which shall be your Meridian lyne then stryke an other lyne by the Center a crosse that you may deuide the circle into foure equall partes and then for that fourtie fiue degrées is the greatest variation sette fourtie fiue vnto the Easte parte and West parte deuidyng euery one of the quarters of the circle into fourtie fiue equall partes accordyng to the greatest variation then make an other circle of that Diameter that the circumference touche the Center of that Circle and deuide it as you deuide the Compasse after the rate of twoo and thirtie poyntes although you néede not deuide but that side to the Norwardes and then the Northeast and Norwest point will fall vpon fourtie fiue degrées that done drawe lynes accordyng to the poyntes of the Compasse vnto the Eastwardes or Westwardes and looke howe they fall vpon the lyne that commeth from the Center of the other Circle of whiche euery quarter is diuided into fourtie fiue equall partes and then at the very place that the lyne doothe touche drawe paralell lynes in that Circle by proportion at the very place to the Eastewardes or Westwardes that the lyne of the Compasse falleth vpon and that will shewe you iustly howe many degrées you shall transporte your selfe vnto the Eastwardes or Westwardes for the varying of the firste poynte seconde poynte and thirde poynte and in lyke manner the greatest variation whiche is the fourthe poynte So that accordyng to that order it will fall out in this manner that the Compasse will be varied one point at neare eleuen and â…“ It will be varied two poyntes neare aboute foure and twentie degrées and a halfe It will be varied thrée poyntes at fourtie twoo degrées and aboute a halfe But it will not be varied the fourth point vntill you be full foure score and tenne degrées from the Meridian that the compasse was made at whiche is a very slow varying beyng .47 degrées and ½ before the Compasse dothe varie one poynt and betwéene the thirde poynt and the seconde poynt beyng .18 degrées for the varying of that poynt and then from the seconde poynte vnto the fyrste poynte it is .13 degrées and better and last of all from the varying of one poynt to the Meridian it is .11 degrées and â…“ parte euery degree beyng according to the parralel you are in which dothe alter according vnto your Latitude from the Equinoctiall for vnder the Equinoctiall it is 60. Englishe miles or .20 English leagues vnto one degrée In the Latitude of .60 degrées from the Equinoctiall there in that parralell it is but .30 myles or .10 Englishe leagues vnto one degrée c. as it is plainely shewed in the .16 chapter of this booke wherein is an instrument shewing you howe many miles of Longitude will answere vnto a degrée in euery seuerall Latitude by the replying of a threed at your discretion so that I conclude if the compas doth varie by that ordre of proportion that Martine Curtise dothe attributs vnto it you may giue a neare ghesse to finde the Longitude by the varying of the compas beyng neare vnto the Meridian that the compas was made for But if you be very farre from the Meridian that the compas was made for then the variation is so slowe that you can haue no iudgement at all by the variation of the compas to finde any Longitude And furthermore if the compas dothe varie by that proportion that Martine Curtise doth affirme I am of that opinion that there may growe some errour in proportion in those compasses that are made for any Meridian for those compasses that are made here with vs in Englande whereof the needle dothe stande .4 or .5 degrées vnto the Eastwards of the North as doth appeare by all the néedles made for dials also in the compasses if they would haue the North point to stande due North then the ende of the wyers vnder the carde of the compasse should stande foure or fiue degrees vnto the Eastwards of the Flouredeluce wherefore it may be doubted that the compasse maye varie more the one way than it will the other way by that proportion that the ende of the wyre dothe stande beside from the North poynt For if in the greatest variation the ende of the wyre vnder the carde of the compasse doth stande Northwest the flouredeluce of the compasse should stande neare halfe a poynt to the Westwards of the Northwest And in like maner at the greatest variation if the ende of the wyre doth stande Northeast then the Flouredeluce should stande neare halfe a poynt vnto the Northwards of the Northeast c. And furthermore heere is one thing that I could neuer vnderstande the truthe of and yet I haue oftentimes demaunded the question of dyuers that haue beene in the West part in the bay of America and that is this Whether in the compasse