foure geuing vnto euery quarter part threé houres At the rysyng of the Sunne which was the fyrst houre of the fyrst quarter they called the fyrst houre and thrée houres passed they called the thyrd houre and syxe houres passed of the day they called the syxth houre which was the midday or noone tyde Also the nienth houre they named at niene houres past of the day And the Sunne set or goyng downe of the Sunne they called the Euening as sayth the Poet Uirgil in this verse Ante diem clausam componet vesper olimpo And according to this computation is to be vnderstoode that wryteth Saint Matthewe That the labourers came to the Uineyarde at the eleuenth houre whereby is meant the fyfth houre one houre before the Sunne was set And when we reade in S. Iohn The ague left hym the seuenth houre c. By this accompt it was one houre after noone when Christ healed the sonne of the Ruler that was diseased in Capernaum In lyke maner by these houres the auncients deuided the nyght into foure quarters geuing threé houres to euery quarter And in these foure partes of the nyght were Souldiers appointed to watche In the fyrst quarter whiche they call Canticinium and we the fyrst sleépe they watched all In the second which they called Intempestiuum being the turne of midnyght the young men watched In the thyrd which they called Gallicinium of the crowing of Cockes watched the Souldiers of middle age In the fourth and last quarter called Matutinum or Antilucanum that is the spring of the day the old Souldiers watched And thus is vnderstood the fyrst the seconde and thyrde watch of the nyght in lyke maner ought the Mariners to keépe watch and warde to auoyde aswell the peryll of the sea as also the daungers of Rouers and to deuide the nyght by quarters after the maner of Souldiers as dyd also the Mariners in olde tyme. The xv Chapter of the making and vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day WHereas in the Chapter before we haue intreated of houres and theyr differences we entend héere to describe the making of an Instrument general to know the houres of the day by the beames of the Sunne which is done in this maner Take a round plate of Laton and let it be called the Equinoctiall circle the circumference whereof you shall deuide into 24. equall partes by both the sydes and from the center to euery of these partes you shall drawe a right lyne one of the which shal be a Meridian And in the one part of that write twelue whiche shall be the houre of the mydday or Noone And in the other part write other twelue which shall be for Mydnyght In the highest part turnyng vpon the center towarde the ryght hande write one two three foureâ— c. In the lower or neather part you shall count towarde the left hande turnyng it vppon the center so that the one houre of the one parte come vppon the lyne of the one houre of the other parte in lyke maner two vppon two threé vppon threé and so foorth of the other And note that in the lyne of syxe at after Noone and at the lyne of syxe in the Morning there remayne certayne rounde péeces corners or endes after the maner of Axis of the thicknesse of the selfe same plate Then make a halfe circle of the same mettall as bygge as the halfe circumference of the plate and of the thicknesse of a peéce of foure ryalles of Plate or somewhat more euen as the plate it selfe and of the breadth of halfe a fynger if the instrument shal be great or lesse if the instrument shal be lesse This halfe circle shall you graduate or diuide into 180. degrées beginning at the one ende one two threé and so foorth vnto 90. in the myddest and the lyke shall you doo from the other ende vnto the same 90. Also you must number them in the breadth of the same halfe circle and this halfe circle shall you make fast on the neather part of the instrument so that the endes thereof may be fixed in the endes of the Meridian line Then through the center of the plate or Equinoctiall circle shal passe a rounde steéle or wyre of the same mettall made fast or sodered in it so that it rise and come foorth equally from euery side of the plaâ—e the fourth part of the Diameter of the same and this shal be called the Axis or exiltrée of the world The instrument being thus made you shall place it or set it in a frame hauing two armes standards or arches so that it change betweéne the sayd arches borne vp by the ronnde peéces or endes of the plate left therof at the endes of the line of the syxe houres aforesayd in such sort that being thus stayed it may be directly turned And in the middest betweéne these two armes beneath in the foote of them or where they are placed you shal rayse a prick or poynt so that the plate which signifieth the Equinoctial being perpendiculer the brimme or edge thereof may fall vpon the poynt or pricke and consequently the plate standing playne or flatte the nientie degreés of the halfe circle must shew or touche the sayde prick as shal also the end or extremitie of the Axis of the world and the other ende shall shewe the Zenith or vertical poynt This instrument must be so placed that the Meridian line be North and South which you shall finde in this maner In an open and playne place where the Sunne shyneth for the most part of the day you shall make a circle with a payre of compasses in the middes whereof you shall set a steéle or wyre so vpright that it declyne not or bend not eyther one way or other and the same no longer then the fourth part of the Diameter of the circle Then in the morning when the Sunne ryseth the shadowe shall be very long and as it ryseth hygher and hygher so the shadowe waxeth shorter and shorter Then must you obserue the tyme when the extremitie or ende of the shadowe toucheth in the circumference of the Circle and where it toucheth you shall make a pricke Then goeth the shadowe shortnyng vnto the mydday or noone tyde and as from thence the Sunne declineth so doeth the shadowe encrease and wheÌ„ it shall come aâ—aine to the circumference of the Circle you shal make another prycke Then shall you part in the myddest the arke that is betweéne the one pricke and the other and from the middle prickeâ— draw a ryght lyne to the center of the Circle And that shall be the Meridian line whereupon you shal set the instrument Furthermore in the foote of the frame of the instrument you shall set a compasse or Dyal which shall shewe the Meridian lyne This done vpon the arches of the frame and corners of the sixe houres you shall turne the Equinoctiall so far that it passe so much of
