reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
might resist things swallowed therefore the chanel of the Trachea is filled behind of the aforesaid Pannicles and Ligament which by their softnesse doe give way to things swallowed and 〈◊〉 this cause the hollownesse of 〈◊〉 throat within it its panniâ—â—â— giving way serveth the Gula â—â— necessities when great morsels are swallowed and the pannicles â—â— the throat doe easily obey in sâ—â—â—lowings because the time of breathing and of swallowing is diverse and not only the thrâ—â—â— in this serveth the Gula but 〈◊〉 the Gula the throat in breathing because in the time of breathing the Gula is empty as the throat is empty of breath in the time of swallowing because the Epiglottis is always shut in swallowings Also the hinder part of the throat was not Cartilagineous but pannicular that it might bee the more easily moystned by drinking or by licking with the tongue some moyst thing as it often hapneth in great heats and in Feavers and that also matters â—ontained in 〈◊〉 Breast might bee more easily brought out by hawkâ—â—gs as it is in the Plurisie And this member was wisely 〈◊〉 Cartilagineous and Pellicuâ—â— for two reasons to wit for 〈◊〉 sound or voyce and for breathing and it doth therefore serve â—â— and the Voyce and it is not still toward the Gula because 〈◊〉 it is soft and as it were fleshy 〈◊〉 therefore if the Trachea and â—â—iglottis bee not decently dry 〈◊〉 moyst there is hoarsnesse â—â—â—ess Galen in his Book De voâ—â— anhelitu as it is before drink and liquid meat that the Voyce â—â— clear and shrill but drink being taken by the Gula moystning the Traâ—hea next and united to it a clear voyce is not uttered and if iâ— be superfluously moystned with drink or rheum there is caused â—â—arsness and therefore old men reason of the moysture of these â—â—ts are hoarse and dry bodies have a more clear and shrill voyce than moyst and if the instruments of the passages of the Voyce be opened then sâ—ddenly muâ—â— air goeth out and that is Anbelâ—tus the breathing and if they 〈◊〉 constrained with the breathing there is somewhat to bee 〈◊〉 differing by the difference of 〈◊〉 instrument constrained and if 〈◊〉 Epiglottis bee constrained a 〈◊〉 is made but if the cane only there is made a certain soâ—â—â— which is between breathing and voyce and this is Roucedo hoarsness of these things speaketh Galen From that which hath been 〈◊〉 the substance of the throat doth appear whose lower pannicle iâ— solid and hard enough that it might resist Catharres and evil Hawkings and the smoakie vapour breathed from the Hearr and that it may withstand the motions of the throat in the voyce the situation figure and Colligancy and number and helps of the throat and its quantity are to be seen its complexion is cold and dry it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the top of the Throat which is called Epiglottis He aforesaid things being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod lingulae superemineat quae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicitur Columb â—â— seen I come to the top of the â—â—â—oat the principal substance of 〈◊〉 member is of many Cartilages joyned together artificially and with great diligence from which the Voyce and conservation of life reboundeth the Muscles Ligaments and Pannicles covering the whole Trachea doe bind toâ—â—â—â—er these Cartilages within and without This member witness Galen is not of one only Cartilage but of many unlike in shape and quantity that by the benefit of the 〈◊〉 it might bee dilated and conâ—â—â—â—ned for the breathing and voyce and its Cartilages are at least four whereof one is not a pure Cartilage therefore Authors the commonly appoint three Cartilages in the Epiglottis which are pure the first pure Cartilage is called Peltalis or Scutalis or Scutiformis because it beareth the form of a Buckler the convex part of it is forward but the concave is turned to the center of the Epiglottis that is to the passage of air and this is bigger than the rest which of us seemeth notably eminent in the former part of the Neck under the skin After the Scutalis toward the Gula or Meri is the second pure Cartilage which wanteth a name neither hath it a name of the Greeks nor of the Latines and therefore it is called Cartilage â—â—nominata or the Chartilage without name this second hath its lower part of a perfect circle with which it is united with the upper circle of the Trachea Arteria behind before and on the sides and toward the fore-part it is firmly united with its circular part under the Scutalis and the Scutalis hath two notable additions with which it doth embrace the second and those two united together doe compound the whole circular pore of air before behind and on the sides being altogether cartilagineous and hard The third Cartilage being also pure is commonly called Cymbalaris and of Galen is called Autyoiâ—deâ— because it is fastned within the second Cartilage in the top of it toward the pore of air right against the bone Hyoidea this third is so much less than the second as the first is greater than the second and this Cartilage in my judgement is not one only but two united so that they seem one onâ—â— and this in its opening taketh the course of the two shuttings of a little Book one whereof is shut against the other and they work in a contrary manner in the opening