directly under the stomack to the beginning of those guts which begin to bee gathered by the mesentereum for this is tied with it The second is Iejunum or the hungrie gut for in dead carcasses it is for the most part found emptie partly by reason of the multitude of the veins partly by reason of the acrimony of the choler which proceedeth pure from the liver In length it is 12. hands bredth and three inches and as broad as the ring finger The internall membrane is longer than the externall for it hath innumerable orbicular and transverse wrinkles to stay the chylus It beginneth on the right side under the colon where the dnodenum endeth and the guts begin to be wreathed and filling almost the whole umbilical region it endeth into the ileum of all other guts it hath greatest store of veins and arteries and by these you may finde the circumscription of it Meatns biliaerius is inserted into the beginning of this gut which sendeth choler from the gall which pricketh the guts to hasten expulsion The third is Ileum it hath thinner membranes than the rest of the tenuia It is seated under the navell and filleth both the Ilia It is the longest of all the guts for in length it containeth 21. hand-bredth but it is the narrowest of all for it is but an inch in bredth It hath fewer wrinkles than the jejunum and lesser which about the end of it scarcely appeare It beginneth where both smaller and fewer veins appeare and endeth about the place of the right kidnie where it is joyned both with the intestinum coecum colon The externall coat of the tenuia intestina is more thin and fleshy than the internall It hath transverse and orbicular fibres with a few straight to strengthen the transverse The internall coat it hath partly straight partly oblique fibres Yet fewer straight than the crassa intestina have These guts have a motion inch as wormes have when they crawl or leeches when they suck to draw downward the chylus for it is not in our power to send this away as we doe the excrements The crassa intestina have not this motion and by reason of this motion the upper part of the gut may be wrapped in the lower which causeth the sicknesse called Ileos or convolvulus Now follow the Intestina crassa the great guts they are three in number also The first is called Coecum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the blind gut because one end of it is shut so that at the same orifice the chylus passeth and returneth In man it is like a thick round worme coyled together It is bigger in an infant than in a man foure inches in length and one in bredth It is not tyed to the mesenterium but being couched round it is tyed to the right kidnie In sound persons it is alwais empty In foure footed beast it is alwaies full of excrements Apes have it larger than a man Dogs larger than Apes but Conies Squirrels and Rats largest of all if you consider the proportion of their bodies The second is Colon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it detaineth the excrements It hath it beginning from Ileum coecum and mounting up by the dextrum ilium when it comes to the liver it passeth transversly under the stomack to the left ilium and from thence to the beginning of os sacrum It is tied first to the right kidnie in the right side by the externall membrane then in the middle to the bottom of the stomack and at the last unto the left kidney In length it is of seven hand bredth and seven inches It is the broadest of all others that it might containe all the excrements It hath cels which spring from the internal tunicle of it These cels are kept in their figure by a ligament halfe an inch broad which passeth thorow the upper and middle part of it all alongst this being broken or dissolved the cels appeare no more Their use is to hinder the flowing of the excrements to one place which would compresse the parts adjacent It hath a value where it is joyned with ileum like to the Sigmoides in the Sinus of the heart This value so stoppeth the hole which is common to the ilcon and colon that flatuosity cannot ascend to the Ileum much lesse excrements regurgitat If one would find this cut let him powre in water into the intestinum rectum and hold up the guts The water will stay when it is come to the value if it bee found If this value be relaxed by sicknesse excrements may regurgitat and expelled by vomit and clysters also come to stomack The third is Intestinum rectum the straight gut it hath its beginning where the colon endeth endeth where it maketh the anus it is of a 〈◊〉 in length not so wide as the colon the muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is at the end of it It hath thick and fleshy externall coats and so a solution of unity in it may the sooner be united It hath many transverse fibres few oblique and some straight It hath veins not from Porta onely as the rest but from the trunck of the cava descending also w ch make the externall Hemorrhoidall The guts have a three-fold use for first they all concoct the Chylus sent from the stomack better Secondly the small guts digest the Chylus Thirdly the thick guts expell the excrements CAP. IX Of the Mesenterium THe substance is membranous First that it might bee light and should not presse together