Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	north_n	side_n	south_n	2,400	5	9.1749	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A50005	The manner of ordering fruit-trees by the Sieur Le Gendre ... ; wherein is treated of nurseries, wall-fruits, hedges of fruit-trees, dwarf-trees, high-standers, &c. ; written originally in French and translated faithfully into English at the request of severall persons of honour.; Manière de cultiver les arbres fruitiers. English	Arnauld d'Andilly, Monsieur (Robert), 1588-1674.; Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.	1660 (1660)	Wing L943A; ESTC R21095	73,508	218

inch from the ground and so left at liberty to shoot out till March of their second year when they must be stripped to the height of half a foot onely and but one sprigg left upon them After which they must not be touched nor any branch of them be cut till they be taken up to be placed where they must grow Although according to the order of my design I am to speak of no Trees but such onely as bear fruit having enclosed all my Walks within the compasse of a Garden yet hath the beauty of Woods and Walks carryed me insensibly out of it And now I find my self so far ingaged that I believe I may returning to the path from which I have strayed speak a word or two of the different sorts of wild Trees with which Woods and Avenues may be planted and the manner also of breeding them For Avenues men commonly plant Lime-trees Elmes Pines or Firre-trees For the bringing up of Lime-trees and Elmes the seeds of them must be gathered and sown in the moneth of March upon beds of Earth after the manner already mentioned for Quince and Pear-stocks then covered with small mould or rotten leaves of trees For 3. years you must keep them with a slight dressing that the weeds grow not These Seeds thus sown shoot forth Plants which may well be taken up after three years to be planted in Woods or in Nurseries if you desire to have them fair Trees proper for Avenues you may likewise take Suckers of Elms and plant them in a Nursery like the a Tree-stocks or the Shoots of Quince-trees To bring up Pines and Fir-trees you must in the moneth of October sow the seeds of them scattering them without any order in shady places covered with leaves as in Woods that are somewhat open And when they are come up leave them there till they be three or four foot high when you may take them up and set them where they must stand because being removed when they are young they do the more easily take again They may also be brought up in a Nursery but then they must be taken up being very small and if they are to be carried far care must be had of coning them in bags with their Roots well wrapped up in mosse or earth that they come not to the aire and observe to plant them immediately in good ground in the shade three or four foot distant every way from one another that you may take them up with the earth about their roots when they are fit to be set in the places where they must stand CHAP III. The manner of graffing the Nurseries THere being many different wayes of graffing each where of is to be spoken of particularly and apart I suppose that not onely by the order of this Discourse but also according to that of the Seasons I am to begin with that which is performed in a Cleft and to give the Rules which must be observed in it Graffing in a Cleft is that which takes best upon the Pear and Apple-stocks because it comes much sooner then that which is performed by Inoculation When the Stocks of these Plants are strong enough to be graffed the first Rule which is to be observed is to graff them all at one time and to that end to pull upall those Stocks that are too weak and plant them in some other place for they would otherwise choke the Graffs and hinder them from growing Then you must graff them in Febr. or March at the full Moon that they may spring with the more vigour For it is certain that if they be graffed in the Wane they will bear too soon Care must also be taken to cut the Syens from such Trees as are in their year of bearing and full of Fruit-buds and when they are grown they must be cut in the Wane at six or seven foot high to form the head of the Tree To graff well after this way you must cut off the Stock you would graff upon towards the bottom five or six inches from the ground it must be cut aslope like a Hinds foot to the middle of the stemm and the other half flat that thereby the Syen may the better be placed upon it Because the Tree being this cut doth the more easily recover it self You must also be carefull to cut this slope towards the North for two reasons First because it will not dry so soon as if it were exposed to the South and therefore recovers it self the sooner And again because the back of the Graff must as I have said before alwaies be turned towards the South or as near it as may be in as much as thereby it better resists the great winds And on the contrary when turned with the back towards the North it is by the least wind loosened and broken Now that the back of the Graffs may be turned toward the South it is easie to be judged that the slope of the Cut must be on the side exposed to the North It is further necessary to be observed that no more but one Syen be put upon each Stock how big soever to the end it may form but one stemm and also that the Graff may become proportionable to the bignesse of the Stock that is strong if that be strong and little if that be weak As soon as the Tree is graffed it must presently be covered handsomly and without shaking the Syen with clay or galt mixed with very small Hay or Mosse lest it dry and crack This way of graffing in a Cleft is also best upon Paradice-Apple-stocks and Plumm-stocks when you graff other Plumms upon them It is also good for Cherries and Merisiers Inoculating by a Scutcheon with a a Bud not shot forth is better then graffing upon Quince-stocks and upon Plumme-stocks when you put upon them Peaches Pavies and Abricot-trees But the Scutcheon must be placed upon young wood and where the Stock is not too big because when the bark is hard they take with more difficulty are the longer before they be recovered Now for asmuch as these trees are seldom brought up with a high stemm for Standers but are for the most part designed to be planted in Hedges against Walls or kept low as Dwarf-trees and for that reason ought to be branched from the foot there may two Buds be put upon each Stock when they are inoculated onely care must be taken not to put them both upon one side one above the other For by that means they will harm one another and coming to shoot will give an ill shape unto the tree The best way to place them is on both sides and one higher than the other because when they are put over against each other it proves very hard to cut off the head of the tree betwixt the two Buds and the place cut will the more hardly recover it self Some there are who do most esteem the trees that come of one bud onely accounting