there made or in the dials that are there made the endes of the Nedles doe stande due North or not and yet it hath not beene my chauÌ„ce to méete with any that can tell For if it be so that those Nedles that are there touched doe stande due North thâ—n it were very good for them that should occupie long trauerse vnto the Westwarde or Eastwarde to haue diuers compasses ready made with the Néedle of them vntouched and to carie a good Lodestone with them to touche those compasses when the compasse hath the greatest variation It is good for these two causes the one cause it is the better to direct your course by But this cause is very speciall to giue a neare gesse of the Longitude that is to say the compasse will varie more quickly according to the order before written by which you see they may transporte them selues further vnto the Eastwards or Westwardes before that the compasse dothe varie one poynt than it dothe for the other three poynts so that they are not able to giue any estimation at all by the varying of the compasse to knowe any Longitude for that they may trauel more than the quarter of the circumference of the earth before the compasse will be varied one poynt backewardes and forwardes And I do very muche maruell at this considering how many times English men haue bene in the west Indies that I can meete with no man that can tell whether the needels of the Dials or compasses made there do stande due Northe or not whiche is a thing that may be easily knowne For the needels of the Dials it is sâ—ene séene and in like maner of the Compasses for if the Néedle of the Compasses there made will not stande due North then it is reformed vpon the Carde of the flye of the Compasse as if the North ende of the wyers doe stande Northeast then they wil set Northeast ouer it euen as we doe set the ende of the wyers of the Compasses with vs made neare halfe a poynt to the Eastwardes of the Northe c. And furthermore it
the pole and howe manye degrées and minutes c. North The Guardes in the Northe the Starre is .3 degrees vnder the Pole. North east The Gards in the northeast the North star is .3 degrees and a halfe vnder the Pole. East The Guardes in the East the Northe Sarre is one degree and a halfe vnder the Pole. Sooth east The Guardes in the South east the North Star is halfe a degree aboue the Pole. Sooth The Guardes in the Southe the North Star is 3. degrees aboue the Pole. Sooth west The Guardes in the Southwest the Starre is .3 degrees and a halfe aboue the Pole. West The Guards in the West the star is one degree and a halfe aboue the Pole. North west The Guardes in the Northwest the Star is halfe a degree vnder the Pole. ¶ The thirtenth chapter dothe shewe you by the sayling vpon the quarter of your compasse in how far sayling you do rayse a degree and what you doe departe from the Meridian and in the ende there is a Demonstration therof FUrthermore bycause there be some that desire to knowe the alteration of a point to this ende that in running of one poynte they may rayse or lay a degree soner in one than in an other as in the sayling south or North kéeping one Meridian they rayse or lay the Pole. As this for your example In going to the North you doe rayse the Pole and lay the Equinoctial Contrarywise going towardes the South you laye the Pole and rayse the Equinoctiall But in sayling or going East or Weast you do neyther alter your Pole nor Paralele but onely your Meridian Whereas in sayling of any other poynte you doe alter both your Pole and Paralele and also your Meridian Wherefore I will open vnto you in sayling vppon one of the quarters of the compasse what euery pointe doth rayse or lay one degrée in how farre sayling and howe many myles you be departed from the place you departed from and what space you be departed from your Meridian But heere is one thing to be noted as I suppose in the most part of cardes they allowe for euery degree but .17 leagues and a half your cards be most commonly made in Lishborne in Portugal in Spayne or else in Fraunce But as I take it we in England should allowe .60 myles to one degrée that is after .3 miles to one of our Englishe leagues wherefore .20 of oure English leagues shoulde answere to one degrée for that .3 of our myles will not make one of their leagues And bycause they make their acountes by their leagues in the cardes and not by oures therefore I will shew you by our Englishe myles An English myle conteyneth .1000 pases and euery pase .5 foote and euery foote .12 ynches Nowe some thinke that a pase can not be .5 foote but a pase Geometrical is .2 reasonable steppes for it can not be a pase vntill the hinder foote be