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end_n	north_n	part_n	south_n	1,475	5	9.1014	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52618	An account of several late voyages & discoveries to the south and north towards the Streights of Magellan, the South Seas, the vast tracts of land beyond Hollandia Nova &c. : also towards Nova Zembla, Greenland or Spitsberg, Groynland or Engrondland, &c. / by Sir John Narborough, Captain Jasmen Tasman, Captain John Wood, and Frederick Marten of Hamburgh ; to which are annexed a large introduction and supplement, giving an account of other navigations to those regions of the globe, the whole illustrated with charts and figures.	Narbrough, John, Sir, 1640-1688.; Tasman, Abel Janszoon, 1603?-1659.; Wood, John, Captain.; Martens, Friedrich, 1635-1699.; Robinson, Tancred, Sir, d. 1748.	1694 (1694)	Wing N154; ESTC R18669	230,732	472

set upon him with their Teeth but with very great labour and hazard of his company he escaped Death though sore wounded Frequently also they sleep on the shore and if they have convenience upon an high and steep place They always go in great companies and set one to keep watch which if surprized asleep 't is an easie matter to kill all the rest but if he give warning by grunting they clap their hinder Feet under their two Tusks and so roll into the Sea But if they be caught on plain ground yet are they hardly slain being both strong and fierce and all hasting one way to the Water The Dutch at first were very much troubled to kill them their Shot the Beast valued not much their Hatchets and Half-pikes would not pierce them nor did they think they could be killed except struck with great force in the midst of the Forehead The first time they set upon them of 200 they could not kill one but went for their Ordnance to shoot them Our Men after a little experience found the way to dispatch them with Javelins as is before rehearsed Some imagine this to be John Mayen's Island but it seems rather that is not for the Northermost point of that is in 71 d. 23 m. whereas this is 74 d. 55 m. except the Dutch be not so accurate in their Observations and Calculations as were to be wish'd which I much suspect v. Nova-Zembla Besides Cherry-Island is round not frequented with Whales but Morsses Our Men also have travelled it on Foot from North to South which on Mayen's Island cannot be done and though they tell many particulars of the place yet they never mention the great Beerenberg Hope-Island indeed is a long Island lies much what as they say of Mayen's and hath been visited by the Whale-fishers but it is more North than they place their Island The itch of ascribing Discoveries to themselves hath brought as I fear Confusion both in this and many other matters of this nature JOHN MAYEN's Island JObn Mayen's Island so called from the name of the first Discoverer as the Dutch pretend seems by the English to be called Hope-Island or if not I know not whether the English have been upon it It seems not to be of any great consequence all that is spoken of it being that it extends in length from South-west to North-east The farther it shoots out in length the more contracted and narrower it grows in breadth so that in the middle the distance is very small between both Shores Before the Whale-fishing was removed to Greenland in the Summer-time this Island was much frequented by the Seamen whom Trade invited thither and the Island was well known to most of the Northern Adventurers of Europe but since the Whales have deserted those Shores and have removed their Sea-quarters farther to the North the Seamen and Fishermen have been forced to follow their Prey to Greenland For it seems the Whales either weary of the place or sensible of their own danger do often change their Harbours In the Spring time the western side of the Island is not so much enclosed with Ice as that which lies in the North where it runs out into the Sea with a sharp point behind the Mountain of Bears for on this side all the year long the Ice never removes from the Shore above ten miles and in the Spring time so besieges it that there is no passage through it For which reason the Mariners who are bound for this Island use all the care they can to avoid the Eastern and to make directly to the Western Shore there to lye while the Fishing-season continues if by miscarriage they come upon the East-side they are then forced to fetch a compass about the North part of the Island whereby they are not only exposed to the terrible winds that blow off from Bears-Mountain but also to the dangers of the floating Ice for here the Sea flows from South to North and ebbs from North to South At the Northern end of the Island appears the Bears-Mountain of a prodigious height and so perpendicularly steep that it is impossible to climb to the top of it This Mountain from the Bears there frequently seen called Beerenberg or the Bears-Mountain at the bottom takes up the whole space beween the Eastern and the Western Shore on the North side it leaves a little room for leveller ground to the Ocean and being of prodigious height may be descryed 30 miles off at Sea The Sea-coast lies thus 1. Noords-hoeck or the Northern Angle is the extream point shooting out to the North. 