name And it was called Albion as my Authors tell me either from Albion the Brother of Bergâ—on the Sonne of Neptune mentioned by Aeschilus Dionysius Strabo Mela Solinus 〈◊〉 and others it being not improper that the greatest Iland of the Ocean should be denoâ—â—luated from a Sonne of the greatest Sea-god or from the old word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying White amongst the Greeks from whence the Latines had their Album by reason of the white chalkie cliffs seen by the Mariners a farre off as they sailed those Seas But to return again to Britain in the generall notion and to the severall Ilands which that name includeth we may distinguish them into the Greater and the Lesser the Greater subdivided into 1 Great Bâ—itain or Britain specially so called and 2 Ireland the Lessâ—r into 1 the Orcades 2 the Hâ—brides 3 Man 4 Anglesey 5 The Ilands of the Severn Sea 6 the Sorlinges or Isles of Silly 7 Wight 8 Thanet 9 Sunderland and 10 Holy Iland GREAT BRITAIN TO speak much of GREAT BRITAIN or BRITAIN specially and properly so called I hold somewhat superfluous it being our home and we therefore no Strangers to it Yet as Mela once said of Italie De Italia magis quia ordo exigit quam quia monstrari egeat pauca dicentur not a sunt omnia so say I of Britain It is so obvious to the eye of every Reader that he needs not the spectacles of Letters Yet something must be said though for methods sake rather than necessity First then we will begin with laying out the bounds thereof as in other places which are on the East the German Ocean dividing it from Belgium Germanie and Danemark on the West S. Georges Channel which divides it from Ireland and to the North of that with the main Vergivian or Western Ocean of which the Antients knew no shore on the North with the Hyperbâ—rcan or Deucaledonian Ocean as Ptolomie calls it extending out to Iseland Freezeland and the ends of the then known World and on the South the English Channel which divides it from France The length hereof from North to South is reckoned at 620 Italian mlles the greatest bredth from East to West measured in a right line no more than 250 of the same miles but by the crooks and bendings of the Sea-coast comes to 320 miles the whole circumference accompted 1836 miles The greatest Iland in the World except Java Borneo Sumatra and Madagascar and therefore by Solinus and some other Antients to whom those Ilands were not known called the other World by others of late times the Ladie and Mistress of the Seas Situate under the 8th 9th 10th 11th and 12th Climes so that the longest day at the Lizard point in Cornwall being the most Southernly part hereof containeth 16 hours and a quarter at Barwick which is the Border of England and Scotland 17 hours 3 quarters and one hour more at Straithby head in the North of Scotland where some observe that there is scarce any night at all in the summer Solstice but a darker Twilight To which alludes the Poet saying Et minima contentos nocte Britannos and the Panegyrist in the time of Constantine amongst other commendations which he gives to Britain saith that therein is neither extreme cold in Winter nor any scorching heats in Summer and that which is most comfortable long dayes and very lightsome nights Nor doth the Panegyrist tell us onely of the temperateness of the Air or the length of the dayes but of the fruitfulness of the soyl affirming Britain to be blessed with all the commodities of Heaven and Earth such an abundant plenty of Corn as might suffice both for Bread and Wine the woods thereof without wild Beasts the Fields without noysome Serpents infinite numbers of milch-Beasts and Sheep weighed down with their own Fleeces Whereto adde that of Alfred of Beverley a Poet of the middle times saying thus of Britain Insula praedives quae toto vix eget orbe Et cujus totus indiget orbis ope Insula praedives cujus miretur et opâ—et Delicias SOLOMON Octavianus opes A wealthy Iland which no help desires Yet all the World supply from her requires Able to glut King SOLOMON with pleasures And surfet great Augustus with her treasures Proceed we next to the name of Britain of which I find many Etymologies some forced some fabulous and foolish and but few of weight That which hath passed for currant in former times when almost all Nations did pretend to be of Trojan race was that it took this name from Brutus affirmed to be the Sonne of Silvius who was the Grandchild of Aeneas and the 3d King of the Lâ—tines of the Trojan Blood Which Bâ—utus having unfortunately killed his Father and thereupon abandoning Italy with his friends and followers after a long voyage and many wandrings is said to have fallen upon this Iland to have conquered here a race of Giants and having given unto it the name of Britain to leave the Soveraignty thereof unto his posterity who quietly enjoyed the same till subdued by the Romans This is the summe of the Tradition concerning â—rute Which though received in the darker times of ignorance and too much credulity in these more learned dayes hath been laid aside as false and fabulous And it is proved that there was no such man as Brutus 1 From the newness of his Birth Geofry of Monmouth who lived in the reign of K. Henry the second being the first Author which makes mention of him for which immediately questioned by Newbrigensis another Writer of that Age. 2ly By the silence of all Roman Historians in whom it had been an unpardonable negligence to have omitted an Accident so remarkable as the killing of a Father by his own Sonne especially when they wanted matter to sill up the times and the erecting of a new Trojan Empire in so great an Iland 3ly By the Arguments which Caesar useth to prove the Britains to be derived from the Galls as Speech Lawes Customes Disposition Making and the like 4ly And lest it might be said that though the Britans in Caesars time were of Gallick race yet there had been a former and more antient people who had their Originall from the Trojans Tacitus putteth off that dispute with an Ignoramus Qui mortales initio coluerint parum compertum est saith that knowing writer And 5ly By the Testimony of all Roman Histories who tell us that Caesar found the Britains under many Kings and never under the command of one sole Prince but in times of danger Summa Belli administrandi communi consensu commissa est Cassivellauno as it is in Caesar Dum singuli pugnabant universi vincebantur as we read in Tacitus To omit therefore that of Brutus and other Etymons as unlikely but of less authority the name of Britain is most probably derived from Brit which in the antient British signifieth Painted and the word Tain signifying a Nation agreeable unto the
Persians laid the tributes of the Western Provinces whence all Riches had in time the name of Gazae Once Caleb took it but not able to hold it against the Philistins he again deserted it Destroyed by Alexander the Great and re-built again it made notable resistance against the Maccabees till at last forced by Simon the brother of Judas who liked the place so well that he intended to have made it his place of residence not so decayed in length of time but that it was a goodly City in the dayes of Brochardus And is still the best of all this coast built on an hill encompassed with rich and pleasant vallies the building low and mean as in other places but some of them adorned with pillars of fair Parian marble digged out of the remaining ruins 6. Maioma the Port Town of Gaza but made a City of it self by Constantine by whom called Constantia but restored again by Julian unto those of Gaza and by him commanded to be called Gaza Mariâ—ma These were the chief places holden by the Philistims a strong and Giantlike race of men such as the Scripture call by the name of Anak or the Sonnes of Anak Originally descended from Casluhim and Copthorim of the race of Mizraim the sonnes of Cham as appeareth both by the common consent of antient Writers and plain Texts of Scripture Jerem. 47. 4. and Amos 9. 7. These being setled first in the borders of Egypt and Idumaea where the Casluhim gave name unto the Province of Casiotis and the Mountain Casius proceeded North-wards and subdued the Avim a Canaanish people planting themselves in their habitations as is said expressely Deut. 2. 23. Here Abraham found them in his time and here they were when Israea went down to Gezar Governed at first by one King whom they called alwayes by the name of Abimelech as the Egyptians theirs by the name of Pharaoh sometimes by five according to the number of their principal Cities but still united in the times of approaching dangers Too strong to be subdued by the Tribes of Israel they made head against them and mastered them at several times for above 150. years Tyrannizing over them till broken by Sampson and for a time kept off by Samuel Recovering again they vanquished the Israelites in the time of Saul whom they discomfited and hanged his dead body barbarously on the walls of Bethsan But David a more fortunate Prince overthew them in many set battels and at length took the Town of Gath one of the strongest Towns they had and by that means so weakned them that they durst not stirre all the time of David nor a long while after Beginning to be troublesome in the dayes of Ozias King of Judah they were warred on by him their army overthrown Ita and Amnia two of their strong Forts took and razed and the Town of Gath again dismantled In the time of the Idolatrous Achaz associating with the Edomites who evermore attended the destruction of Judah they brake out again took Bethsemes Aialon Timnah and some other Towns carried away many Prisoners and flew much people But the good King Ezeâ—â—ah made them pay dear for it taking from them the greatest part of their Country betwixt Gath and Gaza Which notwithstanding they recovered to so great esteem that the whole Countrey had from them the name of Palestine But broken by degrees by the Maccabaeans they lost both their power and reputation passing in common estimate as a part of â—ewry the fortunes of which it followed for thetimes succeeding 2. The Tribe of DAN so called from Dan the fift sonne of Iacob by Bilhah the hand-maid of Rache of whom were mustered at Mount Sinai 62700. fighting men and 66400. at the second muster in the Land of Canaan where their lot fell betwixt Ephraim on the North Simeon on the South the Tribe of BENIAMEN on the East and the Mediterranean on the West Places of most note in it 1. Ioppa now called Iaffa once a famous Mart-Town and the onely Haven to Iudaea in foregoing times the Town where Ionah took ship to fly unto Tarshiesh where Peter raised Dorcas from death to life and where he lying in the house of one Simon a Tanner was in a vision taught the conversion of the Gentiles This City they report to have been built before the floudn here they say reigned Cepheus whose daughter Andromeda was by Perseus delivered from a Sea-monster some of whose bones the people use to shew to strangers even till the flourishing of the Romans Just as our Citizens of Coventry and Warwick shew the bones of the Dun-Cow of Dunsmear heath and the bones of I know not what Gyant slain by Guy Earl of Warwick In the time of the Maccabees it was garrisoned by the Syrians who having in the Port a Fleet of good power and strength invited 200 of the chief Citizens to go aboard with them and there drowned them all for which their fleet was fired by Iudas and such as did escape the fire fell upon his sword Twice taken by the Romans and the second time burnt unto the ground new walled and fortified with Towers by King Lewis of France in the year 1250 the Holy Warres then drawing to their finall end Now nothing standing of it but two little Turrets where are certain Harquebusses for defence of the Haven none of the best defended from the South and West winds with eminent Rocks but exposed to the fury of the North which makes it more unsafe than the open Seas when inraged by Tempests Not much frequented by the Merchant who trade here but for Cottons onely and hold their Factory not far off in a Town called 2. Rama by the Moores called Ramula situate in a sandy plain on the rising of a little hill built of free-stone but the streets thereof narrow and the houses contemptible More beautifull in the ruins of some Christian Churches and a Monastery built by Philip the Good of Burgundie where the house of Nicod mus stood than in any of the remaining edifices 3. Iamnia neer Ioppa where Iudas burnt the rest of the Syrian Fleet the flame whereof was seen to Hierusalem 240 furlongs off mentioned by Ptolomy and in the times of Christianity an Episcopall Sâ—e now not discernable in the ruins 4. Cedar or Cedron fortified against the Iews by Cendebaeus one of the Lieutenants of Antiochus who hereabouts was overthrown by the Maccabees 5. Modin a small Town but honoured with the birth and sepulchre of those Maccabaeans the Sepulchre being seven Marble Pillars of so great an height that they served as a mark for Seamen 6. Gibbethon in the Countrey called Makats a City of the Levites but afterwards possessed by the Philistims at the sieige whereof Nadab the Sonne of Ieroboam King of Israel was slain by Baasha who succeeded and Omri chosen King on the death of Zimri 7. Cariathi rim where the Ark of the Lord was kept for 20 years in the house of Aminadab
