you_o will_v by_o this_o operation_n produce_v and_o about_o the_o mid_a le_fw-fr or_o low_a end_n of_o it_o for_o the_o top_n will_v be_v too_o tender_a fix_v upon_o a_o leaf_n that_o have_v a_o fresh_a and_o fair_a bud_n grow_v out_o betwixt_o it_o and_o the_o bark_n and_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n below_o and_o above_o the_o bud_n cut_v off_o the_o branch_n and_o so_o you_o will_v have_v a_o piece_n of_o it_o about_o a_o inch_n long_o remain_v with_o a_o bud_n and_o leaf_n on_o this_o you_o must_v cleave_v just_a through_o the_o midst_n so_o as_o the_o bud_n may_v be_v direct_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o one_o half_a and_o then_o snip_n off_o a_o part_n of_o the_o leaf_n and_o hold_v it_o by_o the_o remainder_n clap_v it_o to_o a_o smooth_a straight_a place_n on_o the_o stock_n and_o with_o a_o penknife_n score_n out_o on_o each_o side_n of_o it_o so_o much_o of_o the_o stock_n as_o it_o cover_v or_o rather_o a_o little_o broad_a because_o when_o the_o bark_n on_o which_o the_o bud_n be_v be_v take_v off_o from_o its_o own_o wood_n and_o apply_v to_o the_o stock_n it_o will_v cover_v a_o wide_a space_n of_o the_o stock_n than_o it_o do_v before_o after_o you_o have_v thus_o mark_v your_o stock_n withdraw_v the_o cyen_v again_o and_o cut_v the_o bark_n through_o where_o you_o have_v mark_v it_o then_o cut_v the_o bark_n cross_n and_o straight_o from_o the_o uppermost_a end_n of_o one_o score_n to_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o the_o other_o and_o cut_v the_o bark_n again_o cross_a and_o straight_o from_o one_o score_n to_o the_o other_o but_o not_o so_o low_a as_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o score_n by_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n then_o take_v the_o oblong_a square_a piece_n of_o bark_n that_o be_v cut_v on_o every_o side_n quite_o off_o the_o stock_n and_o raise_v up_o that_o part_n of_o the_o bark_n that_o remain_v betwixt_o the_o side-score_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o work_n from_o the_o wood_n till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o side-score_n take_v then_o a_o goose-quill_n cut_v in_o the_o fashion_n of_o a_o apple-scoop_a or_o scraper_n and_o have_v with_o your_o nail_n a_o little_a loosen_a the_o upper_a part_n of_o that_o bark_n that_o be_v on_o the_o cyen_n thrust_v the_o quill_n betwixt_o the_o bark_n and_o the_o wood_n that_o it_o may_v separate_v they_o and_o take_v off_o with_o the_o bark_n a_o little_a wood_n or_o root_n of_o the_o bud_n over_o against_o it_o if_o you_o see_v a_o hole_n on_o the_o inside_n over_o against_o the_o bud_n when_o you_o have_v take_v the_o bark_n off_o cast_v it_o away_o that_o little_a labour_n be_v lose_v and_o try_v another_o till_o you_o find_v it_o otherwise_o then_o put_v in_o the_o low_a end_n of_o that_o bark_n or_o cyen_n betwixt_o the_o bark_n that_o be_v raise_v on_o the_o stock_n and_o the_o wood_n and_o so_o bound_v it_o on_o the_o stock_n gentle_o with_o woollen-yarn_n or_o narrow_a shred_n of_o linen_n cloth_n or_o gentle_a stuff_n or_o with_o base_n or_o bast_n of_o which_o the_o russia_n mat_n be_v make_v but_o so_o that_o the_o cyen_fw-mi may_v lie_v close_o to_o the_o wood_n of_o the_o stock_n that_o be_v make_v bare_a and_o have_v a_o especial_a care_n that_o you_o hurt_v not_o the_o bud._n §_o 3._o there_o be_v some_o other_o way_n of_o inoculate_v use_v differ_v only_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o cut_n both_o in_o the_o bark_n of_o the_o stock_n and_o of_o the_o cyen_n and_o first_o some_o proceed_n in_o all_o other_o thing_n as_o be_v before_o direct_v cut_v the_o bark_n out_o of_o the_o whole_a length_n of_o the_o side-score_n and_o apply_v the_o cyen_v to_o the_o disbark_v place_n §_o 4._o other_o cut_v one_o slit_v only_o down_o the_o bark_n of_o the_o stock_n and_o another_o cross_n the_o the_o top_n of_o it_o like_o a_o great_a t_o when_o this_o be_v do_v they_o prepare_v the_o cyen_n or_o bark_n as_o before_o direct_v only_o cut_v it_o sharp_a point_a at_o the_o low_a end_n before_o they_o take_v the_o bud_n off_o its_o wood_n then_o raise_v the_o bark_n of_o the_o stock_n up_o on_o each_o side_n the_o slit_n and_o put_v in_o the_o cyen_fw-mi begin_v at_o the_o top_n and_o slide_v it_o downward_o gentle_o and_o let_v the_o top_n of_o the_o bud_n join_v close_o to_o the_o cross-cut_a in_o the_o upper_a end_n and_o so_o bind_v the_o bark_n gentle_o upon_o it_o but_o not_o just_a upon_o the_o bud_n this_o be_v the_o common_a way_n use_v by_o gardiner_n §_o 5._o other_o make_v the_o cross-cut_a in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o downright_a score_n on_o the_o stock_n and_o lift_v up_o the_o four_o corner_n of_o the_o bark_n and_o make_v the_o cyen_n sharp_a at_o both_o end_n put_v it_o under_o the_o bark_n of_o the_o stock_n at_o both_o end_n and_o then_o bound_v it_o but_o in_o do_v this_o there_o be_v danger_n of_o hurt_v the_o bud_n or_o cyen_v §_o 6._o mr._n rea_n commend_v the_o make_v the_o cross-cut_a at_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o downright_a cut_n and_o have_v open_v the_o side_n put_v in_o the_o cyen_fw-mi upward_o be_v make_v sharp_a at_o the_o upper_a end_n only_o you_o must_v be_v nimble_a and_o quick_a in_o inoculate_v and_o prepare_v the_o bud_n else_o the_o air_n by_o sudden_a dry_v the_o bud_n or_o cyen_v and_o the_o cut_a part_n of_o the_o stock_n will_v much_o be_v hurt_v thus_o much_o to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o such_o as_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o make_v trial_n of_o every_o way_n but_o the_o first_o be_v esteem_v best_a inoculaing_n necessary_a rule_n and_o observation_n on_o inoculaing_n §_o 7._o lest_o one_o bud_n fail_v or_o any_o mischance_n break_v it_o put_v two_o in_o every_o stock_n but_o not_o direct_o under_o one_o another_o on_o the_o same_o side_n of_o the_o stock_n the_o branch_n or_o shoot_v you_o cut_v one_o cyen_v off_o may_v yield_v you_o several_a §_o 8._o about_o a_o month_n after_o the_o inoculate_v or_o soon_o if_o you_o perceive_v the_o bark_n swell_v where_o the_o bind_n be_v cut_v off_o the_o bind_n if_o it_o grow_v it_o will_v fix_v to_o the_o stock_n keep_v its_o colour_n and_o that_o part_n of_o the_o leaf_n and_o stalk_v that_o be_v leave_v will_v drop_v off_o and_o the_o bud_n appear_v fair_a then_o sometime_o before_o the_o next_o spring_n cut_v off_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n a_o hand_n breath_n above_o the_o place_n it_o be_v inoculate_v at_o and_o all_o the_o side-branche_n that_o grow_v any_o where_o upon_o the_o stock_n and_o at_o spring_n the_o bud_n will_v put_v forth_o and_o if_o any_o other_o sprouts_n or_o bud_n appear_v on_o the_o stock_n cut_v they_o off_o §_o 9_o if_o the_o first_o inoculation_n fail_v or_o the_o bud_n die_v the_o stock_n may_v be_v inoculate_v again_o the_o next_o summer_n and_o of_o such_o as_o be_v inoculate_v timely_a in_o the_o year_n it_o may_v be_v sometime_o see_v whether_o they_o grow_v or_o not_o time_n enough_o to_o inoculate_v they_o again_o the_o same_o year_n §_o 10._o apricock_n will_v have_v bud_n ready_a soon_o than_o other_o fruit_n so_o that_o you_o may_v begin_v with_o they_o and_o follow_v with_o the_o other_o §_o 11._o stock_n raise_v of_o peach-stone_n be_v common_o big_a enough_o to_o be_v inoculate_v the_o second_o summer_n sometime_o the_o first_o after_o they_o be_v set_v when_o