Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	low_a	part_n	upper_a	1,487	5	9.1326	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19451	The country-mans recreation, or the art of planting, graffing, and gardening in three bookes. The first declaring divers wayes of planting, and graffing ... also how to cleanse your grafts and cions, how to helpe barren and sicke trees, how to kill wormes and vermin and to preserve and keepe fruit, how to plant and proyne your vines, and to gather and presse your grape ... how to make your cider and perry ... The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and the maintenance thereof ... Whereunto is added, the expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art ...	Mascall, Leonard, d. 1589. Booke of the arte and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees. aut; Scot, Reginald, 1538?-1599. Perfite platforme of a hoppe garden. aut	1640 (1640)	STC 5874; ESTC S108874	101,331	202

Otherwise the Hops will grow from one Pole to another and so over-shadow your Garden the fault thereof being especially to be imputed to the nearenesse of the hills Therefore chiefly you must measure your Poles by the goodnesse of your ground The Hoppe never stocketh kindly untill it reach higher then the Pole and returne from it a yard or two for whilest it tendeth clyming upward the branches which grow out of the principall stalke wherein consisteth the abundance of encrease grow little or nothing Let the quantity of your Poles be great that is to say nine or tenne inches about the lower end so shall they endure the longer and withstand the wind the better To describe the price of Poles or what it will cost you to furnish a Garden containing o●e Acre of ground it were a hard matter because the place altereth the price of Wood. But in a Wayne you may carry a hundreth and fifty Poles and 〈◊〉 small cause why a load of these should be much dearer then 〈◊〉 of any other Wood. After the first yeare Poles will be nothing chargeable unto you for you may either picke them out of your owne provision of Fuell or buy them of your Neighbours that have no occasion to apply them this way For the yearely supply of two loades of Poles will maintaine one Acre continually Your rotten and broken Poles will doe you good service for the kindling of your fiers in the Oste whereupon you should dry your Hops and they should be preserved chiefly for that purpose At Poppering where both scarcity and experience hath taught them to make carefull provision hereof they doe commonly at the East and North side of their Gardens set and preserve Alders wherewith they continually maintaine them Before you set up your Poles lay them all alongst your Garden betweene every row of hills by three or foure together I meane beside every Hill so many Poles as you determine to set thereon so shall you make the more speed in your worke Of the erection of Poles You must set every Pole a foot and a halfe deepe and within two or three inches at the most of the principall roote If your ground be rockie and shallow tarry the longer before you set up your Poles so as your Hops may be growne two or three foote high that you may adventure to make a hill or banke at every pole to stay and uphold the same without burying any of the younger Springs which may afterward be covered with lesse danger and annoyance of the principall roote Let the Poles of every hill leane a little outward one from another Of Ramming of Poles THen with a peece of wood as big below as the great end of one of your Poles ramme the earth that lyeth at the outside of the Pole thereunto but meddle not within the compasse of your Poles as they are placed lost you spoile the Springs Of Reparation of Poles IF any of the Poles chance to breake in many peeces when the Hop is growne up undoe and pull away the same broken Pole and tye the top of those Hops to the top of a new pole then winding it a turne or two about according to the course of the Sunne set it in the hole or besides the hole where the broken Pole stood but some being loth to take so much paines turne it about the other Poles that stand upon the same hill and so leave it But if it be not broken above the middest the best way is to set a new Pole or stalke beside the broken pole to the same which may uphold the said broken pole and preserve the Hop If the pole be onely broken at the nether end you may shove the said pole againe into the hill and so leave it Of pulling up Poles ANd because when the hills are made great and raised high you can neither easily pull up any nor possible pull up all your poles except you breake them c. especially if the wether or the ground be dry or else the Poles old or small J thought good to shew you an Instrument wherewith you shall pull them up without disease to your selfe destruction to your poles or expence of your money the charge being only foureteene or fifteen pound of Iron wherewith the Smith shall make you a paire of tongs or rather you may call them a paire of pinsers of the fashion here