Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	north_n	point_n	west_n	1,518	5	9.4299	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A34425	The manner of raising, ordering, and improving forrest-trees also, how to plant, make and keep woods, walks, avenues, lawns, hedges, &c. : with several figures proper for avenues and walks to end in, and convenient figures for lawns : also rules by M. Cook.	Cook, Moses.	1676 (1676)	Wing C6032; ESTC R20593	184,153	232

three Inches and 078 1000 make one Foot take with your Compasses three Inches 078 from off a Scale and so many times as there is that Length in your Tree so many foot of Timber are there c. If any Tree be above 100 Inches Circumference then take half that Circumference and find the Number belonging thereto in the Table then take one fourth part of it and that makes one foot of Timber Suppose a Tree to be 146 Inches about the half of it is 73 against this in the Table is 4 Inches 075 parts one quarter thereof viz. one Inch 019 parts makes one foot of Timber at that Circumference These Tables with what hath been before said will be sufficient to measure any Cylinder by and how to measure a Cone I have shewed already A Cone is such a Figure as the Spire of a Church having a Circular Base and ending in a sharp point It is measured by the superficial Content of the Base multiplyed by one third part of the Altitude or Length A Pyramid or Pyramis is such a Figure as hath an angular Base and ends in a sharp point which is measured as the Cone is A Sphear or Globe is a solid Figure every where equally distant from the Centre it is measured by cubing the Diameter and multiplying that by 11 and dividing that product by 21 the Quotient sheweth the solid Content of the Sphere There be several other sorts of solid Figures as several parts of the Sphear but they all depend on the proportion of a Circle and its Diameter Also the Hexaedron which hath 6 Bases Octaedron 8 Bases Dodecaedron 12 Bases and several other which to name I shall forbear CHAP. XLIII Of the Oval how to make it and how to measure it with other Observations thereon HAving the Length and Breadth of the Oval given you you may take the whole Length and half the Breadth as is shewed before in bringing three Pricks into a Circle and from the Centre of these three poynts draw half the Oval and so likewise the other half as you see the Oval in the Figure drawn for the poynt F. is the Centre of the Arch A B C and the Arch A G C is made by the same Rule and where the Line F H. crosseth the Line A E C as at K there is the Centre of the breadth B G and the End A from the Centre K may you make the Ends of your Oval Round as you please so that from four Centres you may make the Ends of your Oval round as you please but if they be made from two Centres as that is then will the Ends be more Acute Or you may make your Oval thus Having resolved on the breadth draw the sides from Centres in the Mid-line of the breadth as before then set up two sticks exactly in the Mid-line of the Length at equal distance from each End then hold the Line at one and turn the Line to the side of the Oval and then on the other side the stick with the same length so may you make the Ends of your Oval as Round as you please for the nearer you place these sticks in the Centre of the length and breadth of the Oval the nearer Round your Oval is made even till you come to a Circle This way your Ingenious Work-men make their Ovals in small works as your Plaisterers Joyners c. and it is a good way and so common that I need not say more to teach how to make an Oval of any bigness but here I shall take occasion to shew the Figure of one at Cashiobury now made See Fig. 46. To measure this Oval which is 28 Rod long and 19 Rod broad as 't is now staked out at Cashiobury intended for a Kitchen-Garden This Oval being made of 2 Segments of a Circle whose Semi-diameter is 15 Rod as 't is found by making the Oval it being the Centrepoynt of each Arch-line of this Oval as the lines F A. F B. and F C. Now to find the length of one of these Arch-lines is shewed before which I find to be 18 Rod the half length of one which is shewed by the line D D. so the whole length of one Arch is 36 and both Arches round the Oval is 72 Rod. Now take the ½ of one of the Arch lines which is 18 and the Semi-diameter of that Arch which is 15 Rod Multiply the one by the other and it is 270 Rod which is the Figure A. B. C. F. that is half of the Oval and the Triangle A. F. C. which must be substracted out of the 270 then the Semi-Oval will be 192 Rod. For the Base A. C. is 28 Rod which is the length of the Oval and the Perpendicular of the Angle which is E F. is 5. 