vse in Gâ—sconie and had in his hand a staffe wyth a pyke or hooke of iron and resting him selfe vpon a quantitie of this stone could â—ot remooue his féete neyther lyft vp hys staffe Then staying a whyle astoâ—yshed as ignoraunt of the cause at the length began to perceyue the propertie of the stone and to vnderstande the attractiue vertue thereof the colour of it differeth not from iron and was therefore called quicke iron or lyuing iron The best kinde of these stones is of Auzurine or blew colour as the sea sometimes appeareth Of these are found fyue kyndes or differences The first is of Ethiope The seconde of Maâ—edonie The thyrde of Lechio in Boetia The fourth of Troâ—da neére to Alexandria And the fyfth of Asia but at this day it is founde in dyuers other places It is founde also in many places in Spayne as in the hyll Morâ—na neére vnto the village of Calera beéyng of the order of saint Iames in the prouince of Leon. Lykewise in a hyll of Moron in the territorie of the Erle of Vrenia is great quantitie thâ—reof and in diuers other places The stone that we most commonly vse is of the Ilande of Elua of the Lord of Pomblina which I iudge to be better then that of Denmarke This and the other haue vertue to draw iron vnto â—â—eÌ„ And true it is that Teanxedes wryteth that in Ethiope is founde an other kynde of thys stone that putteth iron from it Auerroes the commentator of Aristotle denyeth â—hat Magnes draweth iron vnto it but sayth that iron by his naturall inclination doth mooue to the stone as to his naturall place by a câ—rtayne qualitie which the stone impresseth in iron And beside this verâ—ue and propertie that it hath to drawe iron vnto it it hath also another and that is that it geueth vnto iron verâ—ue and power to shewe the two poyntes of the Horizon where it cutteth the Meridian that is in the two wyndes of Norâ—h and South These vertues are founde more intent in oâ—ely two partes of the stone and these are euer opposite or conâ—rary the one to the other and so are they contrary in operation For iron touched with the one part and placed where it may mooue freély will shewe the North and an other iron touched with the other parte wyll shewe the South Fyndyng this experience may be knowne what parte of the stone answeareth to the North which the Mariners call the face of the stone and lykewyse of the South This stone is so necessary that without it Nauigation shoulde bée imperfecte and vncertayne because it geueth lyfe to the Neédle and Compasse which leadeth and guydeth the Pilote that he maye goe certaynely in the daye and not erre or wander in the nyght Also it sheweth and directeth to compasse the worlde and to knowe the wyndes And therefore for as muche as the compasse is so necessarie weé intende to shewe the order and manner howe it ought to be made for it may chaunce to fayle or be lost in the viage ¶ The iiii Chapter of tâ—e making of the Mariners compasse for Nauigation TAke such paste or paper whereof Cardes are made and make in it a Circle of the quantitie of a spanne or litle more or lesse In the whiche you shall paynte the 31. wyndes with theyr colours in suche order as we gaue in the firste and seconde Chapter of the wyndes and of the Carde not forgetting to marke the North with a Floure deluce aâ—d the East with a crosse And more then this may euery man garnishe and beautifie the same as seémeth best to his phantasie Then on the lower or neather parte of this paste you must drawe a lyne whiche shall be directly vnder that of the North and South which shall be the marke for the setting of the Irons and Steéles Then shall you take wyre of iron or steéle of the bygnesse of a great pynne or accordyng to the bygnesse or the roundnâ—â—se of â—he paste floure rose or flye as it may be called This wyre must be bowed double so that euery of the partes may be equally as long as the Diameter of the flye and a quarter part more The endes or poyntes of these iroâ—s or stéeles must be pynched togeather and made close and open in the myddest the one from the other vntyll the endes come to beé equall with the extremities of the Diameter of the flye and so shall the â—â—eéles remayne in maner in fourme of an edge These wyres or irons must be made fast in the neather parte of the flye so that theyr extrâ—mities â—nds or points come precisely by the lyne of North and South And to fixe or fasten them so they must be couered with a thinne paper glued leauyng the poyntes and endes vncouered And these endes must be â—ouched with the Lode stone in this maner The part that is vnder the floure deluce must be rubbed on that part of the stone that answereth to the North as is sayd in the Chapter before And thys shall suffice for the perfection of the compasse Yet some there beé that for superaboundaunce doâ— touche the other part of the Iron with that part of the stone that answereth to the South although it may suffice to touche it only with the other parte This touchyng of the Iron with the stone that the demonstratiue or woorking vertue may shewe it selfe foorth must be done with geuyng certayne strokes with a hammer on that parte of the stone wherewith the Iron must be touched that is to say in the North part or the South And from these wyll come forth of the stone certayne beardes lyke small ysicles whereon you shall rubbe the point of the Iron as you would wheâ— a knyfe and so shall certayne of those beardes of the stone cleaue and sticke fasâ— to the Iron And the Irons thus touched with the beardes cleauing to them you must take a prick or poynt of laton of Peramidal sharp or steple fourme which is brode below sharde aboue toward the point this is made round or eyght square as semeth best and in the neather parte or breadth it must be bored but not through with a borer which must also be of Piramidall fourme and center into the myddest of the sayde Pâ—ramidall pricke or poynt of laton vnto the middest or somewhat more This Piramidall poynt which the mariners call the Capitell must be of height halfe a fynger breadth or according as the compasse shall be and must be put through the center of the flye so that the poynt come foorth on the hygher part thereof and must there be made fast and well â—ixte Then shall you take a round boxe of wood within the which the néedle may be not touching the sydes of the same And this must be of the heyght of the halfe Diameter of the compasse And the ground or bottome thereof must be set to it