set downe the which may also be made with wood if you thiake good The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hoppe Poles THey must be one yard in length whereof sixe or seaven inches may be allowed for the mouth or lower end of them which serveth to claspe or catch hold on the Pole the same nether end should be the strongest part thereof and the mouth somewhat hollow in the middest and there also bending downeward whereby the extreame point may rise a little upward Vpon the upper edges of the inside thereof the Smith should hacke or raise a few small teeth whereby your toole may take the surer hold upon the Pole He must also fasten upon every side of this Instrument a ryding hooke the which may claspe and stay both sides together when they have caught hold on the pole The manner of pulling up the Hoppe Poles YOu shall lay a little square block upon the top of the hill and the better to remove the same from hill to hill you may thrust therein a pinne Upon the same blocke you may rest your pinsers when they have clasped the very lowest part of your Pole and then holding the upper part of each side in your hands the hooke being clasped and pulled up hard towards you● you shall easily weigh up your Poles Of the preservation of Poles ANd although we are not yet come to the laying up of Poles I am bold herein as I began too late so to make an end too quickly because J would touch the whole matter of Poles together laying them by themselves I meane comprehending under one title the businesse appertaining unto them For the preservation and better continuance of Poles some make houses of purpose and lay them up therein Some set them upright to a Tree and over them make a penthouse of boughes or boords Some lay a great heape of Hopstalkes upon the ground and upon them a great heape of Poles and upon the Poles againe lay another heape of stalkes c. These men doe hereby expresse no great experience although by their diligence they signifie a good desire You shall need to doe no more but thus At the ends or sides of your Garden take three Poles standing upon three hills placed directly one by another and three like Poles upon three other hills of the next row right over against them constraine them to meet together by two and two in the tops and so hold them till one with a forked wand may put three Withes like unto three Broome bands which may be made of the

no raine winde or wormes may hurt it This helpeth much to keep the moistnes in which commeth from the root that it cannot breake out but nourisheth the better the new plant but when the stumps are great they bee cleaved after two waies The first is that you cut or cleave the tree with a knife at one side only even to the heart and that you graft into it but one sprout The other is that you cleave it all over and that you prick or graft on every side one sprout or one alone and leave the other side without When the stumpe is but a little bigger then the sprout must necessarily be cloven in two and you must graft but one sprout into it as is said in the beginning This cleaving may be done in February March and Aprill then it is good to cut them before they be greene for to keepe them the better under the ground in cold or moist places The third way of grafting THis sort of grafting is very subtill witty and ready and is done as followeth Go to a smooth apple or peare tree in April when the trees get liquor and seeke a branch which hath greene eies and see that the same be lesse than your little finger and teare it from the tree and where you see that the greene sprouts will come off there cut them off wholly and clense the middle thereof that the little red at the wood may turne about and draw it not off untill you come unto another good peare or apple tree and seeke there another branch of the same bignesse that the other was and cut it off and take from it likewise the red as far as you will put them againe and looke where the branches join that they may well sit together upon the top and tie the same place gently and well with a little barke behinde and before that the water may not hurt them in the first yeare it bringeth forth leaves and branches in the second floures which you may break off for the sprout is yet too tender so that it may beare no fruit and in the third yeare it bringeth floures and fruit and by this meanes you may graft divers kinds of pears and apples vpon one tree I have likewise set such sprouts upon wilde stumps and they have prospered The fourth way of grafting is HOw buds are transported and bound upon another tree like as a plaister is tied to a mans body this sort of grafting is called in Latine Emplastrum Wee read of such a sort of grafting which is called in Latine Abducellum and it is much like unto this sort wherefore we will only speake of it being done after this sort When you see upon a great fruitfull bough a bud which will prosper without doubt and wouldst faine plant it upon another tree take a sharp knife and lift the bark up two fingers bredth that the