Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	low_a	part_n	upper_a	1,487	5	9.1326	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A29057	Tracts written by the Honourable Robert Boyle containing New experiments, touching the relation betwixt flame and air, and about explosions, an hydrostatical discourse occasion'd by some objections of Dr. Henry More against some explications of new experiments made by the author of these tracts : to which is annex't, An hydrostatical letter, dilucidating an experiment about a way of weighing water in water, new experiments, of the positive or relative levity of bodies under water, of the air's spring on bodies under water, about the differing pressure of heavy solids and fluids.; Selections. 1672	Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.	1672 (1672)	Wing B4060; ESTC R10383	110,756	442

in good scales amounted to little above a quarter of the weight of the wax which happen'd by reason of the narrowness of the Vessel which if it had been wide enough I doubt not but the experiment would have succeeded though the wax had outweigh'd the collateral water ten times more than in our experiment it did But that the solid body exceeded almost four times the weight not onely of the collateral but the stagnant liquor too does sufficiently overthrow the Doctors ratiocination Whose fallaciousness will yet further appear by two other improvements among others which I made of one Experiment For I. though we pour'd in more and more water as long as the Vessel would contain any the Cylinder of wax was but lifted higher and higher from the bottom of the glass but did not appeare rais'd more than at the first above the upper surface of the water which argues that 't was not at all the Quantity of the inferior water which was continually increas'd but the pressure of the collateral water which continued still at the same height in reference to that wax that caus'd the elevation of the body And II. to manifest yet more clearly the Doctors mistake I devised the following tryal We took a round plate of Lead about the thickness of a shilling and having made it stick fast to the bottom of the Cylinder of wax to make this body sink the more directly we placed one after another upon the upper part of the wax divers grain weights first wetted to keep them from floating till we had put on enough to make the wax subside to the bottom For the facilitating whereof we had par'd off its edges by this means the glass having been at first almost fill'd with water there swam about an inch or better of that liquor above the upper surface of the wax And lastly we took off by degrees the grain weights that we had put on till we saw the wax notwithstanding the adhering Lead rise by degrees to the top of the water above which some part of it was visibly extant From this experiment I thus argue 'T is manifest that according to the Doctors supposition here was incumbent upon the wax a Cylinder of an inch in height and of the same Diameter or breadth with the round surface of the wax whereas upon the removing part of the water that lay at the bottom when the wax began to rise there was incumbent no greater weight than that of the collateral water and as much of the superior and stagnant as was directly imcumbent upon that collateral water and would have deserv'd the same name if we had suppos'd the convex surface of the wax to have been continued upwards as high as the glass reach'd But now whereas according to the Doctors ratiocination this Cylinder of water incumbent on the wax being an inch deep and a good deal above three inches broad must press the wax with a greater weight by several times than that which the lateral and hollow Cylinder of this stagnant water could have upon the rest of the collateral water yet the height of this aggregate of collateral waters being the same with that of the wax and the water swimming upon it the difference of the pressure was so small that barely taking off a weight of four or five grains the wax would notwithstanding the pressure of the water incumbent on it be impell'd up and made to float And by the like weight put again upon it it would be made to sink and by another removal of such a weight for I purposely reiterated the tryal more than once it would though slowly reascend And these Phaenomena do so much depend upon a Mechanical aequipollence of pressure that even four grains would not have been necessary to make the wax rise or sink if it had not been for some little accidental impediments that are easily met with in such narrow glasses for otherwise in a larger Vessel we have made the same Lump of Wax readily enough sink or float by the putting in or taking off a single grain or perhaps less By this you may see that for the Regulation of Hydrostatical things Nature has her ballance too as well as Art and that in the ballance of Nature the Statical Laws are nicely enough observ'd You may also take notice upon the by how little the weight of the Cylinder of water upon a body immers'd in stagnant water is considerable whilst there is a pressure of collateral water to counterballance it since in this last tryal though the Cylinder