remoued forwards and those 2. steppes will containe .5 foote and so maye any man endure to goe at pleasure But nowe to our purpose For the sayling of one quarter of the compasse this is to be noted First that in sayling directly south or North you do raise or lay the Pole a degrée in 60. myles going In the altering of one point from the South or North in .61 myles and you be departed from the lyne of East and Weast or the Meridian .12 myles In altering of the seconde poynt you rayse a degree in sayling of .65 myles and departe from your Meridian .25 myles In altering of the .3 poynte you doe rayse or lay one degrée in sayling .72 myles and a .9 part and are departed from your Meridian .40 myles Moreouer in altering of the 4. point you do raise or lay a degrée in the going of .85 myles depart from your Meridian .60 miles In altering of the .5 point or winde you raise a degrée in the sayling of .108 miles and depart from your Meridian .90 miles In sayling by the 6. point you raise or lay one degrée in .157 miles and depart from your Meridian line 145. miles Last of all in sayling by the .7 pointe or winde you doe raise a degrée in going of .308 miles and depart from your Meridian line .302 miles and after this manner you may consider of the other three quarters of the compasse But if you require to knowe the raysing or laying of a degrée by the leagues of the cardes that is at .17 leagues and a halfe then reade the arte of Nauigation and there shall you finde howe many degrées you be departed fro your Meridian and also from the place that you departed from and yet that serueth for no other place but onely for vnder the Equinoctiall for he that maketh account of it in any other place shall be deceiued For euer as you goe to any of the .2 Poles your degrées be stil shorter and shorter till such time as your Meridian méete vnder the two Poles whereof I intreat in the .16 Chapter For the better vnderstanding of the things aforesayd looke on this figure folowing ¶ The .14 Chapter teacheth to know hovv far any lande is off from you knovving but the distance betweene any two places whither you runne along by the lande or directly to the shoare or otherwise with other necessarie things FOr that I know it very necessarie and profitable for Seamen to knowe howe neare or farre they be into the Sea and how neare to the lande I will intreat thereof for diuers considerations And first bicause in rūning alongst the land there may be daunger which may be such a certaine quantitie into the sea that they may go both within them and with out them And also in like manner for that being at one distance from the lande the land may rise in such a shape or fashion whereas being nearer the lande may rise in another forme or fashion for being far off you shal sée the hils within the lande and being neare the hilles or cliffes neare vnto the Sea coast maye take awaye the sight of the lande within Furthermore also it is very necessarie to know in what fashion the lande doth rise vpō diuers points of the compasse as ofte as the fashion of the lande doth alter and to note it in some booke for remembrance First by what pointes of the compasse then the fashion last at how far off c. For knowledge how farre off you be from the land you may haue this helpe if there be any .2 places by the Sea coast whereof you knowe the distance howe many leagues or miles the one is from the other In going alongst the coast you shall set them vp with your compasse and when you are thwart of them if they be but one point asunder you shal be .5 times the distance betweene them from the lande or shoare If the two places be two pointes asunder then the distance
being then .4 points to the Eastward of the Sunne whiche is 3. houres the same rule may they in like case obserue when the Moone is paste the full .3 days and .18 houres and also in the middes of the quarters Here followeth a table of Tides FIrst the Moone South or North on Landes ende full Sea. The Moone South and by East at the Gore ende full Sea. The Moone South southwest betwéene holy Iland and Tinemouth full Sea. It floweth betwéene Tinemouth and Flambrough head Southwest and Northeast Moone It floweth betwéene Flambrough head and Bridlington in the bay a South west and by West Moone The Moone in the West Southwest betwéene Bridlington and Laurenas full Sea. It floweth betwéene Laurenas and Cromer all along the well an East and West Moone It floweth betwéene Cromer and Yarmouth rode to Laystow North rode a Southeast Moone It floweth betwéene Laistowe rode and Orfordenas a Southeast and by South Moone It floweth betweene Orford and Orewel wands a South Southeast Moone It