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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43326	A new discovery of a vast country in America extending above four thousand miles between New France and New Mexico, with a description of the great lakes, cataracts, rivers, plants and animals : also the manners, customs, and languages of the several native Indians ... : with a continuation, giving an account of the attempts of the Sieur De la Salle upon the mines of St. Barbe, &c., the taking of Quebec by the English, with the advantages of a shorter cut to China and Japan : both parts illustrated with maps and figures and dedicated to His Majesty, K. William / by L. Hennepin ... ; to which is added several new discoveries in North-America, not publish'd in the French edition.; Nouvelle découverte d'un très grand pays situé dans l'Amérique entre le Nouveau Mexique et la mer Glaciale. English	Hennepin, Louis, 17th cent.; La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 1643-1687.; Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700.; Marquette, Jacques, 1637-1675.	1698 (1698)	Wing H1450; ESTC R6723	330,063	596

peasure Therefore 't is absolutely necessary that endeavours be first us'd for the Civilizing of all these Nations before they be sollicited to embrace the Christian Religion For as long as they remain free from the yoke all attempts made for their Conversion will be attended with very little success at least if the Divine Grace do not interpose in an extraordinary manner by working some miracle in Favour of those People These are my Sentiments as to this Affair grounded on the experience that I have had as well as many other Franciscan Friars that accompany'd me in America But I may give a more particular account of these matters in a Third Tome and shall only inculcate thus much here that what I have freely declar'd was not with a Design to give Offence to any Person whatever but only to write the truth without Partiality or Dissimulation CHAP. XXXIII Of the pleasantness and frutfulness of the Country of the Savages That powerful Colonies may be easily settl'd in the Northern and Southern Parts BEfore we enter upon a particular Description of those pleasant Countries which are situated to the North and South of Northern America it will be expedient to speak a word or two concerning the Northern Territories to the end that it may appear from thence that powerful Colonies might be easily Establish'd therein it must be acknowledg'd indeed that there are Vast Forests to be clear'd from Canada to the Land of Louisiana along the Banks of the River Meschasipi so that much time must of necessity be spent in performing this Enterprize But every one knows that all new settlements are accompany'd with great Difficulties nevertheless a considerable Progress soon follows a good Beginning and the whole work after much pains may be at last happily brought to perfection Very great advantages have been formerly reap'd and no small profits as yet arise even at this day from the catching of Fish part of which was usually dry'd and became a Staple Commodity in the hot Countries insomuch that this Fishery-Trade was carry'd on in the preceeding Age with above a Thousand or 1200 Vessels The great shelf of Terra nova the neighbouring shores the adjacent Ilands Cape Breton the perforated Island and Acadia are the most convenient places in the World for Fishing but I do not here speak of the Northern Fishery which is claim'd by the French by vertue of their being the first Possessours in those Parts And indeed these Fish-Marts were inexhaustible Mines for the Kingdom which cou'd not have been taken from it if they had been supported by good Colonies Thus a great number of Vessels might pass from thence every Year to Fish for Porpesses Whales and Sea-Wolves out of which may be taken many Barrels of Oyl proper to be us'd in domestick Manufactures and even some part of it may be Transported into foreign Countries It is well known that the Fishery-Trade alone which is manag'd on the Coasts of Canada gave occasion to the first considerable Settlements that were made in those parts of America It is true indeed that they had as yet no opportunity to search the Country in orde● to observe whether there were any Mines yet many Veins of Tin Lead Copper and Iron were found in several places and without doubt much more may be discover'd hereafter if due Application were made to that purpose Besides the Country affords good store of Wood necessary for the carrying on of the Mine-Works by reason of the spacious Forests in which are many pla●es where there are Quarries of a kind of Bastard-Marble and large Mines of Pit-Coal proper for Smith's Forges There is also a certain sort of Plaister which very much resembles Alabaster By how much farther a Man advances into this Countrey so much the greater number of fine Forests and Woods will appear to his view abounding with divers sorts of Gummous Trees which are of singular use for the making of Tar and Masts for Vessels besides good store of Pine-Trees Firr-Trees Cedars and Maples fit for all sorts of Mechanical Works more especially for the Building of Ships As for Naval-Tackle which may be made there the Sea-Men may be constantly employ'd and easily find means to maintaine their Families They might also inure themselves more to the Sea by Traffick and the Weste●n Navigation because many more Voyages are made thither than to the Levant and in regard also that the Vessels are there more numerous In the beginning of the Settlement which was made of a Colony in Canada