of them and this Cartilage when it is shut in its upper part and also in its lower maketh the hole wider than in the middle of it and then it hath such a hole or holes as the trumpet hath in its ends but greater above than below therefore Galen said in his eighth Book De juvamentis that for the voyce it behoved the Epiglottis to be first broad afterward narrow and after that again to be made broad and when this is shut it meeteth with the Scutaâ—â—â— and when the parts of it or the sideâ— are opened they goe toward the Cartilage that hath not a name Above these three Cartilageâ— is a fourth which is a body membranous cartilagineous and fat being like to the tongues of Pipes and therefore Galen calleth it Glotida it is also called Sublinguium and this is the most principal Organ of Voyce and the Glotida is not a member of pure Cartilage because a hard thing is hardly doubled neither of pure Membrane because in shutting it would be doubled but it is compounded of Membrane and Cartilage for its decent shutting and in it there is also fat lest it should be dried as well by the almost continual motion as also by the breathing and respiration of the air â—â—â—ing it this member hath the Epiglottis to shut in time of swalâ—â—â—ing and the Cymbalaris also shutteth it this on the hinder 〈◊〉 but the Glotida before so 〈◊〉 ordinarily neither in Vomitâ—â—â—â— nor in swallowings any thing 〈◊〉 â—â—â—â—er into the cane of the 〈◊〉 And the
intend to see together with his Didymus and Testicle to the upper parts towards the Pecten These vessels descending neer unto the Testicls are very hard and are revolved like to Varices A Disease in certain Veins swelled with wind and melancholy bloud like Worms whereupon they are called Variciformia which are made soft when they meet with the Testicles about which they are revolved lest they might hurt them with their hardnesse and there these vessels are called Epididymi and Anendor and Andros From those vessels the matter of the Sperm doth immediately pass to the Testicles in whose substance it procureth whitenesse and the generative vertue and from the Testicles it is again cast out to the aforesaid soft vessels named Epididymi from which it passeth to other inferiour vessels continued with them which are called Deferentia whose substance is white and harder than the rest these different vessels in a man ascend from the Testicles unto the Pecten being contiguous with the aforesaid preparing vessels descending which Deferents so ascended in the upper part of the Os Pectimis are turned back again within the belly on both sides which keep warily together with the Testicles until you have seen the Anatomy of the Didymies and also of the Testicles These vessels reflected within the body descend between Rectum and the Bladder and there they dilate themselves into more caves fulâ— of Sperm therefore there these Vessels are called Conservantia Deferentia keeping together and carrying the Sperm and of Galen guided by Eracleus they are called Parastrata Adeniformia because Kernelly flesh doth compass them On the right side and on the left these Vessels do pierce through the neck of the Bladder and within the Yard about the Anus they cast forth the Sperm which afterward is driven forth through the Chanel of the Yard 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sig geminus quia gemini suâ—t Of the Didymies THese Vessels together with the Testicles are involved in each â—ide with one Pannicle from the bottom of the Cod unto the lowest part of the Ilia the greater part whereof hath its beginning from the Peritoneon descending into the Scrotum in the end of the Abdomen which is commonly called Didymus and suspenforium Tisticuli Of the Greeks they are called Cremasteres the substance of which consider which are of three and perhaps according to some of four revolutions of Pannicles The first is outmost risen from the Pannicles of the Spondiles another is risen from Sifac or Peritoneon contained within the Abdomen neer unto the Thigh which of Celsus is called Darion Of these two by reason of their strong Colligancy is made as it were one onely Pellicle Another is of the Pannicle immediately involving the aforesaid vessels risen from the Peritoneon about the back which is called Aegitroides Another is of the Chords of the muscles of the Testicles which is small consider also their quantity and Colligancy their complexion and number they have the Shape of a Cistis in the top narrow in the bottom broad as much as is the thickness of the Testicles Its uses are to hang up the Testicles and to keep fast the aforesaid Vessels Of the Scrotum or Cod. Scrotum seu Scortum ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pellis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Galeno 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod Testiculos tegat veletque Of those Pannicles and of the skin is compounded Oscheon or Scrotum that is the purse of the Testicles in which there are some Nerves giving sense unto it and some Arteries and Veins nourishing it and the Scrotum is one member common to the two Didymies and it is a Sinus or vault to the Didymies Testicles and to the Seminary Vessels This member is divided by the middle of a light Membrane which of some is called Sutura Taurum Chorda which also doth somewhat appear in the outmost skin in the middle of the Scrotum according