of December And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times at these foure dayes that is to meane in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles were celebrated or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde For in the spring Equinoctiall which was at the xxv of March the Sonne of GOD was incaâ—nate and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter whyche was at the xxv of December In the Equinoctiall of Autumne whiche was the xxvii of September was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist the cryer and precursour of Christ and was borne in the sommer Solsticiall that was the xxiiii of Iune And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease and our Lorde when they began to increase And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring Christ suffered Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye Abel was slayne Melchisedech offered bread and wyne Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed Iohn Baptist was beheaded at Macherunta Peter delyuered out of pryson Saint Iames beheaded by Herode the good Theefe enioyed Paradise and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries and into the other principall signes shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke in the eyght Chapter fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof Bâ—t â—o returne to our tyme I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries at the tenth of Marche at foure of the clocke at after noone and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres and 7. minutes and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes into Cancer the 11. of Iune 14. houres 44. minutes into Leo the 13. of Iuly 3. houres 50. minutes into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes into Scorpio the 13. of October 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie 2. houres one minute into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday that is to say from noone 1. houre 30. minutes And that we may in the yeeres to come knowe the day houre and minute in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe we will followe this order Upon the dayes houres and minutes that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes which with the 365. dayes which euery yeere conteyneth shal be the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres from 6. to 6. houres yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym turning one day backward as shal be in the yeere 1548. and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue hoâ—res 49. minutes and as much more euery other yeere folowing shal be a certayne rule for euer And it is to note that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before are properly for the Citie of Cadiz And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more Eastwarde then for euery xv degrees that they are distaunt from Cadiz in longitude we must adde one houre And yf for Cities or places more Wâ—stwardâ— in lyke maner for euery xv degrees we must take away one houre by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West For it is certayne that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii houres of the clocke tâ— them that are xv degrees Eastward from vs it is one of the clock and to them that are from vs xv degrees toward the West it is xi of the clocke Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii signes thereby may we also knowe his entraunce into the foure Câ—â—dinall or principall signes whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstitialles whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere And forasmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes is by reason of the Sunne who by his comming neare warmeth by hys remayning dryeth with his departure cooleth and by his long tarying away causeth maystnesse we will shew the qualities of the principall windes elements regions humours and ages in one briefe Table and then consequently in an other will we describe the beginning middest and ende of the foure times of the yeere aswell in the monethes as in the heauenly signes The Table of the qualities of the Elementes Qualities Hot dry Hot moyst Cold moyst Cold dry Partes of the yere Sommer Spryng Winter Autumne Principall windes East South West North. Elements Fyre Ayre Water Earth Regions East South West North. 4. Humours Choler Blood Flegme Melancholy 4. Ages Youth Mans state Aged Age. The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere Tymes Beginning Myddest Ende Spryng Marche Aries Apryl Taurus May. Gemini Somâ—er Iune Cancer Iuly Leo. August Virgo Autumne Septemâ— Libra Octob. Scorpio Nouemb. Sagit Wynter Decemb. Capricor Ianua Aquar Februa Pisces The v. Chapter of the Moone and of her motions and properties IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte wee haue entreated of the Sunne and of his motions and effects as the most noble and principall luminarie In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone which is the second luminarie although in the order of the heauens she is the first and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres The Mâ—one therefore is a round body of heauenly substaunce solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne hauing no proper light of his owne but is apt to receyue light She is mooued from the West into the East according to the order of the signes euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse and somewhat more then 10. minutes by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodiaâ—ke I sayd more or lesse because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed at the motion whereof sometimes she is moued more swâ—ftly and sometimes more slowly Neuerthelesse according to her selfe motion she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres and hauing no light of her owne she is lyghtened of the Sunne as manifestly appeareth