2. Oosthoeck is the most Eastern point Ysbergh mark'd 1 2 3 are three Mountains of Ice or rather vast heaps of congealed Snow which dissolved by the heat of the Sun falls from the top of Bears-Mountain but upon the Sun 's retiring freezes again 3. Zuydoost-hoeck is the South-east Angle From this point the Shore extends itself from East to West to a little Island and then winds again to the West and South in some places not passable by reason of its steepness in others smooth enough 4. Cleyn Sand-bay or Little Sand-bay Eyerland or Eggland being certain Rocks full of Birds here about a Musket shot from the shore the Sea is 60 fathom deep and a little farther The Habits of the Gronelanders Supplem t. Tab R. Pag. 187. the sounding line will not reach to the bottom 5. Groote Hoot-bay or great Wood-bay by reason of the great pieces of rotten Timber that are there found In this which is the narrowest part of the Island are certain Mountains not very steep from the top whereof any person calling them that stand upon either shore may be heard by both 6. Cleyn Hoot-bay or Little Wood-bay 7. English Bay and several others to which the Dutch have given such Names as they thought fit GRONELAND CAlled also Groenland Groinland and more anciently Engroenland lies as the Islanders say like an Half-moon about the North of their Countrey at the distance of four days sailing But it seems not to lye so much East but rather on the North of America From Cape Farewell in 60 deg 30 min. on the South it is unknown to how many degrees in the North. The East and West are encompass'd by two great Oceans but at what degrees of Longitude is not yet discover'd Only Mr. Fotherby found it near the Coast of Groneland in 71 deg and the South of Greenland to be above two hundred Laeagues It is said to have been discovered first by a Norwegian Gentleman whose Name was Eric Rotcop or Red Head who having committed a Murther in Iseland to save his Life resolved a adventure to andother Country whereof he had heard some obscure flying Reports He succeeded so well that he arrived in a safe Harbour called Sandstasm lying between two Mountainous Promontories the one upon an Island over against Groneland which he called H●idserken on Wbite Sbirs because of the Snow

Leagues or more At the point of the second Narrow on the North-shore up to the North-east-ward a mile or two there is a Bay on the North-shore and a white Cliff of an ordinary height which is called Cape St. Gregory In this Bay you may ride in eight Fathom Water fine clean sandy Ground and a good half mile off the shore This is a good Road if the Wind be between the North-east and the South-west to the Westward the Winds are given most to blow on the Western-quarter As I sailed thorow the second Narrow I sounded in the fair way and had twenty eight and thirty Fathom small stones The North-shore on this Narrow makes in a Bay at the East-point and is white Cliffs all the way through This Narrow lies throughout West-south-west and East-north-east and at the west-West-end of the Narrow the Land is steep up in white Cliffs and the South part rounds away in a rore-land The South-shore rounds away South-east from this Fore-land and then it trents away to the Southward in low Land The North-shore of this Narrow or Streight rounds up to the Northward in white Cliffs and falls into shores there goes in a Harbour which hath four Fathom in the Channel at High-water it is a flat round Harbour within and oary I called this Oaz-harbour When you are at the West-part of this Narrow you will see three Islands come open which shew to be steep up Cliffs they lie Triangle-wise one of another they are four Leagues distant from the Narrow West-south-west The smallest and Eastermost Isle is called St. Bartholomews the biggest and Wester-most is called Elizabeth the middle-most and souther-most is called S. George's and by some Penguins-Isle and indeed there are many Penguins on it This Evening I got up to Elizabeth's and anchored in eight Fathoms and an half sine black Sand two miles off the Island The East-point bears South and by East of me fair Weather all Night the Wind at South and by West This Morning I went ashore on Elizabeth-Island and at my landing nineteen of the Countrey-people came off the Hills to me I had Conference with them and exchanged Knives and Beads for such things as they had which were Bows and Arrows and their Skin-Coats which are made of young Guianacoes skins I gave them a Hatchet and Knives and Beads and Toys Trumps c. they seem'd to be very well-pleased I shewed them Gold which they would have had I made them signs that if they had any I would give them Knives and Beads c. for