floweth betwéene the Nas the Ware head of Colne a South and by East Moone It floweth at the Spittes and at the Sheue and al alongst the Swinne a South Moone At the West end of the Norre a Southe and by West Moone full Sea. It floweth at Grauesend a South Southwest Moone It floweth at London Bridge a Southwest Moone It floweth at the North forlande a South Southeast Moone so alongst the coast till you come to Bechy And in the ofton from the North forland to the South forland it runneth halfe tide And frō the South forland to the Nas the tide runneth halfe tyde halfe quarter And from the Nas to the Fairely it runneth halfe tide and from Fairely to Beche it runneth quarter tide vnder other It floweth to the Weastward of Beche a kenning a Southeast and by South Moone It floweth at Portesmouth a Southe and by East Moone It floweth at S. Elens a South Southeast Moone It floweth on the Sea side of the Iland a Southeast and by South Moone and so on the Lande and at the Needles and runneth quarter tide in the oftonne It floweth at Poole in the hauen a Southeast Moone It floweth at Waymouth an East and West Moone It floweth at Portland a Southeast Moone It floweth from the Weaste parte of Portlande till you come vntoo Plymmouth an East and Weast Moone It floweth on the shoare from Plymmouth to the Lizard a West and by Southe Moone And in the oftonne a Southeast Moone It floweth at Mountes baye an East and Weaste Moone It floweth at Selly a West and by South Moone It floweth at the Landes ende of Goolfe a West Southwest Moone It floweth all alongst the coast vp to Bristowe and the coast of Ireland from Waterford to Kinsale a West and by South Moone Furthermore it floweth for the most part from the poll head of Burdeaux all alongst the coast of Biskey Galiza Portingale till you come to the straightes of Maliga a Southwest and Northeast Moone It floweth at Flushing a Southweast and by Southe Moone It floweth at Anwerp an East and west Moone It floweth all alongest the coast of Flaunders from the Wyldings to Calys a Southe and by East Moone and so runneth halfe a tide vnder the other Nowe heere is one speciall thyng too bée noted and that is thys it floweth one poynte of the compasse more in the Spring streames than it doothe in any of the quarters of the Moone so that it be a riuer where there is any indrafte hauing distaunce from the Sea when there is neyther rage of wyndes nor anye cause eyther too hinder or further the sayde effect As for example thus it floweth at Grauesend at the chaunge of the Moone or full a Southe Southwest Moone But in any of the quarters of the Moone it skante floweth a Southe and by West Moone and this is generally for euer The fourth Chapter treateth of the Sunne moones course in the Zodiack and hovv you shall knovv vvhat houres the Moone shall rise and set at and at what poynte of the compasse vvyth other necessarye thynges FVrthermore the Sunne by hys naturall moouing thoroughe the twelue Signes in the Zodiack in the yeare dothe cause the heigth and lowenesse of his declination whiche is necessarie for the Seafaring men to knowe in whiche declination they do take from equinoctiall to equinoctiall and this is to be noted that as the Sunne hathe declination so in like manner hathe the Moone for by hir declination and the Sunne is knowen the tyme of hir shyning or abiding aboue our horizon The Sunne or Moone in the firste minute of Aries do rise East and set West and shyne .12 houres In the first minute of Taurus they rise néere the Easte Northeast and set néere the West Northwest and shyne .14 houres In the signe of Gemini they rise neere the Northeast and by East and they set néere the Northwest and by West and shyne .16 houres In the signe of Cancer the firste minute they make their greatest declination to the Northwards and they rise neer the Northeast and set neere the Northweast and shyne néere .17 houres In the fyrste minute of Leo discending towardes the equinoctiall as they dyd in Gemini And in the signe of Virgo as they dyd in Taurus And in the firste minute of Libra equinoctiall beginning South declination as in Aries And in the fyrste minute of Scorpio they rise néere the Easte Southeast and sette néere the Weast Southweast and shyne .10 houres In the fyrste minute of Sagittarius they rise neere the Southeast and by East and set néere the Southwest and by weast and shyne .8 houres In the fyrste minute of Capricornus they haue their greatest declinatiō to the South and begin to returne to the equinoctiall rising neere the Southeast and setting néere the Southwest and shyne more than .7 houres In the firste minute of Aquarius as in Sagittarius In the firste