to the length of the Body the Quantity Shape Situation Number and Colligancy of this Member are apparent its complexion is cold and dry its helps appear This member with the Didymies endureth every kinde of disease their proper passion is a dilatation of them by which means are caused many Burstnesses called Herniae to wit one of the Zirbus called Omentalis another Intestinalis In the Scrotum also is caused the Hernie or Hymea waterish windy humeral and fleshy and also the Varicous which is made by a repletion of the Seminary Vessels caused of gross blood or of much and watery Of the Testicles Testiculi dicti quod testes sunt Vâ—rilitatis VVIthin the aforesaid suspensories on both sides are two glandulous white members like to the flesh of the Teats which are called Testiculi whose Shape is like an Egge and therefore they are also called Ova their substance is without blood and all sense yet it feeleth by its Pannicles each of them hath two muscles cleaving to its Pannicles that they might preserve them and lift them up lest they should be relaxed Their QuÌ„antity their Number and Situation are apparent their Native complexion is temperate in things active moist in passive but in fluent it is hot by which means Witness Aristotle they draw to themselves from the whole body matter of the Sperm as it were Ventoses and they are placed of Physicians among the principal Members they have Colligancy with the other principal Members by Veins by Arteries and by Pannicles their helps are to preserve the Species they endure passions of all sorts Of the Vesica or Bladder Vesica quasi vas aquae THese things being dispatched take away the Kidneys with the Uritidian pores risen from the Bladder entring Diagonally within its Tunicle nearer to the neck than to the bottom lest the Urine might flow back unto them through those Pores doth sometimes pass a Little stone to the Bladder bred in the Kidnies causing in them an extension with a vehement pain because they are Sinewy as the Bladder First cut the body of the Bladder about the bottome of it which is compounded of one onely Tunicle in the outward part of which do go two Nerves for its sense first noting its Situation which is in the Lower part of the Belly in the hollowness of the Little trough in which is also the Intestine Rectum toward the Back and the Matrix in a woman in the middle of them You shall also note its Colligancy and Quantity and Shape and Number whose substance is Sinewy of the Nerves of the Ligament not to bee consolidated if it receive solution in the Neck it is fleshy and therefore there is consolidated its Neck is united to the Yard throughout even unto the extream part of the Glans from whence goeth forth the Urine It s complexion is cold and dry and it is circumvolved with one Pannicle risen from the Peritoneon its uses are to retain the Urine a long time lest a man should continually rise
the years of many living creatures for they first wax gray in man but not alwaies they are also made hollow in the long continuance of time in the Temples are little bones somewhat long reaching overthwart the Head which do keep the Temporal muscles within them and the Skull these bones are called of Avicen Ossa paris and beyond the aforesaid muscles in the Temples there are also some Arteries and notable Veins which in some diseases are incised Of the Eyebrows Supercilium qui supra cilium nascuntur crines cilium vocatur vel a cilleo quod sepiusmovetur vel a celo quod celet oculum SUpercilia the Eyebrows are known to all whose situation is in the ending of the Forehead they are bred together with a man for ornament sake intended of nature that they might defend the Eyes from dust falling and from rain and the like its hairs do not increase as those of the Head for a good ends sake Of Intercilium or the space between the Brows IN the bounds of the Forehead is a certain space between dividing the Eyebrows in the middle of them it also divideth the Forehead from the Nose and to this part as to a center are bounded the Nose and the lower and middle part of the Forehead this part is called Glabella or Glabra for Glaber is interpreted Sine pilis without Hair this place is also called Lepor nasi the comeliness of the Nose in that place do often begin Erisipilas called by another name Gutta Rosea Of Malis the Cheeks Mala contract ex maxilla Cicerone vel ex mali similitudine MAlae are those round parts in the Face which are also called Poma and they are below the Eyes on the sides of the Nose and they are onely to mankind and they are properly called Genae although the greater part of the Face may be called Gena The Skin of this part is thinner than any other part of the Face which is easily made red and changeth its colour in the affections of the mind which commonly in well complexioned people is of a Roset colour those Malae do adorn the Face and they are a defence to the Eyes and to the Nose and each of them hath one broad muscle firmly united to its Skin which are serviceable to them and to the Lips as shall bee said hereafter in the Section of the Lips Of Barba called Gena the Beard Gena Latin a genero ibi capilli generantur IN the Face also is a barbarous part which hath a proper name and is called Gena a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 genero to beget because the Hairs are created there this part also of some is called