Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	needle_n	north_n	south_n	1,809	5	10.7689	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60281	The hydrostaticks, or, The weight, force, and pressure of fluid bodies, made evident by physical, and sensible experiments together vvith some miscellany observations, the last whereof is a short history of coal, and of all the common, and proper accidents thereof, a subject never treated of before / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1672 (1672)	Wing S3854; ESTC R38925	208,492	331

by the agitation of a mans body that sometimes abundance of Air is seen to ascend up thorow the Pipe which in effect makes the Cylinder shorter than it ought to be But if so be the end of the Pipe be immerged among Quick-silver contained in a Glass with a narrow orifice so that it may be stopped compleatly you will find no reciprocations at all And to make all things the more sure the Glass may be filled up either with Mercury or with Water above the Mercury by which means the Cylinder in the down-coming or in the up-going shall remain immoveable Besides the stopping of the orifice of the said Glass you may have a wider Vessel that may receive the same Glass into it and it being full of Water may so cover the sealed orifice that there shall be no hazard of any Air coming in Or this Experiment may be first tried at the root of the Hill and having stopped compleatly the mouth of the Vessel the whole Engine may be carried up to the top where you will find the Mercury subside and fall down so much namely after the said orifice is opened for as the stopping of the orifice at the root of the Hill is the cause why that same degree of Pressure remains in the stagnant Liquor so the opening of it upon the top of the Hill is the cause why it becomes less This Experiment lets us see that the Pressure of the Air seems to be as the Pressure of the Water namely the further down the greater and the further up the less and therefore as by coming up to the top of the Water there is no more Pressure so by coming up to the top of the Air there is no more weight in it which in effect sayes that the Air hath a determinat hight as the Water hath From this Experiment we cannot learn the determinat hight of the Air because the definit hight of the Mountain is not known I know there are some who think that the Air is indefinitly extended as if forsooth the Firmament of fixed Stars were the limits of it but I suppose it is hard to make it out OBSERVATION V. JUne 5. 1670. I observed the Sun within 3 minuts of setting to have a perfect oval figure the two ends lying level with the Horizon His colour was not red as ordinarily but bright and clear as if he had been in the Meridian neither was the Sky red but clear also And by the help of the Pendulum Clock I have observed his body to be longer in setting than it ought by eight minuts and sometimes by ten and his Diameter longer in going out of sight than it ought by two and sometimes by three minuts The reason of these Phenomena must be the Refraction unquestionably OBSERVATION VI. UPon Saturday evening the 30 of Iuly 1670 and the night following till about two a Clock in the Sabbath morning there fell out a considerable rain with great thunder and many lightnings About Sun-set the convocation of black clouds appeared first towards the Horizon in the South-west with several lightnings and the wind blowing from that point carried the clouds and rain over Mid and East-Lothian towards the Firth and Sea-coast About 9 a clock the whole Heavens almost were covered with dark clouds yet the rain was not very great neither were the thunder claps frequent but every fifth or sixth second of time a large and great lightning brake out But before the thunder crack was heard which happened every fourth or fifth minut the lightning was so terrible for greatness and brightness that it might have bred astonishment And because the night was very dark and the lightning very splendid a man might have perceived houses and co●n-fields at a great distance And if any had resolved to catch it in the breaking out it did so dazle the eyes that for half a minut he was not able to see any thing about him Sometimes the lightning that went before the thunder brake forth from the clouds like a long spout of fire or rather like a long flame raised high with a Smiths Bellows but did not continue long in sight Such an one above the Firth was seen to spout downward upon the Sea Sometimes there appeared from the one end of the cloud to the other an hiatus or wide opening all full of fire in form of a long furrow or branch of a River not straight but crooked I suppose the breadth of it in it self would have been twenty pace and more and the length of it five or six hundred pace the duration of it would have been about a second of time Sometimes a man might have perceived the nether side of the cloud before the crack came all speckled with streams of fire here and there like the side of an Hill where Moor-burn is which brake forth into a lightning But there was one after which followed a terrible thunder crack which far exceeded all the rest for quantity and splendor It brake out from the cloud being shot from North to South in form of fire from a great Cannon but in so great quantity as if a Gun ten foot wide with 500 pound weight of Powder in it had been fired And surely the lightning behoved to be far greater in it self seeing it appeared so great at so great a distance It did not evanish in an instant like the fire of a Gun but continued about a second and an half by reason it seems that it could not break out all at once This did so dazle the sight that for half a minut almost nothing was seen but like a white mist flying before the eyes The whole Countrey about was seen distinctly All these great lightnings were seen a considerable time before the crack was heard Sometimes 30 seconds numbered by the Pendulum Clock interveened namely when the thunder was at a distance about 7 or 8 miles Sometimes 15 or 16 only interveened But when the thunder was just above our head no moe passed than 7 or 8 which seems to demonstrat that these thick black clouds out of which the thunder breaks are not a Scottish mile from the earth when they are directly above us 'T is observable that in all lightnings and thunderings there is no smoke to be seen which seems to evince that the matter whereof they are generated must be most pure and subtil Who knows but this Countrey that abounds with Coal may occasion more thunder and lightnings than other places namely by sending up sulphurious exhalations to the middle region of the Air wherewith the Coal-mines abound OBSERVATION VII THis is a method for finding out the true South and North Points which are in effect very difficult to know Take therefore four pieces of Timber each one of them five foot long and about six inches thick square-wise Sharpen their ends and fix them so in the ground that they may stand Perpendicular and as near to South and North by a Magnetick Needle