minuts of Pisces as in Scorpio Nowe by this rule you may knowe the rising and setting of the Moone for euer as thus I haue shewed you before in the shifting of the Sunne and Moone that for euery day of the age of the Moone the Moone goeth Eastward one point .3 minuts in .2 days .2 points and .6 minuts c. Nowe when you list to knowe the very houre and time of hir rising Looke howe many dayes the Moone is olde then put so many points and so many .3 minutes and looke what it amounteth vnto Which for your better vnderstanding I will shew by example and first of the Moones being South by euery day of the age of the Moone The Moone being one daye olde is South at .12 of the clocke .48 minutes The Moone being .2 dayes olde is South at one of the clocke .36 minuts in the after noone Three days old South at 2. of the clock .24 minuts .4 days olde at .3 of the clock .12
declination to knowe the heigth of the Pole to take the Sun North at the lowest do this First with your crosse staffe obserue the Sun at the lowest taking the true distance betwéene the Horizon and the Sunne that being truely done looke what declination the Sunne hath then haue you to consider that except the Sunne be neare vnto hir greatest declination that is to say in the latter end of Gemini or the beginning of Cancer the Sunne dothe decline little in .24 houres but if the declination be very swift you must séeke the Sunnes declination vpon the day before and the daye after halfe the diuersitie of whych shall be the Sunnes declination for that the sunne is at the angle of mydnight The Sunnes true declination being knowne rebate the heigth of the same from the declination of the Sunne so shal you haue the true contente in degrées and minuts that the Equinoctiall is vnder the Horizon due North and then pulling that sum from .90 that which remaineth shal be the heigth of the pole aboue the Horizon for as it is before declared looke what heigth the Equinoctial is aboue the Horizon that is equal the distance betweene the Pole and the Zenith and looke what distance is betwéene the Equinoctiall and the Zenith the same distaunce is betwéene the Pole and the Horizon in like manner looke howe deepe vnder the Horizon the Equinoctiall is vnto the Northwards so far equall is the heigth of the Equinoctial vnto the southwards As for ensample admit I were vnto the Northwards of the North cape the Sun being in hir greatest declination vnto the Northwards whiche is about the .11 day of Iune .23 degrees and neere a halfe this being knowen I take the Sunne due North at the lowest iust .6 degrées aboue the Horizon the declination being .23 degrees and .28 minutes Wherefore I rebate from that .6 degrees and so there remayneth .17 degrées and .28 minutes For the depth of the Equinoctiall vnder the Horizon and then do I pull that summe from .90 and there remayneth 72. degrées .32 minutes for the true heigth of the North pole aboue the Horizon as by this ensample it is declared By this ensample you may also know the true heigth of any of the .2 poles and how to obserue the Sunne at the lowest when the Sunne commeth neerest vnto the Horizon as well as you may when the Sunne is vpon the Meridian at the greatest heigth from the Horizon which is very necessary for them that do occupy vnto the Northwardes of Sainct Nicholas in Rousey it is also very necessary for them that would attempt any viages of discouery vnto the Northwards as into the East by Noua Zemla or to the West by cape de Paramantia on the backe side of the North part of the tayle of America other wise called the backe side of Vacula whiche if it were attempted there is no doubt but they shoulde finde it nauigable eyther to the East parte or to the West part and I am of this opinion that the thing moste feared in making their discoucry vnto the Northward deserueth not so greatly to be feared as they do make it the cause why they are so loth to go very farre vnto the Northwards is for that it is the frosen zone but my opinion is that in sommer tyme it is not to be feared but the further vnto the Northwardes the more temperate warme by meanes of the long continuaunce of the Sunne for as we sée by common experience that a thing once being made warme cannot sodenly be made cold neither is there doubt of any great cold vntill the Sunne be vnto the Southwards of the Equinoctiall for I admit that a ship should sayle vnto the Northward and not stay vntill the North pole were eleuated .80 degrees aboue the Horizon I do thinke then they should find it very temperate and warme vnto the midle of September for that by the space of .9 wéekes togyther that is to say from the .10 day of May vnto the 