of the Indus three dayes journey from Tutta the Port-town unto which it is notwithstanding that distance Supposed to be situate in or neer the place of that Alexandria which Alexander built in memory of his navigation down this River to the Indian Ocean An Haven much frequented because free from worms which about Surat and other Havens on these Seas so infest the ships that without much cost and care bestowed upon them they make them unable to return 3. Calwalla memorable for the Tenure as given by Echebar the Mongul to a company of Women and their posterity for ever to bring up their daughters to dancing and more wanton exercises 4. Radempoore a great Town with a strong Castle seated at the edge of the Desarts thorow which those that are to pass use here to provide themselves of water and other necessaries for their journey 5. Nuraquemire a pretty Town on the further side of the Desarts esteemed a Paradise by such as have passed thorow those uncomfortable and dangerous sands for the space of ten or twelve daies journey 6. Sarrama a large Town twenty miles from Tutta the Center in which all lines meet and from whence the distances of all Towns in Sinda are accustomably measured The Countrey antiently subject to the Kings of Cambaia and in the right of that Crown to the Great Mongul but the people for the most part so untamed and masterful that except in some of the greater Towns they pay no Tributes and in some places even within half a daies journy of Tutta will acknowledge no King but rob and spare whom they please If at any time the Mogul sends a force against them as he doth sometimes they fire their houses made like a Bee-Hive of straw and mortar which are soon rebuilded and retire themselves unto the Mountains Yet one good quality they have amongst many ill ones When they have robbed a Traveller or took money of him in the way of toll or custome for his passage by them they will conduct him honestly to the end of the Desarts lest any should rob him but themselves 2. GVZARATE hath on the North Sinda on the South the main Ocean the River Indus on the East on the West Gedrosia which the Indians call Nawatacos but the Persians Circam The Soil of the same temper and fertilitie with that of Cambaia specially so called and there we shall speak further of it The common people whom they call Guzorates of the same disposition generally with the rest of the Indians but the greatest part of the Countrey is possessed by the Resbutes or Rasâ—ooches the antient Inhabitants of this tract Who when their Countrey was subdued by the Moores or Saracens retired unto the Mountains and fatuesses of it standing upon their guard and were never yet subdued by the Great Monguls Who though possessed of the Sea-shores and most Towns of consequence are fain to leave the inland parts and open Countries to the power of these Out-lawes who either prey upon the people or force them to compound for their peace and quiet at uncertain prices Their Arms most commonly a Sword Buckler and Launce well-horsed and resolute in any thing which they undertake which made one of the Moguls say of them that no men in the world knew to die but they Places of most importance in it 1. Diu in a Peninsula looking towards Persia but on the Eastside thereof neer the mouth of Indus Possessed by the Portugal and by them fortified with a strong and impregnable Citadel built with the leave and liking of King Badurius thereby to buy their aid against Merhamed the Mongul who had newly vanquished him A matter of such consequence to the Crown of Portugal that John Bo elius confined to India for some Crimes by him committed undertook in hope by the merit of that service to obtain his pardon to carry the first news of it in a small vessel not above 18 foot long and but 6 foot broad the best which for the present could be provided which with great courage he performed and thorow that large wide and tempestuous Ocean came in safety with his news to Lisbon to the great joy of the King but greater admiration of all sorts of people Scarce settled in their new possession when besieged by Solyman Bassa Admirall to Solyman the Magnificent with a Flcet of 80 ships and Gallies Anno 1537. offended with the Portugals for aiding the King of Persia more for diverting the Spice-trade unto Alexandria In which he had so ill success that having assaulted it in vain with his Land-forces he was fain to raise his siege in such hast and tumult that he left his great O dnance behind him 2. Sauran a Town and Castle of the Resbutes spoken of before and by them held against the power of the Great Mongul 3. Boldra a very fair and beautiful City but of no great compass 4. Ardovat not far from the banks of the Indus on the North of this Region towards Sinda 5. Madibat by some called Amadabat affirmed to be both for wealth and greatness the cheif of Guzarate neer as big as London well walled and situate on a plain neer the Rivers side seldome without Merchants of all Religions Jews Gentils Christians Moores some of all and neither 6. Saringt 7. Periano 8. Serkeffe this last remarkable for the Sepulchres of the old Kings of Cambaia fair and well kept and visited from all parts of the Kingdome Nothing considerable in this part of the Countrey as to point of story but what is common to them with the rest of Cambaia but that the Rasbutes or Rasbooches still remain unconquered Possessed not only of the hills and Mountains but of some strong holds and governed by the Heads of their Casts or Tribes all which acknowledge the Morgul for their Superiour in regard of his power but none of them obey him as their Lord or Soveraign conceiving it to be some abasement of their own authority if they admit of him as an Umpire to compose their differences which they sometimes do 3 CAMBAIA specially so called hath on the North Mandao on the South the main Ocean and some part of Decan on the East Delly from which parted by a ridge of Mountains on the West the Main Ocean with some part of Guzarate It standeth on the East-sides of the out-less of Indus running along the Sea-shore for 500 miles and took this name from Cambaia the chief City of it The Countrey said to be the most fruitful of all India abounding in Rice Wheat Sugar Spices of all sorts and choicest fruits of silk and Cotton so great plenty that they fraught yearly forty of fifty ships with those commodities In the mountains they find Diamonds Chalcedonies and a kind of Onyx-stone which are called Cornelines and corruptly Cornelians Amongst the Rarities hereof they reckon the Abades a great Beast twice as bigge as a Bull having on their snowts a little horn and the hide so hard
no following Plantations from other Couutries were ever able to alter it Some Companies of Attica led by Iolaus came and setled here where they built Olbion and Agryllis leaving a memory of Iolaus their Captain in some places which remained in the time of Pausanias called Iolaia and taking to themselves for his sake the name of Iolatonses And after the destruction of Troy some of that scattered Nation came and planted in some voyd parts of the Iland kept to themselves the name of Ilienses and by that name are mentioned both by Plinie and Livie But neither of these Nations did attempt the change of the name because not of ability to suppress or out-power the Natives Nor could the Carthaginians do it though a more puissant Nation than the former were and such as by the neerness of their habitation Sardinia being distant but 160 miles from Africk had all advantags to make as at last they did a full Conquest of it building therein the Cities of Charmis Chalaris and â—ulchi and holding it untill it was unjustly extorted from them by the Romans at the end of the first Punick War at what time Carthage was in danger to be ruined by the revolt of her own Mercenaries and so not able to resist But of the name and first Plantations of this Iland we have said enough Let us now look upon the place in which it is reported that there is neither Wolf nor Serpent neither venomous nor hurtfull Beast but the Fox onely and a little Creature like a Spider which will by no means endure the light of the Sun except held by violence Some Pooles it hath and those very plentifull of Fish but generally so destitute of River-water that they are fain to keep the rain which falls in Winter for their use in Summer By means whereof and for that there is no passage for the Northern Winds being obstructed by the high Mountains near Cape Lugudoni the Air is generally unhealthy if not pestilentiall Insomuch that Tally writing to his Brother Quintus being then in this Iland adviseth him to remember as in point of health that he was in Sardinia and speaking of Tigellius a Sardinian born saith of him that he was more pestllent than the Country which bred him The soyl is very fertile in respect of Corsica but barren if compared with Sicil which yet may rather be imputed to the want of good manuring in the Husbandman than any naturall defect in the soyl it self Well stored with all sorts of Cattel as appears plainly by that plenty of Cheefe and Hides which are sent hence yearly into Italy and other places The Horses hereof hot head-strong and hard to be broken but will last long The Bullocks naturally amble so that the Countrey-man rideth them as familiarly as they do in Spain on Mules and Asses Here is also the Bâ—ast called Mufâ—ones or Muscriones found in Corsica also but in no other part of Europe somewhat resembling a Stag but of so strong an hide that it is used by the Italians in stead of Armour Of the skins of which carried to Cordova in Spain and there dressed is made the right Cordovan Leather Finally here is an Herb of which if one eat it is sayd that he will dye with laughter Whence came the Proverb Risus Sardonicus The truth of which report I shall not dispute though it be by others more prebably conjectured that the Herb being of a poysonous nature causeth men to dy with such a Convulsion or attraction of Sinews that they seem to grin or laugh at the time of their death The people are small of stature of complexion inclining unto swarthiness and that either by reason of the heat of the Sun or more probably from their African extraction their behaviour much participating of that people also So slothfull in the times of the Romans that they were grown into a Proverb and a Law made to compell them to work but now esteemed a very painfull and laborious Nation Much given to hunting and so prone to Rebellion that the Spaniard permitteth no Cutler to live among them yet peaceable amongst themselves and in some measure courteous unto Strangers also Their language a corrupt Catalonian their diet on meats common and gross their apparell in the Towns especially that of the women gorgeous in the Villages sordid In matters of Religion they are little curious That which they make most shew of is according to the Rites and Doctrines of the Church of Rome which both their neighbourhood to the Pope and their subjection to the Spaniard have imposed upon them But in their practise of it they are loose enough going to Mass on Sundays and Saints days which done they fall to dancing in the middest of the Church singing in the mean times songs too immodest for an Ale-house Nay it is thought that their Clergy it self is the most rude ignorant and illiterate of any people in Christendom saying their Masses rather by rote than reason and utterly unable to give any accompt of their Religion It is divided commonly into two parts viz. Cape Lugudore towards Corsica and Cape Cagliari towards Africk the first the least and withall mountainous and barren the last the larger levell and by much more frutifull Chief Cities of the whole 1. Calaris first built by the Carthaginians and situate in that point of the Iland which lieth neerest to Africk which from hence took the name of Cape Cagliari by which it is at this day called A City of such fame when it was first taken by Gracchus for the use of the Romans that it is called by Florus Urbs Urbium and was destroyed by the said Gracchus the better to disable the Natives from rebelling against the Conquerors Being new built again in more setled times it was a second time destroyed by the Saracens and finally re-built and beautified by the Pisans at such time as they were Masters of this part of the Iland Very well fortified by Nature as seated on the top of an hill and hath under it a spacious and goodly Haven much frequented by Merchants The Town if self adorned with a beautifull Temple being the See of an Arch-bishop many fair Turrets and the constant residence of the Vice-Roy from whose authority it is exempt by especiall privilege as to the legall Government of it and ordered by a Common Councell of its own Citizens 2. Bossa on the West side of the Iland another Arch-episcopall See 3. S. Reparata on the North looking towards Corsica 4. Aquilastro on the Western shores 5. Sassari a Town of consequence where they have an Aqueduct twelve miles long reaching from thence unto S. Gaivius 6. Alghes-Bosa a good Town situate in a wholesome air and a fertile soyl and having a fair Haven of six miles in length in which the ships of Genoa and Catalonia do most commonly ride 7. Orestagne a large Town but very ill peopled by reason of a bad air which proceeds from the Fens
from the Eastern parts as his occasions did require These Exarchs having divided Italie into many Governments appointed over each some supreme Commander dignified with the name of Dukes And even the City of Rome it self so far then was it from being subject to the Pope in Temporall matters had a chief Officer of this kinde accomptable to the Exaroâ— and subordinate to him whose Government was called the Roman Dukedom They which they kept unto themselves as their own peculiar contained the Cities of Ravenna Rbegium Mutina Bononia Classi Forli Fâ—â—limpoli Sarcino Parma and Placentia which ten Cities with the Territories belonging to them made up that District which properly was called the Exarchate of Ravenna much mentioned in the Histories of the middle times by reason of the continuall wars which they had with the Lombards but newly entred when this Magistracy had its first beginning The names of these Exarchs are as followeth The Exarchs of Ravenna A. C. 570. 1 Longinus 21. 591. 2 Smaragdus 4. 595. 3 Romanus Patricius 596. 4 Callinicus 13. 609. 5 Smaragdus 3. 612. 6 Joh. Lamigius 4. 616. 7 Elentherius 5. 621. 8 Isaacus Patricius 24. 645. 9 Theod. Calliopa 10. 655. 10 Olympius 2. 657. 11 Theod. Calliopa II. 30. 687. 12 Joh. Plotina 15. 702. 13 Theophilactus 25. 727. 14 Paulus 728. 