moneth as the coniunction to the beginning the opposition to the middest and the quartile aspect to the quarter and so of the other Lykewise in this moneth is considered the illumination of the Moone and the dayes that the lyght fayleth her so that neyther by day nor by nyght weé may sée her for beéyng burnt vnder the beames of the Sunne The tyme that sheé is so is called Interlunium that is the chaunge or hydyng whyche is sometyme more and sometyme lesse When the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Capricorne vntyll the ende of Gemini and the Moone hath North latitude and her moouing swyfte then shall the newe Moone soone be seéne and so â—hall the Interlunium be but lytle And when the coniunction shal be from the beginning of Cancer vntyll the ende of Sagittarius and the Moone hath South latitude and her moouing slowe the longer will it be or the new Moone shew her selfe to vs and certaine of the causes concurring and not all so shall the Interlunium be in a meane betweéne both The xii Chapter Of the weeke THe weéke is a tyme of seuen dayes the beginning whereof is Sunday and so did the Iewes count their first day saying Prima Sabati secunda Sabati that is the first of the Sabboth the seconde of the Sabboth c. to the sixth of the Sabboth and then the Sabboth The Romanes that called the Planets Gods forasmuch as the sunne was principall among them called theyr fyrst day the day of the sunne the seconde of the Moone the thyrde of Mars the fourâ—h of Mercury the fyfth of Iupiter the syxth of Uenus the seuenth of Saturne The Christians solemnising the sunday began their accompt from it as on such a day our Lorde was borne on such a day he rose and on such a day he sent the holy Ghost vpon hys Apostles c. They also accompt the dayes of the weéke for Ferias The xiii Chapter of the day and of the nyght THE daye is of two sortes as the naturall day and the artificiall day The naturall day is the space of tyme wherein the sunne is caryed by the fyrst moueable about the earth from the Meridian to the Weast and from the Weast vnder the earth comming to the East and from thence returning agayne to the sayde Meridian and this time hath the Equinoctiall geuen one whole turne and more suche parte of it as correspondeth to the proper mouing of the sunne or otherwise the naturall day is a circle described with the center of the sunne at the mouing of the first mouable The Romanes began this naturall day from midnight and ended it in the mydnight folowing and so do we accompt it for fasting dayes and from euening to euening in celebrating of festiuall dayes The Athenienses began it at the Sunne set or going downe of the Sunne The Babylonians at the risyng of the Sunne The Umbriaâ—s and Ethuscos from the mydday or noone and ended it the noone day folowing In â—his manner do the Astronomers begyn it and fynde that the day shâ—ll euer begyn at one selfe same houre for the qualitie of the Meridians And yf they had begun it from the rising or fall of the Sunne it should not be euer at one selfe same houre because the Sunne riseth and falleth at sometymes sooner and at other times later and so should the beginning of the day beé variable And it is to vnderstand that when we commonly sayâ— at the tenth day of such a moneth the same â—enth day doth ende the same day at noone and the houres that runne from that noonetyde forward are of the eleuenth day and so do the Astronomâ—rs accompt them The day artificiall is part of the day natural and is the tyme that the Sunne tarieth from that it riseth in the East vntyll it fall in the Weast And the nyght is that part that lacketh or fayleth for the naturall day which is the time that the Sunne taryeth from that he hydeth hym selfe in the Weast vntyl he returne to appeare in the East and so the day artificiall and the nyght make one naturall day And accordyng heéreunto it is written in Genesis that of euening and morning was made one day Isodorus defining this artificiall day sayth that the day is the presence of the Sunne or the beyng of the Sunne aboue the earth as it is nyght vnto vs when he is vnder it Or otherwise the night is the shadowe of the earth extended diametrally opposite to the Sunne The quantitie and differences of these dayes artificiall and theyr nyghtes and how they increase and diminishe we haue largely declared in the fyrst Chapter The xiiii Chapter of houres AS there is two differences of the day as the naturall day and artificiall so is there two differences of houres as houres naturall which correspond to the naturall day and houres artificiall which correspond to the artificiall day Hora or Ora is a Greéke name and signifieth ende And so say we Ora maris for the ende or brymme of the sea or the list or edge of apparâ—ll as sayth Isodore in his Etimolagies The houre natural or equall is a 24. part of the day natural aâ—d is the time of passâ—ng fyfteéne degreés of the Equinoctial These 24. houres that make one naturall day the Astronomers doth begin the day at the Meridian compting the houres after the order of the fyrst mooueable which is from the sayde Meridian in the angle of mydnyght where they accompt twelue houres and from thence toward the East and come to ende the 24. houres in the same Meridian where they began and this they vse for the computation of the tables of the mouings of the heauens The Astronomers vse the same in theyr instruments as in the Astrolabie and Dials Horizontall and verticall and in all other instruments for houres In Spayne also we vse to accompt these 24. in two tymes twelue begynning at noone and ending twelue at mydnight and agayne beginning at mydnight and ending other twelue at noone And to distinct the one from the other they call the one afternoone houres and the other forenoone houres and commonly we say syxe houres of the morning and syxe of the euening In Italie they accompt them from the falling of the Sunne vntyll the next fall the day folowing The artificial or temperal houre is a twelfe part of the day arcke or the nyght arcke They are called temperall houres because they â—aâ—â—e in the tymes that the day varieth For in the time that the dayes shall be great so shal be the houres and when the dayes shal be short so lykewise shall the houres be and in lyke maner of the nights So that as the artificiall day great or lytle is deuided into twelue houres euen so the nyght great or litle is deuided into other twelue The auncients deuide the day into foure partes and the nyght into other