they_o or_o any_o other_o stock_n be_v a_o inch_n and_o half_a in_o compass_n or_o thereabouts_o they_o be_v big_a enough_o to_o be_v inoculate_v §_o 12._o those_o you_o intend_v for_o wall_n or_o dwarf-tree_n be_v to_o be_v inoculate_v within_o a_o handful_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o not_o prune_v at_o all_o till_o you_o remove_v they_o and_o then_o you_o will_v better_o see_v what_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o these_o you_o may_v remove_v after_o one_o year_n growth_n or_o two_o with_o more_o safety_n if_o you_o inoculate_v any_o plum_n pear_n cherry_n or_o other_o fruit_n that_o you_o intend_v for_o a_o orchard_n or_o other_o place_n for_o tall_a standard_n you_o may_v do_v it_o high_o on_o the_o stock_n viz._n six_o or_o seven_o foot_n high_a and_o prune_n these_o up_o in_o the_o nursery_n and_o let_v they_o grow_v there_o two_o or_o three_o year_n according_a as_o they_o grow_v in_o height_n before_o they_o be_v remove_v §_o 13._o after_o stock_n that_o be_v inoculate_v have_v make_v one_o or_o two_o year_n growth_n you_o must_v cut_v off_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stock_n that_o remain_v above_o the_o bud_n at_o your_o first_o cut_v it_o cut_v it_o close_o to_o the_o new_a branch_n that_o it_o may_v grow_v over_o the_o cut_n let_v it_o be_v cut_v a_o little_a slope_n and_o clay_v over_o if_o
walnut_n §_o 1._o there_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o walnut_n some_o be_v large_a other_o thin_a sheld_n than_o the_o common_a but_o differ_v so_o little_a one_o from_o another_o that_o man_n have_v not_o much_o mind_v give_v they_o name_n the_o large_a sort_n be_v usual_o call_v the_o french_a walnut_n the_o best_a be_v those_o of_o a_o tender_a thin_a shell_n of_o a_o full_a kernel_n and_o of_o a_o middle_a size_n good_a for_o what_o walnut_n tree_n be_v good_a §_o 2._o walnut_n be_v much_o plant_v of_o late_a and_o be_v very_o proper_a for_o walk_n in_o ground_n and_o a_o good_a fence_n to_o shelter_v building_n and_o orchard_n the_o fruit_n be_v useful_a and_o profitable_a if_o you_o can_v spare_v any_o to_o sell_v or_o for_o oil_n for_o painter_n if_o the_o market_n shall_v be_v glut_v with_o they_o and_o the_o timber_n so_o excellent_a for_o table_n chair_n stool_n and_o the_o stocking_n of_o gun_n etc._n etc._n that_o it_o go_v off_o well_o and_o take_v a_o good_a price_n walnut_n way_n of_o raise_v walnut_n §_o 3._o they_o be_v raise_v by_o nut_n gather_v from_o the_o same_o tree_n if_o you_o can_v let_v they_o have_v their_o green_a husk_n on_o they_o for_o the_o bitterness_n thereof_o will_v defend_v the_o kernel_n from_o be_v eat_v by_o worm_n before_o they_o spring_v up_o but_o you_o must_v chief_o respect_v their_o full_a ripeness_n at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v apt_a to_o shed_v their_o husk_n you_o may_v either_o set_v they_o as_o they_o come_v immediate_o from_o the_o tree_n or_o keep_v they_o in_o the_o sand_n till_o march._n set_a they_o in_o rich_a dry_a warm_a land_n little_o more_o than_o a_o inch_n deep_a and_o when_o you_o transplant_v they_o set_v they_o as_o speedy_o as_o you_o can_v after_o take_v up_o and_o cut_v off_o little_a of_o the_o root_n but_o by_o no_o mean_n the_o sap_n or_o heart-root_n as_o in_o other_o tree_n and_o top_v they_o not_o at_o all_o if_o you_o can_v help_v it_o but_o if_o the_o tree_n be_v so_o tall_a crooked_a or_o dead_a at_o the_o top_n before_o removal_n than_o you_o must_v put_v a_o peg_n or_o some_o soft_a wax_n into_o the_o pith-pole_n or_o cover_v the_o cut_a with_o clay_n that_o wet_a may_v not_o get_v in_o and_o make_v it_o die_v downward_o because_o these_o tree_n have_v a_o large_a pith_n when_o you_o do_v cut_v off_o the_o top_n do_v it_o if_o you_o can_v at_o a_o side-branch_n or_o sprig_n and_o that_o will_v spread_v under_o the_o clay_n and_o cover_v the_o top_n again_o you_o may_v cut_v off_o many_o side-branche_n when_o you_o transplant_v they_o no_o cattle_n will_v brouse_a or_o peel_v they_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o bitterness_n so_o that_o a_o fence_n that_o will_v preserve_v they_o from_o cattle_n rub_v it_o sufficient_a walnut_n soil_v proper_a for_o walnut_n §_o 4._o they_o will_v grow_v in_o loose_a gravelly_a stoney_n or_o almost_o rockey_n land_n and_o best_a where_o they_o be_v first_o set_v without_o be_v remove_v to_o which_o end_n you_o may_v in_o such_o a_o hillock_n as_o be_v speak_v of_o in_o field-planting_a but_o not_o so_o broad_a nor_o so_o high_a set_v three_o or_o four_o nut_n or_o more_o and_o about_o two_o year_n after_o they_o be_v grow_v up_o pluck_v up_o gentle_o all_o but_o one_o of_o they_o that_o be_v likely_a to_o make_v the_o best_a tree_n chap._n xvi_o of_o chestnut_n the_o best_a chestnut_n among_o we_o be_v those_o that_o come_v from_o beyond_o sea_n but_o of_o those_o that_o grow_v with_o we_o some_o be_v large_a than_o other_o without_o any_o difference_n worth_a observation_n chestnut-tree_n grow_v to_o bâ—_n very_o large_a and_o bear_v good_a fruit_n on_o a_o hâ—t_o dry_a land_n they_o be_v excellent_a for_o a_o defence_n â—rom_fw-mi winds_z and_o better_a than_o walnut-tree_n but_o of_o much_o flower_n growth_n it_o be_v not_o good_a â—o_o top_v they_o as_o some_o do_v when_o they_o transplat_v they_o they_o be_v raise_v by_o set_v nâ—ts_n a_o inch_n and_o half_a deep_a that_o come_v frâ—m_n beyond_o sea_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o year_n or_o â—rom_o good_a nut_n well_o ripend_v in_o england_n â—hich_v you_o may_v set_v with_o the_o husk_n on_o wherâ—_n they_o be_v fall_v or_o rather_o keep_v in_o sand_n till_o the_o great_a frost_n be_v over_o these_o trâ—â—s_n grow_v best_a likewise_o without_o be_v ever_o â—â—moved_v some_o say_v that_o they_o will_v grow_v well_o be_v graft_v upon_o oak_n beeech_n or_o walnut-tree_n the_o horse-chesnut_n growth_n of_o layer_n and_o make_v delicate_a tree_n for_o avenue_n chap._n xvii_o of_o filbeard_n there_o be_v two_o sort_n of_o filbeard_n distinguish_v by_o the_o colour_n of_o the_o skin_n of_o their_o kernel_n the_o one_o be_v red_a and_o the_o other_o white_a there_o be_v another_o sort_n call_v the_o filbeard_n of_o constantinople_n the_o leave_n and_o fruit_n of_o which_o be_v big_a than_o either_o of_o the_o former_a and_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o a_o excellent_a large_a plump_a nut_n that_o have_v a_o very_a good_a kernel_n the_o best_a of_o which_o have_v a_o very_a thin_a shell_n filbeard_n and_o hazle-nut_n worthy_a to_o be_v plant_v in_o orchard_n or_o garden_n be_v raise_v from_o nut_n set_v in_o the_o earth_n or_o sucker_n from_o the_o root_n a_o old_a tree_n or_o may_v be_v graft_v on_o the_o common_a hazle-nut-tree_n chap_n xviii_o of_o quince_n their_o kind_n and_o propagation_n there_o be_v not_o a_o more_o delicate_a fruit_n for_o the_o kitchen_n and_o conservatory_n than_o the_o quince_n whereof_o there_o be_v some_o sort_n though_o not_o many_o somewhat_o different_a from_o each_o other_o the_o portugal_n apple_n quince_n be_v of_o best_a esteem_n it_o be_v a_o large_a yellow_a fruit_n tender_a pleasant_a and_o soon_o boil_v the_o portugal_n pear_n quince_n be_v much_o like_o the_o former_a except_o in_o its_o form_n the_o barbary_n quince_n be_v good_a but_o small_a the_o lion_n quince_n be_v a_o large_a yellow_a and_o the_o brunswick_n quince_n a_o large_a white_a both_o good_a fruit_n but_o inferior_a to_o