their Profi● amounted Yearly to a Hundred Thousand Crowns without comprehending the Gain of Private Persons In 1687. this Summ was Tripled and above by the means of the Skins with which the Vessels were Laden at their return and although they are sought for a great deal farther than at first nevertheless their considerable Commerce will never cease as we have observed by the great discoveries which we made in those parts It is certain that there are no Nations in Europe that have so great an inclination to the settling of Colonies as the English and Hollanders the Natural Disposition of that People not suffering them to remain Idle in their Houses Thus the vast Countries of America of which I have given the Description may hereafter constitute the chief Mart of their Traffick and Private Persons who undertake it without engaging their Countrey will not fail of their wish'd for Success They may easily contract Alliances with the Savages and find means to Civilize 'em The Colonies which they establish there will be soon Peopled and may be Fortify'd in those places with a moderate Expence Indeed they must be at first content with a light Gain but afterwards they will get great Profits by the means of a considerable Commerce maintain'd by 'em in that Country In England and Holland there is a very great quantity of Manufactures of all sorts which cannot be vended nor consum'd in the Wars upon which account Commerce may be yet augmented and render'd much more advantageous by transporting these Commodities into America where a prodigious utterance of 'em may be made incessantly Thus we may come to a clearer understanding than we have hitherto done of the wonders of Divine Providence which has not thought fit that all the Countries of the World shou'd be equally furnish'd with all sorts of Provisions to the end that mutual Society Communications and Traffick might be maintained among the different Nations of the Universe as also that the Evangelical Truth might by that means be promulgated throughout the whole Globe of the Earth and that the several Na●ions which are spread abroad on all sides might be partakers of Salvation and of the benefits acquir'd for us by our Lord Jesus Christ. Indeed it seems to be somewhat great and glorious to gain Battels and to subdue Rebellious Subjects but for certain 't is infinitely more Glorious to gain Souls by freeing them from their profound Ignorance and natural Blindness And indeed I

cry'd all the Night upon us to oblige by their Tears their Companions to consent to our Death This Lake is form'd by the Meschasipi and may be seven Leagues long and five broad Its Waters are almost standing the Stream being hardly perceptible in the middle We met within a League above the Lake another River call'd The River of the Wild Oxen because of the great number of those Beasts grazing upon its Banks It falls with a great Rapidity into the Meschasipi but some Leagues above its Mouth the Stream is very gentle and moderate There is an infinite number of large Tortoises in that River which are very relishing A Row of Mountains fence its Banks in some places There is another River which falls forty Leagues above this last into the Meschasipi thro' which one may go into the Superiour Lake by making a Portage from it into the River Nissipikouet which runs into the same Lake It is full of Rocks and rapid Streams We nam'd it The River of the Grave or Mausolaeum because the Savages bury'd there one of their Men who was bitten by a Rattle-Snake They us'd great Ceremonies in his Funeral which I shall describe in another place and I put upon his Corps a white Covering for which the Savages return'd me their publick Thanks and made a great Feast to which above an hundred Men were invited The Navigation of the Meschasipi is interrupted ten Leagues above this River of the Grave by a Fall of fifty or sixty Foot high which we call'd The Fall of St. Anthony of Padua whom we had taken for the Protector of our Discovery There is a Rock of a Pyramidal Figure just in the middle of the Fall of the River The Row of Mountains fencing the Banks of the Meschasipi ends at the Mouth of the River of Ouisconsin and there we likewise observ'd that that River which runs from thence to Sea almost directly North and South runs then from the Westward or the North-West The Misfortune we had of being taken Prisoners hindred us from going as far as its Source which we cou'd never learn from the Savages who told us only that about twenty or thirty Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony there is ano●her Fall near which a Nation of Savages inhabit at certain Seasons of the Year They call those Nations Tintonha that is The Inhabitants of the Meadows Eight Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony we met with the River of the Issati or Nadouessians which is very narrow at the Mouth It comes out from the Lake of the Issati lying about seventy Leagues from its Mouth We call'd this River The River of St. Francis and it was in this Place that we were made Slaves by the Issati The Course of the Meschasipi according to our best Computation is about 800 Leagues long from Tintonha to the Sea including its Windings and Turnings which are very great and may be navigable from the Fall of St. Anthony for flat-bottom'd-Boats provided the Island were clear'd from Trees and especially from Vines which having ty'd the Trees together wou'd stop a Boat in many places The Country about the Lake Issati is a Marshy Ground wherein grows abundance of wild Oats which grow without any culture or sowing in Lakes provided