it or If any where in the Land I laid Gold and bright Copper into the Ground and made as if I found it there and looked to and fro on the Earth as if I looked for such things they looked one on another and spake to each other some words but I could not perceive that they understood me or what I meant nor that they knew Gold or any other Metal they would gladly have had every thing they saw they tried to break the Boats Iron-grapenel with stones and would have carried it away I let them alone and observed their actions and behaviour which was very brutish they catched at every thing they could reach although I caused them to sit down and I put strings of Beads about their Necks still they desired more My Lieu●enant Peckett danced with them hand in hand and several of my Men did dance with them and made all the shew of Friendship as was possible My Lieutenant changed his Coat for one of theirs sor they desired it because it was red which co●our they much esteem I was in great hopes I might find Gold among them I gave them all the courteous respect I could After two hours Conference with them I made signs I would go and get more things and come again to them They went and would have us to Land again under a Cliff which I judge was their Design to heave stones into the Boat to sink her for the place was very convenient for such a purpose They set themselves down on the Grass and immediately set fire on the Grass on the side of the Bank by what means they got Fire so suddenly I could not understand I went and sounded the Channel between Elizabeth-Island and St. Bartholomew's-Island and found it a fair Channel to Sail through of a mile broad nearest and deep Water in the middle thirty eight Fathom and nine and ten Fathom near the Shore-side gravelly Sand. These People are of a middle stature both Men and Women and well-limbed and roundish Faced and well shaped and low Fore-headed their Noses of a mean size their Eyes of the mean and black they are smooth and even toothed and close set and very white small Ears their Hair is smooth flag Hair and very black and harsh on the fore-part even and round and the Locks of a mean length both Men and Women alike they are full Breasted they are tawny Olive-coloured and redded all over their Bodies with red Earth and Grease their Faces dawbed in spots down their Cheeks with white Clay and some black streaks with smut in no Method their Arms and Feet the like they have small Heads and short Fingers they are active in Body and nimble in going and running their Cloathing is pieces of Skins of Seals and Guianacoes and Otters skins sewed together and sewed soft their Garment is in form of a Carpet of about five feet square or according to the largeness of the Person this they wrap about their Bodies as a Scottish Man doth his Plading they have a Cap of the Skins of Fowls with the Feathers on they have about their Feet pieces of Skins tied to keep their Feet from the Ground they are very hardy People to endure cold for they seldom wear this loose Skin when they are stirring but are all naked of Body from Head to Feet and do not shrink for the Weather for it was very cold when I saw them and the Hills all cover'd with Snow they have no Hair on their Bodies nor Faces nor any thing to cover their privy Parts excepting some of the Women which had a Skin before them otherwise the Men and Women are cloathed alike only the Men have Caps and the Women none The Women wear Bracelets of Shells about their Necks the Men none the Men are somewhat larger than the Women in Stature and more fuller Fac'd the Men have a harsh Language and speak ratling in the Throat and gross the Women shiller and lower they pronounce the word Ursah but what it means I could not understand nor one word they spake if they did not like any thing they would cry Ur Ur ratling in their Throats their Food is what they can get either Fis or Flesh they are under no Government but every Man doth as he thinks fit for they had no respect to any one nor under any Obedience of any in this Company neither did they make any shew of

firma not far from Cartagean The most Gold in all the Land of America is in Chile as what is known at this time But I find the Spaniards have but little knowledge of the Land all along to the Southward from Baldavia to the Streights Mouth as far as I can understand by them excepting at the Island of Castro There they have a Settlement and on the Main against Castro at a place called Orsono At these two places they have good store of Gold and there are many Indians but farther Southerly than Castro they know nothing of the Country or of the Sea-Coast Castro lieth in the Latitude of 43 d. 30 m. the South end of the Island and the North end lies in the Latitude of 41 d. 40 m. It is a fine Island and near the Main there grows good Wheat on it The Spaniards are but few in number there but there are many Indians and those too valiant and of a large stature but not Giants as I understand