15 Eutipenus 12. In the days of this Exarch Ravenna was taken from the Empire by Luitprandus King of the Lombards Ano. 740. but regained by Charles the Great and by him given to the Bishops of Ronne together with Anconitana and Spoleto as a requitall for the Kingdom of France confirmed unto King Pepin his Father by the consent and authority of the Popes The donation of this Exarchate to the Popes partly to blot out the memory of the Exarchs and partly to make the people obedient to those Prelates changed the name of the Countrey from Flaminia by which name it was formerly known to Romadâ—diola and now to Romagna Notwithstanding which Donation or Originall Grant the Popes injoyed not long the possession of it the Emperors of Germanie and their Vice-gerents in Italia wresting it by strong hand out of the possession of the Church and giving it to such as deserved well of them and were most likely or most able to uphold their Faction And so it stood till the last Popes conspiring with the French Kings Lewis the twelfth and Francis the first brought them into Italie and by their aids and by the censures of the Church so prevailed in fine that they extorted Ravenna and some other places out of the hands of the Venetians erected many petit Princes out of other Cities which they pretended to belong to S. Peters Patrimony and thereby got possession of all those Territories which lie betwixt the State of Venice and the Marches of Ancona 2. The Territory of FERRAARA lieth in the very skirts of Romandiola towards the Venetian extending one hundred and sixty miles in length and about fifty in breadth the soyl thereof exceeding rich but subject to the overflowings of the River Po which makes the air in many places to be somewhat unwholesome And though as well the former Dukes as the Popes who are now Lords hereof have been at great charge in raising high Banks and Ramparts to keep in the waters yet could not this resist the violence of the River falling from so high a Springs and seconded with so great Land-floods as sometimes it is but that it makes many breaches in them do they what they can The places of most note herein are 1. Graffignan in the borders of Tuscany neer the Apennine 2. Carpi a place of great importance seaâ—ed in the midst of this Dukedom belonging heretofore to the House of the Picâ— but partly by exchange made with Marcus Pieus partly for one hundred thousand Crowns in ready money given unto Lionel Pico once the Lords hereof it was by Charles the 5th incorporated into this estate 3. Commachia seated in the Marshes of the Adriatick from which the Princes of this Family of Este were at first called only Lords of Commachia a place which yeelded great profit to the former Dukes by the fishing of Eels 4. Saxole given by Duke Alphonso in exchange for Carpi Here is also the Territory and Lordship of the Polesine the cause of so many quarrells and contentions between the antient Dukes of Ferrara and the State of Vonice But the chief honor of this Dukedom it in the Capitall City that which denominates the whole Ferrara a City of five miles in compass so called from the Iron Mines which are about it commodiously seated on the River â—o which by reason of its breadth depth and violent swiftness of the current is a sufficient rampart to it on that side the other fides being fortified with a strong wall and a spacious mote In the middle of the City is a fair and spacious Market-place into which do open on all fides about twenty streets all of them half a mile in length and all so strait and evenly built that the furthest end of each of them may be easily seen Neer to this Market-place is a little Iland in which the former Dukes had a stately Palace called Belvedere from the fair prospect which it had or gave to the whole City and on the North side of the City a large Park for pleasure The other houses are for the most part built of fair Free-stone not joyning unto one another as in other Cities but at a pretty distance with neat Gardens between Ariosto the Author of that ingenious Poem called Orlando Furiosâ— and Hierome Savaniarolo the Propheticall Fâ—ier were both of them Natives of this place of which the first lieth here entombed the last for preaching against the Pope was burnt at Florence In the declining of the power and Empire of the Lombards this City together with Favenza was given by Desiderius their last King to the Church of Rome the better to oblige the Popes by so great a benefit But being taken from them by the Emperors of the House of Schwaben it was again recovered by the prowess of the Countess Mathildis Ano. 1107. who took it with many other Towns in Italie from the Emperor Henry the 4th and at her death conferred the same upon the Church The Popes once more possessed hereof and not able to hold it gave it in Fee for ever unto Azo of the House of Este a man of great sway in the affairs of Italie who valiantly had defended it against Ezelinus Vicegerent of Frederick the 2d. This was the first of this Family who had Ferrara in propriety His Ancestors being called before the Marquesses of Este and sometimes Marquesses of Ferrara but in title only as Governors hereof in behalf of the Popes of Rome Obizo the Grand-child of this first Azo obtained of Rodolfus the first who was willing to make what money he could of his lands in Italie the Cities of Regium and Modena
night following to the great discredit both of his cause and person taken in Adulterie B. Bergomâ— a right antient Town but very well built seated upon the side of an hill and having a very large and beautifull Suburb the Territory whereof hath many rough and craggy Mountains the Spurs and excursions of the Alpes but withall many rich and delightfull valleys intermingled with them The people of this City and Countrey are said to speak the coursest language of any in Italie but to have as fine wits as the best Places of more inferiour note are 1. Este Ateste in most Latine Writers whence came the Family D'Este late Dukes of Ferrara 2. Liniacum a strong Garrison on the borders of Mantua as 3. Castel-France is towards Ferrara and 4. Seravall of most remarkableness for the great quantity of Armour which is therein made 5. Feltrie which still preserves its old name of Feltria This Province being antiently a part of the Cisalpine Gaule fell to the power of the Romans at the end of the second Punick war and being conquered by the Romans did continue theirs till first the Gothes and afterwards the Lombards became Masters of it Afterwards in the fall of the Kingdom of Lombardie it fell first unto the French and after to the German Empire from which by many mean conveyances it came at last to Othocarus King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria who bought the same of Ulricus the last Duke of Carinthia Upon a reconciliation made betwixt this Ottocarus and Rodolfus of Habspurg then Emperor of Germany it was added together with Austria itself unto the Patrimony of that Family sold by Duke Leopold the ninth to the Carraras then Lords of Padua in the ruin of whose Estate and Family it fell together with that City into the power of the Venetians who still hold the same 2. FRIULI hath on the East the River Formio which parteth it from Histria on the West Marca Trevisana and a branch of the Alpes on the North the main body of the Alpes which divide it from Germany and on the South the Adriatick Sea or Golf of Venice It is called Forum Julii in the Latine of which that of Friuli is derived from Julius Caesar who conducting his Armies this way built the Town so named and from that march of his the Alpes adjoyning as ' eis thought had the name of Juliae By some Writers of the middle times it is called Regio Aquilegiensis as appertaining for the most part by the gift of the Emperors Otho and Conradus to the Church or Patriarchate of Aquileia and by the common people of Venice for the most part Patria or the Countrey because from these parts they derive their first Originall The Countrey is in a manner square each side fifty miles watred with Rivers of 1. Hydra heretofore of no small fame for the silver Mines 2. Tiliaventum rising from the Alpes and navigable towards the later end of its course 3. Natisco neighboured by the famous City of Aquileia 4. Tiniavus mentioned in the first of the Aeneids which rising out of the Alpes and running under ground for the space of 330. furlongs breaketh out again and being branched into nine Channells falleth into the Gulf or Bay of Trieste By Niger it is now called Lareina but by Leender named Timavo The Soyl sufficiently fruitfull except towards the Alpes and yeelding a very pleasant Wine which Plinie did prefer before any in Italie Towns herein of most note and consequence 1 Aquileia or Aquilegia as some call it made the Metropolis first of the Province of Histria and Venetia by the Emperor Antoninus as afterwards of the whole Diocese of Italie by the Western Emperors Honoured in that regard with the seat of the Praefectus Praetorio and of his Vicarius or Lieutenant translated from Millaine to this Citie as the Gate of Italie by which the Barbarous Nations used to make their entrance never so like to be shut out as by the power aod presence of so great an Officer After his time and on this occasion the Bishop here of had the title of Patriarch And here the Patriachall See continued till the City was destroyed by Attila that furious Hun and then removed to Venice as the safer place and setled in the Isle of Grada yet so that the succeeding Bishops of Aquileia for they staied at Venice onely till the times were quiet c. do still retain the dignity and name of Patriarchs as well as those of Venice do and with better reason For besides the honour which it had in being made the seat of the Praefectus Praetorio it had been formerly more honoured with the residence of Augustus Caesar who here kept his Court whence it had the name of Roma altera or a second Rome and of Tiberius who here lived with Julia the daughter of the said Augustus before his comming to the Empire As for the City it self it is situate on the River Natisco but not well inhabited at the present partly because of the ill Air but principally by the ill neighbourhood of Venice attracting all Trade unto it self Most memorable in old story for enduring that famous siege against Maximinus for the safety of the Empire of Rome and her Emperours Maximus and Balbinus In whose cause the Citizens hereof were so resolutely faithfull that they bereaved the women willing to lose that invaluable ornament of their sex for the common good of the hair of their heads to make Bow-strings withall Nor did this pious constancie of theirs want an happy issue For they beheld the Tyrant headless under their walls slain by the hands of his own Souldiers and saw the Metropolis of the World preserved by their loyalty And yet the matter was not ended with the death of the Tyrant the Souldiers and people laying hands on his children also and putting all unto the sword Of which crueltie being asked the reason they returned this Answer that not a whelp was to be spared of so ill a litter none of the brood of such a Cur or in the language of the Author Pessimi Canis Catulus non est relinquendus 2 Trieste of old called Tergestum from whence a spacious Bay adjoyning had antiently the name of Sinus Tergestinus and is now called Golfo di Trieste The Bay replenished principally with the water of the River Timans which with many streams doth fall into it and is therefore by the inhabitants of that Golf or Bay called Fons maris as Polybius in Strabo telleth us The town of no greater Antiquitie than observation mentioned by Plinie and some others of the Antient Writers but not else considerable 3 Montfalcon famous for its medicinall Herbs 4 Porto Gruate an Haven-town as the name importeth 5 Concordia in former times of no small esteem but so demolished by Attila the Hunn that it is now nothing but a ruin 6 Utina or Uden the fairest and largest at this time of all the Province containing about
England made him stay it out So that his Maxim of no Bishops no King was not made at Random but founded on the sad experience of his own condition And though upon the sense of those inconveniences which that alteration brought upon him he did afterwards with great both Policie and Prudence restore again the Episcopall Order and setled it both by Synodicall Acts and by Acts of Parliament yet the same restless spirit breaking out again in the Reign of his Sons Anno 1638. did violently eject the Bishops and suppress the calling and set up their Presbyteries thorowout the Kingdom as in former times The famous or miraculous things rather of this Countrey are 1 the Lake of Mirton part oâ— whose waters doe congeal in Winter and part of them not 2 That in the Lake of Lennox being 24 miles in compass the Fish are generally without Fins and yet there is great abundance of them 3 That when there is no wind stirring the waters of the said Lake are so tempestuous that no Mariner dares venture on it 4 That there is a stone called the Deaf-stone a foot high and 33 Cubits thick of this rare quality that a Musket shot off on the one side cannot be heard by a man standing on the other If it be otherwise as he must have a strong Faith who beleeves these wonders let Hector Boetius bear the blame out of whom I had it Chief Mountains of this Kingdom are the Cheviot Hills upon the Borders and Mount Grampius spoken of by Taciâ—us the safest shelter of the Picts or Northern Britans against the Romans and of the Scots against the English now called the hills of Albanie or the mountainous Regions of Braid-Albin Out of these springeth the 1 Tay or Taus the fairest River of Scotland falling into the Sea about Dâ—ndec in the East side and 2 the Cluyd emptying it self into Dunbritton Frith on the West side of the Kingdom Other Rivers of most note are the 3 Banoc emptying it self into the Frith of Edenburgh on the banks whereof was sought that fatall battell of Banocks-bourn of which more anon 4 Spey 5 Dee the Ocasa of Ptolomie none of them of any long course by reason that the Countrey Northward is but very narrow In reference to Ecclesiasticall affairs this Kingdom hath been long divided into 13 Dioceses to which the Diocese of Edenburgh taken out of that of S. Andrews hath been lately added and in relation to the Civil into divers Seneschalsies and Sheriffdoms which being for the most part hereditary are no small hinderance to the due execution of Justice So that the readiest way to redress the mischief as King Iames advised is to dispose of them as they fall or Escheat to the Crown according to the laudable custom in that case in England The greatest Friends of the Scots were the French to whom the Scots shewed themselves so faithfull that the French King committed the defence of his Person to a selected number of Scotish Gentlemen and so valiant that they have much hindered the English Victories in France And certainly the French feeling the smart of the English puissance alone have continually heartned the Scots in their attempts against England and hindred all means of making union betwixt them as appeared when they broke the match agreed on between our Edward the sixth and Mary the young Queen of Scots Their greatest enemy was the English who overcame them in many battels seized once upon the Kingdom and had longer kept it if the mountainous and unaccessible woods had not been more advantagious to the 〈◊〉 than their power for so much King Iames seemeth to intimate in his Speech at 〈◊〉 1607. And though saith he the Scots 〈…〉 nour and good fortune never to be conquered yet were they never but on the defensible side and may in paâ—t thank their hills and inaccessible passages that saved them from an utter overthrow at the hands of all them that ever pretended to conquer thâ—m But Jam cunctigens una sumus siâ—â—â—mus in aevum One onely Nation now are we And let us so for ever be The chief Cities are Edenburgh of old called Castrum Alatum in Lothien where is the Kings Palace and the Court of Justice It consisteth chiefly of one street extending in length one mile into which runne many pretty lanes so that the whole compass may be nigh three miles extending from East to West on a rising ground at the Summit or West end whereof standeth a strong and magnificent Castle mounted upon a steep and precipitious Rock which commandeth the Town supposed to be the Castrum Alâ—tum spoken of by Ptolomiâ— Under the command or rather the protection of which Castle and thorough the neighbourhood of Lâ—ith standing on the Fryth and serving as a Port unto it and finally by the advantage of the Courts of Justice and the Court Royall called Holy-Rood-House it soon became rich populous well-traded and the chief of the Kingdom but withall factious and seditious contesting with their Kings or siding against them upon all occasions No way to humble them and keep them in obedience to their Soveraign Lords but by incorporating Leith indulging it the privileges of a City and removing thither the Seat Royall and the Courts of Judicature which they more fear than all the Plagnes that can befall them It belonged in former times to the English-Sâ—xons as all the rest of the Countrey from the Fryth to Barwick from whom oppressed by the tyranny of the Danes it was taken by the Scots and Picts Anno 800. or thereabouts 2 Sterling situate on the South-side of the Forth or Fryth in the Sheriffdom so called a strong Town and beautified withall with a very fair Castle the birth-place of King Iames the sixt the first Monarch of Great Britain Neer to which Town on the banks of the River Bâ—nnock hapned the most memorable discomfiture that the Scots ever gave the English who besides many Lords and 700 Knights and men of note lost in this Fight as the Scotish Writers do report 50000 of the common Soldiers our English Histories confess 10000 and too many of that the King himself Edward the 2d being compelled to slie for his life and safety Some of the Scotish Writers tell us that the purer sort of Silver wâ—ich we call Sterling money did take name from hence they might as well have told us that all our Silver Bullion comes from Bouillon in Luxembourgh or from the Port of Boulâ—gne in France the truth being that it took that name from the Easterlings or Merchants of East Germany drawn into England by King Iohn to refine our Coin 3 Glasco in Cluydsdâ—le honoured with an Archbishops See and a publick School to which some give the name of an University founded here by Archbishop Turnbal Anno 1554. 4 S. Andrews the chief Town of Fife an Archiepiscopall See â—nd an Vniversity by the Latines called Fanum Reguli which and the English name it took from the bones