the_o two_o first_o the_o english_a quince_n be_v the_o most_o stony_a and_o a_o harsh_a fruit_n and_o cover_v with_o a_o down_n or_o cotton_n the_o way_n of_o raise_v quince-tree_n be_v by_o sucker_n cut_n as_o you_o be_v teach_v in_o the_o eleven_o chap._n aforego_v and_o it_o be_v only_a to_o be_v add_v that_o if_o you_o have_v a_o part_n of_o a_o tree_n that_o growth_n so_o low_a that_o you_o can_v bring_v it_o to_o the_o ground_n either_o by_o plaish_v or_o otherwise_o you_o may_v do_v it_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o winter_n and_o cover_v it_o all_o with_o earth_n but_o the_o end_n of_o the_o branch_n and_o let_v it_o continue_v so_o one_o year_n and_o then_o uncover_v it_o and_o every_o twig_n will_v have_v put_v forth_o root_n in_o the_o earth_n which_o be_v cut_v off_o and_o transplant_v will_v make_v you_o a_o tree_n and_o this_o be_v the_o way_n of_o propagate_a fruit-tree_n by_o layer_n layer_n how_o to_o propagate_v by_o layer_n and_o you_o may_v here_o take_v notice_n that_o all_o such_o tree_n that_o may_v be_v propagate_v by_o cut_n as_o curran_n quince_n goosberry_n raspherry_n barberry_n fig_n vine_n mulberry_n etc._n etc._n may_v be_v raise_v likewise_o by_o layer_n and_o this_o way_n take_v more_o sure_a than_o by_o cut_n tree_n general_o have_v large_a pith_n that_o will_v grow_v by_o cut_n and_o layer_n quince-tree_n delight_n and_o bear_v best_a in_o a_o fat_a moist_a rich_a land_n where_o some_o sink_v or_o gutter_n that_o carry_v away_o the_o soak_v or_o wash_v of_o a_o dunghill_n or_o house_n be_v a_o place_n usual_o choose_v for_o they_o and_o be_v such_o as_o they_o like_v very_o well_o in_o some_o will_v graft_v or_o inoculate_v quince-stock_n with_o graft_n or_o bud_n from_o quince-tree_n of_o good_a bear_v kind_n which_o will_v cause_v they_o to_o bear_v more_o early_o chap._n xix_o of_o mulberry_n mulberry_n be_v distinguish_v by_o their_o colour_n for_o there_o be_v black_a red_a and_o white_a the_o black_a mulberry-tree_n never_o fail_v of_o fruit_n after_o it_o be_v grow_v up_o but_o the_o white_a seldom_o bear_v well_o they_o be_v raise_v by_o sucker_n layer_n or_o cut_n from_o the_o branch_n or_o side_n of_o the_o tree_n these_o follow_a tree_n and_o shrub_n be_v very_o apt_a to_o grow_v of_o cut_n or_o slip_v as_o codling_n genneting_n bret_o gennet-moil_n quince_n goosberry_n currant_n fig_n vine_n tamarisk_n honeysuckle_n and_o rose_n in_o some_o ground_n by_o lay_v almost_o any_o sort_n of_o tree_n or_o shrub_n will_v grow_v if_o a_o little_a incision_n be_v make_v as_o the_o beformentioned_a and_o mulberry_n cornelion_n lime-tree_n gelder-rose_n rose_n of_o all_o sort_n the_o season_n for_o set_v of_o cut_n of_o tree_n to_o grow_v
by_o hold_v open_a your_o stock_n till_o you_o have_v set_v your_o graft_n or_o cyen_n exact_o in_o its_o place_n in_o the_o cleave_v of_o the_o stock_n this_o represent_v the_o form_n thereof_o instead_o of_o this_o instrument_n you_o may_v use_v a_o wedge_n of_o hard_a wood_n about_o a_o foot_n long_o especial_o for_o great_a and_o large_a stock_n you_o be_v also_o to_o have_v a_o sharp_a penknife_n to_o shape_v your_o graft_n or_o cyen_n with_o and_o also_o a_o whetstone_n to_o quicken_v the_o edge_n of_o your_o knife_n when_o dull_a and_o a_o basket_n to_o carry_v your_o tool_n in_o and_o another_o to_o carry_v your_o graft_n or_o cyen_n in_o also_o you_o be_v to_o have_v ruche_n baste_v or_o soft_a flag_n to_o bind_v graft_n or_o bud_n to_o the_o stock_n you_o may_v be_v furnish_v therewith_o at_o the_o mat_n maker_n graft_v the_o manner_n of_o prepare_v clay_n and_o how_o to_o clay_n graft_v also_o you_o must_v have_v clay_n prepare_v with_o horse-dung_n very_o well_o mix_v and_o work_v together_o as_o mortar_n about_o two_o part_n clay_n if_o it_o be_v not_o well_o temper_v and_o wrought_v together_o it_o will_v be_v apt_a to_o fall_v from_o your_o graft_n in_o case_n of_o much_o wet_a or_o chap_v or_o cleave_v if_o dry_a weather_n happen_v and_o so_o you_o will_v lose_v your_o labour_n in_o graft_v for_o you_o must_v clay_n your_o graft_n close_o on_o every_o side_n a_o inch_n above_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n and_o a_o inch_n below_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o cleft_n that_o no_o air_n get_v in_o to_o wither_v the_o graft_n and_o keep_v clay_n on_o the_o graft_a part_n until_o the_o stock_n be_v cover_v over_o with_o the_o graft_n for_o clay_n be_v as_o a_o salve_n to_o a_o wound_n which_o heal_v it_o up_o and_o it_o rather_o keep_v out_o moisture_n than_o otherwise_o if_o well_o close_v and_o also_o preserve_v from_o dry_a wind_n sun_n and_o other_o annoyance_n therefore_o keep_v on_o the_o clay_n a_o year_n or_o two_o till_o the_o head_n of_o the_o stock_n be_v cover_v with_o the_o graft_n and_o the_o cleave_v heal_v up_o cyen_n choice_n of_o graft_n or_o cyen_n §_o 3._o these_o cyens_n or_o graft_n you_o get_v aught_o to_o be_v the_o last_o year_n shoot_v strong_a and_o very_a well_o grow_v that_o grow_v on_o the_o top_n or_o outside_n of_o a_o tree_n that_o several_a year_n experience_n of_o those_o that_o know_v it_o can_v faithful_o assure_v you_o bear_v very_o well_o and_o good_a fruit_n of_o its_o kind_n and_o cut_v not_o off_o the_o top_n of_o the_o cyens_n until_o that_o you_o graft_v they_o for_o so_o they_o will_v keep_v better_a but_o immediate_o after_o graft_v the_o top_n of_o graft_n be_v to_o be_v cut_v at_o a_o bud_n that_o they_o may_v spread_v the_o better_a and_o of_o such_o as_o be_v but_o short_a if_o there_o be_v blossom-bud_n on_o the_o top_n as_o it_o be_v common_o see_v in_o pearmain-cyens_a and_o many_o other_o good_a bear_a kind_n graft_n that_o be_v very_o small_a and_o slender_a common_o fail_v therefore_o choose_v the_o fair_a full_a and_o strong_a shoot_n of_o the_o last_o year_n growth_n and_o full_a of_o bud_n and_o of_o good_a bear_v kind_n else_o you_o may_v have_v fair_a tree_n and_o little_a or_o no_o fruit_n on_o they_o and_o so_o fancy_v you_o have_v a_o orchard_n though_o seldom_o fruit_n for_o some_o tree_n will_v grow_v and_o blossom_n very_o well_o yet_o rare_o bear_v fruit_n the_o reason_n be_v for_o that_o they_o be_v graft_v from_o bad_a bear_v tree_n and_o be_v of_o bad_a bear_v kind_n a_o shoot_n or_o branch_n of_o the_o year_n next_o forego_v make_v the_o best_a cyen_n or_o graft_n and_o thrive_v best_a though_o in_o herefordshire_n when_o they_o graft_v old_a tree_n they_o commend_v and_o use_n cyens_n of_o two_o or_o three_o year_n growth_n yet_o those_o be_v seldom_o find_v to_o have_v convenient_a bud_n to_o put_v forth_o at_o and_o often_o time_n have_v blossom_a bud_n on_o they_o and_o make_v not_o so_o good_a a_o growth_n neither_o have_v they_o so_o good_a a_o joint_n to_o graft_v at_o as_o those_o of_o the_o last_o year_n when_o you_o get_v graft_n you_o have_v best_o cut_v off_o at_o least_o three_o inch_n of_o that_o which_o grow_v the_o year_n before_o with_o they_o beside_o the_o last_o year_n shoot_v for_o so_o they_o will_v keep_v the_o better_a and_o you_o may_v use_v about_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a of_o that_o old_a wood_n in_o every_o cyens_n when_o you_o graft_v it_o perhaps_o you_o may_v not_o have_v several_a sort_n of_o plum_n cherry_n or_o pear_n so_o near_o you_o as_o that_o you_o may_v get_v bud_n fresh_a enough_o for_o inoculation_n in_o this_o case_n you_o may_v procure_v cyens_n and_o graft_v they_o and_o they_o will_v