These Indians have Wars with the Spaniards and will not suffer them to search the Country for Wealth A Ship brought from Lima Provisions for the City of Baldavia and the Forts and Cloaths and Ammunition and Wines and Tobacco and Sugar and she lades away from Baldavia Gold and Bezoar Stone and red Wool c. and Indian Slaves that the Spaniards take here in these parts they carry them to Peru and make perpetual Slaves of them there and the Indians of Peru they bring hither and make Soldiers of them against the Chile-Indians of which Soldiers there are many hereabout whom my Men saw when they were at the Fort. There were about thirty Indians and Musteses Soldiers there and some sixteen white Men who were Officers Moreover the Spaniards make use of the Peru-Indians to Trade with the Chile-Indians for Gold although they are at Wars For they of Chile without doubt are desirous of Trade whereby they may furnish themselves with Knives and Scissers and Combs c. which are wanting among them as also with Arms that many times by stealth are sold to them although they be prohibited Traders will be dealing so as they can get benefit they do not consider the future danger by its means provided it miss them at the present I asked them how far it was to Baldavia they answered me three Leagues and that the Boats could go up to it and that it was situated by the side of the River and the Plains and that there were five great Ordnances in a Fort to command the City and that there were one thousand Inhabitants in the City of all sorts of Men Women and Children I asked him if there were any passage by Land from Baldavia to the other parts of Chile they said there was and they sent every Week but they went with good Guards to go secure from the Indians Then I asked them if they built Shipping here they said no but at Velperrazeo they did build great Ships I asked them who lived in the Island of Mocha they said Indians many Men and Women and that they were Poco amigo ' s to them in English they were but small Friends to the Spaniards There are many Sheep Goats Hogs and Hens which the Indians will sell for Hatchets Knives and Beads As to the Island of St. Mary the Spaniards are Masters of it and have a Fort on it with five Guns but few Spaniards live there it is plentiful of Provisions as Hogs and Sheep and Corn and Potatoes and they said there is some Gold that the Indians have on the Island of Mocha but they will not part from it The Spaniards did not care for answering me to such things as I would gladly have heard of these parts for I laid the Draught of all that Coast on the Table before them and asked them who lived at this Port and who lived at that at some places they would say the Spaniards lived there and at some the Indians but they did not care to answer my desires but frame other Discourses to wave mine I find that they are but little acquainted on the Coasts to the Southward of Baldavia they say they have Spaniards living on the Island of Castro and that much Corn grows there more especially European Wheat and that on the Main there are Spaniards living at a place called Orsono which is against Castro and that there they have Gold and there are many Indians I asked him if Shipping could go in between Castro and the Main they could not tell me or would not but they said some Ships went thither which come from Lima with Furniture for the People The Anchoring at the Island of Mocha is on the North-north-east part of it in a sandy Bay in eight Fathom Water near the Shore a North-east Wind is the worst Wind for the Road on the South-side of Mocha there lies a ledg of Rocks and some broken Rocks on that part of the Island scattered from the Shore The Anchoring at the Island of St. Mary is on the North-side in a fine sandy Bay in eight or nine Fathom Water a fine Birth from the Shore the North-north-west Wind is the worst Wind for that Road. There is Wood and fresh Water on both the Islands as the Spaniards report The Tides are but mean on the Coast and the Flood comes from the Southward and rise about eight or nine feet Water The Island of Mocha lies in the Lat. of 38 d. 30 m. South The Island of St. Mary lies in the Lat. of 37 d. 14 m. South They have Apples and Plums and Pears and Olives Apricocks Peaches Quinces Oranges Lemmons and many other Fruits There are also Musk-Melons and water-Melons c. These Spaniards report it to be the finest Country in the whole World and that the people live with the greatest Luxury of any on the Earth they enjoy their Health with so much delight and have so much Wealth and Felicity that they compare the Land to Paradise abounding above other Countries with all Delights for Mankind I saw a good Testimony of the healthiness of the Country for these four Men who are on Board are as well-complexioned Men as ever I saw in my days and the People a-shore both Men and Women of the Spaniards are well-complexioned People of a ruddy colour and seem to be mighty healthy Some of the Men are very corpulent and look as if they came from a very plentiful Country where there is great store of Provisions and abundance of Gold and Silver December 17. 1670. There went a-shore in the Boat eighteen of my best Men I had in the Ship and Men of good Observation to inspe● into matters of this Concern which I had acquainted them with as touching the manner of the Harbour and the Fortifications the Spaniards have and the disposition of the People and that it was my whole desire to have Conference with the Natives of the Country that are at Wars with the Spaniards if by