the other foure degrees and nine minutes vnder it And they are deuided by certaine lynes equidistant to the East and West In y e center of this circle is annexed a horne with his seuen stars moueable round about by all the windes And seeing them in heauen how in what wind they are euen so in this figure shal we seé the North starre in what part it is of the degrees high or lowe from the pole that the Pilot or Mariners shall not erre I say that he ought not to put the foreguard in the windes that passe through the center of the figure for it shal be North and South with the pole and not with the starre of the North as it ought to be and so of the other windes And in this maner the starre of the North shall shew in the lynes equidistant from the lesse circle the degreés partes of degreés that it is higher or lower then the pole of the world for the same course differences and variations it maketh in heauen ¶ This figure is after the Astronomers Which affirme that thâ— North starre is four degrees and nine minutes from the Pâ—lâ— Thus being knowen how muche the North starre is vnder or aâ—oue the pole let vs take the altitude thereof and that of if that is vnder the Pole let vs ioyne to his height and as muche of it as is aboue let vs take away and that shall rise thereof shall be the altitude of the Pole aboue our Horizon The xi Chapter of the composition and vse of an instrument by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or mid-day is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is WE haue geuen rules whereby the Pilotte may knowe in what paralel he findeth himselfe with his Shippe But hee may not knowe this at all houres for as muche as for the altitudes of the Sunne it is necessary to obserue the mid-day iustly and for the altitudes of the North it is necessâ—ry to obserue that the foremost guarde be placed iustly with the North in some of the foure lynes of the eight wyndes And ouer and besyde the rules aforesaide I haue thought good to describe an instrument by the which may be knowen the paralel where the Shippe is and what the houre is at any time of the day by the beames of the sunne Make a rounde plaâ—e of Laâ—on or other conuenient mettall of the Diameter of a spâ—â—ne or more For the greater that it is the more precisâ— shall it beé and make in it two Diameters that may cut themselues in ryght angles vpon the center In the foure extreames or endes of these Diameters leaue foure rounde puncâ—es or poyntes that may serue for axis The one of these Diameters shal be called the axis of the world and the other the lyne of East and West This doone make of the same laâ—on a semicircular peéce of the thicknes of the plate or litle lesse and of the breadth of halfe a â—inger this must stand vpon an edge so that the coâ—â—ex part may come iustly with the halfe of the circumference of the plate to the whiche it must be nayled or sothered in the neather part of the plate the semicircle being raysed that the endes thereof may come with the endes of the axis of the world And this semicircle shal you deuide into â—wo equal partes and euery halfe into 90. degreés beginning from the halfe poynt toward the ende of the Axis of the world which are the Poles In lyke maner shall you makeâ— two circuler peeces of the bignesse of a peâ—ce of foure ryals of plate which thâ—y call rundels for the houres these must be made fast in the plate by the Poles of the worlde whiche may hold or beare them by their cenâ—ers And euery of these rundelles must be deuided into 24. equall parts and although not all yet the vppermost part of the plate And aboue in y e highest point of these diuisions you must write 12. because that there it shall shew the midday or noone And froÌ„ thence the afternoone houres must begin their numbers toward the West part and shall ende 6. houres in the halfe or middest of the ioynt of the circle with the plate In the other ioynt of the other part shall begin 6. of the houres before noone shal ende 12. in the â—ighest poynt You must also make another Semicircular peece of the breadth of a finger this must be playne or flat the concauitie or holownesse thereof equall to the Semicircle of the edge or syde of the plate and in the endes muste haue two holes wherein may iustly enter the poynts that come foorth of the circle for the houres which are the Poles of the world Also this Semicircle must haue two lynes one on the vppermost part and the other on the neathermost whiche may deuide the breadth into two equall parts This halfe circle likewise must be deuided into two equal parts by longitude with a â—â—auersed line which shal be called the Equinoctiall from this lyne to the inwarde part thereof must be counted 13. degreés and a halfe towarde the one part and as muche towarde the other parte of the 90. that euery halfe of the circle conteyneth And at euery part where ende the 13. degreés a halfe make a trauersed line so that from the one to the other may be 47. degreés And in this space shall you drawe certayne lynes equidistaunte with them of the middest that they and the middle lyne may deuide into 4. equall partes the breadth of the halfe circle Then looke in the table of the declinations of the sunne what declination haue the 5. degreés of Aries and that shall you accompt from the Equinoctiall towarde the one part and as much more toward the other making a lyne that may trauerse that of the myddest where that declination doth end and touch in the other two lynes And the same shall you doo at 10.15.20.25 and 30. wâ—ich is the end of Aries and beginning of Taurus and then the lyne shal trauerse al the breadth The like also shall yoâ— doo to Taurus and Gemini then in the spaces write the caractes of the xii signes beginning Aries from the Equinoctial toward the North Pole And then doo Taurus and Gemini end in the greatest declination beginning Cancer in the other part of it Then Leo and Uirgo do end in the Equinoctial where shal begin Libra Scorpio Sagittarius and in the other part Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces shall end in the Equinoctiall where Aries began This halfe circle must haue an opening or open place euen and iust in the middest from the Equinoctial vnto somewhat more then the greatest declinations and must be a litle broder on the inner part then without and not so brode as may come to the two lynes because it would then take away the graduation of the signes And in this open place