continue_v fresh_a though_o you_o shall_v send_v for_o they_o from_o beyond_o sea_n these_o cyens_n or_o graft_n of_o any_o kind_n may_v be_v graft_v immediate_o after_o they_o be_v get_v and_o that_o successful_o or_o they_o may_v be_v keep_v three_o week_n or_o a_o month_n before_o they_o be_v use_v and_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v a_o fortnight_n or_o three_o week_n betwixt_o the_o time_n of_o their_o be_v cut_v and_o their_o be_v graft_v that_o the_o stock_n in_o that_o time_n may_v be_v replenish_v with_o sap_n and_o the_o cyen_n more_o empty_a of_o it_o and_o then_o they_o will_v quick_a incorporate_a by_o more_o greedy_o attract_v the_o sap_n out_o of_o the_o stock_n to_o keep_v your_o cyens_n or_o graft_n after_o they_o be_v cut_v you_o need_v not_o as_o some_o direct_a bury_v they_o in_o moist_a mould_n for_o this_o may_v be_v a_o mean_n to_o make_v they_o swell_v and_o bud_v forth_o by_o receive_v moisture_n from_o the_o earth_n and_o then_o when_o by_o graft_v they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a open_a air_n they_o will_v be_v in_o danger_n to_o wither_v and_o die_v before_o they_o have_v nourishment_n from_o the_o stock_n you_o may_v lay_v they_o in_o a_o dry_a house_n so_o it_o be_v near_o no_o heat_n or_o under_o the_o shade_n of_o a_o old_a tree_n or_o hedge_n and_o cover_v they_o all_o over_o with_o dry_a mould_n that_o the_o air_n may_v not_o have_v too_o much_o influence_n upon_o they_o though_o they_o seem_v somewhat_o dry_a yet_o if_o they_o cut_v with_o a_o fresh_a colour_n and_o be_v not_o much_o wither_v they_o will_v not_o grow_v the_o worse_a but_o rather_o the_o better_a yea_o some_o that_o have_v seem_v wither_v be_v carry_v 70_o or_o 80_o mile_n have_v grow_v well_o and_o they_o may_v be_v carry_v hundred_o of_o mile_n in_o a_o box_n of_o mold_n or_o their_o end_n stick_v in_o clay_n or_o a_o turnip_n and_o wrap_v about_o with_o green_a fresh_a moss_n that_o they_o bruise_v not_o bound_v not_o many_o together_o for_o if_o so_o those_o in_o the_o middle_n will_v dry_v and_o be_v spoil_v in_o certain_a day_n but_o rather_o lay_v they_o thin_a in_o the_o mould_n be_v very_o careful_a that_o the_o bud_n be_v neither_o hurt_n or_o rub_v in_o the_o bind_n or_o carriage_n of_o the_o say_a graft_n in_o provide_v cyen_n or_o graft_n of_o pear_n plum_n and_o cherry_n you_o must_v cut_v they_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o february_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o forwardness_n or_o backwardness_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o the_o warmth_n or_o coldness_n of_o the_o country_n you_o live_v in_o but_o you_o must_v be_v sure_a to_o cut_v they_o before_o the_o bud_n have_v any_o speck_n of_o white_a appear_v on_o they_o cyens_n or_o graft_n for_o appletree_n will_v seldom_o be_v too_o forward_a any_o time_n before_o the_o begin_n of_o march_n graft_n of_o cherry_n and_o plum-tree_n must_v be_v graft_v soon_o because_o they_o bud_v early_a and_o you_o be_v to_o begin_v with_o they_o ere_o they_o bud_v forth_o then_o with_o pear-tree_n and_o last_o with_o appletree_n elect_a the_o fair_a and_o large_a graft_n on_o the_o top_n branch_n of_o a_o tree_n and_o of_o the_o last_o year_n growth_n and_o on_o the_o sun-side_n of_o the_o tree_n which_o will_v bear_v soon_o than_o those_o get_v on_o side-branche_n graft_n of_o joint_n and_o height_n of_o graft_n §_o 4._o there_o be_v some_o indifferent_a whether_o they_o graft_v at_o a_o joint_n or_o no_o but_o forecast_n to_o have_v a_o bud_n direct_o behind_o the_o shoulder_n of_o the_o cyen_n if_o cyens_n with_o joint_n be_v scarce_o you_o may_v practise_v so_o on_o small_a stock_n that_o will_v speedy_o be_v cover_v but_o if_o cyens_n can_v be_v have_v with_o joint_n never_o graft_v with_o other_o for_o these_o will_v cover_v the_o stock_n soon_o however_o this_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o many_o yet_o i_o always_o graft_v at_o one_o of_o the_o low_a bud_n on_o the_o thick_a end_n of_o
viz._n slope_n off_o the_o cyen_n or_o graft_v a_o full_a inch_n or_o long_o and_o do_v the_o like_a to_o the_o stock_n and_o tie_v the_o one_o upon_o the_o other_o both_o the_o stock_n and_o cyen_n ought_v to_o be_v cut_v at_o the_o smooth_a and_o straight_a place_n you_o may_v if_o you_o will_v make_v a_o shoulder_n on_o the_o cyen_n and_o cut_v the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n to_o suit_n with_o it_o and_o then_o bound_v they_o together_o and_o clay_n they_o about_o the_o place_n if_o you_o join_v the_o inner_a bark_n of_o the_o cyen_n and_o stock_n exact_o together_o at_o either_o side_n it_o will_v grow_v though_o not_o so_o well_o as_o where_o the_o cyen_fw-mi and_o stock_n be_v of_o a_o equal_a proportion_n this_o way_n call_v whip-grafting_a be_v successful_a enough_o so_o that_o special_a care_n be_v take_v that_o both_o stock_n and_o cyen_n suit_n exact_o where_o they_o be_v join_v together_o which_o be_v somewhat_o troublesome_a to_o do_v and_o so_o be_v it_o to_o find_v cyens_n and_o stock_n of_o a_o equal_a bigness_n beside_o the_o head_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o overgrow_v the_o stock_n all_o that_o can_v be_v do_v to_o prevent_v it_o be_v to_o graft_v these_o very_a low_a or_o if_o high_a to_o give_v the_o stock_n more_o liberty_n to_o thicken_v by_o slit_v the_o bark_n of_o it_o with_o a_o knife_n almost_o to_o the_o wood_n in_o this_o way_n of_o graft_v there_o be_v another_o little_a knack_n may_v be_v add_v to_o very_o good_a purpose_n and_o that_o be_v when_o the_o stock_n and_o cyen_n be_v prepare_v as_o you_o hear_v before_o to_o be_v join_v together_o to_o make_v a_o slit_n or_o notch_v with_o a_o knife_n in_o the_o bare_a place_n of_o the_o stock_n downward_o beginning_n towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o slope_n and_o so_o slit_v or_o notch_v it_o a_o little_a way_n and_o do_v the_o like_a in_o the_o slope_v face_n of_o the_o cyen_n but_o beginning_n at_o the_o same_o distance_n from_o the_o low_a end_n of_o it_o as_o you_o do_v before_o from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n and_o so_o carry_v it_o upward_o and_o then_o join_v they_o by_o thrust_v the_o one_o slice_v into_o the_o other_o till_o the_o bare_a place_n of_o the_o cyen_n cover_v the_o bare_a place_n of_o the_o stock_n this_o may_v be_v do_v likewise_o in_o graft_v by_o pack_v and_o in_o both_o conduce_v much_o to_o strengthen_v the_o work_n and_o be_v call_v by_o some_o lip_n or_o toung_v in_o whip-grafting_a the_o cut_a part_n both_o of_o the_o graft_n and_o stock_n must_v join_v and_o answer_v one_o another_o from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n this_o way_n of_o whip-grafting_a be_v commend_v by_o some_o not_o only_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n as_o slit_v or_o pack_v on_o be_v but_o also_o because_o the_o graft_n soon_o cover_v the_o stock_n which_o be_v not_o impair_v by_o slit_v or_o cleave_v and_o the_o graft_n have_v its_o wood_n as_o well_o as_o its_o rind_n bind_v to_o the_o stock_n be_v not_o so_o apt_a to_o break_v off_o as_o that_o which_o be_v graft_v only_o in_o the_o rind_n nor_o be_v the_o graft_n apt_a to_o be_v top_n heavy_a the_o stock_n be_v small_a afford_v not_o so_o plentiful_a nourishment_n slit_v graft_v in_o the_o cleft_n or_o slit_v §_o 4._o the_o next_o way_n of_o graft_v be_v call_v graft_v in_o the_o cleft_n which_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a