57. Now half the Base which is 14 Multiplied by the whole Perpendicular 5 57 100 gives 77 98 100 which is 78 Rod ferè this taken from 270 the Area of the Figure A. B. C. F. there then remains 192 Rod which is half of the Oval that doubled is 384 Rod which being Divided by 160 sheweth that the Content of this Oval will be 2 Acres and 64 Rod. But if your Oval be round at the end as your Ovals are that be made with 4 Centres then they be more difficult to be Measured however these Rules are sufficient An Oval is no ill Figure for a Garden for if the Garden-wall be an Oval and the length of the Oval point North and South as the afore-mentioned Oval doth A. being the South point C. the North then may such a Wall be Planted with Trees both in-side and out-side and have never a Tree stand to the North Aspect for it you make your going in at the South end of your Oval then will those 2 Trees or Tree that stood on the in-side or were to stand there be removed from the North aspect to the North-East and north-North-West according to the largeness of your Gate so will every 2 Trees on the in-side of your VVall tend nearer the south-South-point till they come to the point C. which is South and then the Trees on the out-side every 2 Trees will fall nearer the north-North-point at C. till you leave that point of the Oval between 2 Trees so will not one Tree stand to the North aspect and but few near the North aspect the like whereof no other Figure can do that I can think of An Oval with the ends pointing East and VVest is no ill Figure for a Garden for the walls in this as in the other are not so subject to oppose the winds as straight walls be therefore not so blasting as you may well conceive 2. Ovals on each side the Front of your House would be no ill Prospect but in many things very convenient these being at equal distance from the middle of your Front and poynting upon your Lawn c. CHAP. XLIV Suppose you have a Plat to draw on one or many Sheets of

a great Bearer and a Tree that doth not last very long my Ground being also a shallow Ground I think of 22 foot asunder to plant these Trees at or as neer that as the Ground will permit Then Secondly I go round my Ground and observing my Fence well and finding no great Trees in it I then resolve to set my Trees at six foot from my Fence but note if there be great Trees in your Hedge that fences your Ground then this is too nigh then I set off six foot at one Corner of my Orchard and six foot at the other Corner of the same side which is the East side then I set off six foot at one Corner of the West side it matters not which only that End which is the Levellest is the best for Measuring Having set these three stakes I strain a Line from one stake to the other on the East side then I lay a square to this Line removing it along the Line till I find the other End of the Square point exactly against the Stake on the west side then laying a Line right square to that Line till you come at the Stake on the VVest side I then measure by this Line as many 22 foots as I can noting how many times 22 foot I find and what you find is over or more than 11 foot then make your distance the less to make that up the equal distance for one Tree more but if it be less than half the distance your Trees are to stand asunder then adde that which is under the 11 foot to the number of Trees that be to stand asunder Observe but this and then you need not fear that your Trees will stand too far off on one side and too near on the other it being the same Charge to plant in good Order as at Random as too many doe nay many times less Charge and how much more pleasing Order is I leave them to judge to whom the great God of Order hath given a great delight to imitate him in his glorious works But as for this my piece of Ground which I pitch on only for Example viz. One Acre and a Square I must find the square Root of 160 Rod or as near it as my Chain will give and then substract but the 12 foot out for the distance of the Trees from the Fence and divide the Remainder by 22 the Quotient tells you how many Trees will stand in a Row the over-measure substracted from or added to as your Reason teacheth you Note this that it is most commonly the best way for your Rows to goe the longest way of your Ground for though your Trees stand 22 foot asunder yet your Rowes in their straight Lines will not stand so far Now to find the square Root there are very many Rules but none that are to my Apprehension so exact and easie as by Logarithmes find but the Logarithme of your Number then take half that Log. the Number answering is the square Root Exam. The Log. of 160 is 2. 204 11998. The half of this Log. is 1. 