Lucan maketh mention in Farsalia where he sayth Vmbras nusquam flectentes That is to say Shadowes no where reflecting The thyrd is Dia Alexandros Alexandria is a famous Citie in Aphrike buylded by great Alexander and is the cheefe Citie or Metropolis of Egypt The fourth is Dia Rhodos Rodes is an Iland of Asia the lesse where were sometyme the Knyghtes of the Rhodes called the Knyghtes of the order of Saint Iohn or Knyghtes of Hierusalem who were dryuen from thence when the Ilande and Citie was taken by Solton Suliman the greate Turke in the yeere 1522. Philippe Vrlerio Frencheman beyng then graund Maister of the Rhodes Within this fourth Climate is the Citie of Hierusalem within the holy land called Palestina and also a great part of Spayne with many other Prouinces The fyfth is Dia Romes Rome is the most famous Citie of Italie and most notorious of all Europe sometyme the head of the worlde dommatrix of Nations and now the See of the Byshop of Rome The syxth is Dia Boristhenes Boristhenes is a great Riuer of Scithia the fourth arme of the riuer Istro It falleth into the sea Euxinum and where as all other riuers of Scithia are troubled this is cleere and fayre also â—olesome to be drunke and full of Fyshes The seuenth and last Climate is called Dia Rifeos The Mountaynes called Rifei are famous in the part of Europe called Parmatia and are contâ—â—â—lly couered with Snow Out of these spryngeth the riuer Tanais well knowen in the worlde by fame When it is written with ph it is the name of certayne Mountaynes of Archadia And heere ought we not to be ignoraunt that whereas the aucthours assigned onely seuen Climates they might haue made many more And for that they iudged the part of the Pole Antartike not to be inhabited they assigned no Climates thereto Stoflerine added the eyght Climate counting from the ende of the seuenth Climate vnto 57. degrees and other added more In like maner describing Meridionall or South Climates we call them by the selfe same names as we dyd the aforesayd Septentrionall or North Climates sauing that it is necessarie to put before euery of them thys Greeke proposition Anti which in the Latin tongue signifieth Contra or Contrarium that is contrary or against So that as we named the fyrst North Climate Dia Meroes we must to the fyrst of the South adde this word Anti and so shall the fyrst South Climate be named Anti Dia Meroes The seconde Anti Dia Sienes and so foorth of the other as is seene in the Figure heere folowyng The xx Chapter of certayne principles that ought to be knowen for this science INtreating of the Sphere wee haue spoken of Circles Circumferences Centers Diameters Lynes with such other words appropriat to this science The which what they are it is conuenient further to declare A ryght lyne is a short extention from poynt to poynt An angle is the touchyng of lynes in one superficiall whose touch shall not be direct for if it be it shaâ—l be a lyne and not an angle Solide is a body which by deuisions hath length breadth and depth A circle is a playne figure conteyned vnder a lyne drawne in compasse in whose middest is a poynt or pricke from the which all right lynes comming foorth to the circular lyne that compasseth it about are equall The circumference of a circle is a lyne that conteyneth the circle that is to meaâ—e that lyne to the which all ryght lynes that proceed from the center of the circle vnto it are equall and this is called the roundnesse of the circle The center of a circle is that poynt or pricke from the which all ryght lynes proceeding vnto the circumference are equall The Diameter of a circle is a ryght lyne which passing by the center of the circle and extending his endes to the circumference diuideth it in two halfes The halfe circle is a playne figure conteyned betweene the Diameter of the circle and the halfe circumference Zenith is a poynt or pricke imagined in the heauen directly ouer the â—oppe of any thyng as if we should imagine a ryght lyne to passe by the center of the earth extended from thence directly to heauen and passing through the feete and head of a man standyng vpryght so that the extremities or ends of this lyne should reach vnto and touch the circumference of heauen then the imagined poynt or pricke of heauen where the ende of the lyne toucheth is called Zenith oâ— poynt of the head or verticall point The same is to be vnderstoode of a Cittie or any other thyng when we speake of the Zenith thereof Eccentricke is a circle which hath his center distant or diuided from the center of the worlde and is described in the heauen of the Suâ—ne imagining a lyne from the center of the Eccentricke to the center of the Sunne making a complete reuolution at the proper motion of the Sunne in the other heauens imagining a lyne from the center of his Eccentricke to the center of his Epicicle and beyng mooued a whole reuolution at the proper motion of the Epicicle The Epicicle is a circle or litle rundell fyxt in the deapth of the Eccentricke in which the Planet fyxed and neare to his center is mooued circularly The Auge is a poynt in the circumference of the Eccentricke nearest vnto the firmament or it may be sayde that the Auge is a poynt fardest distant from the earth Aux in the Greeke tongue is as muche to say as the greatest longitude or greatest eleuation from the earth The Opposite of Auge is an other poynt in the circumference of the Eccentricke nearest vnto the earth and fardest distant from the firmament ¶ Here endeth the first part ¶ The seconde part intreating of the motions of the Sunne and the Moone and of the effectes caused thereby ¶ The fyrst Chapter of the course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke and the effectes caused by the same WE haue briefly spoken of the Sunne and of the other heauens But for as muche as the Sunne must bee our marke guide and gouernour in Nauigation whereof we intend to geue perfect instructions it shal be necessarie especially and preciâ—ely to declare the course and motions thereof Therefore as we haue sayd the Sunne is mooued vnder the Zodiacke and vpon his poles in the lyne Eclipticke passing by the xii signes beginning in the fyrst degree of Aries where he maketh Equinox that is to say he maketh the day equall vnto the nyght in all places Then from Aries he entreth and mooueth into Taurus approching nearer and nearer vnto vs on the North part whereby the length of the dayes are increased with vs and the nyghtes are shortened Then entreth he into Gemini and from Gemini into Cancer where in the beginning of the first degree he