bud be not hurt then go to another tree upon the which you will graft and put into a convenient place a like hole into the barke and put the same bud with the bark into it and tie it with dung or with a clout which hath lien in a dunghill over the cut that it may be kept from the outward damage of weather and for an especiall nourishment and keeping of the inner juice then cut off the branches round about it that the mother may the better nourish the new son within twenty daies after take away the band so that you see that the strange bud hath prospered and joined himselfe with the tree This may be done in March when the bark commeth easily from the tree Also in April May and Iune and yet she prospereth both before and after a time when you may conveniently find such buds This sort of planting prospereth best in a willow tree or such like which is pierced through and is done after this sort The fifth way When you pierce a willow stick with a sharp piercer see that betweene every hole be left the space of one foot and prick therein branches a little scraped and put the sticke into a ditch so that the branches stand upright one part of the sticke remaining over the earth and within a yeare after take it out of the ditch and cut the stick asunder so find you the branches full of roots and put euery one into a hole in the ground and 't is fit the holes were stopped with lome or with waxe Some do take in March a fresh Beech tree which is of a mans thicknesse and pierce him ouerthwart with maine and great holes and small holes till unto the lowermost barke or quite through then take sprouts or boughes which be as big and small that they may fit into the holes and when you will put them into the Beech stump you must scrape the uppermost barke off untill the greene and no further then the bough must remaine into the beech the sprouts must stand a foot or somwhat lesse asunder then keep your beech stump with the sprouts in a fresh ground and skant a foot deep you must first maime the sprouts that they may not flourish then the next March ensuing dig it out with the sprouts and cut it asunder with a saw and every block which is cut off with his branch you must set in a fresh ground and so they will bring forth the fruit the same yeare The sixth Way This way teacheth how to graffe that they may bring forth fruit the first yere which do as follows Pare an old stumpe of what kind soever it be the uppermost bark till to the lower green barke a span long or somewhat lesse which doe in harvest in the wane of the Moone and anoint it with Oxe dung and earth and tie it with barke and after in March when trees are transposed from one place to another then cut the same branch from the tree and put it into the ground and it wil bring fruit the same yere I have seene that one hath prickt sticks on Alhallow eve in the earth and hath pulled them out again upon Christmas eve and put boughes in the holes and they have prospered and come out The 〈…〉 that the fruit bee without 〈…〉 sp●●ut graffe it into a great stump 〈…〉 thicke● and lower part of the sprout then take the upper or thinner end o the sprout and cut it al●o fit to be graffed and turne it downeward and ●raffe it into the said stump and when the sprout of both sides prospereth cut it in the midst asunder so that which is grown right upward with the tree the fruit of it hath stones but that which was the top of the sprout that groweth contrary brings forth fruit without stones And if so be the turn●● sprout prosper you must break off the other to the end that the turned sprout doe not perish which you may try a●●er this sort for oftentimes it commeth and prospe●eth and many times it is perished and spoiled How Cherries

little house must be built of length xviii or xix foot of widenesse eight wherein must be comprehended three severall roomes The middle and principall roome must be for your Oste eight foote square The fore-part which is to containe your greene Hops and the hinder part which must receive your dryed Hops will fall out to be five foote long and eight foote wide a peece The chiefe matters that are to be by me described herein are the Furnace below wherein the fire is to be made and the bed above whereon the Hops must lye to be dryed this I have chiefly to advise you of that you build the whole house and every part thereof as close as you can and to place it neare to your Garden for the better expedition of your work and somewhat distant from your house to avoid the danger of fire Of the Furnace or Keele THe floore or nether part of your Furnace must be aboue thirteene inches wide The depth or height thereof must be thirty inches The length of it must be about sixe or seaven foote that is to say reaching from the forepart of the Oste almost to the further end thereof so as there be left no more roome but as a man may passe betweene the wall and the end of it It must be made wide below and narrow above fashioned in outward shape somewhat like to the roofe of an house Jt must have three rowes of holes at each