Flawes Commander being bound upon the Discovery with us At Eight at Night the Naz● Land boar West North about six Leagues we steered away North-east and North-north-east Monday May 29. The Wind at South-west and West-south-west a fresh Gale with Showers of Rain Course per Compass between the North-east and the North distance sailed by the Log 73 Miles true Course Protracted since last Night Eight a Clock to this Day Noon is North 28 d. East difference of Lat. 68 Miles and departure East from the Naze Land 36 Miles Lat. by Judgment as in the Margent Thick cloudy Weather Tuesday May 30. From yesterday Noon to this Day Noon the Wind variable from South-west to the South-east thick cloudy Weather and a fresh Gale Course per Compass North-north-west and North-west by North distance sailed by the Log 95 Miles true Course is North 28 d. West distance of Lat. 83 Miles departure West 45 Miles Lat. per Judgment Meridian distance West nine Miles Wednesday May 31. From yesterday Noon to this Day Noon the Winds variable with Calms and Rains Courses per Traverse true Course Protracted with all impediments allowed is North 43 d. West 60 Miles difference of Lat. 42. Miles departure West 40 Miles Lat. per Judgment 54 d. 13 m. Lat. by a good Observation at Noon 55 d. 30 m. at which time the Land between New-Castle and Berwick bore West about 8 or 9 Leagues Meridian distance Current from the bearing of the Land and the Lat. is 88 Miles 50 Fathom Water saw two Ships standing to the Southward but would not show their Colours Thursday June 1. From yesterday Noon to this Day Noon a fresh Gale from the West by South to the South-west Course per Compass between the North and the North-west distance sailed by the Log 76 Miles true Course Protracted is North 16 d. West Lat. by a good Observation 56 d. 41 m. departure West 21 Miles At nine in the Morning we gave Chase to a Scotch Fisherman and at Noon came up with her and bought some Fish of him at Noon a hard Gale steered away North being about seven or eight Leagues from the Land between Montross and Edenburgh we steered along the Course North by East till eight a Clock Friday June 2. From yesterday Noon to this Day Noon the Winds variable with fair Weather Course per Compass North distance sailed by the Log 117 Miles but by a good Observation 120 Miles Lat. 58 d. 41 m. Winds from the West-south-west to the South-west At two a Clock a great gust of Wind at North-west with Rain we hand our Top-sails and at three it blew a Storm of Wind we lay a Try under a Main-sail till ten a Clock then sent our Fore-sail Saturday June 3. From yesterday Noon to this day Noon true Course Protracted Leeward way and all impediments allowed is North East 42 Miles Lat. by a good Observation is 59 d. 23 m. Meridian distance from the Naze Land is 100 Miles at Noon saw a small Island called Foril lying to the South of Shetland bearing West-north-west about four Leagues in the Afternoon little Wind. Note that we found the Ship more to the Westward than expected being caused by a variation of 6 or 7 d. East Sunday June 4. This Forenoon little Wind with Calms till about 12 at Noon at which time sprung up a Gale West-north-west blowing very hard we ply to windward and turned into Brace-Sound and anchored in nine Fathom Water right against the Town called Lerwick here is the remains of a Fort that was built in the time of War with Holland but upon the Peace with the Hollanders it was demolished for fear any other Nation might come and take it and so keep it Saturday June 10. Rid still till Saturday seven a Clock at which time Weighed the Wind at South-west we took in a Pilot and sailed out through the North end of Brace Sound having three Fathom Water over the shallowest place Sunday June 11. At four in the Morning Scau bore West by North about six Leagues a fresh Gale at South-west hasey Weather From four in the Morning till twelve at Night Course North-north-east distance sailed by the Log 35 Miles true Course allowed from the bearing of the Land is North-east 41 Miles difference of Lat. 30 Miles Lat. by Judgment 61 d. 26 m. Meridian distance from Shetland 30 Miles East From yesterday Noon to this Day Noon a strong Gale at South-west West-south-west West and West-north-west Course per Compass North-north-east distance sailed by the Log 147 Miles difference of Lat. 135 Miles departure East 56 Miles Lat. by