the vessell by its weight Secondly that it might be extended into all dimensions by reason of the fibres Thirdly that betweene the membranes it might the more readily gather fat It is of a circular figure which is most capable that it might answer the length of the guts and keepe them within a small compasse and place likewise It is framed of two proper membranes one above another strong enough and one common between which the proper the vessels passe safely to the guts The veins are called Mesaraicae these spring from ramus mesentericus dexter sinister branches of the Vena porta It hath also two arteries the one superiour the other inferiour branches of the arteria mesenterica which passe as the veins doe As for the nerves it hath two on each side springing from the branches of the sixt paire which goe to the roots of the ribs others it hath from those which spring from the spin lis medulla betweene the first second third and fourth vertebra of the loynes That the vessels might passe safely without ruption Nature hath placed glandules between the divarications of the veines and arteries The biggest of these is about the center of the mesaraeum where the distribution of the vessels beginneth If this become scirrhous the extenuation of the whole body ensueth because the passing of the chylus is hindered leane persons have larger glandules than the fat because the
there are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and nodi In the inside of the fingers there are ligaments pipe-like by the which they are united The points of the bones towards the nailes have no processes CAP. VII Of the bones of the Legs THe Leg as the arme hath three parts the thigh the shanke and the foot The thigh hath but one bone which is the biggest and longest of all the bones of the body The forepart is somewhat arched Above it is articulat with the coxendix and it is kept in by a round ligament The neck of this bone hath two processes for the insertion of muscles Rotator magnus Parvus the greater and lesser rowler It is articulat below with the tibia for the strengthning of this joynt that the thigh bone may be kept in the forepart there is appointed a bone It is called Mola rotula patella the whirle-bone In children it is grasly It resembleth the bosse of a bucklar for it is bunched without and hollow within where it is lyned with a cartilage It is strengthned by the tendons of some of the muscles of the thigh unto the which it cleaveth The shanke hath two bones 1. Tibia focile majus canna major the greater focill In the upper part it hath a processe which is received by the hollownesse of the thigh bone It hath also two long cavities for the receiving of the two prominences of the thigh bone To make these cavities deeper there is joyned by ligaments a moveable cartilage soft slippery and bedewed with an unctuous humour It is called cartilago lunata the moone-like cartilage These cavities are separat by a knob from the top of which ariseth a strong ligament which is fastned to the cavity of the thigh-bone The sharp forepart of this bone is called spina In the lower part of this bone there is a processe without flesh which maketh the inner anckle Malleus internus 2. Perone fibula or brace because it seemeth to unite the bones of the shanke focile minus the small focill cannâ—s minor sura The upper round part of this bone reacheth not to the knee but the lower part reacheth further than the tibia In the middle these two bones are parted to receive muscles which move the foot The fleshlesse appendix of the lower end causeth Malleolus externus the cuter anckle The Foot hath three parts The first is that which reacheth to the bones articulat with the toes called pedium seu taulus the second comprehendeth the bones articular to the toes called metapedium or metatarsus the third comprehendeth the bones of the toes The bones of pedium are seven 1. Talus os balistae It is articulat with the appendix of tibia It receiveth the top of Os calcis 2. Calx calcaneu the heel-bone it is the greatest and thickest of the bones of the foot It is joyned to talus and os cubiforme into this the great tendon composed of the tendons of three muscles of the shanke is inserted 3. Scaphoides naviculare the boat-like bone it is joyned with Talus and the three hinder bones 4. Cuboides ostessarae it is larger than the rest It is set before the heele-bone and is joyned to it The other 3. are called Cuneiformia wedge-like bones They are joyned with the naviculare Motapedium hath five bones joyned to the bones of pedium The bones of the fingers are fourteen because the great toe hath but two bones they answer those of the hand Of the seed bones These are like to the seeds of sesamum and therefore are called sesamoidea or sesamina they are round and somewhat flat They cleave to the ligaments under the tendons They are reckoned to be twelve in every hand and foot but it is hard to find a certaine number of them The two which are found about the first joynt of the great toe are most remarkable Two are found in the hamme about the beginning of the two first muscles which move the shanke They are found also in the carpus metaoarpium pedium and metapedium CAP. VIII Of the sundry wayes by the which