D some inches of Water falls out as will be found by experience Suppose then that of four foot six inches fall out if this be then the inclosed Air between P and T must be 〈◊〉 inches longer if this be then of necessity the Bensil of it must be proportionably remitted and slackened whence follows by Metaphysical necessity that it cannot burden the Water P M with as much weight as it had and consequently the surface of Air cannot be so much burdened It must then be no more bu●dened with them both together than it is with the single Pillar of Air Y N. If then the Water P M be three foot and an half the weight of the enclosed Air T P must be exactly the weight of thirty foot of Water and an half From this experiment we see first the Pressure of the Air for by it the Water O I is suspended and by the same pressure is the Water P M suspended We see secondly that in Air there is a power of dilating it self and that this dilatation never happens without a relaxation of the Bensil We see thirdly that one Fluid cannot sustain another unless the Potentia of the one be equal to the Pondus of the other as is clear from the Aërial surface that cannot sustain the whole four foot of Water but suffers six inches of it to fall out that the Pondus of the rest and the Air above it may become equal to its own Potentia We see fourthly that Fluid Bodies have not only a power of pressing downward but of pressing upward likewise as is clear from the Water O I that 's suspended by the Air pressing down the surface of Water H I K. It presseth upward also while it supports the Water P M. This Experiment also answers a case namely whether or not it is alwayes needful to guard the orifice of the Tub of the Baroscope with stagnant Quick-silver I say then it is not alwayes needful provided the orifice be of a narrow diameter for experience tells that while it is such the Mercury will subside and halt at 29 inches above the orifice though no stagnant Mercury be to guard In making this trial the orifice must be no wider than may admit the point of a needle Or suppose it to have the wideness of a Tobacco-pipe yet will the Mercury be suspended though the end be not drowned among stagnant Quicksilver even as the Water P M is kept up without stagnant Water about it For trial of this you must first let the end of the Pipe be put down among stagnant Mercury and after the Cylinder is fallen down to its own proper altitude lift up the Pipe slowly till the orifice come above the surface and you will find provided you do not shake the Pipe the Cylinder to be suspended after the same manner immediatly by the Air as the Water P M is EXPERIMENT VII Figure 10 11. TAke a Vessel of any quantity such as A B C D E and fill it with VVater And a Glass-pipe such as G F D of 15 or 20 inches long of any wideness closs above and open below Before you drown the open end among the VVater hold the Glass before the fire till it be pretty hot and having put it down you will see the VVater begin to creep up till it come to F where it halts The question now is what 's the reason why the VVater creeps up after this manner 10 or 12 inches above the surface A B I answer the heat having rarified the Air within and by this means having expelled much of it and the Air now contracting it self again with cold the VVater ascends being prest up with the weight of the incumbing Air resting upon the surface of Water A B. There is here surely an inequality between a Pondus and a Potentia that must be the cause of this motion I judge then the inequality to consist between the weight of the Air within the Pipe and the surface of Water C D E. To explicate this I must suppose the Pipe to be thrust down cold in this case little or no Water can enter the orifice D. And the reason is because the Pondus of the Air within the Glass is equal to the Potentia of the surface C D E. But when the Pipe is thrust down hot much of the Air having been expelled by the heat and now beginning to be contracted by cold the Pondus of the Air becomes unequal to the Potentia of the surface and therefore this being the stronger party drives up the Air within the Glass till by this ascent the Pondus of the Air G F and the Pondus of the Water F D together become equal to the Potentia of the surface C D E that sustains them For a second trial bring a hot coal near to the side of the Glass between G and F and you will find the Water to creep down from F toward the surface A B and if it continue any space it will drive down the whole Water and thrust it out at D. To explicate this I must suppose that heat by rarifying the Air within the Glass intends and increaseth the Bensil of it and the Bensil being now made stronger there must arise an inequality between the Pondus of the said Air and the Potentia of the surface C D E the Air then being the stronger party causeth the surface to yeeld By comparing this Experiment with the former we see a great difference between the dilatation of Air of its own accord and by constraint For while it is willingly expanded the Bensil begins to grow slack and remiss and loseth by degrees of its strength even as the Spring of a Watch by the motion of the Wheels becomes remiss But when the dilatation is made by heat and the Air compelled to expand and open it self the Bensil becomes the stronger and the Pressure the greater Notwithstanding though the Bensil of this inclosed Air G F may be made stronger by heat to the expulsion of the Water F D yet if this rarefact on continue any time the Bensil becomes dull and slack And the reason is because Air cannot be expanded and opened to any quantity an inch cannot be dilated and opened to an hundred or to a thousand neither can the Bensil of it be intended and increase to any degree v. g. from one to 20 30 or 100. And therefore as the expansion grows the Bensil must at length slacken But if so be the Air were inclosed as in a bladder knit about the neck with a string then the more heat the more Bensil for in this case there is a growth of Pressure without dilatation And sometimes the Bensil may be so intended with the heat that the sides of the bladder will burst asunder From this Experiment we see first a confirmation of the 21 Theorem namely that there may be as much Bensil and Pressure in the smallest quantity of a Fluid as in the greatest as is