side the length of one Brick asunder and the bignesse of halfe a Bricke placed checkerwise Before you begin to make your holes you should lay two rowes of Bricke and when your three rankes of holes are pl●ced upon them you must lay againe over them another row of Bricke and upon the same you must place your last and highest course and they must stand long-wise as it were a tiptoe the tops of the Bricks meeting together above the nether part of them resting upon the uppermost course and note that till then each side must be built alongst directly upward You should leave almost a foot space betweene the mouth of your Furnace and your rowes of holes especially of that row which is nethermost The further or hinder end of your Furnace the which is opposite to the mouth thereof must be built flat with an upright wall and there must also be left holes as at the sides The Furnace in the top J meane from the upper course of h●les must be dawbed very well with morter And so upon the top of your Furnace there will remaine a gutter whereupon the Flemmins use to bake Apples c. and the highest part thereof will reach within two foote and lesse of the Oste The hindermost part or further end of the Furnace One side of the Furnace The mouth and forepart of the Furnace Of the bed or upper floore of the Oste wherein the Hops must be dryed THe bed or upper floore whereon the Hops shall lye to be dryed must be placed almost five foote above the neather floore whereon the Furnace standeth The two walls at each side of the house serve for the bed to rest upon two wayes Now must two other walls be built at each end of your Oste whereon the other two parts of the bed must rest and by this meanes shall you have a close square roome beneath betwixt the lower floore and the bed so as the floore below shall be as wide as the bed above These two walls must also be made foure foot above the bed that is to say about nine foot high At the one end below besides the mouth of the furnace you must make a little doore into the roome beneath the bed At the other end above the bed you must make a Window to shove off from the bed the dryed Hops downe into the room● below prepared for them The bed should be made as the bed of any other Oste saving that the Railes or Laths which serve therefore must be sawne very even one inch square and laid one quarter of an inch asunder But there may be no more beames to stay the Laths but one and the same must be laid flat and not on edge in the middest from one end of that roome to the other and the Laths must be let into the same beame so as the upper side of the beame and all the Laths may lye even The Window printed unto may not s●and below in the nether rowe but above as is before declared And now once againe wishing you to make every doore Window and joynt of this house close I will leave building and proceed to the drying of Hops saving that I may not omit to tell you that you should either build all the walls of this roome with Brick● or else with Lime and Haire pargit them over and at the least that wall wherein the mouth of the Furnace standeth be made of Bricke And although I have delayed you from time to time and brought you from place to place and tediously led you in and out and too and fro in the demonstration hereof yet must J be bold to bring you round about againe even to the place where I left you picking from whence you must speedily convey your pickt Hops to the place built and prepared for them and with as much speed hasten the drying of them The orderly Drying of Hoppes THe first businesse that is to be done herein is to goe up to the bed of the Oste and there to receive Baskets filled with Hops at the hands of one that standeth below Then beginning at the further end least you should tread on them lay downe Basketfull by Basketfull till the floore or bed be all covered alwayes stirring them even and levell with a Cudgell so as they may lye about a foote and a halfe thicke and note that upon this Oste there is no Oste-cloth to be used Now must you come downe to make your fire in the Furnace for the kindling whereof your old broken Poles are very good howbeit for the continuance and maintenance of this fire that wood is best which is not too dry and somewhat great Your Hop stalkes or any other straw is not to bee used herein You shall not need to lay the wood through to the farther end of your Furnace for the fire made in the fore-pare thereof will bend that way so as the heate will universally and indifferently ascend and proceed out of every hole You must keepe herein a continuall and hote fire howbeit you must stirre it as little as you can Neither may you stirre the Hops that lye upon the Oste untill they be throughly dryed When they are dry above then are they ready to be removed away and yet sometimes it happeneth that through the disorderly laying of them they are not so soone dry in one place as they are in another The way to helpe that matter is to take a little Pole wherewith you shall sensibly feele and perceive which be and