12. day of Iuly the Sun should come no neerer vnto the Horizon due North than .10 degrees or .30 degrees vnto the South part aboue the Horizon and yet it is possible that it may be cold there vntill the ende of May for that the Sunne must haue a time to make the aire warme For like as a thing once béeing colde cannot bée sodaynely made warme so in like manner a place being once made warme cannot bée sodainely made colde And furthermore he that were in the Latitude of .80 degrées shoulde haue but a short paralele for the whole compasse of the earth and Sea going East and West too come rounde about to that place agayne in the same paralele is but .1250 english leagues euery league conteining .3 englishe miles So that in sayling of lesse than 500. or .600 leagues they myght sée whether it were nauigable or not The eleuenth Chapter doth shew hovv you shall knovve the length of the day and to knowe how much the day is shortened or lengthened by the Sunnes declination NOwe I thinke it conuenient for Seafaring men too knowe the length of the daye in anye place that they haue occasion too go vntoo for that they haue occasion too trauell intoo all the climates and places transporting them selues manye tymes quickly from one place vntoo another and although the aunciente writers haue appoynted certayne climates and other late writers in lyke manner haue made tables very exact for the longest or shortest day in anye of those climates and other places according to the eleuation of the pole yet haue they not opened anye waye vntoo them in gyuing anye order for them to knowe when the days is an houre longer or shorter whereby they might at all times knowe the length of the day which notwithstanding is very necessary for them for that they be abroade vnder sayle bothe night and day and in like manner for that they must kéepe account of houres and times exactly in as muche as they ought to kéepe an account of the shippes way wherefore it must néedes be most necessary for nauigation to knowe the true time of the Sunne rising and setting whiche you shall knowe by this meanes first this is not vnknowne that vnder the Equinoctiall the Sunne is .12 houres aboue the Horizon and .12 houres vnder the Horizon what declination soeuer the Sunne hath so that there the Sunne ryseth at .6 of the clocke and setteth at .6 of the clocke for euer And where the pole is raysed .16 degrees and .44 minutes there the longest day is .13 houres the Sunne hauing hir greatest declination at .23 degrées .28 minutes and the shortest day is 11. houres long and then looke when the Sunne hath declined .23 degrées and a halfe eyther backwards or forwardes for then the day is an houre longer or shorter and proportionably when the Sunne hath declined .11 degrées .44 minutes then it
shewe you the distance of time And first at S. Michaels Mount the Moone changeth rather than at London by 25. minuts Rather at Falmouth than at London by .20 mi. At Plimmouth rather than at London by .18 min. At South Hampton rather than at London by 5. minuts At Portsmouth rather than at Lon. by .4 minuts At Rye later than at London by one minute and ½ At Douer later than at London by .6 minutes and more At Canterburie later than at London by .5 minutes At Sandwich later than at London by .6 minuts Grauesend later than at London by one minute and a halfe Bristow rather than at London by .11 minutes Haruard rather than at London by 12. minutes Saint Dauids head rather than at London by 19. minutes Oxforde rather than at London by .4 minuts Cambridge later than at London by ⅔ partes of a minute Norwich later than at London by .5 minuts and more Lincolne later than at London by .2 minutes Welshpoole rather than at London by .16 minutes Westchester rather than at London by .10 minutes Hull later than at London by .4 minutes Yorke later than at London by ¼ of a minute Cockermouth rather than at London by .12 minutes Carelyle rather than at London by .9 minutes Newecastle later than at London by .2 minutes Barwicke later than at London by thrée minutes and more The cause why that it is called the chaunge of the Moone is for that the Moone chaungeth the sydes of the Sunne for before the change the Moone is on the West side of the Sun and after the chaunge the Moone is on the Easte side of the Sunne c. Nowe in like manner I thinke it necessarie to be spoken of the difference of the longest day in Sommer in euery seuerall Latitude through the whole Realme of England frō the Southermost part called the Lizard to the Northermost part in Scotlande and this is called the day from the Sunne rysing or appearing aboue the Horizon Firste at South Hampton the longest