Judgment 63 d. 42 m. Meridian distance East 86 Miles thick cloudy Weather at Noon little Wind. Tuesday June 13. From yesterday Noon to this Day little Wind and variable with Calms from the North-west to North-north-east we ply to windward True Course Protracted all impediments allowed is North-north-east 23 Miles difference of Lat. 21 Miles North departure East 8 Miles Lat. by Judgment 64 d. 03 m. Meridian distance 94 Miles Lat. by a good Observation 64 d. 03 m. Wednesday June 14. From the 13. Noon to this Day Noon the Winds variable with fresh Gales Rains and little Winds Course per Traverse between the North-east and the North distance sailed by the Log 92 Miles true Course Protracted all impediments allowed is North 18 d. difference of Lat. 81 Miles departure East 30 Miles Meridian distance 124 Miles Thursday June 15. From the 14. Noon to this Day Noon the Winds variable with Calms from the West to the South-west Course per Compass North-north-east distance sailed by the Log 67 Miles true Course Protracted with allowance is North 22 ½ d. East difference of Lat. 62 Miles departure East 26 Miles Lat. per Judgment 66 d. 26 m. Meridian distance 150 Miles East At Noon broke our Main Topsail-Yard being rotten in the Slings thick hasey Weather Friday June 16. From the 15. Noon to this Day Noon a fresh Gale at West-north-west and West-south-west with Rains and thick Weather Course per Compass North-north-east and North-east by North distance sailed per Log 126 Miles true Course Protracted is North 30 d. East difference of Lat. 108 Miles departure East 63 Miles Lat per Judgment 68 d. 14 m. Meridian distance 223 Miles Saturday June 17. From the 16. Noon to this Day Noon a fresh Gale at West-north-west and West with Rain and cloudy Weather Course per Compass North-east distance sailed by the Log 127 Miles difference of Lat. 90 Miles departure East 90 Miles Lat per Judgment 69 d. 48 m. Meridian distance 303 Miles but by a good Observation at Noon Lat. 69 d. 53 m. difference of Lat. between the Dead Reckoning and Observation is 9 Miles which imputed to a westerly variation which is found by an Azimuth 7 d. Meridian distance Corrected is 300 Miles fair Weather Sunday June 18. From the 17. Noon to this day Noon the Wind from West-north-west to the

not forget that we see in these falling Needles a Bow like a Rain-bow of two colours white and a pale yellow like the Sun reflected by the dark Shadows of the Clouds After this I proceed to the Description of an other Bow which I call a Sea-bow This is seen when the Sun shines clear and bright not in the great Waves but in the Atmosphere of the Sea-water which the Wind blows up and which looks like a Fog Commonly we see this before the Ship and sometimes also behind to the Lee-ward so they call that side of the Ship towards the Sea over-against the Sun where the Shadow of the Sail falleth It is not the Shadow of the Sail but a Bow sheweth it self in the Shadow of the Sail. We see this pleasant reflexion in the small drops of the Salt-water of several colours like the Rain-bows in the Skies that are seen over-against the dark Clouds This brings to my Mind another Phanomenon viz. that in the Clouds near the Sum a very bright Light is seen like a Parelion or Mock-sun These Lights are called Weather-galls by the Sea-men This bright Light we find in the lower-most Air in the dark shady Clouds that are not unlike to a Cloud of Rain because it is full of drops wherein the Sun is represented as things are in a Looking-glass This clearness of the Sun causeth a Heat which drives from it a Rain-bow figured by the Sun which Bow are the Drops that by the Heat of the Sun are changed into a Vapour or Fog and this Vapour shews like smoak in the Air when the Cold remits wherein these Colours are no more seen But in these raised Drops as aforesaid the Sun represents it self and causeth these Colours which are truly distinct and represent Blew Yellow and Red which are the three primary Colours of the Bow Concerning the bigness thereof I did considered and minded the Bow that I saw in Spitzbergen and found that it moved about with the Sun by Day and by Night and that it appeared much bigger in the Morning Evening and at Night than in the Day-time I will not mention the Whirlwinds which are unknown in these cold Countries that used to take up the Water into the Air But yet I will not omit the small Whirlwinds that proceed from the high Mountains from whence the Wind recoils and so turneth round about We see farther in Spitzbergen that the Sea as well as the other Waters sends forth a Vapour when the Clold encreases which Vapour is turned into Rain in the Air or into Snow and it smelleth like a Fog or steaming Water It is likewise an Observation there that when we see great Vapours or Fogs in the Air and that such a Vapour riseth almost every moment in a clear Sun-shiny Day without Wind or other Causes the cold Weather is about to remit But when the Air is overburdened