Mystax or * From whence may come our English word Mustachio Mustax Of * Mentuma memini Ci ceroni quod quibusdam ejus inter recordandum aliquis usus esse videatur Mentum the Chin. IN the lower part of the Face is Mentum the Chin so called ab Eminendo from appearing above the rest for it is eminent above the Gula it is also called * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Polluci Ruffo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod pili ibidem floreant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Mentum its discase is called Mentagra its upper part beginneth from the root of the upper Lip and hath an end in the lowest part of the Face and in respect of its place it may bee called Mentum because they that are Mentum vult quasi à miti diduci lowest ought in all things if they are not to be mild In the middle of the Chin is a certain hollowness called of some Bâ—ccula and Buccella a little Cheek it is also called Typos Of Gelasinis ON the sides of the mouth on Martiali Gelasinus ◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 rideo maxime onim apparent risu both sides in the skin in some persons and especially in Boyes and in Women is a certain little pit which appeareth in â—aughter which sheweth grace and â—omliness and therefore those pits â—re called Umbelicus Veneris and â—elasinus these are also called â—mbelicus Veneris Venus Navel because they are like to the holâ—owness found in the leaves of the â—erb called Venus Navel and â—ayledon Of the hollow pit under the Nose UNder the Nose in the middle of the upper Lip is a certain little valley which Lactantius Firmianus for the similitude of its hollowness calleth Lacuna a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Polluci Ruffo quasi amatorium sive amabile dixeris vel amoris illecebra velut esset quoddam in amore illectameâ—tum Ditch it is called of some Philtrâ—â— and Sperion and Hyspia concerning the Nose the Eyes the Eye-brows the Eye-lids the Mouth and its parts it shall bee spoken in their place beginning with the Anatomy of the mouth Of the Anatomy of the Mouth anâ— the parts thereof THat therefore the Trachea Epiglottis and Gula may beâ— fitly Os Scalig ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vox shewed as we have promised I come to the Section of the Mouth and the parts of it and â— say that the Mouth is that hollow part in the face being immediatly within the Lips by which thâ— meat and drink and in part aiâ— doe first enter within the body and by which Spittles and Voyces goe forth and in which the Speech is formed and it is called Os as it were Ostium the door to the aforesaid things letting them in and out But the Cheek or Cheeks Bucce are those parts in the face or mouth which may naturally bee puffed up of the breath that is that hollowness of the mouth which is puffed up of the breath being brought back from the Lungs and retained in the mouth the lips being shut The parts of the Mouth are the Lips the Teeth the Gums the Jaw-bones the Palate the Uvea the Tongue the Tonsils and the Fauces From the aforesaid things doth appear the substance situation and figure of the Mouth its quantity is known to all in number it is one member the number of the parts of it is spoken of its Colligancy is taken from its parts and also its helps its complexion is such as are its parts it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the Lips LAbia which are also called Labrum a lavando quidam eo quod in eo lavationem infantium solitum est fiâ—râ— haud improprie labium à labor dici puto quod ex iis verba elabuntur Labra the Lips in some are gross in some thin gross doe commonly argue rudeness of wit the more prominent part of the Lip is named Prochilum the continual joyning of them is called Prostomion or Prostomia and those which have their Lips hanging over and likewise their Teeth are called Brochi in the middle of the Lips is a clift which is properly called Os the mouth The substance of the Lips is compounded of Musculous flesh skin and a Pannicle continued to
savour of Medicines put into the Eyes is tasted of the Tongue And the Os front is in the direct of the Nose is perforated as a Sieve that it might serve for smelling and that by them holes the superfluous moystures might goe forth from the Brain passing first by the holes which are in their Pannicles about the places of the Mamillary Caruncles From that which hath been said is seen the substance of the Nose in number it is one member but divided into two parts at the inside that if one part should but hurt the other might be firm its figure quantity situation and colligancy appear its complexion is appointed cold and dry its helps are for comliness and for carrying and re-carrying air to the Lungs they also carry the matter forth from themselves sent through the Colatory to the aforesaid Caves which Caves are for the present called Nares They suffer passions of all sorts and their solution is easily consolidated in the lower end of it are sometimes applied Horse-leaches for safety and such like its proper passion is the annoyance of the Olfactive Vertue which may happen to it principally by reason of opilation caused in the holes that are in the Bone â—â—silare in the direct of the aforesaid mamillary Caruncles Palpebrâ— Ã palpacidâ— id est praetentando objecta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grac quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoe est visus tunicae Of the Eye-lids PAlpebrae of Palpitando of stirring called also * Genae à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 genero ibidem pili generantur Genae are the pellicles covering the Eyes known â—n all their substance is of Cartilage and Membrane with a very liâ—tle and it may be as it pleaseth some with no fleshy part the Muscles excepted and it is Cartilagineous that the Hairs may be fastned in it which stand strait and hard that they may the better defend the Eyes these are called Cilia a Celandis Oculis of covering the Eyes it is also Cartilagineous because it better â—esisteth outward things and that it might stand upright when it is opened because if it should bee pellicular it should easily bee deprest and it is covered with skin for defence and comliness In the upper Eye-lids under their skin is a Pannicle proceeding from the Pericraneum which is turned inward involving their Cartilage without and within even unto the tunicle Cornea the conjunctiva being between covering the muscles of the Eye and in the lower in like manner there reacheth a Pannicle risen from the Pannicle covering the balls of the Face and by that means it seemeth that the tunicle Conjunctiva should arise also from the Pannicle covering the lower bones of the Face About that Cartilage which Galen calleth Tarsum there is some fat moystning them for necessities sake lest they should be dried up by reason of their almost continual motion the upper alone are moved but not the lower And on either side their motion is of three Muscles witness Avicen whereof one openeth which is in the middle but the two others are in the corners which shut yet Galen 10. De Vtilitate cap. 8. seemeth to place but two Muscles whereof one is said to bee in the corner toward the Ear which he saith doth open if it bee moved alone and the other in the corner of the Nose which hee saith doth shut if it bee also moved alone and if both be equally moved the eye-lid is not more shut than it is opened and this half shutting is called of Hippocrates Curva Palpebra a crooked eye-lid which in Sicknesses doth inferre an ill sign and also Galen saith in the same place Cap. 10. that hee never knew the aforesaid muscle placed at the corner of the Nose because hee saw great Cauteries to be applied there for Fistulaes and nevertheless the motion hath yet remained in the Eye-lids which had not remained if the muscle had been there And he doth affirm 11 De Utilitate cap. 14. That the musculous skin of the Fore-head and of the balls of the Face by their motion is sufficient for the shutting and opening of the Eye-lids and some doe adde with the help of the muscles but Aristotle 2 De partibus Animalium cap. 13. saith that the eye-lids move not voluntatily but by instinct of nature nevertheless it seemeth to me that they have a proper motion and a common the common is of the Fore-head and of the balls of the Face but the proper is of their proper muscles which have their Nerves annexed to the Eye-lids and to the muscle moving the Fore-head and to the Temporal muscles and to those of the balls of the Face but whether those Nerves should proceed from the Nuca or from the Brain it is not perceived by sense yet Avicen saith that in the upper eye-lid only there are Muscles because they are nearer to their beginning that is to the Brain which are small and some say that they are without Chords about the situation of which some are disagreeing among themselves And the lower Eye-lids are not moved witness Avicen because the motion of the upper sufficeth for the perfect shutting and opening to one another and the lower are less than the upper and more joyned to the eyes lest by reason of their greatness and the separation of them from the eyes they should gather in themselves bloud-shot and tears and other outward things witness Galen 10. De Utilitate In the substance of the Eye-lids in either angle or Canthus toward the Nose are two small holes manifest to the sense one in the upper eye-lid another in the lower by which the Tears goe forth and in that Angle are spongeous fleshes which contain within them that humidity of Tears that they might moysten the members near unto them lest they should bee dryed and those humidities doe come sometimes from the Nose and also from the Brain by the Veins of their pannicles The situation of the Eye-lids the number quantity shape and Colligancy appear their substance is handled their complexion is appointed cold and dry their helps are to defend the Eyes from small and soft things but the bones adjacent doe defend them from great and hard things and they help in the causing of sleep their Hairs also doe help the Eyes lest when the eye-lids bee open dust or other small things might hurt them and by their blackness they doe strengthen the sight and they are not very thick lest they should shadow the sight nor too thin that they might hinder small things to enter into the eyes They suffer passions of all sorts and among others they suffer the turning in of their Hairs which is cured by Cauterizing every Hair turned in in its root with a golden Needle afterwards they are cured as other places cauterized Of the Anatomy of the Eyes THe Eye-lids being seen the Eyes doe occur called Ocnli Oculi ab occulendo Varroni quod ciliorum teguminibus sen palpebris