daye is .16 houres long .26 minutes the shortest .7 houres .54 minutes At London .16 houres .30 minutes longest .7 houres .30 minuts shortest At Lincolne .16 houres .45 minuts longest .7 hours 15. minutes shortest At Yorke the longest .17 houres the shortest .7 houres Newcastle the longest .17 houres .12 minutes the shortest .6 houres .48 minutes Barwicke the longest .17 houres .30 minutis the shortest .6 houres .30 minuts Edenborow in Scotlande the longest day in Sommer .17 houres .45 minuts the shortest day .6 houres .15 minutes Now Catnes point being the northermost part in all Scotlande the Pole being raised to .62 degrées there the longest day is .19 houres .30 minuts the shortest daye .4 houres .30 minutes Nowe this you doe consider loke what the longest day doth containe looke what that lacketh of .24 hours that is the shortest Winter day c. The eightenth Chapter or rule shevveth hovve to sayle by the Globe NOw to sayle by the Globe it is conuenient to be spoken of For that generally the most part of the seamen make their account as though the earth wer a platforme For they do not consider that the earth is a Globe and that the Meridians do growe narrower and narrower towards the .2 poles for it is vnpossible to drawe the face of the earth and the Sea true vpon a platforme for if you wil describe the lande true then shall not the Sea be true for as you go towardes the North partes your Meridians growe togither so as your lines or pointes be according to the arte of Hydrography for the Sea shall be broader to the North partes than it is Nowe and if you woulde describe the Sea true with lines courses distances hauens and daungers then shoulde your lande be broader to the North partes than it is As for ensāple thus Englande and Scotlande being both one Ilande in all your Cardes of Nauigation the North parte of Scotland is drawn much bigger than it is for otherwise the lines of South North shoulde not be according to the treating of the lande for if you viewe it well you shall finde the North ende of Scotlande much more in distance than it is As you may see in measuring it by the trunke of youre carde there For youre better vnderstanding I will shewe you the compasse of the earth vnder sundrye Paralels or Circles howe many myles the earthe doth contayne in compasse Fyrst vnder the Equinoctiall where the earthe is at the greatest compasse in going directly Easte or Weaste that is by a ryghte line ouer Sea and Lande the two Poles being euen wyth your Horizon you haue .21600 myles to come to the place you departed from Vnder the Tropicke of Cancer the North Pole being raysed .23 degrées .28 minutes going directly East West it is .19800 miles in compasse in our artick circle of London wher the pole artick is raised .15 deg 32. minuts going East west it is .13320 myles in compasse then vnderneath the Polare circle where the Pole is raysed sixtie sixe degrees thirtie two minutes it is .8460 miles in compasse By this you sée that the compasse of the East and Weast lyne comming from the Equinoctiall is muche lesser to the North wardes than it is to the South wardes Wherefore when you shall haue any occasion to attempte any voyage to the North parts it is best to sayle by a Globe for so shall you better see the distances and bignesse of the landes and in like manner your lines and courses In this order fyrste according to the accustomed manner kéepe a perfitte accounte and reckoning of the waye of the shippe by what lyne or poynte your Shippe hathe made hir waye good then muste you resorte to youre Globe After that consider what place and Paralell you be in whiche you maye doe by the Sunne by daye and by the Starres by nyght Nowe knowing what place and Paralel you be in sette youre Globe to the eleuation of youre Pole that doone turne to the place of youre Zenith and seeke the opposite of it in your Paralell for then you knowe that in the same Paralell is youre Easte and Weaste lyne that had the iuste quarter of that circle to the Pole muste be deuided into the eight pointes of your compasse doing so likewise on the other side In like case if you come to the Southwards deuide your .8 wyndes from your Antarticke Pole to youre Paralell circle and thus must you doe euer and anon for the oftner you do obserue this custome the better perfiter shal your course be Now thus briefly I make an end of the sayling by the Globe But for them that do occupie the Southparts nothing is better than their cardes Bycause I haue declared vnto you the length of certayne of the Paralels what myles the Earth doth contayne in compasse vnder them now wil I shew you how many myles distance is between euery one