they are not above three Foot deep That Corn is much like our Oats but much better and its Stalks are a great deal longer when it is ripe The Savages gather it and live thereupon several Months of the Year making a kind of Broath thereof The Savage Women are oblig'd to tie several Stalks together with White Bark of Trees to fright away the Ducks Teals or Swans which otherwise wou'd spoil it before it be ripe This Lake of Issati lies within sixty Leagues to the Westward of the Superior Lake but 't is impossible to travel by Land from one to the other unless it be in a hard Frost because of the Marshy Grounds which otherwise sink under a Man but as I have already said they may use their Canow's tho' it be very troublesome because of the many Portages and the length of the Way which by reason of the Windings of the River is about 150 Leagues The shortest Way is by the River of the Grave thro' which we went in our Return We found nothing but the Bones of the Savage we had bury'd there the Bears having pull'd out with their Paws the great Stakes the Savages had beat deep into the Ground round about the Corps which is their usual Way of burying their Dead We found near the Grave a Calumet or Pipe of War and a Pot in which the Savages had left some fat Meat of wild Oxen for the use of their dead Friend during his Voyage into the Country of Souls which sheweth that they believe their Immortality There are many other Lakes near the River Issati from which several Rivers spring The Banks of those Rivers are inhabited by the Issati the Nadoussians the Tintonha or Inhabitants of Meadows the Ouadebathon or Men of Rivers the Chongasketon or Nation of the Wolf or the Dog for Chonga signifies either of these Creatures There are also several other Nations which we include under the general Denomination of Nadoussians These Savages may bring into the Field eight or nine thousand Men They are Brave Bold great Runners and good Marksmen with their Arrows It was a Party of these Savages that took us Prisoners and carry'd us to the Issati as I am going to relate in the following Chapter CHAP. XLV The Author and his Canow-Men are taken by the Savages who after several Attempts upon their Lives carry them away with them into their Country above the River Meschasipi WE used to go to Prayers thrice a Day as I have elsewhere observ'd and my constant Request to God was That when we shou'd first meet the Savages it might happen to be by Day Their Custom is to kill as Enemies all they meet by Night to enrich themselves with their Spoils which are nothing but a Parcel of Hatchets Knives and such like Trifles which yet they value more than we do Gold or Silver They make no Scruple to assassinate even their own Allies when they think they can handsomly conceal the Murder for by such Exploits it is they hope to gain the Reputation of being great Soldiers and to pass for Men of Courage and Resolution 'T was with a great deal of Satisfaction that we survey'd the Pleasures of the River Meschasipi all along our Passage up it which had been since the First of April Nothing as yet had interrupted our Observations whither it were navigable above or below In our Way we kill'd seven or eight Bustards or Wild Turkeys which in these Countries increase mightily as well as all other Wild Creatures We had also plenty of Bulls Dears Castors Fish and Bears-Flesh which last we kill'd as they were swimming over the River And here I cannot forbear seriously reflecting on that secret Pleasure and Satisfaction

Cold that in the very midst of Winter they will run naked upon the Snow and tumble in it like so many Piggs in Summer amongst the Dirt which so hardens their Skin that the greatest M●sketto Flies are not able to give 'em any disturbance Tho' the continual Exposing themselves naked to the Air even from their Births contributes extremely towards their bearing all Fatigues yet it is not the only Cause of their Skins being so insensible that being occasion'd likewise by a strong and equal Temperament of Body for our Faces and Hands are likewise always expos'd to the Air and yet they are nothing less sensible of Cold. When the Men are Hunting chiefly in the Spring time they are almost continually in the Water and altho' it be then extreamly cold yet they nevertheless come out of it with a great deal of Indifference and so return to their Huts When they are in the Field at War they will sometimes watch three or Four days together behind a Tree without Eating to have a favourable Opportunity to offend their Enemy They are indefatigable at Hunting and will run a prodigious way and at the same time exceeding swift The People of Louisiana and about the River Meschasipi exceed the Iroquois in swiftness They have no wild Cows or Bulls but what they can overtake in a Chase. The Southern Salvages likewise altho' they live in a Hot and more delicious Country are notwithstanding no less Robust or capable of Fatigue than those of the North who sleep upon the Snow with a slight Covering about 'em and without either Fire or Huts The Constitutions of the Women are no less robust than those of the Men Nay in some respects they are better and more exact for Women here serve for Porters and have that vast strength that sew Men in Europe are able to equal They carry such Burdens that three or four of our Porters would not be able to lif● I have observed in my former Part that they commonly bear two or three Hundred weight at a time not reckoning two or three Children besides which they carry about ' em Thus Loaded they will travel Four or Five Leagues together 'T is