10205999. The nearest Number answering this Logarithme is 12 Rod 65 100 that is 12 Rod 65 Links of a one Pole-Chain divided into 100 parts The Proof may appear by these three Examples following By this it doth plainly appear that 12.65 is the nearest Number that can be found by your Decimal Chain it is but 225 10000 more and by Logarithmes but 2 of a Link put into 100 parts therefore exact as need be for this purpose unless it were for Calculation in Astronomy or the like And you see that 12.64 multiplyed in it self amounts to 159 Rod and 7696 10000 so that I take 12 Rod and 65 of 100 to be Length or Breadth it being a Square they both be as one Now being the Question is propounded in Feet we must turn this 12 Rod and 65 100 into feet also but note you may work the same by the Links of your Chain better than by foot Measure but some 't is possible have not a Chain therefore observe both wayes and first by Foot measure 12 Rod multiplyed by 16 Foot and a half shew the Feet in 12 Rod. Then for the 65 Links of one Rod put into 100 parts or if it be your four Pole-Chain as is most usual now put into 100 Links then are these 65 Links but 16 Links and a 1 49 by that Chain then by the Rule of Three say if 25 the Links in one Rod be equal to 16 foot and a half the feet in one Rod how many feet are equal to 16 Links and a Quarter The Question ranks it self thus in Decimal Fractions As 25 is to 16. 50 so is 16. 25 to 10 foot 725 1000 of a foot Do you desire to know what this Fraction 725 1000 is in Inches or Barley-Corns which be the lowest vulgar terms in surveying to satisfie you and also my self and likewise to instruct those that desire to learn this Excellent Rule the Rule of Three which rightly for its excellent Use is called the Golden Rule Observe this if one foot or 12 Inches be put into 1000 parts as here it is and must be being 't is the Integer or whole summe of 725 the Rule orders it self thus as 1000 is to 12 Inches so is 725 to 8 Inches 700 1000. Now to know what this 700 1000 is in Barley-Corns do as before say thus If 1000 be equal to 3 Barley-Corns what is 700 equal unto I say as here you see it proved that 700 is equal to two Barley-corns and one tenth part of one for 100 is one tenth of 1000. By this it doth plainly appear that if 12 Rod 65 100 be turned into feet it maketh 208 foot 8 Inches 2 Barley-corns and one tenth of a Barley-corn So that you see the square Root of an Acre is near 208 foot 8 Inches two Barley-corns neglecting 1 10 because 65 100 is somewhat too much Now from this 208 foot 8 Inches I take the 12 foot for the Trees to stand off from the Fence there remains 196 foot 8 inches then I divide this by 22 the distance the Trees are to stand asunder So I find there may stand ten Trees for here you see there may be open places and 20 foot 8 inches for one more so there wants but one foot 4 Inches or 16 Inches to make 10 Trees in a Row for there is alwayes a Tree more than the open Note that in planting of Walks this is of good use that as I said before to make one Tree more this 16 inches I divide by 9 being there are 9 opens between the ten Trees the Quotient is near 2 inches which substract from 22 foot and there remains then 21 foot 10 Inches and so much must every Tree stand asunder the proof is as followeth Here you see that'tis 196 foot and 6 Inches it wants but 2. In. Then to know what distance your Rows may stand asunder the Rule is If

pleasant Prospect as too many doe by making the Walks too narrow If you make any Walk that leads to any pleasant Front of a House or other Object if it be but half a mile long let it be at least forty foot wide but if longer more as 50 or 60 foot wide or the breadth the length of your Front But if you be for walks of shade then make three Walks the middle one 40 the two out-side walks each 20 foot or 50 and 25 the out-side walks or divide your Front into two parts and let the middle be as broad as both the side-walks so that if you make three walks together let the middle one be as much as both the other so will the Trees range much the better whether you set them square or triangular but however keep to one of them though I think the square to be the best because then four Trees in the four Rows end all together fit to end in either Semicircle segment of a Circle Oval Triangle or Circle for all walks of any Length especially in Parks should end in some one of these Figures or lead into some other walk but where they doe fall into another walk there should be a Circle to receive them or else they seem much defective I shall now endeavour to shew you how to make a walk through a wood and then I will give you an Example of some of the Figures that Walks ought to end in Suppose you were to clear a Walk or Line through a Wood for to run the Mid-line true about three yards wide having the Centre given doe as