the bones of mans body are coupled together THey are coupled either by joynting or growing together Joynting is either for manifest or obscure motion The joyntings which serve for manifest motion are three 1. Enarthrosis is when a large head of a bone is received into a deepe cavity as the thigh bone with the hip-bone 2. Arthrodia is when the cavity which receiveth is shallow and the head of the bone flat such is the articulation of the lower jaw with the temple-bone 3. Cynglymus is when the same bone receiveth and is received This falleth out three manner of wayes 1. Is when a bone is received by a bone and receiveth the same This is seene in the articulation of the shoulder-bone with the elbow-bone 2. Is when a bone receiveth one bone is received of another So in the spoÌ„dils of the back for the bone in the middle receiveth the upper and is received by the lower 3. When the processe of the bone being long and round is inserted into another bone and so is turned about in the cavity as if it were an axel tree so is the second vertebra of the neck with the first Articulation for obscure motion may be observed in the joyning of the ribs with the spondils and in the bones of the wrest and anckle Bones grow together either without some middle substance or with it Without some middle substance they are coupled three manner of wayes 1. By a line as the bones of the upper jaw and nose are coupled this is called harmonia 2. By a suture as the bones of the scull are united 3. When one bone is fastned within an other as a naile in wood this is called Gomphosis and so are they fastned in the gums If bones grow together by a middle substance it is either by a cartilage this unition is called synchondrosis so are the share bones joyned or by a ligament which is called synneurosis and so the thigh bone is joyned to the hip-bone or by flesh which is termed syssarcosis and so is the bone of the tongue joyned to the shoulder CAP. IX Of a Cartilage A Cartilage is a similary part dry and hard yet not so as a bone flexible which a bone is not framed to stay the soft parts and to repell the injuries of externall hard bodies 1. Then it staieth the soft parts 2. It defendeth them 3. They cover the ends of the bones which have a loose articulation 4. They knit bones together as is seene in the share-bone The differences are taken first from the figure so the cartilage of the brest-bone is called ensiformis and those of the Larynx sigmoides like C. 2. Some are solitary not joyned with other bodies as those of the eares and eye-lids some are joyned as most of the rest 3. Some still continue cartilages some degenerat into bones as in women the cartilages
veins and there coagulating about them The substance of the liver is so set about the branches of the vena porta cava that it filleth up all cavities and doth firmly stay them keeping them open from pursing together and in comely order that they be not confounded It is the thickest and heaviest of all other entrals It is bigger in man than any other living creature if you consider the proportion of his body for it was fit so to bee seeing man was to have greatest store of bloud lest spirits should faile in performing the functions of the soule wherewith man is most copiously furnished Besides seeing he hath but one liver the bignesse was to recompence the number we may guesse of the bignesse of it by the bignes of the fingers It is covered with a very thin membrane which springeth from the second ligament of the liver which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the liver If it be separat at any time by a watrish humor issuing out of the vessels froÌ„ the fleshie substance watrish pustulls by the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are ingendered If these doe breake the water falleth into the cavity of the belly and causeth that kind of dropsie called ascites It hath veins as well froÌ„ the cava as the porta The branches of the cava are distributed for the most part thorow the gibbous part but those of the porta into the holow part yet so that the branches of both are joyned by inosculation to deliver the purest bloud to the vena cava for the nourishing of the vitall parts and the grosest by the branches of the porta or the nourishing of the naturall There seemeth to be three times more of the twigs of the porta than of the cava within the liver Amongst the midst of the branches of the porta some little veins march which afterward be comming one twig end in the vesicula fellea that the bilious humour may be sent to it before the bloud enter into the vena cava It hath onely few arteries which springing from the right branch of the coeliaca end in the hollow part of the liver where the vena porta commeth out It hath two nerves but very small because it hath but a dull sense One commeth from the branch which is sent to the upper orifice of the stomack the other from that branch which is dispersed thorow the roots of the ribs of the right side As for the figure of it it is almost round the upper part is arched and smooth and so framed that it might not hurt the diaphragma The lower part is hollow to receive the stomack which is of a sphericall figure In the upper and convex part which is distant