and make right angles with the crosse peéce And the poynte of the yarde must enter by the playne syde of the crosse péece and come foorth of the square syde thereof To take the altitude of the North Starre or any other Starre on the Sea for it serueth not on the Lande nor for the Sunne except the Sunne shal be vnder any thinne cloude the Horizon cleare you shall put the head of the staffe to the corner of your eye â—aysing it vp or putting it downe vntyll the neather part of the crosse peéce come with the Horizon and being so if the higher part of the crosse peéce shall come with the starre you must looke the playne syde of the crosse peece in what number of degrées of the staffe it falleth and those degrees shall be the altitude of the Starre as yf the crosse peece reache not to the Starre you must bring the crosse peece nearer to your eye vntyll the one part therof come with the Hâ—rizon and the other with â—he Starre and the degrees which it sheweth shal be the altitude ¶ The x. Chapter of the altitude of the Pole knowen by the altitude of the North Starre TO knowe the paralell in the which the Ship is ouer and beside the rules there before of the altitudes of the Sunne it is likewise knowen by the altitudes of the North Starre These two maners are vsed for that more credit is giuen to two witnesses then to one So that if by one aryse any doubt the same may be certified by the other and also because tyme may sometyme serue for the one and not for the other as to haue a cloudy midday or noone and a cleare night The altitude is taken of the North Starre which is a Star in the extremitie or end of the tayle of the lesse Beare being a constellation commonly called the Horne For this North Starre of the most notable Starres about the Pole is nearest vnto it shall therfore shew a lesse circle then any of the other and so shall his altitude differ litle from the altitude of the Pole This Starre hath declination 85. degreés and 51. minuts and the complement to nientie which are four degreés and nientie minutes is his distance from the Pole And although the Mariners hold opinion that it is not distaunt more then threé degreés and a halfe yet to my iudgement more credit ought to be geuen to the Astronomers then to the Mariners for as much as the Astronomers do knowe the places of the Starres with theyr longitudes latitudes declinations and right assentions more perfectly and precisely then do the Mariners For they accompt not onely by degrées but also by minutes and seconds But let none deceiue them selues through my opinion Therefore whosoeuer will precisely know it let him take the highest altitude of the North Starre which is his being ouer the pole and the lesse altitude which is his being vnder it then take away the lesse from the more and the halfe of that that remayneth shall be the distaunce of that Starre from the pole of the world And likewise by this experience may be knowen the altitude of the pole and what all the other starres that goe not downe vnder the Horizon be distant from it Ioyning the greater altitude with the lesse and that shall amount thereof deuided by the halfe shal be the altitude of the Pole and taking away this altitude of the Pole from the greater altitude of the Starre or the lesse from the altitude of the Pole the rest that remaineth shal be the distance of the Starre from the Pole And as y e Pole is inuisible it can not be séene or knowen wheÌ„ the North Star is higher or lower except it be by the meane of some oâ—her marke and for this is considered the position of the former Guards or watch being one of y e two starres called the Guard which are in the mouth of the Horne The Mariners haue noted eight positions from the former Guard starre to the North starre which answeare to the eight principall windes And as the Guard is to the North starre according to the placing of these positions so shall it be higher or lower from the Pole Let vs here put the common rules which the Mariners vse to comply with those that are of opinion of the thrée degreés a halfe And for the opinion of y e Astronomers which is the distance of 4. degrées and 9. minuts I wil hereafter giue a circuler figure with a moueable horne then the eight wyndes of the eyght positions being marked and putting the Guarde and the North starre in euery of the wyndes it shal be the distaunce that the North starre is higher or lower from the Pole Common Rules The forme Guarde being in the East the North Starre is in one degrée and a halfe vnder the Pole The Guarde being in the Northeast the North Starre is threé degreés and a halfe vnder the Pole The Guarde being in the North the Starre is threé degrées vnder the Pole The Guarde in the Northwest the Starre is halfe a degreé vnder the Pole The Guarde in the West the Starre is one degreé and a halfe aboue the Pole The Guarde in the Southwest the Starre is threé degreé◠and a halfe aboue the Pole The Guarde in the South the Starre is thrée degrees aboue the Pole The Guarde in the Southeast the sayd North Starre is halfe a degreé aboue the Pole Note that these eyght wyndes are made according to foure lynes Whereof two are right which are North South and East West and the other two are crooked which are Northeast Southwest and Southeast Northwest When the Guarde and the North Starre shal be in the right lyne it shall appeare cleare how they are and when they shal be in thâ— crooked lynes it may be seéne because the Guards are the one by the other in a ryght lyne To seé by Theorike or Speculation how the North starre riseth vp and goeth downe from the Pole of the world I will here describe the saide circuler figure or instrument which is a circle in whose circumference are written the eyght wyndes The North in the highest place of the instrumeÌ„t which they cal the head and the South in the neather part thereof which they call the foote the East in the right arme the West in the lefâ— arme the foure rest betwéene these in their places And here is to be noted that the lines which passe not through y â— center are of y â— wynds of their equidistances that passe through the center Within this circle is an other litle circle which describeth the starre of the North by the mouing of the first moueable hath for his center the Pole of the world as hath the first This litle circle hath for his Diameter eyght degrees and eyghteene minutes as foure degreés and nine minutes aboue the pole and