to the Crown of England by the puissance of King Edward the first by whom made one of the shires of Wales as it still continues Not far from Anglesey some what inclining to the South is the Isle of Bardsey by Ptolomie called Edri by Plinie Adros by the Welch Eulby extending towards the East with a rockie Promontory but rich and fruitfull towards the West the retiring place of many godly and devout Hermits in the former times Southwards from hence and over against St. Davids are two other Ilands the one called Selame plentifull of wild honey the other named by the Welch Lymen by the English Ramsey thought to be the Limni of Ptolomie the Silimnum of Plinie but not else remarkeable VI THE ILANDS OF THE SEVERN SEA are four in number of no great note but I must take them in my passage to the Isles of Silly Of those the first is Flat-Holm from the flat and levell the 2d Stepholm from the steep and craggie disposition of it both by the Welch called Echni and both situate over against the County of Somerset More towards the opening of the Channel lieth the Isle of 3 Chaldey called by the Welchmen Inis Pâ—r of as small note as the other and at the very mouth thereof the Isle of 4 Lundey over against Devonshire the principall Iland of this Sea extending two miles every way of excellent pasturage well stored with Conies and great plenty of â—igeons Situate a good distance from any part of the land in the middest of the Salt and Brackish Ocean and yet yieldeth many Springs of Fresh-Water for the use of the people inhabiting for the most part in a Town of the same name with the Iland A place of very great strength and safety begirt about with dangerous unapproachable Rocks and having but one way of access into it and that so narrow that two men cannot go a brest VII The Isles of SILLY in number 145 are situate over against the most Western Promontorie of Cornwall from which distant 24 miles and lie round together in the manner of a ring or Circle Discovered first by the Silures a Phoenician Colonie in Spain opposite against which they lie thence called Silures by Solinus much traded and resorted to by the said Phoenicians from the Isle of Gades invited thereunto by the unexhaustible Mines of Tinne which they found amongst them A Trade so great and gainfull to them that they held it a great point of State 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to keep it as a secret from all the World as we find in Strabo who addes the story of a Carthagâ—nian or Phoenician Merchant incountred in his voyage hither by some Roman Vessels and splitting his ship on the next shore where he knew the Romans would not follow him rather than let them know to what place he was bound Rewarded for his honest care and recompenced for the loss of his ship and goods out of the publick Treasurie From this abundance of Tinne the Graecians when they came to know them called them Cassitâ—rideâ— Cassiteres in that language signifying Tynne accordingly Herodotus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 affirming that he knew not those Ilands called Cassiterides from whence Tynne was brought The richness of this Commodity the pleasures of the place and the Western Situation of them make many of the Grecians call them the Hâ—sperides mistaking them for the Fortunate Ilands By Solinus they are called Silures as before is said Sigdeles in the corrupt Copies of Antoninus insulae Sillinae by Severus Sulpitius from whence we have the name of the Isles of Silly The Flemings I know not why call them the Sorlings All of them very fruitfull in Corn and Herbage besides the treasures hid within well stored with Conies Cranes Swans and most sorts of Wild Fowl Ten of them more esteemed than the rest are called by the names of 1 Aâ—math 2 Agnes 3 Sampson 4 Silly 5 Bresar 6 Rusco 7 S. Helens 8 Arthur 9 S. Maurice and 10 St. Maries Of which the most famous in the accompt of former times was that of Silly as giving name unto the rest but in the present estimate St. Maries is accompted the chief of all 8 miles in compass fruitfull of all necessaries and fortified with a very strong Castle built by Queen Elizabeth well manned and Garrisoned for defence of a large and goodly Harbour made amongst these Ilands capable of the greatest Navies These Ilands first discovered by Himilco a Carthaginian sent by that State to search into the West Coasts of Europe became of great same afterwards both in Greece and Italy by reason of the Mines of Tynne spoken of before So beneficiall to the Romans that they used to send hither their condemned Prisoners to work in the Mines as the best service to be done by their forfeited lives And hither amongst others Iustantius a fierce Priscillianist for his factious and seditious cariage was â—ent by Maxâ—mus ad Sulliman 〈◊〉 ultra Britanniam deportatus as Sulpitius hath it After the Romans had forsaken their hold in Britain they returned again into the power and possession of the Naâ—ives from whom subdued and added unto the English Crown by Atheâ—stan the eighth King of England now ordered for Civill matters as a part of Cornwall for military by their own Captain subordinate to the Lord Lieutenant of that Countie and for the Tâ—â—-trade by the Lord Warden and Court of Stanneries An Officer and Court erected for the benefit and regulating of the Tinners of Cornwall who by reason of their employment in there Mines have many privileges and exemptions more than other Subjects but of late limited and restrained by Act of Parliament VII The Isle of WIGHT lieth over against Hampshire from which it seemeth to have been divided the passage betwixt it and Huâ—st-Castle on the opposite shore being very narrow and the name of it intimating some such division For by the Bâ—itans it was antiently called Guith which signifieth a breach or separation from whence the English have their Wight the turning of Gu. to W. being familiar with the Saxons and all other Dutch people and from the same Root probably the Romans had the name of Vectis Vecht Wight and Guith being words of such neer resemblance that we need not travell further for an Etymologie The Iland of an Ovall form 20 miles in length and 12 miles broad about the middest from thence growing narrower towards each end to the North and South Naturally fenced about on all sides on the South especially where it looks towards France on which side inaccessible by reason of the steep and craggie Rocks the whole length thereof and not much less safe on the North-west where the remainder of the Rocks which they call the Shingles and the Needles not worn away either at or since the first separation from the other shore make the passage dangerous except to single ships and those not unacquainted with the course of the Channell Towards the North-East
County of Burgundie As for the Forrests of this Countrey besides those spoken of already that of most note was the Forrest of Hercinia of which all the rest were but limbs or branches the beginning whereof was about the borders of Switzerland and Alsatia from thence running Eastward along the course of the Danow unto Transilvania and thence declining on the left hand through the vast Countries of the Lituanians Moscovites and Russes in which last there are still many vast deserts of it the greatest part thereof in Germanie being long since consumed in place whereof are many goodly cornfields and wel-built Cities A wood so formidable to the Romans that they durst never venture to search the end of it the length thereof after the end of sixty daies journey being undiscoverable and the further search into it quite laid aside These Boundaries and Landmarks being thus described we shall the better follow the Chorographie of this great continent according to the severall Principalities and Estates therein having first taken a survey of the ancient condition of it with so much of the story as concerns the whole before it came to be divided into so many hands The Countrey first planted by the posterity of Gomer who descending from the Mountains of Albania their first seat in memory thereof first called Gomerini after Cimmerini by which name known to Pliny Ptolemy and others of the ancient writers removed into the more fruitfull plains of Phrygia and there built the City Cimmeris which Pliny speaks of But that small Province proving of too narow a compasse to contain his Off-spring and the adjoyning Countries being taken up in the former Plantations they removed unto the Northwest of the Euxine sea where we finde a City of their building called Cimmerium mentioned both by Pliny and Strabo and the adjoyning straight or Fretum called by the name of Bosphorus Cimmerius by the Greeks and Latins Driven from these dwellings by the more powerfull Scythians they spread themselves into the West where they began to be called Cimbri and by that name and under those of the Ambrones and Teutones severall branches of them intended an invasion and conquest both of Gaul and Italy wherein they had prevailed in all probability nisi isti seculo Marius contigisset had not Marius hapned to have lived in that Age by whom discomfitted and destroyed That these Gomerians or Cimbre were the first inhabitants of Gaul Germany and all the nations of the North and West of Europe is generally agreed upon by all the learned divided into severall nations and those also subdivided into lesser tribes and more obscure families amongst which those of Teutones or Tuiscones from which the Dutch do so affect to derive themselves might be some of the principall there setled and not well pleased with that desert dwelling such of them as dwelt nearest to the Rhene passed over that River and beating the Gauls further up into the Countrey possessed themselves of their dwellings enjoying them till conquered by Julius Caesar without any Rivall But Caesar moved with the complaints of the Gauls and the insolencies of Ariovistus a king of the Germans for by that name for the Reasons aforesaid the Romans called them marched into their Quarters the Roman Legionaries being so affraid of this dreadfull Enemy ut testamenta passim in principiis scriberntur saith the Historian that many of them made their testaments at the Gates of their Camp before they fell upon the Enemy Vanquished by Caesar and Ariovistus being fled over the Rhene the Romans by command of their Generall made a bridge over the River and rather terrified then conquered the neighbouring Germans more fully brought into subjection by Drusus the adopted son of Augustus Caesar from thence called Germanicus by whom the Rhoeti and Norici then lying out of the bounds of Germany now included in it were subdued also So that the whole conquests of the Romans upon this Countrey as it is now bound contained no more then the Provinces of Germania and Belgica prima with part of Germania Secunda belonging unto the Diocese of Gaule the greatest part of the two Rhoetia's being under the Diocese of Italy Noricum Mediterraneum and Ripense with some part of Pennonia parts of the Diocese of Illyricum none of them lying within the bounds of the ancient Germanie For the Germans did not endure the yoke so long as to be brought within the number of the Roman Provinces Provoked with the lust and insolencies of Quintilius Varus who succeeded Drusus in that charge they set upon him under the conduct of Arminius a chief Prince amongst them kill him and utterly cut off three Legions After which defeat Augustus laid aside the affairs of Germany confining his Empire within the Rhene which Drusus had extended to the banks of the Ocean Hac claede factum ut imperium quod in littore Oceani non steterat in ripa Rheni fluminis staret saith the Historian Nor did the Romans only forbear to revenge this losse by making a new war upon them but seemed more carefull to defend themselves against their invasions then to incurre the hazard of a new defeat quartering eight Legions with their severall wings and Aides on the shores of the Rhene and four upon the Banks of the Danow to keep these people from incroaching on the Romans Provinces But the fatall period of that Empire drawing on apace the French Burgundians Almans and other Dutch nations break through those Guards dispossesse the Romans of all Gaul Rhoetia and Noricum which they share amongst them till in the end the French prevailing over the rest extend their Empire over all the modern Germanie chiefly performed by the valour of Charles the Great created Emperour of the West by the people of Rome and crowned with the Imperiall Crown by Pope Leo the 4. on Christmasse-day anno 801. So that now the old Prophacie of the Druides concerning the removing of the Empire into the West came to be accomplished though Tacitus in his time accounted it for a vain and idle prediction For when Civilis raised a Rebellion amongst the Batavi the Hollanders and parts adjoyning against Vespasian then newly made Emperour possessionem rerum humanarum Transalpinis gentibus portendi Druidae canebant the Druides prophecled of the translation of the Empire to the Transalpine nations Accomplished as before is said in the person of Charles the Great King of France and Germany by whom divided for the better ordering or Governance of it into West-France or West-reicts in the barbarous Latine of those times called Westrasia containing the modern France and so much of the Netherlands as lyeth on the French side of the River Maes and Osten-rich i. e. the Eastern Kingdome in the Latine of those times Austrasia containing so much of the modern Germany and Pannonia as was possessed by the French with the rest of the Netherlands this after subdivided into the Kingdomes of Lorrain and Germany whereof the first contained