of incumbent water did continually increase or decrease in length whilst the lump of Wax was sinking or emerging yet the same despicable weight of a grain or less that was just able to depress it beneath the upper surface of the water did by its pressure or removal procure its sinking to the very bottom or rising again to the top and on both occasions with an equal slowness bating that little acceleration of motion that ought to happen upon another account and which therefore is to be observ'd in the wax during its rising as well as during its sinking CHAP. IV. SOme other Phaenomena I produc'd by varying the hitherto mention'd experiment which are very favorable to our Notions about Hydrostaticks But since they do not directly concern the present Controversie I shall in this place only annex a couple the former whereof affords an easie confirmation of that Paradox which we lay as the ground of divers others and the contrary whereof is maintan'd not only by Doctor More but by many other famous and Learned men namely that in stagnant water the upper parts do actually press the lower Wee took then a very slender pipe of glass whose Cavity was narrower than that of an ordinary Goos-quill that heterogeneous Liquors may not be able to get by one another in it This Pipe near one end was bent upwards like a Syphon that it might have a short leg as Parallel as the Artificer could make it to the longer Into this crooked Pipe we put a little oyl and then held it perpendicularly in a somewhat deep and wide-mouth'd Glass fill'd partly with Water and partly with a Lump of Wax of the bigness and shape of that already mention'd that so the pressure of the incumbent Water upon the open orifice of the shorter Leg might impel the oyl into the longer Leg somewhat above the surface of the water in the Vessel which 't was convenient should be done that we might the better see the motions of the Oyl and which we knew must be done by the course we took both because Oyl is lighter in specie than Water and consequently required not an equal height of Water to counterballance it and because in very slender Pipes Water is wont to ascend a little above the Level of the External Water whereinto they are immers'd The Pipe being as was said held upright 't was easie to take notice by a mark fix'd

matter of fact is true But after I had in vain sought the Doctors meaning where I expected it chancing lately to cast my Eyes on another place where I saw my Scheme repeated I find this passage in the Explication he endeavours to give of the Phaenomenon by his Hylarchical Principle Cùm verò tam profundè immergitur tubus ut obturaculum tangat Superficiem V. W vis retractionis Aeris ita augetur ut etiam ponderis appensi superadditam depressione● superet Videtur igitur quasi quaed●m sursum-suctio Aeris in tubo contenti conformis ac contemporanea aquae compulsio in obturaculum quo tam firmiter in os valvulae comprimitur ibique cum appenso pondere sustentatur What considerable interest the supposed but unprov'd Retraction of the Valve or the Air it self can have in this Phaenomenon I confess I do not discern not being able to see but that the experiment would succeed when tri'd in vacuo although all the Atmosphetical Air were annihilated But if I mistake the Doctors meaning I am to be excused since I do it not willingly and his own obscurity has been accessary to it Nor am I very apprehensive of being unable to defend my account of an experiment which as you know has had the good fortune to recommend the Doctrine for the Proof whereof I devis'd it to many Learned and curious Persons several of which were sufficiently indispos'd to admitt it And to avoid all mistakes and disputes that may arise which I think they must do needlessly upon the score of the Valve imploy'd in our Experiment I shall remind you of another that I remember I have some times shew'n you and divers other Virtuosi though I remember not whether I have mention'd it in any of my publish'd writings The Summ of this tryal is that an arbitrary Quantity of Quicksilver being by Suction rais'd into a very slender glass-pipe whose upper Orifice is stop'd with the Experimenters finger to keep the Mercury from falling before its time the open end of the pipe with the Mercury in it is thrust into a competently deep glass of water till the little Cylinder of Mercury have beneath the surface of the water attain'd to a depth that is at least 14 times as great as the Mercurial Cylinder has of height For then the finger being remov'd from the upper orifice the glass-pipe will be open at both ends and there will be nothing to hinder the Quicksilver's falling down to the bottom but the resistance of the Cylinder of water that is under it which Cylinder can resist but by vertue of the weight or pressure of the stagnant water that is superior to it though but collaterally plac'd above it And yet this water being by the pipe whose upper part is higher than its surface and accessible only to the air kept from pressing against the Mercury any where but at the bottom of the Pipe and being about a 14th part of the weight of an equal bulk of Mercury it is able at that depth to make the