true they walk but slow yet however they never fail to perform what they Undertake The Warlike Salvages undertake Journeys of three or four Hundred Leagues as if they were no farther than from Amsterdam to Breda They never take any Provisions for their Journey Hunting supplies that which they commonly busie themselves in every Day They take only along with 'em a Knife with which they make also Bows and Arrows These Provisions would be sufficient to serve 'em for a Thousand Miles Travel if they had occasion to go so far The Salvage Women are brought to Bed without great Pain Some of them go out of their Huts into a Neighbouring Wood all alone and there bring forth their Child which they immediately wrap up in a Skin and tie at their Backs and so return home Others if their time comes at Night deliver themselves of their Children upon the Mats without the least noise Afterwards they will presently fall to their daily labour as heartily as if nothing had ail'd ' em But what is more observable is that even while they go with Child they shall not cease to carry heavy Burthens to sow Indian Wheat and Pumpkins to come and go and the like yet what is most wonderful is That for all this their Children are strong and well shap'd seldom any crooked or ill-favour'd are to be met with among them They never have any natural Defects in their Bodies which gives me Reason to believe that their Minds might be easily disposed and brought to any thing if they were well Cultivated CHAP. XX. What Salvages are Cloathed and what not THE Salvages of the Northern America as their Ancestors Report have always gone Cloath'd even before they had any Commerce with the Europeans The Men and Women generally wore drest Skins which they also continue to this Day but those who Trade with the Europeans have over and above a Course Shirt a Cloak and Cowl in one piece of Cloath which is ty'd about their middles with a Sash and which covers them down to their Knees they have also Stockins without Feet which are commonly called Spatter-lashes and wear Shoes which are made out of Drest Skins When they return from Hunting in the Spring time they are wont to Truck their Skins with the Europeans for Coats Shoes and Stockins nay some of them wear Hats in complaisance to the Christians you shall also see 'em sometimes in their Huts wrapt up in Coverlets holding the two ends in their Hands oftentunes you shall meet with 'em almost naked having only a small flip of Cloth which reaches down only to their Knees When these Barbarians go either to the Wars or Feasts they besmear all their Faces over either with Red or Black to the end they might not discover it if they should grow pale with Fear They also colour their Hair with Red and cut it in different shapes but this is practis'd more especially among the Salvages of the North. Those of the South cut their Hair quite off or rather Burn it with Stones heated red hot in the Fire oftentimes the People of the North let their Hair hang on one side wreath'd into a kind of Bracelet and cut it quite off on t'other but this is still according to every ones Fancy There are some of these Salvages that rub their Hair all over with Oil and afterwards stick Down or small Feathers on their Heads also some of them will have great ones of several Colours But there are others that rather chuse to wear Crowns of Flowers which Crowns another sort make of Birchen-Rind or drest Skins all which nevertheless are most commonly very prettily contriv'd Thus set forth they appear take 'em all together just like several of Caesar's Soldiers who were likewise Painted with different Colours They are great Admirers of themselves in this fantastical Dress The Women of the North are cloath'd much after the same Fashion with the Men except only that they have a piece of Silk made something like a Petticoat which reaches down to their Knees When they go to Feasts they set themselves off in all their best Attire dawbing their Temples Cheeks and Tips of their Chins with three several sorts of Colours The Boys go stark naked 'till they are fit for Marriage and even then when they are cloath'd you always see what Nature forbids them to shew and that for want of Shirts The little Girls don't begin to cover their Nakedness 'till about Five or Six Years of Age and then they have only a Slip of Silk that hangs from their Reins to their Knees When we go into their Huts to instruct them we always oblige them first to cover themselves This has had a kind of good Effect upon them for now they begin to have some small Sense of their

Relief but what is most strange is That these Slaves Sing in the middle of their Torments which doth not a little irritate their Barbarous Executioners An Iroquoise was telling us he had a Slave who while he was cruelly Tormented said You have no Wit you know not the way to Torment your Prisoners you are lazy Fellows and if I could catch you in my Hut I would make you suffer in another manner but that while he was speaking with so much vehemence a Salvage Woman having got a little Iron Spit made Red-hot thrust it into his Privy Parts which made him rore terribly but he said to the Woman Thou hast some Wit thou dost understand the Business And thus when a Slave dies which they have Burnt as before they Eat him and before his Death they cause some of his Blood to be boild for their Children to the end they may make them as Cruel and Inhumane as themselves Those whose Lives they spare live amongst them and serve them as Servants and Slaves but in process of time they recover their Liberty and are held in the same Esteem