and_o common_a way_n of_o graft_v and_o if_o careful_o manage_v not_o inferior_a to_o any_o other_o way_n of_o graft_v though_o the_o modern_a planter_n do_v something_o slight_a it_o you_o may_v graft_v any_o stock_n this_o way_n from_o half_a a_o inch_n to_o three_o inch_n diameter_n and_o that_o if_o the_o stock_n be_v no_o big_a than_o the_o graft_n too_o if_o you_o have_v neat_a tool_n and_o be_v ready_a in_o the_o managery_n thereof_o and_o with_o good_a success_n as_o i_o have_v frequent_o experience_v the_o manner_n be_v thus_o viz._n cut_a off_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n in_o some_o smooth_a and_o straight_o place_n that_o may_v be_v answaerble_n to_o the_o straightness_n of_o the_o graft_n that_o be_v put_v into_o the_o cleft_n if_o you_o do_v it_o with_o a_o handsaw_a cut_v it_o smooth_v afterward_o with_o a_o knife_n leave_v the_o top_n flat_a and_o even_o then_o cleave_v the_o stock_n with_o a_o strong_a knife_n or_o the_o chisel_n before_o describe_v at_o sect._n 2._o in_o chap._n 2._o let_v the_o slit_n run_v about_o two_o inch_n deep_a and_o let_v it_o be_v as_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o stock_n as_o you_o can_v but_o not_o in_o the_o pith_n or_o heart_n and_o let_v the_o slit_v be_v on_o the_o somoth_a side_n of_o the_o stock_n have_v in_o readiness_n the_o steel_n jinstrument_n before_o mention_v at_o chap._n 2._o sect._n 2_o or_o else_o a_o stick_n of_o hard_a wood_n near_o a_o foot_n long_o at_o one_o end_n make_v like_o a_o wedge_n when_o you_o have_v take_v out_o the_o cleaver_n put_v one_o end_n of_o the_o instrument_n or_o else_o the_o wedge_n into_o the_o slit_n or_o cleave_v of_o the_o stock_n and_o open_v it_o so_o wide_a as_o to_o put_v in_o the_o cyen_fw-mi when_o it_o be_v prepare_v and_o make_v ready_a for_o that_o purpose_n which_o be_v by_o cut_v the_o graft_n or_o cyen_v from_o the_o joint_n knot_n or_o seam_n if_o it_o be_v straight_o or_o else_o from_o some_o bad_a on_o the_o thick_a end_n of_o the_o last_o year_n shoot_v or_o sprout_v down_o aslope_o on_o both_o side_n it_o the_o slope_n cut_v off_o the_o graft_n shall_v be_v a_o inch_n and_o half_a long_a at_o least_o if_o the_o stock_n be_v big_a enough_o to_o allow_v it_o something_o more_o than_o a_o inch_n long_o make_v it_o thin_a at_o the_o bottom_n and_o in_o shape_n like_o a_o wedge_n very_o smooth_a and_o even_a without_o dint_n or_o rise_n that_o it_o may_v join_v close_o all_o along_o so_o far_o as_o it_o go_v into_o the_o cleave_v of_o the_o stock_n let_v the_o outside_n of_o the_o graft_n or_o cyen_n be_v somewhat_o thick_a than_o the_o inner_a side_n unless_o the_o stock_n be_v so_o big_a as_o to_o 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cyen_v in_o which_o be_v best_a unless_o the_o stock_n be_v large_a then_o cut_v off_o a_o piece_n with_o a_o slope_n cut_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stock_n about_o a_o inch_n and_o half_a deep_a on_o the_o worst_a side_n of_o the_o stock_n the_o graft_n be_v to_o be_v put_v on_o the_o straight_a and_o smooth_a side_n in_o cut_v the_o stock_n thus_o the_o graft_n will_v cover_v over_o the_o soon_o many_o cleave_v big_a stock_n crosswise_o again_o and_o put_v in_o two_o more_o cyens_n but_o cleave_v hurt_v the_o stock_n so_o much_o that_o it_o be_v better_a
the_o land_n you_o intend_v for_o it_o be_v a_o turf_n or_o green-sward_a you_o ought_v to_o plough_v it_o two_o year_n before_o you_o set_v your_o tree_n in_o it_o to_o make_v it_o mellow_a and_o loose_a that_o the_o tree_n may_v be_v better_o take_v root_n and_o you_o may_v then_o lay_v on_o manure_n which_o by_o plough_v will_v be_v well_o mix_v with_o the_o natural_a soil_n and_o use_v such_o manure_n as_o will_v best_o suit_v to_o amend_v it_o and_o if_o you_o sow_v the_o ground_n about_o ten_o day_n after_o the_o midsummur_n before_o you_o plant_v with_o turnip_n and_o when_o they_o be_v get_v off_o which_o will_v be_v about_o november_n if_o you_o please_v then_o set_v your_o tree_n they_o will_v like_v well_o §_o 10._o where_o the_o natural_a soil_n be_v not_o good_a of_o itself_o whether_o it_o be_v in_o garden_n orchard_n or_o field_n there_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v by_o skill_n assist_v and_o better_v at_o least_o wise_a for_o such_o a_o compass_n as_o the_o root_n of_o every_o tree_n take_v up_o for_o some_o time_n if_o not_o so_o far_o round_o as_o they_o be_v ever_o like_a to_o extend_v themselves_o and_o this_o must_v be_v do_v by_o mix_v such_o manure_n with_o the_o soil_n as_o suit_n best_o with_o its_o temper_n if_o the_o soil_n be_v clay_n or_o clay_n mix_v with_o gravel_n or_o wet_a heavy_a land_n hot_a dung_n as_o that_o of_o horse_n or_o poultry_n or_o for_o want_n of_o that_o of_o ox_n or_o cow_n be_v best_a to_o mix_v with_o it_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o due_a temperament_n and_o if_o the_o soil_n be_v light_n hollow_a esky_a or_o sandy_a land_n marle_n mud_n out_o of_o a_o pond_n ditch_n or_o river_n or_o shoveling_n of_o dirty_a yard_n or_o highway_n if_o they_o be_v not_o sandy_a and_o be_v well_o mellow_v by_o lie_v on_o heap_n and_o especial_o if_o those_o heap_n be_v mix_v with_o lime_n be_v proper_a to_o mend_v it_o if_o this_o last_o soil_n be_v barren_a likewise_o you_o may_v proper_o add_v a_o mixture_n of_o neat_n dung._n it_o have_v be_v see_v that_o a_o appletree_n on_o a_o hemp-but_a which_o be_v constant_o plough_v and_o manure_v to_o a_o great_a richness_n bear_v more_o apple_n than_o four_o such_o tree_n in_o a_o orchard_n will_v do_v and_o it_o be_v constant_o see_v in_o barren_a hungry_a land_n tree_n thrive_v poor_o grow_v mossey_n or_o bark-bound_a bear_v seldom_o and_o that_o a_o poor_a fruit_n only_a walnut-tree_n and_o pear-tree_n do_v not_o necessary_o require_v a_o very_a rich_a ground_n and_o will_v prosper_v best_a on_o stony_n and_o light_a land_n if_o your_o land_n be_v too_o rich_a which_o be_v seldom_o see_v you_o may_v mix_v coal-ash_n with_o it_o order_n moist_a land_n to_o order_n §_o 11._o if_o your_o land_n be_v very_o flat_a that_o wet_a be_v apt_a to_o stand_v upon_o it_o or_o be_v a_o shallow_a soil_n you_o may_v something_o help_v it_o in_o plough_v also_o by_o gather_v the_o land_n always_o up_o in_o and_o near_o the_o place_n where_o you_o intend_v the_o row_v of_o tree_n shall_v afterward_o stand_v which_o in_o two_o year_n time_n will_v something_o raise_v it_o and_o thicken_v the_o soil_n and_o the_o furrow_n so_o make_v will_v help_v to_o carry_v off_o the_o water_n or_o which_o be_v better_o raise_v the_o land_n on_o broad_a ridge_n that_o the_o middle_n of_o they_o may_v be_v about_o 24_o or_o 30_o foot_n distance_n according_a as_o you_o intend_v to_o plant_v your_o tree_n let_v the_o interval_n between_o the_o ridge_n be_v about_o eight_o foot_n broad_a and_o the_o earth_n take_v up_o between_o about_o a_o foot_n deep_a and_o cast_v on_o the_o ridge_n which_o will_v make_v the_o ground_n thick_a of_o the_o best_a soil_n than_o before_o it_o be_v that_o the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n you_o plant_v on_o the_o ridge_n can_v run_v down_o nor_o spread_v into_o the_o bad_a soil_n which_o otherwise_o it_o will_v do_v by_o this_o mean_v the_o tree_n will_v thrive_v and_o prosper_v well_o as_o may_v be_v perceive_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o some_o land_n and_o the_o hedge_n that_o appletree_n will_v thrive_v