subjacent water press upward against the Mercury which is but a 14th part as high as the water is deep with a force equivalent to that of the gravity wherewith the Mercury tends downwards And to manifest that this Phaenomenon depends meerly upon the Aequilibrium of the two liquors if you gently raise the lower end of the pipe towards the surface of the water this liquor being not then able to exercise such a pressure as it could at a further and greater depth the Mercury preponderating will in part more or less as the pipe is more or less rais'd fall out to the bottom of the glass But if when the Quicksilver is at the first depth instead of raising the pipe you thrust it down farther under the water the pressure of that liquor against the Mercury increasing with its depth will not only sustain the Mercury but impell it up in the pipe to a considerable distance from the lower orifice of it and keep it near about the same distance from the surface of the laterally superior water And this experiment may not only serve for the purpose for which I here alledge it but also if duely consider'd and applyed may very much both illustrate confirm the Explication formerly given of the seemingly spontaneous ascent of the clogg'd sucker in our exhausted Air-pump The last Argument the Doctor urges against the Gravitation of water in what they call its proper place is deduc'd from what happens to the Divers who in the mid'st of the Sea though the salt water of that be much heavier than that of freshwater Rivers do not find themselves oppress'd or so much as feel themselves harm'd or compress'd by the vast load of the incumbent water But that the Equality of the pressures of an ambient fluid will goe a great way towards the solving of this Difficulty you will find by the Experiments and considerations you will meet with in the following * The Author means the New experiments of the differing pressure of heavy solids fluids Papers to which for that reason I referr you And though the Doctor in this same Paragraph objects Tametsi haec pressio aequalis sit nihil tamen impedit quò minùs subtiliores partes corporis magisque fluidas exprimat elidat I remember I answer'd that exception before by saying that those liquors that he supposes should be squeez'd out cannot be so because there is as great a pressure against those parts at which they should issue as against any of the rest if the parts that should be squeez'd out be not too spirituous and subtile which if they be I should gladly learn how the Doctor knows that no such minute and spirituous particles are really expell'd especially if that be observ'd which we shall soon have occasion to relate that a small animal being vehemently compress'd in water seem'd a little though but a little to shrink But that we may the more distinctly consider this grand argument taken from the experience of the Divers that is wont to be employ'd by the Schooles and others for the vulgar Opinion and is now urg'd by the Learned Doctor to prove His 't will be convenient to observe that it does at once both propose a Question and contain an Objection grounded upon the surmis'd insolubleness of that Question And to begin with the Probleme Whence it is that Divers are so far from being kill'd or oppress'd by the weight of the incumbent water that they are not so much as hurt by it nay that they scarce feel it at all We may take notice that there is in it somewhat suppos'd as well as somewhat demanded For in the Question 't is taken for granted that Divers though at never so great a depth feel no pressure exercised against them by the water which is an affirmation in point of fact of whose truth I make some question for the reasons I shall ere long have

of Powder we could find any difference made by the absence and presence of the Air in the resistance of the Instrument or the effects of the Powder on it we fasten'd it to a competently heavy and commodiously shap'd weight of Lead and when 't was carefully fill'd and prim'd with Powder we plac'd it in a Receiver of a convenient bigness whence we pump'd out the Air after the usual manner and perhaps with more than usual diligence But though at length after the Powder had long resisted the beams of the Sun concentrated on it by a good double convex Burning-glass it did as I expected take fire at the Touch-hole and fill the Receiver with smoak yet this kindled Powder could not propagate the flame to that which was in the box how contiguous soever the two parcels were to one another And when the instrument was taken out into the Air by which it appear'd how free the Touch-hole was as soon as ever new-priming with the same sort of Powder was put to it the whole very readily went off And when for further satisfaction we caus'd the instrument to be new charg'd and upon its taking fire only at the Touch-hole in the exhausted Receiver we ordered new-priming to be added without so much as taking the instrument out of the Receiver though afterwards the Receiver was closed again but without being exhausted of Air the Powder though closely shut up in the Glass did readily go off as well that which was in the box or cavity of the Powder-tryer as that