by these Vapours the Couds are dissipated and they last a great while with constant Wind. Such Vapours as we see in the Air stick to our Cloaths and Hair like Sweat Out of these small vaporous Drops the Snow is first generated First of all you see a small Drop as big as a single Sand in the Plate E marked with A. This is augmented or encreased by the Fog until it cometh to be like unto a Shield or Plate with six corners as clear and transparent as Glass to these six corners sticks the Fog like Drops as B. then it freezes and splits asunder so that you see the Figure of a Star as C. which yet is still frozen together until in time it is quite parted or divided asunder one from the other and then you see a Star with six Points as D. which Points are not yet quite frozen because there are still hanging some wet drops between the Points until at length it assumes the perfect Form of a Star with Points serrated at the sides like Ferne on the Points whereof still hand some Drops as you see at E which are lost and so it is turned into an exact and perfect Star And this is the Formation of the snowy Star which is seen in the severest Frost so long until at last it loseth all its Points See F. as to the many sorts of Snow that fall in Spitzbergen and in what Weather I have made these following Observations and Distinctions Number 1. in the Plate of E. sheweth the Snow that falleth when it is tolerable cold and rainy withal then it falls like unto small Roses Needles and small Corns When the cold Weather doth remit the Snow falleth like Stars with many points like the Leaves of Ferne. Plate E. Numb 2. If it be only a Fog at last and it snoweth much it looketh as you see Numb 3. If it is very cold and windy like Numb 4. When it is very cold and not windy withal the Snow falleth like unto Stars in a cluster because the Wind cannot blow them asunder like Numb 5. When the Wind was North-West or the Skies were thick of Clouds and it was stormy withal there fell Hail that was round and oblong all over full of Prickles and of the same bigness as you see it as Number 6. There is many more sorts of starry Snow to be seen with more Points and some like unto a Heart but they are all generated after the same manner by the Eastern and Northern Winds The needly Snow is generated by Westerly and Southerly Winds If the Snow is not dispersed by the Wind it falleth down in cl usters But when the Wind driveth it Stars or Needles only fall every piece by it self like the Atoms in the Sun Thus much have I observed hitherto of the Snow and find that also when it is cold and a North Wind blows all sorts of Snow both starry and of other shapes fall as well in these Countries as in Spitzbergen The End of the Second Part. THE THIRD PART OF THE VOYAGE TO SPITZBERGEN CHAP. I. Of the Plants of Spitzbergen GEnerally the Figures of the Plants I here present you with were all drawn by the Life upon the place when they were fresh and of their natural size except the Rock-plant with but one Leaf and the Plant like Horse-Tail that stands by it which because of their largeness could not be well drawn so big at the Life All the Herbs and the Mosses grow upon the Grit and Sand of the Stones where the Water falleth down and on that side of the Hill which the East and North Winds cannot easily come at The Plants owe much of their growth to the Dung of the Birds There were a great many small Herbs which for want of time I could not delineate but I purpose to do it hereafter if God b●esseth me with Life and Health when I make my second Voyage thither I omitted the white Poppy whereof we stuck the Flowers in our Hats the whole Plant was but about a Span long Besides I have not mentioned the

the fifth of July before the Weihegat where a Whale made his escape from us because the Line whereunto the Harpoon was fasten'd was entangled about a Rock On this they hung and so I got them alive CHAP. VI. BEfore I come to treat of the Whale I think it convenient to say something of some Finn'd Fishes which I met withal in my Voyage to Spitzbergen some whereof are propagated by the shooting of their Row and others bear and bring forth young ones alive I will begin with the First kind whereof the first that I met withal was the Fish that we call Macarel I. Of the Macarel This Fish is like unto a Herring in his shape but hath on his Back a large Finn and somewhat below it a very small one Then lower there is another greater and broader one but not so high as the uppermost Underneath this are five small ones that are all of the same bigness and at an equal distance one from another Very near to the Tail there is another less one so that on the whole Back there is two great ones and seven little ones Near unto the Gills is a Finn on each side underneath the Belly there are again on each side one almost of the same bigness of that that is near to the Gills Underneath towards the Tail is one of the same bigness of the third on the Back Behind this there