better_o there_o than_o on_o the_o level-land_n order_n moist_a land_n to_o order_n §_o 12._o if_o it_o be_v a_o springey_n moist_a or_o spewy_a land_n you_o must_v trench_v it_o at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o that_o deep_a than_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o spring_n run_v in_o the_o earth_n which_o you_o may_v leave_v open_a and_o yearly_o cleanse_v or_o fill_v it_o up_o with_o alder_n or_o oler-bough_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o the_o turf_n and_o earth_n that_o come_v forth_o much_o high_a than_o the_o other_o land_n for_o the_o wood_n and_o loose_a earth_n will_v sink_v very_o much_o by_o degree_n or_o you_o may_v dig_v several_a narrow_a trench_n one_o between_o each_o row_n of_o tree_n descend_v to_o some_o ditch_n at_o the_o low_a end_n of_o your_o ground_n and_o lay_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o alder-frith_n or_o faggot_n of_o beech_n and_o fill_v the_o trench_n again_o on_o the_o say_v frith_n or_o faggot_n with_o earth_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o the_o water_n will_v insinuate_o pass_v through_o the_o say_a wood_n to_o the_o low_a side_n of_o the_o ground_n leave_v the_o rest_n dryer_n but_o if_o you_o can_v easy_o do_v this_o order_z it_o as_o at_o the_o forego_n section_n §_o 13._o if_o it_o be_v springey_n but_o only_o lie_v so_o low_a and_o flat_a that_o in_o the_o winter_n rain_n or_o land-flood_n will_v lie_v upon_o it_o and_o that_o it_o have_v be_v late_o plough_v or_o that_o you_o will_v not_o lose_v two_o year_n time_n by_o plough_v it_o before_o you_o set_v your_o tree_n or_o if_o it_o be_v shallow_a or_o ebb_a soil_n you_o may_v set_v your_o tree_n by_o tump_v order_n hot_a dry_a land_n to_o order_n §_o 14._o if_o your_o ground_n be_v a_o hot_a dry_a sandy_a shallow_a land_n marle_n lay_v on_o the_o surface_n and_o there_o spread_v will_v cool_v sadden_fw-mi and_o make_v it_o rich_a or_o if_o you_o can_v cause_v the_o current_n of_o some_o rill_n of_o water_n or_o rather_o water_n that_o run_v from_o pool_n pond_n or_o dunghill_n to_o over_o flow_v it_o sometime_o which_o will_v not_o only_o moisten_v but_o make_v the_o ground_n fertile_a also_o and_o the_o tree_n prosper_v well_o fern_n or_o any_o other_o vegetable_n nay_o stone_n cover_v such_o land_n will_v preserve_v it_o cool_a and_o moist_a order_n gravelly-ground_n to_o order_n §_o 15._o gravel-ground_n be_v as_o bad_a as_o any_o because_o a_o tree_n in_o they_o can_v root_n to_o any_o great_a bigness_n and_o if_o muck_n or_o other_o soil_n be_v lay_v to_o the_o root_n of_o tree_n in_o such_o land_n the_o gravel_n will_v in_o a_o few_o year_n eat_v it_o up_o and_o convert_v it_o unto_o its_o own_o nature_n but_o if_o a_o little_a stony_n a_o mixture_n of_o mould_n among_o the_o stone_n and_o at_o the_o dig_v to_o pick_v our_o the_o large_a stone_n than_o tree_n will_v root_n indifferent_a well_o in_o such_o ground_n land_n overflown_a land_n §_o 16._o if_o land_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v overflow_v by_o the_o inundation_n of_o river_n or_o other_o fall_v of_o water_n so_o as_o the_o water_n stand_v not_o too_o long_o upon_o it_o nor_o the_o land_n be_v of_o a_o stiff_a cold_a nature_n it_o be_v very_o good_a for_o fruit-tree_n ground_n of_o uneven_a ground_n §_o 17._o if_o there_o be_v any_o unevenness_n in_o the_o land_n some_o direct_a to_o level_v it_o by_o carry_v the_o bank_n into_o the_o low_a place_n but_o this_o will_v not_o only_o be_v very_o chargeable_a but_o hurtful_a by_o make_v the_o high_a place_n too_o barren_a and_o the_o low_a ground_n too_o rich_a but_o that_o your_o tree_n may_v grow_v somewhat_o level_a in_o their_o top_n and_o not_o one_o overshade_v another_o and_o also_o appear_v comely_a you_o may_v forecast_v to_o set_v such_o tree_n as_o grow_v pendent_a or_o be_v not_o apt_a to_o grow_v tall_a tree_n on_o the_o high_a ground_n and_o such_o as_o be_v aspire_v in_o the_o low_a place_n orchard_n the_o fence_n and_o order_n of_o tree_n in_o a_o orchard_n §_o 18._o enclose_v your_o orchard_n with_o a_o good_a double_a ditch_n about_o four_o foot_n high_a and_o plant_v thereon_o two_o row_v of_o good_a hawthorn_n or_o whitethorn_n which_o will_v be_v a_o excellent_a fence_n by_o the_o time_n that_o the_o fruit-tree_n bear_v to_o keep_v out_o cattle_n from_o crop_v the_o tender_a twig_n of_o the_o fruit-tree_n and_o rub_v against_o their_o stem_n and_o unruly_a people_n from_o destroy_v the_o fruit._n good_a white-thorn_n be_v the_o best_a quick-fence_n for_o your_o orchard_n when_o it_o be_v grow_v up_o may_v be_v plaish_v the_o better_a to_o prevent_v hog_n or_o sheep_n for_o creep_v into_o
fall_v down_o by_o degree_n some_o of_o the_o best_a root_n may_v be_v leave_v bare_a or_o very_o little_a earth_n upon_o they_o the_o way_n of_o prepare_v plant_n for_o this_o purpose_n be_v by_o circumposition_n etc._n etc._n as_o be_v direct_v in_o the_o 11_o chap._n of_o dwarf-tree_n make_v choice_n of_o cut_n or_o stem_n as_o big_a as_o a_o man_n wrist_n if_o you_o can_v towards_o the_o low_a end_n before_o you_o set_v they_o prune_v they_o out_o of_o the_o reach_n of_o cattle_n and_o leave_v but_o little_a top_n on_o they_o when_o you_o set_v they_o neither_o let_v they_o be_v very_o long_o if_o the_o top_n be_v out_o of_o the_o reach_n of_o the_o cattle_n its_o enough_o stock_n plant_v in_o field_n by_o long_a crabtree_n stock_n §_o 8._o there_o be_v some_o that_o get_v long_a crab-tree-stock_n out_o of_o wood_n or_o else_o dress_v some_o up_o in_o their_o nursery_n to_o grow_v tall_a and_o set_v they_o in_o their_o field_n or_o hedge_n and_o at_o three_o year_n stand_v graft_v they_o which_o may_v do_v well_o and_o be_v better_a approve_v of_o because_o there_o need_v no_o removal_n after_o they_o be_v graft_v which_o be_v of_o great_a advantage_n as_o to_o make_v both_o good-bearing_a and_o sound_a tree_n but_o some_o inconvenience_n there_o be_v in_o this_o way_n the_o long_a stock_n out_o of_o wood_n be_v common_o very_o old_a their_o bark_n thick_a their_o root_n big_a they_o thrive_v but_o indifferent_o and_o those_o raise_v in_o nursery_n will_v seldom_o be_v taper_n grow_v or_o strong_a enough_o to_o bear_v a_o large_a top_n well_o after_o they_o be_v graft_v so_o high_a as_o they_o ought_v be_v set_v in_o field_n you_o will_v also_o be_v long_o in_o raise_v stock_n to_o that_o height_n and_o any_o considerable_a strength_n as_o be_v necessary_a for_o this_o purpose_n than_o in_o raise_v tree_n if_o your_o stock_n be_v graft_v young_a in_o your_o nursery_n because_o they_o thrive_v more_o after_o graft_v than_o before_o and_o in_o both_o case_n if_o you_o graft_v they_o high_a the_o stock_n will_v be_v continual_o put_v out_o sprout_n of_o their_o own_o kind_n below_o the_o place_n they_o be_v graft_v at_o which_o will_v require_v frequent_a cut_v off_o if_o you_o graft_v they_o not_o very_o high_a you_o will_v find_v it_o difficult_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o nip_a of_o cattle_n and_o from_o the_o cyens_n be_v break_v out_o of_o the_o stock_n by_o some_o casualty_n or_o other_o to_o which_o they_o be_v more_o expose_v in_o field_n that_o lie_v common_a to_o cattle_n than_o nursery_n that_o be_v enclose_v crab-treestocks_a plant_v in_o field_n by_o graâ—ting_v old_a crab-treestocks_a §_o 9_o the_o way_n most_o use_v in_o planting-country_n be_v by_o graft_v such_o crabtree_n as_o grow_v in_o the_o