which lay on the outward part of the Instrument And this tryal for the main was repeated with the like success EXPER. V. Briefly mentioning two differing Tryals with two differing Events to kindle Gunpowder in our Vacuum YOu will easily believe that the event of the foregoing tryals seem'd strange enough to the ingenious persons that I had desir'd to be present at them and perhaps the attentive consideration of it may well enough suggest such odd suspicions and conjectures as I have neither the leisure nor the boldness to discourse of in this place But here I shall not dissemble my having by a somewhat differing way made a couple of tryals whereof though the first may confirm the great indisposition of Gunpowder to be kindled in our Vacuum yet the second seems to look another way The first is summarily set down in my Notes to this purpose A few small corns of Gunpowder being included in a very small buble freed from its Air and secur'd against the return of it or any other and then apply'd warily to Coals cover'd with Ashes did not go off nor burn but afforded a little yellow powder that seem'd to be Sulphur and sublim'd to the upper part of the glass The Latter's event I found in the same paper to have been thus register'd But two larger Bubles though strong whereof one had the Air but in part and the other carefully emptied being provided each of them with a greater quantity of Powder though scarce enough to promise such an effect a while after they were put upon quick Coals each of them was blown in pieces with a Report almost like that of a Musket but though this was done in a dark place yet we did not perceive whether or no there were any real flame produc'd The event of this Tryal seems at first sight to contradict the inference that probably you have drawn from the foregoing Experiments But yet it may not be unworthy of our inquiry whether this way of tryal be as proper to give satisfaction to the curious as that made with the Sun-beams was And I leave it to be consider'd whether or no it may not be doubted whether the going off of the Gunpowder was caus'd by a successive though extreamly swift propagation of real Flame from the first kindled grains to the rest or did not proceed from this That the coals acting strongly at the same time on the whole Area or extent of the powder that was next to them and this in the absence of the Air each grain was in that case as 't were a little Granado and the heap of them being uniformly enough acted on by the fire they were made to go off as to sense all at once as if there had been but a contemporary Explosion made of them all together by the action of the external fire rather than any true Accension made by the flaming grains of the unkindled ones As I remember I have tried that even in the open air one may with a Burning-glass dextrously imploy'd make some part of a little parcel of Aurum fulminans go off whilst the neighbouring parts of the same parcel to which the focus does not extend with heat enough will not be made to do so NEW EXPERIMENTS About the Relation betwixt AIR AND THE FLAMMA VITALIS of Animals Sent to the same Person to whom the former Papers were address'd NEW EXPERIMENTS About the Relation betwixt Air and the Flamma Vitalis of Animals Sent to the same Person to whom the former Papers were address'd THe xx Experiments hitherto set down under the three foregoing Titles by shewing the Relation betwixt Air and Flame in general may be serviceable to the Inquirers into the nature of the Vital Flame in particular But yet having had occasion to make some tryals that more directly regard the requisiteness of Air to the Flamma Vitalis or Vital Principle of Animals I shall now present you by themselves as many as I could light on without being solicitous that they should be quite differing from each other because in so new and nice a subject the affinity that may be found between some either in regard of the subjects expos'd to tryal or in the manner of making it may be useful if not necessary to confirm things by the resemblance of Events or make us proceed cautiously and distinctly in pronouncing upon cases where the success was not uniform EXPER. I. Where in the Durations of the Life of an Animal and of the Flame of Spirit of Wine included together in a close Vessel were compared WE took some highly rectified Spirit of Wine and put about a spoonful of it into a small Glass-lamp conveniently shap'd and purposely blown with a very small orifice at which we put in a little Cotton-wieke which was but very slender We also provided a tall Glass-Receiver which was in length 18 inches and contain'd above twenty pints of water This Receiver which was open at both ends was at the upper orifice which was not wide covered with a Brass-plate fastned on very close with good cement for uses whose mention belongeth not to this place and for the lower orifice which was far the widest we had provided a Brass-plate furnished with a competent quantity of the cement we imployed to keep the Air out of the Pneumatical Engine by means of which plate and cement we could sufficiently close the lower orifice though a wide one of our Receiver and hinder the