Almonds to incculate upon them Peaches and Pavies but these are very subject to a gumme which gathers about the Scutcheon or Bud so that if the Gardiner be not very carefull to take it away or prevent it the bud is often-times enoked and killed by it True it is that when they do take they bear very faire fruit and amongst others admirable Nectarines For this cause the best and surest stock for these kindes of fruit is that of Damsons and the S. Julien but especially that of Damsons because it lasts longer and hath the sweeter sap This sort of stock is bred at the foot of Damson-trees and the S. Julien which do put forth many suckers The Almond-tree is likewise not bad for this purpose in such grounds as are hot and sandy but it proves not ordinarily from a Nursery because that being replanted it takes again but very seldom It is for this cause necessary to breed it in the place where it must stand which is done by sowing sweet Almonds there at the beginning of March after they have lyen in sand to bud during the winter and there likewise to inoculate them with a Scutcheon a the bud not shot forth that very year at the end of August or the beginning of September when the greatest force of the sap is past or else the second yeare if they be too weak the first In the same manner the stones of Peaches or Abricots may be sown and inoculated and these without staying for the moneth of March may be put into the ground as soon as the fruit is eaten but the trees graffed upon them last not so long as upon an Almond-stock Peach-trees and Pavies may also be brought up from a stone but they doe very often degenerate and there are no Peaches but those of Pau Persiques Violet-peaches and the common Peaches which doe ordinarily take this way Abricot-trees although they may be graffed upon all sorts of Plum-stocks doe neverthelesse beare the fairest fruit upon those that have the biggest Plums and especially when they are white When they are inoculated upon Damsons their fruit is dryer and more firme those Abricot-trees which come of a stone bring forth lesse Abricots but earlier ripe and of a quicker tast then others wch makes some to esteem them the more but they do not agree with all sorts of ground and are better in those that are hot than in the richer soils The good sorts of Plummes may be graffed upon all kinds of Plumme-trees except such as bear small sower Plums because their sap is too harsh To make Nurseries of Cherry-trees and other red fruits you must plant the Suckers of white and red a Merisiers because their sap is more pleasant and nourishing then that of the black Merisier There is neverthelesse a sort of the red Merisier whose fruit is bitter upon which the ordinary Cherry Hart-cherries being graffed the tree becomes as strong and as bigge as upon other stocks but there growes a great knob about the joynt of the graff which marres the beauty of the Tree and shews that this sort of Merisier hath its sap very sharp and bitter because its stock encreaseth not in proportion to the graff The best stock to inoculate or graffe May-Cherries upon is that of the Suckers of forward Cherries though it be true that thereby the fruit becomes not so bigge or faire nor the tree it selfe so strong as those which are graffed upon good Merisiers The Cherry-stock is also better then the Merisier to graffe a Morella-Cherries upon because that tree ordinarily blooming much and bearing but little it comes by being graffed upon a Cherry-stock to beare more plentifully and preserves its fruit better because the sap of a Cherry-stock is not so plentifull as that of the Merisier It is in vain to have procured good plants if care be not taken to plant them in a good soile To this purpose a soft earth must be chosen somewhat fresh and which is rich enough to be planted upon without dunging especially when in it you would plant Nurseries of Pear-trees and Apple-trees brought up from kernels for the dung breeds in the ground great white Worms which eat the roots of the Plant and cause it to die Besides that Earth too fat and too much manured breeds Cankers in the bark of the Trees which destroyes them utterly but if the earth be not otherwise good enough of its self without being amended it is better to stay till the Plant hath put forth its third leaf before it be dunged because that after three yeares it will be strong enough to resist those Worms which the dung breeds The ground most proper to plant a Nursery in is such as hath neither been too much cultivated nor too leight but contrarily that is the best which hath a body and provided that you have some short small mould to put about the roots in planting that which is new broke up and hath lain long is the most excellent of all Having then found a good plot of ground proper to make a Nursery you must there open trenches of the largenesse and depth of a spade-bit placing them three foot or three foot and halfe from one another and observe as much as you can to make them so that one of the ends lie towards the South and the other towards the North For being thus disposed and the Nurseries well graffed that is the Graffes set with their backs towards the South which must alwayes be observed if you would graff well or as near it as is possible the trees do the better uphold one another and defend themselves much better from the great Windes of the South The ground being thus prepared you must in the moneth of November or December choose a faire day to plant it in because that in faire weather the earth is short easier to work and better encloses the root of the Plant but in such soyles as are moist and lateward it is better to stay till the end of February before you plant because too much moisture and water corrupt and rot the roots during winter For this reason therefore in cold and moist countreys the water must of necessity be dreyned out the earth heighthened in the form of ridges upon which the trees are to be planted but the hot and early grounds must be planted in November that the roots beginning before winter whilest the warm weather lasts to put forth some small filaments may so unite themselves with the earth that the trees at Spring may thereby grow and flourish much the better Having chosen a good Soyle a proper Season and a faire Day he that would plant a Nursery of Apple and Pear-stocks brought up of kernels must observe to cut off half the root of the Plant and to pare off the top to about seven inches then to place them in the trenches at the distance of seven or eight inches betwixt each twig and to put them no