to Frea Goddans wife So it was that Goddan had promised the Vandals that they should be victorious whom he saw first in the morning whereupon Frea willing to please Gambata and not loving as it seemeth the sight of men gave order that all the women of the Winnili parting their hair bringing one halfe over one cheek the other over the other and tying both under their chin should appear betimes before the window the next morning This they did and she shewing them to her husband he demanded of her Qui sunt isti Longobardi Hence the occasion of the name And like enough they might be called so from the length of their beards though otherwise the whole tale be vain and foolish Compelled by scarcity of victuals to seek new habitations they seised first on the Island Rugia and the adjacent Countries setled about the time of Cornelius Tacitus in those parts of Germany which now make up the Bishopricks of Meydburg and Halberstat Afterwards finding that countrey too narrow fâ—r them they left their dwellings there and fel next upon some parts of Poland next on this Pannonia and at last having tarryed in Pannonia 42 years or thereabouts at the solicitation of Narses provoked by many indignities from the Empresse Sophia the wife of Justinus the second anno 568. under the leading of their King Alboinus they went into Italy and there fixt their kingdom at the end of 200 yeares overthrown by the power of Charles the Great the most mighty Monarch of the West Of their kings before their coming into this countrey I shall only make mention of Lamissus their third king and of him this story Agilmund the second King of the Lombards one morning went a hunting As he was â—iding by a fish-pond he spyed seven children sprawling for life which one as saith Pautus Diaconus it may be many harlots had been delivered of and most barbarously thrown into the water The King amazed at this spectacle put his bore-speare or hunting-pole among them One of the children hand-fasted the spear and the King softly drawing back his hand wafted the child to the shore This boy he named Lamissus from Lama which in their language signifieth a fish-pond He was in the Kings Court carefully brought up where there appeared in him such tokens of vertue and courage that after the death of Agilmond he was by the Lombards chosen to succeed him This Lamissus together with his predecessours and successours we finde thus recorded The LONGOBARDIAN KINGS A. C. 383 1 Aiou 10 393 2 Agilmond 33 426 3 Lawissus 3 429 4 Labe vel Lethe 40 469 5 Hildehoc 4 473 6 Godohoc 12 485 7 Dophon vel Claffo 5 490 8 Thamus 10 500 9 Vacon 18 518 10 Valcharius 7 525 11 Adoinus who first brought the Langobards into Hungarie anno 1526. 543 12 Alboinus who in the year 568. by the solicitation of Narses went into Italy and erected there the Longobardian Kingdome which 206 years after was destroyed by the puissance of Charles the Great The History of this people is epitomized by Du Bartas thus The Lombard strong who was in Scowland nurst On Rugeland and Livonia seised first Then having well reveng'd on the Bulgarian The death of Agilmond the bold Barbarian Surprised Poland thence anon he presses In Danows streams to rinse his amber tresses When he straight after had surrendred The double-named Isters flowry bed To scarre-fac'd Hunnes he hunteth furiously The rest of Gaules from wealthy Insubrie There reigns 200 years triumphing so That Royall Tesin might compare with Po Which after fell in Frenchmens hands again Wonne by the sword of worthy Charlemain The Longobards having thus left the Stage the Avares entred Some say the Avarini of Ptolemie a Sarmatian people but most probably as Nicetas a people of Scythia inhabiting about Palus Maeotis They first began to stirre in the reign of Tiberius the 2. driven by the Turks their next neighbours to passe further Westwards and gave that Emperours forces a great overthrow at the mouth of Danubius Tiberius notwithstanding did somewhat quiet them but he being dead they took heart again and with great courage warred upon Mauritius his next successour Their King at that time called Caganus we may English it Cham as not being the proper name of any one but the common Attribute of all their Chiefs This Caganus made his first wars upon the Turks which people were about that time first made known to the Inhabitants of Europe and with the help of the remainder of the Hunnes invaded and possessed Pannonia vanquishing both the Emperours Forces and the Gothes and Gepidae who had still kept some footing in it and on the departure of the Lombards were of no small power the name of Gothes being swallowed up in that of the Gepidae though not quite extinct After this blow Mauritius raised a second war but more with an intent to revenge himself on his own souldiers which had formerly offended him then with hope of prevailing against the enemy Comentiolus according to the Emperours directions betrayeth his Army 12000 of them were slain and the rest taken Caganus an heroick and mercifull Conquerour offers to ransome them for 8 s. 6 d. a peece for so much was that nummus or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which he demanded for them When the Emperour as much loving his gold as hating his Souldiers had denyed that condition he offered them all for one nummus and after for half a one but being also here unsatisfied he put them all to the sword For this cause the rest of his Souldiers not long after made Phocas one of the Centurions Emperour and he most barbarously stewed the Emperour in his own broath putting him his wife friends and children to the sword After this we find mention of them in the time of Phocas and Heraclius forraging Thrace to the very walls of Constantinople afterwards setled in Pannonia and part of Noricum containing now the Vpper Hungarie and some part of Austria divided from the Boiarians by the River Ems. Possessed hereof till the time of Charls the Great by whom after a war of eight years they were utterly subdued and driven out of these parts their Countrie being peopled with new Dutch Colonies the remainders of them forced to betake themselves into Transylvania or that part of Hungarie which lyeth beyond the river Tibiscus where subject for a time to Suantobogius King of the Moravians in whose overthrow by the Hungarians they were so broken that their name was never after heard of And so we come to the Hungarians the last and principall Actors on the Stage of this Kingdome the givers of the present name before whose coming into this Countrie it had no other name then that of Pannonia for ought I can finde in any Authors of those times A Scythian people as the Huns and Avares were by Jornandes called the Hungari first known in Europe by their acts in the time of the Emperour Arnulphus
as formerly was said here are very few and of those few the principall are called Lycus and Lapithus the first running towards the South the last towards the North both not seldome so dried up that they leave their empty Channels without any water Both also have their Source from the hill O'ympus the highest Mountain of the Iland garnished with Trees and fruits of all sorts in compass about eighteen Leagues which make four and fifty Italian miles and at the end of every League a Monastery of Greek Monks or Caloires and a fountain of fresh water for the use of the house Here are also two other little Rivers the one called 3. Bodeus the other 4. Tolius but of the same nature as the former By Ptolomy or in his time divided into four parts or Provinces but since it fell into the hands of the Lusignan family distributed into twelve Counties or Cantrades most of them called by the names of their Principal Towns viz. 1. Nicosia 2. Famagusta 3. Paphia 4. Audima 5. Limissa 6. Masorum 7. Salines 8. Messoria 9. Crusocus 10. Pentalia 11. Carpassus 12. Cerines The whole containing besides these Cities and great Towns 805 Villages or thereabouts which they called Casales whereof the one half antiently belonged unto the Crown the other half divided betwixt the Lay-Nobility and the Ecclesiasticks the Patrimony of these last being computed at 80000 Crowns of annual rents besides casualties and the vails of the Altar But because the tracing out of these Cantrades will be very difficult as a way which none have gone before me I will adhere to the division made hereof in the time of Ptolomy into the Provinces of 1. Paphia 2. Amathusia 3. Lapethia and 4. Salamine 1. PAPHIA so called of Paphos the chief town thereof taketh up the West part of the Iland in which the Townes of most importance and observation are 1. Paâ—hos on the Sea-side by Pliny called Pala-paphos or old Paphus built as some say by Cyniras the Father of Myrrha and so named in memory of Paphus his father but as others say by Paphos the Sonne of Pygmalion Kings of Phoenicia and Cyprus to which last Ovid doth agree who speaking of Pygmalions statue turned into a woman by the power of Venus or rather of his beautiful wife fabled for the surpassing whiteness of her skin to be made of Ivorie he addes this of her Illa Paphum genuit de quo tenet insula nomen She Paphus bare from whom the name Of Paphia to the Iland came Here Venus had her so much celebrated Temple hence the name of Paphia and here her Votaries of both sexes in their natural nakedness did perform her sacrifices Both Town and Temple ruined by a fearfull Earthquake or as the Legends have it by the prayers of Saint Barnabas the ruins of it still remaining 2. Paphos Nova or New Paphos Now called Basso five miles from the old built by Agapenor one of the Nephews of Lycurgus the Spartan Law-giver after the sack of Troy forced hither by a violent tempest consecrate to the same impure Godess and much frequented but without injury to the other those which here offered not thinking they had done her sufficient service unlesse they went in a solemn manner of procession and paid their vowes also at the other 3. Arsinoe situate betwixt both built by or called so in honour of Arsinoe daughter of Ptolomy the first King Egypt and Lord of Cyprus of that house 4. Drepanun now called Trepano under the Promontory so named a well-traded Port but miserably defaced by the Turks when they took this Iland 5. Connelia one of the richest of the Iland by reason of the plenty of Sugar and Cotton and Wooll growing thereabouts Built in the place of 6. Cithera dedicated to Venus also but differing from the Iland of that name in the Aegean Sea rather in pronunciation than the purity of her oblations the last syllable save one in the name of that Iland being short in verse but this of Cyprus sounding long as in this of Virgil. Est Amathus est celsa mihi Paphos atque Cithera Cithera Amathus divine And lofty Paphos are all mine 2. On the South-East of Paphia lieth the Province or District of AMATHVSIA taking up the South parts of the Island which look towards Egypt Chief Towns hereof 1. Amathus giving name unto this division then of most note and much frequented for the annuall sacrifices made unto Adonis the darling of Venus who had here another of her Temples the ruins of both hardly now discerned Built as some say by Amasis King of Egypt when he conquered this Iland but as others say by some of the Anathites descended from Anath one of the Sons of Canaan 2. Cetium or Citium for I find it called by both names the birth-place of Zeno the Stoick hence called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Citiensis and memorable for the death of Cimon the Athenian Generall a Town wherein the memory of Cittim the Son of Javan is most apparently preserved 3. Episcopio one of the chief of all the Island built on the place or out of the decay of 4. Curias not far from the Promontory of the same name founded by the Argives where Apollo had both a Grove and a Temple by the name of Apollo Hylates his Altars in those times held so sacred that whosoever presumed to touch them was thrown into the Sea from the Promontory or rocks adjoining 5. Salines or Salinae so called from the rich Saltpits one of the chief Towns of this part and giving name to one of these twelve Cantrades into which the whole is now divided 3. LAPETHIA the third part of the Iland lyeth on the North thereof opposite to Cilicia in Asia Minor Places of most importance in it 1. Nicosia the Regall City of the Kings and the See of the Arch-Bishop and the chief of the Iland antiently called Ledronsis and Lenteinis but those mames long ago laid by Situate in the midest of the Isle and in a plain and champain Countrey obundantly fertile and delightfull Environed with a fair wall so exactly round as if it had been drawn with a pair of compasses in circuite about five miles and both for situation numbers of people and magnificent buildings of all sorts both publick and private compared by some to the most beautiful City of Florence Fortified by the Venetians when in their possession with new walls deep ditches and eleven strong Bullwarks with three great Out-works all of them built according to the Art of modern fortification But notwithstanding all these works and the help of 250 peece of Cannon planted on the walls and about the City it was by the Turks taken at the second or third assault Septemb. 9. Anno 1570. So evident a truth it is that Fortifications are more strengthened by the gallantry and courage of the Defendants than the Defendants are by their Fortifications 2. Cerines situate neer the Sea strong by art and