as if they were of their own Nation The Salvages of Louisiane who dwell along the Banks of the River Meschasipi and are situated seven or eight Hundred Leagues further than the Iroquoise as also the Issati and Nadouessans among whom I was a Slave are no less brave than the Iroquoise they make all their Neighbouring Nations tremble round about them tho' they have no other Weapons but Bows Arrows and great Clubs they are swifter of-Foot than the Iroquoise and very good Soldiers but they are not so Cruel they do not Eat their Enemies Flesh but content themselves only to Burn them They having one Day seiz'd upon an Huron who eat Human Flesh as the Iroquoise do they cut pieces of Flesh out of his Body and said do thou who lovest Human Flesh eat of thine own that thou m●yest let thy Nation know who lives at present amongst the Iroquoise that we abhor your Maxims for these People are like famish'd Dogs who eat all that comes nigh them The Iroquoise are the only-Salvages of North-America who feed upon Human Flesh tho' they do not use it save in cases extraordinary to wit when they are resolved utterly to root out a whole Nation for when they eat of Man's Flesh it 's not to satiate themselves therewith but to let their People know that they must pursue their Enemies without ever having any Thoughts of Accomodation with them and that they must rather eat them than suffer them to have any Rest that when they eat the Flesh of their Enemies 't is with an Intention to animate their Soldiers and heighten their Courage and indeed the next Day after the full Complement of the FiveCantons usualy march in order to fight their Enemies for their Rendezvous is always appointed the Day after these Feasts of Human Flesh. If the Europeans would give over supplying the Iroquoise with Fire Arms who are not now so well skill'd in the use of the Bow as in former times whereas the other Nations have been always accustom'd to them they could not fail of destroying the Iroquoise who are their common Enemies and who live Four or Five Hundred Leagues from them The first Canton of the Iroquoise is to the Southward and they are called Gagnieguez or Agniez●● they live in the Neighbourhood of New York and have three Villages where I have been the most force they can make is Five Hundred Men at Arms. The Second Division is Eastward and they are known by the Name of Onneiouts and send out about an Hundred and Fifty Solders The third is also towards the East containing the little Villages of Onnontaguez or Mountaineers which is the only Eminence that is to be found among the five Cantons of the Iroquoise and they border upon the Onneiouts These Onnentagues have at least three Hundred fighting Men and they are the bravest and most valiant of all the Nation The Fourth is abour Thirty Leagues to the East belonging to the Orongouen● who are divided into three parts and can furnish out three Hundred Fighting Men equal with the other The fifth and last contains the Isonnontonans towards the furthest end of the Lake of Frontenac or Ontario who are the greatest and most considerable of all the Iroquoise Cantons and contain in three Sub-Cantons above three Hundred Men at Arms. I have taken notice in my former part of three or four Villages of the Iroquoise to the Northward of the Lake Ontario or Frontenac but for these five Cantons of the Iroquoise I make no further Description of them here I have spoken only of their Barbarity and Cruelty and that they have subdued a very large Country within about Four Hundred Years when they first began to extend their Limits and to aggrandize their Nation by the Ruin of other People the Remains of whom they made Slaves in order to increase the number of their own Troops CHAP. XXIV The Civil Government of the Iroquoise Salvages THE Councils which the Salvages generally hold concerning the management of all their Affairs ought to be look'd upon as the chief Cause of their Preservation and of the Terrour they strike into all the Nations of North America They Assemble together for the least Affair they have in agitation and argue upon the Methods they should make use of in order to attain their Ends They undertake no manner of thing rashly and their Elders who are Wise and Prudent have ●lways their Eyes intent upon the good of the Nation If a Complaint be made that any one amongst them has been guilty of Theft they very diligently look after it to find him out but if the Author of the Robbery cannot be easily discover'd or if he be not of ability to make Restitution in case they be fully convinced of the Fact they immediately redress the Wrong by some Present to the Party injur'd for his Satisfaction When they would put any one to Death for some Enormous Crime of which they are satisfi'd he is guilty they highly extol that Man whom they have made Drunk with Brandy a Liquor which these People love mightily to the ●nd that the Relations of the Criminal may not seek any Revenge and when that Man hath cut off the Head of him whom they have adjudged to be culpable the Reason they give is That he had not Sense and that Drunkenness had made him give the Blow They had formerly another way of Executing Ju●tice but they have quite disus'd it They had one Day in the Year which might be called the Feast of Fools for indeed they did nothing but play the Fool running from Cottage to Cottage and if during this Jollity they had abused any Person or stoln any thing these subtil Old Fellows would say next Day by way of Excuse throughout the whole Canton and especially in their own Village that he who had given the Blow was a Fool and