but one inch from the diaphragma to give way to it when it is dilated in breathing and to the stretching of the stomacke it is tied first to the diaphragma by a ligament membranous broad and strong which springeth from the peritonaeum where it covereth the midrife in the lower part It passeth transversly by the liver to the hinder parts by this ligament it is staied from faling downe It is called the suspensory Secondly in the fore part it is staied by two ties by the first it is tied to the mucronata cartilago to hinder it from faling to the back parts when wee stretch our back This ligament is broad double and strong and springeth from the peritonaeum and giveth the liver its coat Into this coat the 2. sinews are implanted according to Galen lib. 3. de loc effect cap. 3. and not into the substance of the liver so that according to Galen 4. de us part cap. 13. it hath but a dull feeling such as plants have to embrace that which is profitable and to leave that which is unprofitable By the second it is tied to the navell this is the umbilicall veine which when the infant is borne â—eeseth its hollownesse and becommeth a ligament This staieth it from being pulled upwards Thirdly it is tied to the short ribs by small fibres to keep it steady In the hollow part it is tied by the mesenterium to the ribs by the vena cava It differeth from the liver of beasts in that it hath seldome any lobes yet the hollow part of it hath a fissure or chink wherein the umbilicall veine is implanted and two small bunchings out in the right part where the vena porta marcheth out which Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gates Besides these there is a little lobe of a softer and thinner substance than is the rest of the liver and is covered with a membrane It is tied to the omentum by this lobe by the which Spigel de human corp fabric lib. 8. cap. 12 thinketh that waters may be discharged out of the liver into the caul It is placed in the lower belly in the right side covered with the ribs for safety and in the middle of the trunck of the body to send bloud equally to the upper and lower parts The stomack is cherished by it and the spleen But because it is a more noble part than the spleen it is placed in the right hypochondrium The proper action of it is not only to further sanguification perfected in the veins as all ancient Anatomists aver but to sanguifie the chylus caried to it by vena lacteae as Asellius hath proved One thing is to be noted that the substance of the liver in the convex part where the vena cava is lodged is softer than that which is in the hollow part where the vena partae is for there it may be more easily separate from the vessels than here and not without cause for the roots of vena portae ought to bee staied by a harder substance that they bee kept wider but the roots of the cava with a softer that they might the readier be filled stretched and slacked CAP. XIII Of the vena portae SEeing the roots of the veins which Nature harh appointed to furnish bloud the nutriment of the body have their roots in the liver Having discoursed of it method doth require to set downe the doctrine of them Although there is but one artery to impart life yet there are two veines the vena portae cava Because come require a grosser bloud for nutrition as those parts are which serve the nutritive faculty which are the liver the gall the stomack the spleen the pâ—â—â—â—us the â—â—â—eâ—â—tum the guts and the mesentery For unto the rest as the kidnâ—ies bladder and those which are appointed for procreation the vena cava sendeth branches It is fit to begin with the vena portae because it goeth no further than to the parts contained in the abdomen and not to all those neither It is so called because it seemeth to enter into the liver by the two fleshy bunches called portae gates This doth differ from the
number of small veins springing from the convex part of the liver which end in like manner into one trunck about the middle of it This is bigger than the descending because all the upper parts are fed by this onely whereas most of the parts contained in the abdomen are nourished by the vena portae Although it bee not divided into branches untill it come to the throat yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides The first is called phrenica one in each side It is inserted into the diaphragma which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by a number of twigs and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium and mediastinum The second is called Coronaria so called because like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart It sendeth sundry twigges to the outer parts of the heart but chiefly to the left because it needeth greater store of nourishment by reason of its stronger motion This hath a value which hindereth the returne of the bloud to the vena cava This springeth from the cava before it enter into the heart and the bloud is somewhat thick and not attenuat in the ventricles of the heart for the substance of the heart being hard and firme was to be nourished by bloud somewhat grosse The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sine pari without a mate because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side