are again five of an equal bigness and below that still a less one so that those of the lower part of the Back are equal to those of the lower part of the Belly Their Head is like unto that of a Herring He hath a great many small holes on the Cover of his Gills and also underneath the Eyes They have a great variety of colours that look more glorious when they are alive than when they are dead for when they are a dying the colours fade and grow pale From his Back towards the Side he hath black Stroaks The uppermost part of his Back is blew till to the midle and the other half underneath it is green and as if some blew did shine through it Underneath his Belly he is as white as Silver and his Finns are white every where All the colours of this Fish shine like to a Silver or Golden Ground done over with thin transparent or illuminating colours Their Eyes are black It is the beautifulest Fish of all that ever I saw This that I describe here was catched in the North Sea afterwards on the 27th day of June in the Year 1673. we did catch some Macarels behind Scotland by the Island of St. Kilda which were half blind it is occasioned by a black Skin that groweth over their Eyes in the Winter and cometh off again in the beginning of the Summer We do not see them in the Winter for they run towards the North In the Summer we see them in the North Sea and I have seen them also in Spain We caught them after the following manner we fastened a Bullet that weighed about two or three pounds to a Line about a Fathom distance from the end whereon we had fastened a Hook this Hook we baited with a piece of a red Cloth and so we flung it into the Sea and towed it behind our Ship then when the Macarel doth swiftly shoot at it he bites upon the Hook and so is hung which you presently perceive by its pulling as you do when you catch any other Fish notwithstanding that the Rope of its own accord doth pull or draw very hard by reason of the Sea so that if you should rowl it about your Hand it would benumb your Hand in a little time to that degree that you would not be sensible if one should cut it wherefore they tye their Ropes to the carved Work on the Stern of the Ship so that sometimes many of them are tyed to the Ship by one another when the Ship sails apace but this doth hinder the Ship very much in its sailing and I dare say two such Ropes draw as much as a Man's Strength They catch them also with Herring with a piece whereof they bait the Hook at which they bite sooner than at a red piece of Rag of Cloth They eat best if you boil or broil or roast them fresh as they are caught or dry them They are hard to be digested II. Of the Dragon-fish It is peculiar to this Fish to have two Finns on his Back the foremost whereof hath very long Strings about two inches high above the Back the hindmost Finn of the Back is not so high but yet it goeth a great way all along the Back and hath no such Strings He hath no Gills in the room of them he hath two blowing holes in his Neck and on each side of these holes there are two short Finns and underneath these on each side a broad one Underneath his Belly he hath a long very narrow Finn that reaches to the Tail His Head is oblong composed of many Bones He hath before on his Nose a raised part His Tail is about an inch broad His Body is long thin and roundish of a greyish Silver colour and shining His Shape is likest to that of a young Hay as well the Head as the rest of the Body They are caught between the Bears-Island and Spitzbergen We got one off of Hitland when our Cook flung out his Bucket for Water in which he took up one with some small Fish of the shape of an Herring but they were not bigger than a joint of your little Finger Our Seamen informed me of some other small Fish that are in the deep holes between the high Mountains in the South Haven III. Of the Dolphin This is also a common Fish because we see them in great numbers every where in the Sea chiefly before a Storm or hard Weather for then they jump in great numbers out of the Sea like Seales The Head of it chiefly the Nose is very like that of the Place's Head Its Mouth is full of little sharp Teeth He hath a Finn on the middle of his Back which is hollowed out towards the Tail like an Half-moon On its Belly are two Finns like those of the Whale these Finns are not like them of small or little Fishes that are boney joined together with a thin Skin but they are all over fleshy and covered with a thick Skin and made of jointed Bones within The Tail is broad and of the same shape as that of the Whale but it is not cut in and is crooked from one end to the other like a Sickle He hath two small round Eyes The greatest part of the Body is of a black colour but the Belly is white they are five or six feet long They run very swift against the Wind as an Arrow They are generally caught by chance Because Figures thereof are in other Books I did not think it convenient ot delineate him IV. Of the Butskopf or Place's