hedge_n or_o ground_n and_o this_o be_v the_o speedy_a way_n to_o have_v fruit_n because_o the_o big_a tree_n have_v body_n already_o and_o in_o four_o or_o five_o year_n time_n well_o order_v will_v have_v good_a top_n to_o bear_v and_o if_o you_o graft_v small_a stock_n in_o your_o ground_n that_o have_v grow_v of_o their_o own_o accord_n there_o and_o fence_v they_o they_o will_v speedy_o bring_v on_o graft_n be_v so_o well_o root_v tree_n the_o mischief_n of_o graft_v the_o body_n of_o old_a tree_n §_o 10._o many_o cut_v off_o the_o top_n of_o old_a crabtree_n or_o appletree_n and_o graft_v the_o body_n or_o trunk_n but_o the_o cyens_n can_v never_o cover_v the_o head_n of_o those_o stock_n and_o by_o that_o time_n the_o top_n be_v a_o little_a grow_v up_o the_o body_n be_v ready_a to_o perish_v with_o rottenness_n the_o best_a way_n for_o big_a crabtree_n or_o if_o you_o will_v change_v the_o kind_n of_o any_o fruit-tree_n be_v to_o graft_v they_o in_o the_o bough_n where_o they_o be_v not_o big_a than_o a_o man_n arm_n make_v use_n of_o none_o but_o those_o that_o grow_v handsome_a at_o convenient_a distance_n one_o from_o another_o cut_v off_o the_o other_o smooth_a and_o even_a close_o to_o the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n to_o do_v this_o that_o winter_n that_o you_o cut_v or_o plaish_fw-mi a_o hedge_n order_n the_o workman_n to_o trim_v up_o but_o not_o to_o lop_v or_o top_v the_o crabtree_n unless_o it_o be_v the_o top_n of_o the_o bough_n two_o foot_n above_o the_o place_n you_o intend_v to_o graft_v they_o at_o and_o then_o in_o march_n follow_v see_v off_o the_o head_n at_o proper_a place_n and_o graft_v they_o cleft_n of_o graft_v old_a tree_n in_o the_o cleft_n §_o 11._o many_o be_v for_o graft_v these_o in_o the_o cleft_n because_o they_o think_v the_o cyen_n have_v best_a hold_v and_o will_v not_o be_v so_o subject_a to_o be_v break_v off_o or_o out_o by_o the_o wind_n as_o those_o graft_v in_o the_o bark_n but_o many_o time_n those_o in_o the_o cleft_n be_v break_v out_o by_o the_o wind_n neither_o can_v you_o perceive_v that_o the_o wood_n of_o the_o cyen_n in_o the_o cleft_n do_v ever_o cement_v with_o the_o wood_n of_o the_o stock_n but_o only_o on_o the_o outside_n as_o the_o other_o do_v and_o those_o in_o the_o cleft_n be_v not_o so_o apt_a to_o grow_v all_o of_o they_o nor_o to_o make_v so_o great_a a_o growth_n as_o those_o in_o the_o bark_n which_o with_o a_o little_a wariness_n may_v be_v preserve_v from_o danger_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o full_a as_o much_o care_n must_v be_v have_v about_o those_o graft_v in_o the_o cleft_n if_o you_o will_v preserve_v they_o all_o from_o the_o same_o prejudice_n tree_n how_o to_o graft_v old_a tree_n §_o 12._o you_o may_v observe_v the_o follow_a difference_n in_o graft_v these_o great_a fough_n from_o all_o the_o forementioned_a variety_n of_o graft_a and_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o thing_n well_o worthy_a to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o and_o observe_v when_o you_o have_v prepare_v the_o cyen_v as_o you_o be_v direct_v to_o do_v when_o you_o graft_v in_o the_o bark_n apply_v it_o to_o the_o place_n you_o design_n to_o put_v it_o in_o and_o slit_v the_o bark_n of_o the_o bough_n through_o on_o both_o side_n the_o cyen_v close_o to_o it_o beginning_n at_o the_o top_n of_o the_o bough_n and_o not_o carry_v the_o slit_v much_o above_o half_a length_n of_o the_o slope_n of_o the_o cyen_n separate_v that_o little_a portion_n of_o the_o bark_n between_o the_o two_o slit_n from_o the_o wood_n with_o your_o instrument_n thrust_v it_o a_o little_a low_o than_o the_o slit_n to_o let_v in_o the_o cyen_n as_o far_o as_o it_o be_v slope_v and_o then_o stick_v the_o cyen_v in_o have_v first_o take_v off_o from_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o cyen_v any_o unevenness_n not_o cut_v through_o the_o bark_n that_o all_o may_v the_o better_a fit_n together_o and_o you_o may_v put_v in_o two_o three_o or_o four_o cyen_n in_o every_o head_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o bigness_n of_o it_o or_o you_o may_v in_o the_o big_a put_v in_o two_o cyen_n in_o the_o cleft_n and_o two_o other_o in_o the_o bark_n do_v one_o of_o the_o late_a on_o the_o westside_n of_o it_o for_o then_o the_o wind_n blow_v it_o towards_o the_o head_n be_v not_o so_o apt_a to_o break_v it_o out_o as_o if_o it_o drive_v it_o from_o the_o head_n bound_v the_o head_n and_o clay_n they_o as_o you_o hear_v before_o and_o continue_v to_o do_v so_o yearly_a till_o the_o head_n be_v almost_o cover_v at_o first_o clay_v stick_v in_o feather_n or_o long_a escures_n to_o prevent_v bird_n light_v on_o the_o cyens_n in_o july_n follow_v whether_o you_o graft_v these_o big_a stock_n in_o the_o cleft_n or_o bark_n pick_v off_o most_o of_o the_o leave_n of_o the_o cyens_n and_o cut_v off_o such_o sprig_n as_o grow_v inward_a will_v make_v the_o head_n thick_a and_o all_o straggle_a out_o bough_n that_o the_o wind_n may_v not_o have_v so_o much_o force_n upon_o they_o to_o break_v the_o branch_n out_o of_o the_o stock_n cut_a off_o also_o some_o of_o the_o big_a shoot_v the_o crabtree_n put_v forth_o of_o its_o own_o kind_n but_o for_o the_o first_o three_o year_n you_o must_v not_o cut_v off_o all_o leave_v the_o tree_n not_o have_v liberty_n to_o vent_v all_o the_o sap_n that_o come_v up_o surfeit_n and_o die_v the_o small_a graft_n not_o be_v able_a to_o receive_v near_o so_o much_o sap_n as_o the_o old_a top_n do_v the_o year_n before_o thus_o many_o countryman_n when_o they_o take_v off_o the_o head_n of_o a_o old_a oak_n have_v sometime_o find_v it_o die_v and_o therefore_o in_o some_o country_n they_o leave_v one_o big_a bough_n to_o grow_v for_o one_o year_n to_o draw_v up_o the_o sap_n as_o they_o term_v it_o whereas_o it_o be_v indeed_o that_o the_o sap_n may_v have_v liberty_n to_o vent_v itself_o for_o tree_n that_o
which_o be_v the_o only_a tree_n that_o endure_v it_o best_o we_o must_v take_v nought_o from_o these_o three_o first_o tree_n but_o the_o dead_a wood_n unless_o we_o will_v form_v they_o at_o first_o for_o bush-tree_n or_o espalier_n because_o the_o corand-tree_n have_v much_o pith_n and_o that_o it_o come_v easy_o of_o a_o slip_n its_o nature_n do_v not_o endure_v it_o to_o be_v lop_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o its_o branch_n no_o more_o than_o the_o peach-tree_n above_o all_o we_o must_v take_v good_a care_n of_o cut_v it_o when_o we_o set_v it_o we_o ought_v in_o a_o old_a corand-tree_n to_o cut_v near_o the_o root_n a_o branch_n past_o bear_v in_o order_n to_o renew_v it_o and_o to_o cut_v also_o from_o the_o low_a part_n some_o young_a shoot_v of_o the_o year_n to_o hinder_v it_o from_o be_v too_o much_o confuse_v the_o young_a shoot_n which_o we_o preserve_v serve_v to_o renew_v it_o when_o we_o cut_v it_o in_o its_o old_a wood._n nevertheless_o though_o it_o do_v not_o delight_n in_o be_v lop_v we_o make_v bush_n of_o it_o and_o form_v it_o in_o a_o espalier_n which_o be_v beautiful_a to_o behold_v at_o the_o time_n that_o it_o be_v lade_v with_o fruit._n i_o say_v the_o same_o of_o the_o mulberry-tree_n and_o of_o the_o figtree_n which_o can_v endure_v the_o knife_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o abundance_n of_o their_o pith_n the_o last_o especial_o be_v visible_o damnify_v by_o it_o unless_o we_o lop_v from_o they_o great_a useless_a branch_n for_o render_v