if you except those beasts which chew the cud This springeth from the cava as soone as it is come out of the pericardium It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava about the fift vertebra of the brest It doth not descend straight way But comming a little forward it returneth towards the spina When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib above the spina it is divided into two branches to wit the right and the left Then passing by the division of the midrife which is between the two productions of it they are spread thorow the abdomen Of these two the left is inserted into the left emulgent By this way Fallopius will have watrish puâ—ulent and bloudy substances to be discharged which sometimes are contained in the brest while these branches march downeward In each side ten sprigs bud out which march thorow so many distances of so many of the inferior ribs In the lower part of the rib there is a groop to receive the sprig Wherefore when you make incision in an empiena come not neere to this part From this vein other small twigs also proceed which afford nourishment to the spinalus medulla These are called costales inferiures or the lower intercostals The vena sine pari thus being framed the cava ascendeth to the jugulum strengthned by the media stinum and the thymus which is placed in the uppermost part of the brest Here the vena cava is parted into 2. remarkable branches From whence all those veins spring which are sent either to the head or armes One branch marcheth to the right another to the left side while they remaine within the brest they are called subclavii because they march under the cannell bones but when they are come to the arme pit they are called axillares Before they come to the arme pit sundry sprigs spring from them The first is intercostalis superior this ariseth from the root of the divarication and passing by the roots of two ribs bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the two upper ribs as the vena sine part did there is one in each side The second is called mammaria this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the brest From thence it goeth downe by the sides of it and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata about the sides of it it passeth out of the brest and marcheth by a straight way under the straight muscles to the navill where it is joyned with the vena epigastrica ascendens by inosculation which is the cause of that great consent which is betweene the paps and the matrix This before it leave the brest it bestoweth one branch upon the cartilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs which are bestowed upon those muscles which are seated upon the brest and the dugs The third is called Mediastina because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum together with the left nerve of the midrife according to the length of it The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis It is large in each side marching upwards obliquely towards the back part it commeth to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck where passing thorow the holes of them it bestoweth branches upon the muscles which lye above the vertebrae The fifth is called Muscula inferior because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck which stretch out the neck and head The sixth is the internall jugular this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulat with the sternum This joyned with the nerve recurrent and the soporall artery marcheth by the side of the wind-pipe to the throat The seventh is the externall jugular this marching up under the skin and the qoadrat muscle which pulleth downe the cheeks commeth to the eare This in beasts is bigger than the internall otherwise than it is in man CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis and arteria venalis THe second vessell in the brest is Vena arterialis It is a vein from its office for it carrieth naturall blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe It is called an artery because the coat of it is double not single as that of veins It doth spring from the upper part of the right ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the right side of the wind-pipe The third vessell is arteria venalis It is called an artery because is carrieth arteriall bloud but a vein because it hath a single coat as a vein It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the left side of the wind-pipe The Vena arterialis hath three values called Sigmoides from the figure of the great sigma which answereth the Latine S. the figure is this C. They looke from within outwards to let out the bloud but to hinder the returne of the same The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales because they are like a Bishops Miter They looke from without inward to let in bloud carried from the vena arterialis They are bigger than those of vena cava and have longer filaments and to strengthen them many fleshy snippets are joyned to them It hath two values only that the fuliginous vapours might the