of Arbaces the great King of the Medes I am not able to say 4. Choaspa neer some River of that name as I conjecture there being besides Choaspes the chief River of Media another of that name also in India and probably another hereabouts to give name to this Town 5. Phoclis 6. Sigara 7. Dammana of which I find nothing but the names 8. Sin now a Town of name amongst them but not much observable The old Inhabitants hereof were the Pargyetae called also Arimaspae and Euergetae a powerfull Nation of themselves brought under the command of Alexander by means of Amenides sometimes the Secretary of Darius whom he made their Governour And besides them the Syeri Rophitae and the Eoritae which three made up the main body of the Arachosians committed by Alexander to the government and command of Menon Following after this the fortunes of the Persian Empire they changed their Masters as that did till the comming in of the Tartars Since that time governed for the most part by a King of their own especially since the dividing of the Kingdome of Persia amongst Tamerlanes children some of which held it as a distinct estate by the names of the Kings of Cabul till growing great by the conquest of some parts of India they took unto themselves the name of the Great Mongul Now Lords not onely of this Countrey but of the greatest part of India on this side of Ganges of whom we shall speak more when we are in India that being the chief Seat of their Power and Empire 8. PARAPOMISVS PAROPAMISVS is bounded on the South with Arachosia on the North with Bactria from which parted by the main body of Mount Taurus which is here called Paropamisus by the name of the Countrey on the East with some part of India on the West with Aria So called quasi Paroâ—anesus from the resemblance which it hath to an Island begirt on all sides almost with Rivers in which respect by Ptolomy called Paropanisus and not Paropamisus by which last name the Latines for the most part call it some of them Paropamissus with a double ss But that name being lost long since it is now by some called Dache by others Candahor but most commonly Sublestar The Countrey mountainous and hilly here and there intermixt with Valleys the Mountains of great height and exceeding barren the Valleys indifferent fruitful but so over-shadowed with those hills that the cleerest day in some places seems but like a twilight The people as obscure as their Countrey scarce known to any of their neighbours in the time of Alexander the barbarous nations neerest to them esteeming them unworthy of their acquaintance Agreste hominum genus inter Barbaros maxime inconditum as it is in Curtius Rivers of most note herein 1. Oxus of which before which rising out of Mount Caucasus passeth Northwards and afterwards divideth Bactria from Sogdiana 2. Dargamanis 3. Coacus both owing their original to some of the branches of Mount Taurus Which chain of hills beginning hereabouts to draw towards their end are towards the West called Paroetes where they give being to the River Dargamanis before named more Eastward they have the name of Parapomisus and Caucasus they are properly called where they are thwarted by Imaus in the very point as it were where Scythia India and the Persian territories do encounter Each other The hills in that place mounted to so great an height that from the tops thereof the Stars appear much greater than in other places the rising and setting of which are from hence easily discerned made memorable by the fable of Promotheus who is said to have been bound here by command of Jupiter on which vistum Promethea fuisse antiquit as tradit saith the Historian Prometheus is indeed by the Poets feigned to have stoln fire from heaven and to have made a man of clay for which presumptuous fact Jupiter bound him on the hill Caucasus where a vulture continually fed on his his Liver But according either to the truth of Story or their guess at least who make some Story the ground of Every Fable Prometheus being a very wise man instructed the dead and clayie carcasses of others with wisedome and that being very desirous to learn the nature of the starres which is the fire he stole from heaven he made the highest part of Mount Caucasus his studie where the inward care he had to accomplish his desire might justly have been compared to a Vulture gnawing on his entrails and of this opinion is Saint Augustine But far more memorable is it made for being the resting place of the Ark of Noah whereof we have already spoken in our Generall Preface Places of most consideration in it 1. Naulibis and 2. Ortospana both named by Ptolomy and reckoned by Amminus for the most famous of this Countrey But in what their same confisted I cannot find 3. Parsiana 4. Gazaca 5. Doroacana 6. Bagarda all named by Ptolomy but not else observable 7. Candihor now the Metropolis of the Countrey a Town of great trade by reason of the situation of it on the borders of India in that respect giving to the whole Countrey the nameof Candahor By which name reckoned for a Kingdome and used amongst the many titles in the Stile Imperiall Nothing considerable of it in the course of Story but that being once brought under by the Persian Monarchs it followed the fortune of the rest till these latter times when the Persians being overlaid by the Tertars it became subject to some Kings of the race of TamerLane reigning in this Province till brought under by the Kings of Cabul of the same extraction Finding those Kings intent on the conquest of India they freed themselves from all subjection to that Crown and had Kings of their own till the year 1600. or thereabouts when the last King unable to defend himself against Abduxa King of the Usbeques a Tartarian people but subject in some sort to the Crown of Persia surrendred his Kingdome to Echebar the Great Mongul descended from the old Kings of Cabul whose dominions border close upon it Recovered to the Persian Crown by Mirza the sonne of Abas and father of Soffie the now Sultan a Prince of much gallantry but of more misfortunes the Persian Sophies since that conquest using the title of Kings of Candahor in the Regal stile 9. ARIA ARIA is bounded on the East with Paropamisus on the West with Parthia on the North with Margiana and on the South with Drangiana from which last parted by the mountain Bagoas A name in old times given to the Province of Media especially by the Grecians till changed as they say into Media on the comming thither of Medea For so Pansanias amongst others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. comming into the Countrey then called Aria she caused it after her own name to be called Media But the name of Aria was not lost though it were removed remaining proper to this Countrey till
these later ages now changed with little alteration into that of Eri. The Countrey much subject unto heates environed with desarts heaths and forrests yet neer the mountains which defend them from the heat of the Sun they have some fruitful Champagnas bearing very good fruits and amongst others a strong wine and of long continuance keeping both tast and colour above 80 years They have also here a Drug somewhat like to Myrrhe and a kind of Saphyr but not right Rivers of note I meet with none but that which Ptolemy calleth Arias by the name of the Province making a Lake of the same name The fountain of which River he maketh to be in Paroumisus and the fall thereof in the said Like the waters of it first increased by a nameless Stream falling from the Mountains called Seriphi being that part of Taurus which divideth this Countrey from Margiana Antiently it was populous and well-inhabited containing above 30 Towns of name and note Those of most consequence 1. Aria on the banks of the River Arias the seat of the Aria whom Pliny speaketh of in this Tract but whether they received this name from the Province or bestowed their own name upon it I determine not 2. Bataxa 3. Sotera 4. Orbitana 5. Sarmagana 6. Artacanda by Strabo called Artacana 7. Nisibis mentioned both by Ptolomy and Ammianus 8. Alexandria bearing the name of the Great Conqueror by whom planted and made a Colony of his Macedonians for the better awing of the Countrey which by some former rebellions had been troublesome to him But these and most of those remembred by Ptolomy being grown out of knowledge there remains now of speciall note 9. Heri or Eri seated not far from the place of the antient Aria but much superiour to it in strength and greatness Said by Maginus to be in compass thirteen miles and so plentifully stored with Roses that the inhabitants of the Countrey call it the City of Roses Naturally of a strong situation compassed about with a very good wall and watered with deep Channels conveyed unto it by Tamerlanc that most puissant Tartar by whom either founded or repaired 10. Sasuar a place of good importance and the second in esteem next to Herit it self The old Inhabtants were the Masdarami Nisar Astaren the Cassirota Obares Drachamae Borgi Paranti c. united altogether in the name of Arians by that name subject to the Persians and subdued by Alexander Against whom when they had rebelled and were worsted by him they were compelled to betake themselves to the strength of a Cave seated upon the top of an inaccessible Rock and with small force easily defended But to Alexander nothing was impossible For piling up a great mass of timber equall unto the mouth of the Cave when the wind served opportunely he put fire unto it and by that means so filled the Cave with fire and smoak that some of them were stifled some half-burnt and the rest forced to yield to the Victors mercy Nor was this the onely action of note during that Rebellion though it was the greatest The common Souldier also had his honour in it Sarlibarzanes a Persian whom Alexander had trusted with the command of this Province had drawn them unto this Revolt and became their head Who to express his courage in the sight of the Arians challenged the proudest He of the Macedonians to a single combat The challenge cheerfully accepted by one Eriguis one of the most aged in the Army and saying aloud ostendam quales milites Alexander habet he valiantly charged upon the Rebell and at the second venew slew him The Arians after this triall of their disabilities remained in quiet taking the same fortunes as the rest of the Persians did in their change of Masters Of late by Mahomet Codubanda it was aliened for a time from the Crown of Persia and given to Sultan Abas his second sonne who took unto himself in his Fathers life-time the title of the King of Heri But comming to the Crown by the murder of his elder Brother and the death of his Father he united Heri once again to the Regal Diademe but kept as a distinct title in the Royall stile 10. PARTHIA PARTHIA is bounded on the East with Aria on the West with Media on the North with Hyrcania and on the South with that part of Carmania which by Ptolomy and others of the Antients was called Deserta The reason of the name we shall see anon But that name being laid aside it is now called Arach The Countrey walled as it were round with Mountains and in most parts overgrown with woods by which defended from those heats to which otherwise it would be subject it produceth many things of necessary use for the life of the people but nothing for riot and excess In other places where the shade of the wood is wanting the whole Countrey is in a manner but a sandy Desart dangerous to Travellers and impassable even with the help of Guides the sands continually driven from one place to another taking away all tracts of a beaten way For which cause there be certain Castles at each three miles end built at the Kings charge as well for the direction as the reception of Passengers and Cawseys of many miles in length in some other places for their better travelling the sands on each side of them so loose and light that if a man should fall aside he were lost remediless The people antiently were very couragious and stout as commonly they are in all barren Countries and were withall of a Scythian extract and originall Exceeding spare of diet and good reason for it the Countrey not affording any superfluities but otherwise much given to pleasures allowing themselves plurality of wives and Concubines Good horsemen and to that so used that they consulted of all business both private and publique when they were on horse-back Such lovers of the warres that they accompted no man happy after his decease but who died in battell esteeming of all others but as fooles or Cowards Their Souldiers for the most part Slaves whom they trained up unto their weapons and to manage horses insomuch as of 50000 horse which the Parthian King had in the field against Marcus Antonius there were not above 800. Free-men But their greatest same consisted in the handling of their Bow and Arrows esteemed the best Archers in the world and not underservedly having the Art of shooting backwards and making their Retreat or flight more terrible than their charge or onset Whence that of Senoca Terga conversi metuenda Parthi The Parthians flight Doth most affright Which with the manner of their fight more copiously described by Lucan thus Pugna levis bellumque fugax turmaeque fugaces Et melior cessisse loco quam pellere miles Illita terra dolis nec Martem cominus unquam Ausa pati virtus sed longe tendere nervos Which I find thus Englished to my hand Light skirmish fleeing warre and scattered
Southwards in the Latitude of 28. But what it loseth in Antiquity it hath got in honor the Town and Territory being a peculiar Kingdome till Echebar the Mogul subdued it Anno 1598 in his passage from Lahor to Decan But it lost nothing by the hand For Echebar delighted in the situation of it and that withall it stood in the middest of his Kingdomes made it the Seat Royall of his Empire fixt there for the most part ever since by means whereof exceedingly increased in wealth beauty and greatness the very Castle in which the Mogul usually resideth being two miles in compass environed with most high and unscalable walls and fortified with great store of Ordinance The whole space betwixt it and Fatipore being 18. miles affirmed to be a continuall Market and all the Intervall from hence to the Town of Lahor from which distant 600 miles towards the South adorned with continuall Rowes of Trees on both sides of the wayes most of them bearing a kind of Mulberâ—y and at every ten miles end houses erected by the King or some of the Nobles for beautifying the way to the Regall City preserving their own memory and the safe lodging of Passengers in danger otherwise by night of Theeves and Cut-throats 3. Hendee a Town more towards the South beautified with a fair Castle of the Kings cut out of the main Rock and wrought with carved work round about fortified with 50 peeces of Ordinance and thought impregnable for that cause made a Prison for great persons Here are also two Hospitals for such Captains and Captains only as are maimed in the wars 4. Beani twelve course or 18. miles from Fattipore the most noted place for Indico in all the Indies for the making whereof they have here twelve mills Which Indico by the way groweth on a small shrub like our Goose-berry-bushes bearing seed like a Cabbage-seed which being cut down are laid in heaps for half a year and when rotten brought into a vault to be trodden with Oxen from the Stalks and being ground small and fine at the Mills is last of all boiled in furnaces refined and sorted 6 SANGA SANGA is bounded on the North with the East parts of the Realm of Agra on the South and West with Cambaia from which parted on the West by the Mountain Gate and on the East with Oristan The reason of the name I find not this Country being too far South to be so called from Sangalassa a Town of chief note neer the fountains of Indus where placed by Arianus lib. 5. Places of most importance in it 1. Azmere or Agimer 180 miles from Agra At the end of every course each course a mile and an half a fair pillar erected and at every tenth course a fair Seraglio such as we call Innes for the entertainment of Travellors All built by Echebar who wanting Children is said to have gone in Pilgrimage on foot from Arra to Azimere saying his prayers at the end of every course and lodging all night at the tenth 2. Citor the chief City of Sanga and once a Kingdome of it self or the chief of that Kingdome Situate in the midle way betwixt Surat a known Port of Cambata and Agra spoken of before and most magnificently built on the top of a rocky hill to which the passage is so narrow and so well fortified there being in