must be put a square grayne or stubbe which on the inner part may come playne with the halfe circle on the vtter part may câ—me forth a litle where shal be nâ—yld a square peéce of Laton of the breadth of the halfe circle This graine or stubbe being so nayled with the péece must haue in the middest a hole so small as may receiue a litle pinne and by the center of this hole must passe a line which shal trauerse all the grayne And this lyne shall serue to put the sunne which the hole representeth in the degrée of the signe where it is This halfe circle where it goeth in the circumferences of the rundels for the houres must â—e fyled on the one side vnto the line that is in the myddest to marke it and shew the number of it For the placyng or settyâ—g of this instrument you must cut a gyrdle or ryng of laton as thick as the plate and of the breadth of a fyâ—ger or litle lesse and so large that of it may be made a circle somewhat bigger then the plate so that the plate and the Meridian may easily be conteyâ—ed within it This circle shal be called the Horizon which must be deuided into foure quarters In lyke mâ—ner must be mâ—de two semicirculer péeces the ends of them must be nayled or sothered in the poynts that deuide the quarters of the circle and deuide the one from thâ—ther in two equal parts making right spherical angles And in this ioynt of these two peéces must be nayled or sothered a Mastâ—â— the which at the one end is deuided into two braunches or forks Then shal you make a base or foote for the same which in the vppermost part thereof shall haue a concauitie or holownesse where may be set a sayling compasse or a neédle touched with the Lode stone and couered ouer with a glasse And on the highest edges of this base the two braunches of the Mastel shal be made fast and this base with the Mastel the halfe circle and the circle shal be all one peéce which â—halbe called the seate or frame of the instrument The Horizontal circle in the ends of one halfe circle must haue two holes in the which may enter the Axis that are made in the ends of the lyne of East West Also you must take good heéde when you sother or make fast the Mustel in the base that the North and South of the plate or Horizon come with the North and South of the néedle that is beneath hauing euer respect how much the neédle doth vary from the Meridian by Northeasting or Northwesting In the ioynt of the two halfe circles vpon the Mastel must be a poynt called the index or shewer whâ—ch shal shew in the halfe circle sothered in the place on y e neâ—ther part the degrées that the Pole is raysed aboue the Horizon For the perfection of this instrument it shal be conuenient to set the Horizon very playâ—e and equal at the time of the operation or practising with the instrument and this may be done in two maners Whereof the one is hanging by a fine threéde at the center of the plate a plomet made somewhat poynted at the neather ende so that the Horizon standing playne leuel the poynt of the plomeâ— may â—al vpon the poynt of the index and this maner is good for the land But for the Sea you shall sother the Horâ—zon two Axâ—s little stubbes or endes comming foorth These shal be put in the two opposite holes of a circle of mettall made somewhat strong and this circle must haue other two stubbes lykewyse comming foorth and equally distant from the two holes These must be sothered or nayled in two holes of another circle in like maner and the other circle with other two stubbes inclosed in a boxe If then the boxe stand euen and leuel the poyse or waight shall cause the Horizon to stande leuell although the Ship sway or roule from side to side The vse of this instrument is in this maner When you desyre to knowe the paralel in whiche you are and the houre that is put the lyne that trauerseth the graine in the degree of the signe in the which the Sun is which you shal knowe by the â—able of the place of the Sunne in the seconde Chapter of the second parte and set the North and the South of the plate with the North and South of the néedle Then turne the moueable Meridian against the Sunne the foote of the instrument standing fast and rayse it or put it downe in the plate vntill the beame of the Sunne enter in at the hole of the graine and fall in the center of the plate and standing so behold the index and how many degreés it sheweth from the Meridian so much is the altitude of the Pole Then looke where the moueable Meridian sheweth in the rundel of the houres and there shall you sée the houre that is Heere foloâ—eth the demonstration ¶ The xii Chapter of the leagues that are runne for a degree according vnto diâ—ers courses IN the sixth Chapter I promised to geue a rule to knowe the distaunce from one paralel to another sayling by whatsoeuer lyne or wynde except the East and West for the whiche is to bée vnderstoode that the Nauigation or course from one place to another according to the Cosmographers ought to be by the arke of the greater circle for that by this maner shal be the shortest course and this greater circle they deuide into 360. degreés and al the distances that are froÌ„ one place to another they accompt by the degreés minutes of this circle and so sayling from North to South to one degreé of the variation of the height of the Pole shal answeare another degreé of the greater circle in the superficiall part of the water and land And therefore sayling by whatsoeuer other line vntill the Pole doth vary one degreé of altitudes we shall haue gone more then one degrée of the greater circle and the degreés that aunsweare to euery lyne or winde you shall seé in the demonstration folowing which hath two paralel lynes whiche are East and West and the lyne that cutteth them in ryght angles which commeth foorth of the center from the quarter of the circle that is made is North and South and then shall you seé by this order all the other wyndes halfe wyndes and quarters of wyndes reduced to one quarter For the selfe same accompt serueth for Northeast and Southwest and Northwest and Southeast and so of the halfe windes quarters of winds that are equally distant from the line of the North and South and so this quarter shall serue for all the 32. wynds of the compasse Without this quarter harde by the lyne you shall finde two numbers wherof the first shal be of the degreés minuts of degrées of the great circle which is