what these fifteen Provinces pay annually in Taxes one with another as also how many Capital great little and Garison Cities are in each of the Ten and lastly what each Province Division or Shire disburseth yearly in Taxes to the Emperor of China No Man possesses a Foot of Land in all this Empire without paying to the Emperor something out of it so that we need not wonder that over and above the common Expences which are made upon the account of petty Kings Vice-Roys and Military Officers there are more then threescore Millions of Crowns brought yearly into the Emperors Coffers The whole Sum amounts to 150 Millions of Crowns whereof he cannot dispose as he pleaseth but the Money is brought into the Treasury and if the King at any time desires a Supply in writing to the Treasurer he is not to deny the payment of it The Provinces bring in yearly in Taxes 32 Millions 2 hundred 7 thousand 4 hundred and 47 Bags of Rice and one Bag is enough to serve 100 Men for one day 40 hundred 9 thousand

Furlong in length over which is the direct Road to Fokien and has several good Inns upon it for the Entertainment of Passengers Bridges or Sluces IN the Province of Xensi over the River Guei lies three Sluces namely one Easterly the second in the middle the third towards the West all of them built very strong with many great and very high Arches of square Stone curiously adorn'd and carv'd with divers sorts of Images as Lions Dragons and the like In the Province of Queicheu in the fourth Chief City Ganxin are three Sluces of great bigness but the third call'd Tiensing that is to say the natural Sluce is well nigh a thousand Rod long In the same Province near to the City Hanchung is a most admirable piece of Work so great a Master-piece in its kind that the like thereof is hardly to be found in the World whose Description I will give you as follows Between this and the Chief City the Way was formerly altogether unpassable and the Inhabitants were constrain'd to fetch a great compass round by reason of the high and rough Hills and steep Passages sometimes necessitated to travel toward the East to the Frontiers of the Province of Honan and then again to turn towards the North so that they went at least two thousand Furlongs whereas the direct Way over the Mountains was not much more than five hundred wherefore at the end of the Race of Cina when Licupangus made War with Hiangyus for the Empire all these steep Hills and Vales were levell'd by order of Changleangus the General of Licupangus to make his Army with the more ease to pursue the flying Enemy And certainly with great and incredible labor and industry was this stupendious Work effected in which he employ'd no less than his whole Army with at least a hundred thousand Men more by whose Labor a Way was at last perfected through the same On both sides of the Way are Walls made out of these Mountains so high that part thereof toucheth the very Clouds and thereby obscures the Passages in some places In others he caus'd Planks to be laid to serve as Bridges to pass over from one Mountain to another on purpose to shorten the Way which is generally so broad that four may ride abreast and has Conveniences enough to accommodate Passengers And lest the People should by chance receive any mischief as they pass over the Bridges both the sides thereof are Rail'd in from one end to another In the same Province near to the City Chegan is a Bridge call'd Fi reaching from one Mountain to another and having but one single Arch which is six hundred Foot long and near seven hundred Foot high through which the Yellow River runs It was three years in building and is call'd by the People The Flying Bridge In the Province of Honan in the City Queite lies a Sluce made of four-square Stone over the Mere or Lake call'd Nan. In the Province of Huquang near to the City Chyangang is another Sluce of Stone having several Arches erected by King Guei In the Province of Kiangsi in the little City of Gangin there is a Bridge worthy to be spoken of and call'd The Bridge of Obedience and Subjection the Story of it goes thus A Daughter of rich Parents Married a Husband who soon after died and in regard it is held in China a great dishonor to honest Women to Marry the second time she went and liv'd with her Father and Mother that by the enjoyment of their Company she might the better and more easily forget the loss of her Husband but not long after her Father and Mother hapned to die by whose loss being left comfortless she upon serious debate within her self laid out her Estate upon building of this Bridge which stands upon several Arches and when she had finish'd it being yet troubled in her thoughts she came early one Morning to take a view of the Structure which having done and imagining her Memory would be Eterniz'd thereby she flung her self headlong into the River where she was drown'd In the same Province in the City of Cancheu where the River Chang and Can meet in one is a very long Bridge built upon a hundred and thirty Boats fastned to one another with Chains upon which lie the Planks and Timber that compile the Bridge one or two of which Boats are so contriv'd and order'd that they easily remove to open or shut and so make passage for Vessels at pleasure after they have paid their Toll for the receipt whereof there stands a Toll-house at the foot of the Bridge In the Province of Chekiang near the fifth Chief City Xinhoa from the top of the Mountain Fanguien is a very large Bridge made over a Vale which is so stupendious a Work that it fills all People with great admiration that ever saw it In the same Province in the City Luki is a Bridge consisting of Stone Pillars and Woodden Planks which is a hundred Rod in length In the Province of Fokien in the Chief City Focheu is a very stately Sluce of a hundred and fifty Rod long and half a Rod broad built over an Inlet of the Sea of yellow and white Stone with a hundred very lofty Arches adorn'd and beautifi'd with Sculpture of Lions and other Creatures The like lies near to the City Focing and according to the relation of the Chineses is a hundred and eighty Rod long In the second Chief City Civencheu may be seen a stately Bridge call'd Loyang the like whereof is hardly to be seen in the whole World whose Description a certain Chinese Historian gives after this manner Near to the City Burrolilicum says he lies over the River Loyang the Bridge by some call'd also Loyang but by others Vangang The Governor of the City nam'd Cayang caus'd this Bridge to be made which is three hundred sixty Rod long and half a Rod broad Before the erecting thereof People were Ferried over in Boats but in regard every year several Boats were cast away by foul Weather the Governor for the preservation and safety of the Inhabitants resolv'd to build this Bridge which he did of black● Stone it rests not upon Arches but has at least three hundred large Pedestals or Columns of Stone made after the fashion of Boats which are sharp before the better to withstand the force of the Current and to prevent any danger to such as pass over the sides are Wall'd in with Stone to a good heighth and beautifi'd in several places with Images of all sorts according to the fashion of the Country In the third Chief City Cangcheu there is to be observ'd another very stately Bridge made of Stone with thirty six very high and great Arches it is so commodiously broad that Shops are made on both sides and yet room enough for Passengers either on Horse or Foot There are several other famous Bridges in many Ports and Cities of this Empire which to particularize