it three Gates at the top the middle and the bottom that thereby and by other advantages of Art and nature it was thought impregnable Affirmed to he 12 miles in compass beautified with many goodly buildings both publique and private but once more glorious than it is here being to be seen the ruins of 100 Temples and above 100000 houses either demolished by the wars or suffered to decay by the great Moguls who would not willingly have any thing in the Indies of more Antiquity than themselves and therefore are rather inclined to build new Cities than uphold the old The greatness and Antiquity of it have made some men think that it was the Royall Seat of Porus. Others affirm the same of Delly but neither rightly the Kingdome of Porus lying more towards the River Indus and not so far South Governed not long since by a Queen called Crementina not more fair than valiant who revolting from Badurius King of Cambaia to whom she formerly had paid tribute was dispossessed of the Town of Citor where she had fortified her self with 30000. foot and 2000 horse the People in a desperate resolution laying all their treasures on an heap which they burnt together with themselves in which flame it is said that there perished 70000 persons But the Cambatan did not long enjoy his victory For not long after both the City and a great part of the Countrey was conquered by the great Mogul the mountainous parts hereof being held against him by Ramee the Sonne or successor of Qu. Crementina till seeing himself destitute of all better helps he put himself into the hands of one of the Sonnes of the late Sultan by whom reconciled unto his Father Some other Towns there are in this Province and in that of Agra before mentioned and those of good esteem perhaps amongst the natives but of no observation or importance in the course of business 7 CAMBAIA CAMBAIA hath on the East Delly and part of Mandao on the West Gedrosia a Province of the Persian Empire on the North Dulsinda and the rest of Mandao on the South the main Ocean and some part of Decan It lieth on both sides of the Indus and is so called from Cambaia the chief Province of it The whole divided into 1. Sinda 2. Guzarate and 3. Cambaia specially so called 1. SINDA hath on the East the River Indus by which separated from Mandao on the North that part of Sanga which is called Dulsinda on the West parts of Gedrosia and Guzarate and on the South the rest of Guzarate onely coasting along the Western banks of the River Indus whence it had the name that River being now called Sind as was said before And for this reason as I take it the Western part of Sanga lying North of this took the name of Dulsinda and not Dulcinda with a C as most commonly written The Country for the generality very rich and fertile but in some places nothing but a sandy Desart inhabited for the most part by wild Asses Foxes Deer and some wilder beasts but none so wild as the Caelies a robbing nation so numerous withall that they sometimes rob whole Caravans as they pass that way notwithstanding the many Forts and Castles built of purpose to secure those passages Places of most importance in it 1. Tutta or Gutu Nagar Tutta on the banks of Indus a Town of great trade but most frequented by the Portugals who here receive such Indian commodities as come down the water from Labor returning Pepper in exchange which they bring up the River from their other Factories 2. Lawribander at the mouth or out-let
forced to lay much soil and will therefore let some of it Rent-free to strangers reserving only the dung of themselves and their cattell 5 BILEDVLGERID specially so called abundantly fruitful in Dates whence it had the name but destitute of Corn by reason of the extream dryness of the soyle and yet hath in it many Towns of good note among them Of less note 6 Tesset 7 Segelmesse 8 Zeb 9 Tebelbeti and 10 Fessen so called from the chiefest of their Towns and Villages Towns of most note both now and in former times besides those spoken of before 1 Timugedit in the Province of Dara the birth-place of Mahomet Ben Amet and his three sons the founders of the Xeriffian Empire 2 Tafilete in the said Province to which place Mahomet the second of these sons and first King of Morocco of that Family confined his eldest brother Amet having took him prisoner Anno 1544. 3. Teffet a great Town of 400 houses but so poorly neighboured that there is no other inhabited place within 300 miles of it but of that before 4 Techort the inhabitants whereof are very courteous to strangers whom they entertain at free-cost and choose rather to marry their daughters to them then to any of the Natives 5 Eboacah the most Eastern Town in all this Country distant about 100 miles from the borders of Egypt 7 Debris one of the chief Cities of the Garamantes of great renown in former times for Wells or Fountain of the Sun the waters whereof being lukewarm at the Sun-rising cooled more and more till noon was then very cold and so continued untill midnight afterwards by degrees growing hotter and hotter as if it had a natural Antipathy with the Sun hottest when that was furthest off and cold when neerest 8 Masucha seated on a Rock garrisoned by Jugurth for a place of refuge but taken by Marius in the prosecution of that War 8 Capsa the chief City of all this tract said to be built by Hercules but questionless of very great strength anguibus arenisque vallata made inaccessible saith the Historian by the thick Sands and multitudes of Serpents which were harboured in them but easily forced by Marius in his Wars with Jugurth and utterly destroyed by Caesar in his war against Juba It seems by this that those people neighbouring Mount Atlas were much at the disposal of the Kings of Mauritania in the times foregoing and so they have been also in these latter times For though neglected by the Romans who thought it an high point of wisdom not to extend their Empire beyond that Mountain yet the Saracens had not long possessed themselves of those parts of Barbary which was in the year 698 but within twelve yeers Anno 710. they subdued this Country and planted their Religion in it though not themselves Nor was Amet the first Xeriffe of Morocco warm in that estate when he thought it best for him to secure himself in it by the conquest of this to whose successors the chiefes of the Tribes hereof render some acknowledgements 2. LIBYA DESEETA 2. LIBYA DESERTA is bounded on the north with Numidia or Biledulgerid to which contiguous on the East with Nubia a Kingdom and Province of the Land of Negroes on the South with the land of Negroes wholly and on the West with Gualata another Province of these Negroes interposed betwixt it and the Atlantick The reason of the name of Libya we have had before To which Deserta was added upon very good reasons as well to difference it from the other Libya a Province of Egypt as to express the barren and sandy condition of it in which respect by the Arabians called Sarra signifying in their language a rude and inhabitable Desart as this Country is So truly such that men may travell in it eight days together without finding water or seeing any tree and no grass at all The water which they have is drawn out of pits exceeding brackish and many times those pits so covered with the Sands that men die for thirst the Merchants therefore carrying their water with them on the backs of Camels which if it fail they kill their Camels and drink a water which they wring out of their guts And yet as dangerous and uncomfortable as these Desarts be they are very much travelled by the Merchants of Fesse and Tremesen trading to Agades and Tombatum in the land of Negroes The People differ not much from the Numidians in shape or qualities but if a worse of quality it must be the Lybian They did once worship a God called Psaphon who when he lived taught divers Birds which he caught and then set at liberty to say these words viz. Psaphon is a great god which the simple people hearing and admiring at it afforded him Divine honours Converted at last to the Christian Faith they remained a while in the profession of the Gospel exterminated by the Saracens about the year 710. who having added Numidia or Biledulgerid to their former conquests planted their Superstitions in this Country also This Country is divided as others into Provinces into five great Desarts to which those of less note are to be referred 1. ZANHAGA beginning at the borders of Gualata interposed betwixt it and the Atlantick Ocean and extending Eastward to the Salt-pits of Tegaza having on the South Gualata and Tombutum in the land of Negroes so destitute of water that there is one pit only at the end of each hundred mile brakish and unwholsom and in the Desarts of Azaoad and Araoan which are parts of this but one in an 150 or 200 miles riding 2. ZVENZIGA extended from the Salt-pits of Tegaza Eastward to the Desart of Targa bounded on the North with Segelmesse and Tebelbeti Numidian Provinces and on the South with the Desarts of Ghir and Guber So void of water especially in that part thereof which is called Gogden that in nine dayes travell there is not so much as one drop to be seen but what they carry on their Camels 3. TARGA extended Eastward to the Desart of Ighidi and reaching from Tegorarin in the North to the Desart of Agader in the South the best conditioned part of all this Countrey well watered of a temperate Aâ—re and a soyl reasonably fruitfull In length from North to the South 300 miles and liberally stored with Manna which they gather into little vessels and carry to Agadez to sell Mingled in water or with pottage it is very cooling and drank of in their Feasts as a speciall dainty 4. LEMPTA extendeth from the Deserts of Ighidi unto that of Bordea 5. BORDEA which reacheth to the borders of Nubia Of these two there is little to be said in several but that this last was discovered lately by one Hamar a guide to a Caravan of Merchants who blinded with the sands wandred out of his way and causing sand to be given him at every twenty miles end found by the smell at last that they begun to draw nigh some
Los Quixos 3 Lima 4 Cusco 5 Charcos and 6 Collao three on the Sea and the other three in the midlands to which the Ilands of it shall be joyned in the close of all 1. QVITO is bounded on the North with Popayan on the West with Mare del Zur on the South with the Province of Lima and on the East with that of Los Quixos So named from Quito the chief Town and Province of the first division The soil as fertile and as fit for the fruits of Europe as any other in Peru well stored with Cattell especially the Pacos or Peruvian sheep and plentifully furnished both with Fish and Fowl In many parts great store of Nitre of which they make most approved good Gunpowder and in some Rivers especially that of S. Barbara many veins of Gold The people generally industrious especially in the making of Cloth of Cotton equal almost to silks for fineness of constitution strong and healthy but given to lying drinking and such other vices with which they are so much in love that though they are conceived to be apt of Learning yet not without great difficulty brought to the Christian Faith nor willingly reclaimed from their ancient Barbarism Extreamly punished with the Pox an hereditary disease amongst them the very Girls and untouched Virgins so infected with it that neither Tobacco Guajacan nor Sarsa parilla all which this Country doth afford in a great abundance is able to preserve them from it Towns of most observation in it 1 Carangues a large and sumptuous Palace of the ancient Kings so named because situate in the Territory of the Carangues a barbarous bloody and man-eating people subdued by Guayanacapa one of the mightiest of the Kings of Peru from whom revolting and withall killing many of his Ministers and Garrison-Souldiers they were upon a second conquest brought to the banks of a great Lake into which 20000 of them being killed were thrown The Lake from thenceforth called Yaguarcochâ— or the Lake of blood 2 Otavallu another Palace of the Kings but far inferiour to the other yet giving name unto the Cantred in which it standeth 3 Quito the chief of this Resort and once the Regal seat of its proper Kings till made subject by Guayanacapa before mentioned the ruines of whose Palace are now remaining By the Spaniards it is called S. Francisco built on the declivity of an Hill not above 30 minutes from the Equinoctial well fortified and as well furnished with Ammunition inhabited by about 500 Spaniards besides the Natives The streets whereof strait and broad the buildings decent the principal of which the Cathedral Church the Courts of Justice and two Convents of Dominican and Franciscan Friers The Town and Territory much annoyed by a Flaming Mountain or Vulcano which in the year 1560 cast out such abundance of cinders that if a rain had not hapned beyond expectation had made great spoil upon the place 4 Tacunga fifteen Leagues from Quito and 5 Rhiobamba in the Territory of the Purvasii 40 Leagues from that each of them honoured with another of those ancient Palaces 6 Thomebamba neighboured by another of the Kings Palaces but more magnificent then the former situate in the Country of the Canares amongst whom anciently the Women tilled the Land and did all without doors whiles the Men staid at home and spun and attended housewifry 7 Cuenca 64 Leagues from Quito on another Road situate in a Country full of Gold Silver Brass Iron and veins of Sulphur 8 Loxa sixteen Leagues southwards of Cuenca situate in the fift Degree of Southern Latitude and in a sweet and pleasant Valley called Guxibamba between two fine Riverets The Citizens well furnished with Horse and Armour but not otherwise wealthy 9 Zamora twenty Leagues on the East of Loxa and 10 Jaen 35 from that both situate in the Province of Quachimayo and both so called in reference to two Cities of those names in Spain Then on the Sea coasts there are 11 Portus Votus Pucrto Veio as the Spaniards call it not far from the Sea-side but in so ill an Air that it is not very much frequented Said to be one of the first Towns of this Country possessed by the Spaniards who digged up hereabouts the bones of a monstrous Giant whose Cheek-teeth were four fingers broad 12 Mantu the Port Town to Porto Veâ—o from whence the trade is driven betwixt Panuma and Peru the town it self situate in a rich vein of Emeralds 13 Guayaquill or S. Jago de Guayaquil called also Gulata seated at the bottom of an Arm of the Sea neer the influx of the River Guayaquil a noted and much frequented Empory 14 Castro a Colonie of Spaniards planted An. 1568 in that part of this Country which they call Provincia de los Esmeraldos bordering on Popayan 15 S. Michael by the old Natives called Piura the first Colony which the Spaniards planted in Peru but otherwise of no estimation 16 Payta a small Town but neighboured by the safest and most frequented Haven of all this Country as guarded from the winde by the Cape of S. Helens on the North and Punta Piurina on the South two eminent Promontories The Town burnt An. 1587. by Capt. Cavendish Who at the same time also pillaged the Isle of Puna the most noted Iland of this Tract situate in the Bay of Tombez as was said before Fruitfull of all things necessary to the life of man Parats for pleasure Sarzaparilla for his health The people in preceding times so stout and Warlike that they maintained a long War with those of Tombez till in the end composed by the mediation of the King of Peru to whom the King hereof for a King it had became an Homager as since their embracing of the Gospel to the Kings of Spain 2 LOS QVIXOS lieth on the East of Quito and the west of El Dorada one of the Cantreds of Guiana so called from its abundance of Gold but little different in the nature of the soil and people from the Province of Quito but that this is somewhat the more barren and less stored with those rich metals which the Spaniards come for The People have also a distinct tongue of their own though they both understand and speak the Peruvian language Chief Towns hereof 1 Baeza built in the year 1559. which was within two years of the first discovery of this Region by Giles Ramirez de Avila 18 leagues from Quito towards the East now the seat of the Governour 2 Archidona 20 leagues on the South-east of Baeza 3 Avila on the North of Archidona so called with reference to Ramirez de Avila before mentioned or to a Town of that name in Spain 4 Sevilla del Oro a Colonie of the Spaniards as the others are On the East of this Province lieth the Cantred of Canelam inhabited by a blockish and ignorant People and destitute of all things necessary for the comforts of life Most mercilesly tormented and cast to dogs to be devoured by