they_o regular_a and_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v be_v make_v to_o grow_v low_a they_o love_v too_o much_o the_o free_a and_o open_a air._n medlar-tree_n and_o service-tree_n natural_o grow_v high_a the_o former_a endure_v the_o knife_n much_o more_o than_o the_o latter_a the_o portugal_n quince-tree_n and_o the_o pomegranate-tree_n of_o spain_n will_v not_o be_v lop_v because_o they_o bear_v their_o fruit_n at_o the_o end_n of_o their_o branch_n nevertheless_o we_o may_v take_v from_o they_o entire_a branch_n which_o cause_n a_o confusion_n and_o which_o be_v old_a and_o cut_v near_o the_o trunk_n the_o useless_a prodigal_n which_o be_v usual_a enough_o in_o these_o sort_n of_o tree_n as_o for_o the_o other_o prodigal_n which_o embellish_v the_o tree_n and_o which_o in_o four_o or_o five_o year_n will_v yield_v fruit_n we_o ought_v not_o to_o lop_n they_o care_n must_v be_v take_v to_o cover_v the_o great_a wound_n of_o tree_n with_o a_o plaster_n make_v of_o a_o pound_n of_o drogue_v a_o flambeau_n four_o ounce_n of_o rosine_n and_o two_o ounce_n of_o sheep_n suet_n when_o we_o walk_v in_o our_o garden_n in_o a_o fine_a day_n of_o the_o month_n of_o april_n we_o must_v have_v in_o our_o hand_n a_o magdaleon_n of_o the_o plaster_n even_o now_o mention_v we_o must_v cut_v a_o little_a of_o it_o with_o a_o knife_n and_o after_o have_v wrought_v it_o betwixt_o the_o moistened_a finger_n for_o render_v it_o a_o little_a soft_a we_o must_v apply_v it_o on_o the_o great_a wound_n which_o we_o have_v forget_v to_o seal_v in_o the_o month_n of_o march._n and_o to_o the_o end_n that_o this_o plaster_n may_v keep_v the_o long_o on_o the_o wound_n we_o must_v put_v on_o it_o a_o bit_n of_o paper_n as_o a_o binder_n which_o we_o must_v press_v on_o soft_o with_o the_o finger_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o summer_n make_v the_o plaster_n melt_v the_o paper_n may_v press_v it_o stay_v it_o and_o glue_v it_o more_o to_o the_o wood_n it_o be_v what_o we_o ought_v to_o do_v in_o the_o two_o other_o lopping_n follow_v chap._n ii_o the_o lop_n of_o fruit-tree_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o month_n of_o may._n proper_o speak_v it_o be_v not_o a_o lop_n that_o be_v do_v to_o tree_n at_o this_o time_n they_o be_v as_o yet_o in_o the_o motion_n of_o their_o sap._n we_o cut_v but_o stion_n which_o though_o fertile_a of_o themselves_o bring_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n a_o great_a prejudice_n to_o the_o fruit_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o may_v we_o must_v therefore_o take_v a_o particular_a care_n to_o cut_v away_o the_o useless_a branch_n which_o grow_v by_o the_o bud_n for_o fruit_n and_o especial_o in_o pear-tree_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o cut_v away_o at_o the_o second_o knot_n a_o little_a scion_n which_o come_v among_o the_o cluster_n of_o pear_n to_o delay_v this_o be_v not_o good_a the_o sap_n which_o ought_v to_o communicate_v itself_o to_o the_o fruit_n be_v carry_v into_o the_o shoot_n which_o draw_v a_o part_n of_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o fruit-bud_n where_o the_o pear_n be_v fasten_v which_o cause_v either_o that_o their_o stem_n dry_v for_o want_v of_o sap_n or_o that_o they_o come_v very_o small_a you_o may_v see_v what_o i_o mean_v in_o the_o follow_a figure_n fig._n 7_o a._n a_o shoot_v which_o come_v on_o the_o fruit-bud_n through_o the_o abundance_n of_o the_o sap._n b._n the_o place_n where_o you_o must_v cut_v it_o chap._n iii_o the_o lop_n of_o fruit-tree_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o june_n in_o the_o decrease_v of_o the_o moon_n of_o may_n which_o happen_v often_o in_o june_n you_o must_v lop_n tree_n for_o the_o second_o time_n but_o with_o more_o moderation_n than_o in_o february_n for_o we_o ought_v never_o in_o june_n to_o cut_v great_a branch_n and_o proper_o speak_v it_o be_v but_o a_o relop_v of_o tree_n we_o must_v wait_v above_o all_o till_o the_o sap_n be_v end_v according_a to_o the_o maxim_n which_o we_o have_v allege_v before_o and_o it_o will_v be_v good_a to_o repeat_v it_o here_o lop_v in_o fair_a weather_n in_o the_o decrease_v of_o the_o moon_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o sap_v or_o rather_o when_o tree_n be_v at_o rest_n the_o rest_n of_o a_o tree_n be_v know_v by_o a_o bud_n garnish_v ordinary_o with_o two_o leave_n which_o form_n itself_o at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o branch_n and_o we_o observe_v chief_o this_o bud_n at_o the_o end_n of_o may_n or_o at_o the_o begin_n of_o june_n that_o be_v to_o say_v after_o the_o first_o sap_n or_o shoot_v the_o second_o sap_n or_o shoot_v of_o tree_n begin_v ordinary_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o june_n and_o end_v a_o month_n after_o towards_o magdalen-tide_n so_o that_o betwixt_o the_o end_n of_o the_o first_o sap_n and_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o second_o there_o be_v about_o a_o month_n and_o it_o be_v at_o this_o time_n that_o we_o must_v cut_v tree_n again_o the_o effect_n of_o this_o re-cutting_a be_v to_o make_v the_o bud_n of_o the_o first_o sap_n to_o fill_v up_o to_o force_v tree_n to_o make_v fertile_a branch_n or_o to_o form_n flower-bud_n for_o the_o follow_a year_n whereas_o the_o lop_n of_o february_n furnish_v but_o wood_n to_o yield_v fruit_n three_o year_n after_o if_o we_o except_o the_o orange_n the_o bergamot_n the_o double-flower_n the_o summer_n bon-chretien_n and_o some_o other_o you_o ought_v here_o to_o call_v to_o mind_n that_o we_o have_v distinguish_v the_o branch_n of_o tree_n into_o prodigal_n indifferent_a and_o fertile_a there_o be_v few_o tree_n graft_v on_o cultivate_v tree_n and_o on_o tree_n come_v of_o kernel_n which_o do_v not_o yield_v some_o prodigal_n in_o the_o first_o sap_n and_o which_o do_v not_o continue_v even_o to_o yield_v of_o they_o in_o the_o other_o care_n must_v be_v take_v therefore_o to_o cut_v they_o at_o the_o second_o leaf-bud_n and_o thus_o to_o correct_v the_o shoot_n which_o transport_v itself_o and_o which_o draw_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o sap_n of_o the_o tree_n oâ—_n this_o matter_n you_o may_v see_v the_o four_o figure_n as_o for_o tree_n graft_v on_o the_o great_a quince_n tree_n they_o have_v not_o often_o of_o these_o sort_n oâ—_n prodigal_a shoot_v and_o some_o gardiner_n be_v even_o of_o the_o mind_n that_o they_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v lop_v at_o this_o time_n and_o that_o the_o top_n of_o they_o ought_v only_o to_o be_v pinch_v off_o with_o the_o nail_n we_o must_v not_o deal_v with_o the_o indifferent_a branch_n as_o with_o the_o prodigal_n for_o we_o ought_v to_o keep_v the_o best_a without_o touch_v they_o and_o observe_v exact_o those_o which_o we_o permit_v to_o run_v on_o in_o the_o month_n of_o february_n if_o these_o have_v good_a mark_n for_o prove_v fertile_a we_o must_v cut_v nothing_o there_o but_o if_o they_o have_v not_o they_o must_v be_v cut_v short_a enough_o to_o make_v they_o yield_v some_o that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o must_v be_v cut_v at_o the_o five_o or_o six_o knot_n for_o leave_n as_o for_o the_o other_o indifferent_n we_o ought_v to_o cut_v they_o at_o half_a a_o foot_n or_o even_o a_o foot_n length_n for_o render_v they_o fertile_a the_o year_n follow_v the_o indifferent_n which_o we_o must_v not_o cut_v have_v particular_a mark_n