before run your Mid-line as far as you can into the wood and at one yard distance on each side the Mid-line two other Lines Run these Lines also as far as you can into the wood keeping them just one yard distant and setting up stakes as you proceed into the wood with large whites all of a bigness as half a sheet of white Paper on every Stake spread abroad when any of these three Lines come to a Tree run on the other two till you are past the Tree and then set him off again in its place parallel to his fellowes and so proceed till you be through the Wood marking that wood which must goe down then when your under-wood is stocked up run out your Line again still when you come to a Tree set off Parallels and when past set off into your true Line again This way I cut a straight Line through the Wood-walk at Cashiobury from the North front over one wall and several Hedges neer a mile long and when I came to stake it out true there was at the very end not four foot difference as the ingenious Hugh May Esq can witness and several others This way of staking out a walk by three Lines is worth your practising in setting out of Walks that go through Hedges or Bushes be sure to carry on the Mid-line of the walk and the two Lines where the Trees must goe together now and then measuring to see if they keep their equal distances and that which is amiss you will soon find and may as soon rectifie it again There is another way of carrying a straight Line through a Wood which Reason taught me and by Experience I have found true the place where the middle of the walk should poynt to being given there hang up a large Candle and Lanthorn and having found the Mid-line some 20 30 or 40 yards from that there hang up another they must both hang pretty high but let that next the House or Center be the higher having thus placed your two Lights and in a clear calm night but not too light goe with your Man to the further side of the wood till you make both these Lights in one Line and then walk on keeping them so marking the Trees on each side of you quite through the Wood order them to be cut down at leisure so shall you have a straight Line cut through the Wood. But if you are to make a walk from Gate to Gate so that you are tied to such a Center at each End if your walk be so that you can see from End to End it is then but setting up two Stakes one at each end by the sight of which cause a third to be set up in the middle But if you cannot see to the far End for Hill Wood or the like then you must cause an high Pole with a white on the top to be set up at the End by that and your Centre-stake cause your Assistants to set up as many as you think convenient in the Mid-line but if that wood be so high that you cannot see a high Pole at the End then run it over as near as you can by ghess take notice of the Length and of your Error at End and ¼ and ½ and ¾ each at a Quarter of the Length of your walk set off a quarter of your Error c. And thus bring your Line till it ranges exactly from one point to another from Gate to Gate then set off the two Lines where the Trees must goe as is before shewed by the square and if for three walks then the four Rows of Trees if there be three Walks let the Middle-walk be just as broad as both the other which is the best Form or else all three of equal breadth so may you set your Trees not onely square but they will answer one another several wayes beside as square from A. to B. and other wayes as B. to C. and to D. so that every Tree must keep his Row Range Square and equal Distance c. See Fig. 14. The pricked Lines shew how the sight will take the Trees as square from A. to B. and Angle-wayes from C. to B. or C. to D. c. Thus have I shewed you how to stake out the Mid-line and the two side-lines of your walk I wish Sir E. T. Sir W. B. and Sir R. B. had seen these Directions before they had planted their walks I do judge they then would have done them better For Errors in planting make too many worthy Persons forbear Now as for the Figures which walks ought to end in I have named them before and if you observe most Plants especially Trees which make your Walks the most of them end in a Circular figure and therefore I will shew you some wayes how Walks ought to end in a Circle For a walk ending bluntly without any Figure or entring into another may be compared to a Tree with the Head off and what difference there is let those which well observe the Objects of Nature judge Let the Circle be three times the Breadth of your walk if conveniently you can or bigger if you have Room After you have found the Mid-line and resolved upon the Centre as at A. and of the Bigness of your Circle next consider of the Distance of your Trees round the Circle run that distance