misfortune that befell it then for any thing else purposely burnt by Amenophis the fift upon this occasion Being blinde he was assured by some of his Wizards that if he washed his eyes with the Urine of a Woman which had never known any but her own husband he should be restored unto his sight After a long search and many vain tryals he met with one whose water cured him whom he took to wife and causing all the rest whom he had made tryal of to be brought together to this Town he set sire on the Ciâ—y and burnt both it and all the women there assembled which tale if true is little to the credit of the Dames of Egypt Places of most note and observation in the Province of Egypt strictly and specially so called are 1. Alexandria situate Westward of the Delta over against the Isle of Pharos and built upon a Promontory thrusting it self into the Sea with which on the one side and the Lake Mareotis on the other it is exceeding well defended the Work of Alexander the Great and by him peopled with Greeks immediatly after his conquest of Egypt The Regal Seat of the Ptolomies whilst Egypt did maintain the State of a Kingdom and afterwards the Metropolis of it when a Roman Diocese Adorned with many stately buildings of which most memorable the Serapium or Temple of their God Separis for sumptuous workmanship and the magnificence of the Fabrick inferiour to none but the Roman Capitol and next to that the Library erected by Philadelphus who had stored it with 700000. Volumes unfortunately burnt in the War against Julius Caesar a City of great trading and infinite Riches 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the greatest Empory of the World as is said by Strabo Wanton with which the Citizens so abounded in all licentiousness both of life and speech that they spared not the Emperour himself if he came in their way But they paid dearly for their folly For Caracalla not so patient of a Contumely as some wiser Princes having felt the lashes of their tongues when he was amongst them assembled all the youth of the City as if out of them he would have chosen some to attend his Person and suddenly gave command to his Souldiers to put them all to the sword A slaughter so great and universall that the River Nilus coloured with the blood of the slain might not improperly at that time be called a Red Sea In this City Anno 180. Gantenus read here both Divinity and Philosophy to all such as would come to hear him which as it is conceived to give the first hint to the instituting of Vniversities in the rest of Christendom so from that small beginning the Schools of Alexandria grew so great and eminent that Nazianzen calleth them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the shop or work-house as it were of all kinds of Learning Much short of what it was even in point of trading especially since the diversion of the Trading from the Bay of Arabia and utterly divested of those beauties which once it had Inhabited at the present by a mixture of Nations Moors Jews Turks Greeks and Christian Cophtives more for some little gain which they reap by Traffick then any pleasure in the place Now called Scanderia by the Turks remarkable only for the house of the Patriarch though he dwell for the most part in Caire and a Church in which S. Mark their first Bishop was said to be buried 2. Canopus situate east of Alexandria and on the principal branch of the Nile called Heracleoticum so called from Canopus the Pilot of Menelaus who having suffered shipwrack upon this coast was there interred by his Master A Town so branded in old times for varieties of all kinde of beastliness and luxury that as Seneca very well observed he that avoided the viciousness and debauchery of it could not scape the infamy the very place administring matter for suspicion 3. Rosetta on the same branch of the River and not far from Canopus out of whose ruines it arose built by a Slave of one of the Egyptian Caliphs unwalled and destitute of all Fortifications but plentifully accommodated with all sorts of commodities and well frequented by the Merchant 4. Nicopolis now called Munia the Monument of some eminent Victory and probably of the conquest of Egypt by the Macedonians the name being Greek and the Town standing within 30. Fuâ—longs of Alexandria 5. Aphrodites and Aphroditopolis so called from Venus who was here worshipped situate betwixt the two middle branches of the Nile 6. Sais betwixt the same branches of the River also whence that Nomus or Division had the name of Saites It is now called Sibnit or Signiti 7. Plinthine on the Sea-side and 8. Hierax more within the land the chief Towns of the Region called Maraeotica In Arcadia called also Heptanomus because it contained seven of the Nomi or Divisions into which Egypt was distributed by the Macedonians the Places of most note were and are 1. Memphâ—â— on the Western bank of Nile not far from the sharp point of the Delta where the River first beginneth to divide it self the Regal City of the old Egyptian Pharaohs by one of which who removed the Seat Royal from Thebo hither it is said to be built and called thus by the name of his daughter In compass when it flourished about 20. miles Great populous and adorned with a world of Antiquities amongst others with the Temples of Apis Venus and Scrapis beset with Sphyrâ—â—â— now nothing left of the Ruines of it but the Statues of some monstrous Resemblances sufficient to â—hew what it hath been formerly The Pyramides before described stood not far from hence to which the Poet relateth saying Barbara Pyramidum sileat miracula Memphis Let barbarous Memphis brag no more Of her Pyramides as before 2. Babylon called for distinctions sake Babylon Aegyptiorum built on the other side of the River and somewhat more unto the North said to be founded by Cambyses the Persian Monarch the first that made this Kingdom stoop to the yoke of a forreiner and by him peopled with some Babylonians or Chaldaeans transplanted hither Great as appeareth by the ruines amongst which many of the Christian Temples and Monasteries do lie there in rubbish the Castle whereof served long after for the Garrison of the three Legions appointed to defend this Country in the time of the Romans This thought by some to be the Babylon mentioned by S. Peter in his 1 Epistle cap. ult which the following words and Mark my son S. Mark being the first Bishop of the Alexandrians and the Apostle of Egypt may make somwhat probable but the truth and reality hereof I dispute not now Out of the ruines of this City arose 3. Caire now and for many Ages past the chief of this Country raised from the ashes of old Babylon by the Chaliphs of Egypt and by the Mamalucks made the Seat-Royal of their Kingdom In compasse not above eight miles but full
of Streets the number of which said to be 18000. every one of them fortified with a Gate at each end which being well barred made every several street an impregnable fortresse Found so by Selymus the first when he conquered Egypt who spent three dayes in forcing his way through it with his numerous Army The private buildings very mean the publique specially the Mosques beyond thought magnificent Visited every seventh year with a dreadful Pestilence yet still so populous that it is conveived to be in good health if there die not above a thousand in a day or 300000 within that year Adorned with many delicate Orchards both within the City and without full of variety of contentments and neighboured by a pleasant Lake but made more pleasant by the company which meet there in Boats for their mutual solace and delights Fortified at the South end with a stately Castle the Palace of the Mamaluck Sultans situate on the top of a Mountain overlooking the City and a great part of the Country also So large that it seemeth a City of it self immured with high walls divided into many partitions or several Courts in times past the places of exercise and entred by dores of iron Destroyed for the most part by Selimus for fear of giving opportunity to some rebellion or envying the Mamalucks the glory of having been the Masters of so brave a Mansion that which is left now serving for the habitation of the Turkish Bassa who hath the Government of this Kingdom 4. Matared or Matarea not far from Caire the soile whereof is said to be so rich and fertile that the People are fain to cover it with sand or gravel so moderating the extreme ranknesse of it 5. Arsinoe on the West side of the Nile and somwhat South of the famous Labyrinth before described called also to difference it from another of the same name on the shores of the Red-Sea the City of Crocodiles in regard of the divine honours there done that Monster 6. Nilopolis or Nili Civitas in the Island called Heracleotis made by the imbracements of the River most memorable for being the Episcopal See of Cheraemon a right godly Prelate of whom see Eusebius in the 6 Book and 34 Chap. of his Ecclesiastical History 7. Troia on the Eastern stream which makes that Island not much observable but for giving name to the Montes Troici lying neer unto it out of which were digged the stones which made the Pyramides 8. Cynopolis in a little Island up the water 9. Hermopolis or the City of Mercurie called also Hermopolis magna to difference it from another of that name not far from Alexandria to which they give the Adjunct of Parva 10. Antinous now Antius founded by Adrian the Emperor in honour of Antinous his especial favourite the most Southern City of this Province on the banks of the Nile 11. Dionysias or the City of Bacchus situate on the Southern end of the Lake of Moeris in the Nomus or Division called Oasis parva 12. Clysma upon the shores of the Golf a Roman Garrison Cities of most note in the Province of Thebais 1. Panopolis the Panos of Antoninus one of the greatest of this part 2. Ptolomais the foundation of one of the Ptolomies and the goodliest City of this Province succeeding unto Thebe both in power and greatnesse 3. Saiet a fair and large Town six dayes journy from Caire going up the water but by what name called amongst the Antients I do nowhere find Affirmed erroneously I think to be the dwelling-place of Joseph and Mary when they fled with CHRIST our Saviour from the fury of Herod Beautified with a goodly Temple but now somwhat ruinous of the foundation of Helena the mother of Constantine The City much resorted to on the strength of this Tradition only by many aged Christian Cophties who desire to die there 4. Diospolis or the City of Jupiter all of them on the banks of the River 5. Tentyra in a little Isle so called made by the circlings of the Nile The inhabitants whereof were the onely men who durst encounter the Crocodile A creature of a terrible name but a cowardly nature of which it is said by Ammianus Marcellinus that it assaulteth those which flie from it and flieth from those who do assault it In that point very like the Devil of whom it is said by the Apostle James 4 7. that if he be resisted he will flie from us Or as the good old Poet hath it Est Leo si fugias si stas quasi Musca recedit Give ground a Lyon he will be Stand to it and away flies he 6. Coptos upon the head of a Trench or water-course which falleth into the Nilus on the South of Tentyra but on the other side of the River in old times a most noted Emporie for Indian and Arabian wares from whence not only the Christians of this Country are thought to have the name of Cophties but the whole Country to be originally called Aegyptus from Ai-Coptus or the land of Coptus 7. Thebe the residence and foundation of that great Tyrant Busiris in compass 140 furlongs or 17 miles and an half called also Hecatompylae from the number of an hundred Gates which were said to be in it So beautified with Colosses Temples Palaces the Sepulchres of the old Egyptian Pharaohs and other Ornaments of State that it was thought 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be the Nonesuch of the world Decayed on the removing of the Court to Memphis it became a ruine so long since that there was nothing left of it in the time of Iuvenal as he telleth us saying Atque vetus Thebe centum jacet obruta portis Old Thebe yielding to the Fates Lies buried with its hundred Gates 8. Abydus now called Abutick once the seat-royal of Memnon from thence called Memnonium renowned for the Temple of Osiris more for the Statue of Memnon which though made of stone did at the rising of the sun yield a vocal sound 9. Elephantis on the banks of Nile neighboured by Crophi and Mophi two sharp Rocks betwixt which the River falling-down with a violent current makes the Lesser Cataract of which and of the greater we shall speak more fully in Aethiopia The City seated in an Island of the River Nile on the borders of Aethiopia sub Aegypto as the Antients called it known unto Ptolomie by the name of Elephantina but to our Ecclesiastical writers by the name of Tabenna Memorable in times of Heathenism for the Town and Temple of Onuphis wherein stood the Nilometrium or standing-pillar by which they did observe the increase of the River removed since to the Castle of Michias two miles from Caire in times of Christianity for the dwellings of infinite numbers of Monks and Hermits called from this place Tabenisiotae 10. Syene now Asna a little North of Elephantis situate directly under the Tropick of Cancer and memorable for a deep Well there digged by some Astronomers which when