sides of the wind-pipe above the throat it is divided into two branches whereof the one is bestowed upon the upper muscles of the larynx the bone of the tongue and throat The other marching further is separat into two branches to wit the right and the left each of these have branches the Recurrens and Stomachicus The recurrent are called also reversivi or recursivi and vocales because they descend and ascend againe and being cut hinder the voyce The right is winded about the axillar artery as about a pully The left about the trunke of 2the aorta descending afterwards doth mount up to the beginning of the muscles of the larynx The seventh conjugation which moveth the tongue is the hardest of all it hath it beginning where the cerebellum endeth and the spinalis medulla beginneth In its beginning it hath divers sprigs which afterward are united and passing thorow it owne oblique hole is annexed to the former paire not mingled by strong membrans for safety Then being severed it sendeth most of its twigges to the tongue but fewest to the muscles of the larynx To these 7. two more may be added The first of them beginning from the side of the beginning of the spinalis medulla by a smal twig marcheth forwards betweene the second and third conjugation and by the hole of the second conjugation on passeth to the orbit of the eye and is spent upon the muscles which draw the eyes upward The second conjugation may be called Olfactoria the cause of smelling The finews of this paire slip out of the braine about the cell of os sphaenoides Then to these are annexed processus mammillares or papillares teat-like processes They are in number two and are white soft broad and long bigger in beasts of exquisit smelling than in man as dogs These are instruments of smelling and not the nose or the inner tunicle of it CAP. IIII. A new way to find out the parts within the skull BY lifting up the braine and beginning at the lower part first appeareth the beginning of spinalis medulla yet within the skull The cavity of this is called calamus scriptorius To this cerebellum is annexed These being seene about the conjunction of the opticke nerves there appeareth 1. Retemirabile 2. Glandula pituitaria 3. Infundibulum whose top is called pelvis Septum luciduduos primos ventricule dirimens Fornix sivet to studo corpori calloso conjuncta above the third ventricle Nates are two round knobs of the roots of spinalis medulla which spring from the cerebellum under these is anus Testes are two small prominences of this same medulla as it riseth from the braine These are lower and smaller the other are higher and bigger Vulva is a long pit between the eminences Plexus â—horoides or reticularis it is a frame or twisting made of small veins and arteries betweene the foure ventricles and the testudo At the beginning of the hole which passeth from the third ventricle to the fourth Glandula pinealis or penis is seated CAP. V. Of the face and first of the parts containing of it I Have spoken of that part of the head which is decked with haire Now am I to speak of that part which is not altogether garnished with haire In Latine it is called facies because it causeth one to be knowne and Vulius because it discovereth the will The face beginneth where the haire ceaseth to grow in the head reacheth in the end of the chin The upper part is called from the forehead because it bewrayeth the mind which in Greeke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 According to the order of dissection it is divided into the parts containing and contained The parts containing common are the cuticula and cutis It hath no membrana carnosa nor fat but onely betweene the muscles The two muscles of the forehead about the eye browes are thickest and seeme to be united but above they are a little separat The sides adhere to the temporall muscles and because the skin doth firmly cleave to them therfore the eye browes and skin of the forehead are moveable Of the second proper parts the bones they are set downe in the doctrine of bones The parts contained are the foure instruments of the senses to wit the eyes the eares the nose and mouth wherein is the tongue the organ of tasting CAP. VI. Of the outer parts of the eyes THe eye in Latine is called oculus because it is hid within the eye-lids The hole wherein the eye is placed is called capsa or cava but barbarously orbita for this is nothing else but the print which a wheele moving leaveth in dirt or dust The eyes are in number two that if one should be lost yet we should not be blind The parts of the eye are either externall or internall The externall are in number one the eye-browes the hairy arches where the forehead endeth the seats of disdain and pride Each eye-brow is framed of the skin the muscle fat and haire They are in figure oblique the end towards the nose is called capâ—â— or the head the other towards the temples is called cauda or the taile 2. The eye-lids palpebrae They are framed of the skin the musculous fleshy the pericranium and the grasely welt The haires in them are called cilia they hinder the falling of small bodies into the eyes those in the upper eye-lid turne upwards those in the lower eye-lid downward In man the upper eye-lid which moveth is biggest but in birds the lower is largest 3. The corners of the eye The larger is towards the nose the lesser towards the temple In the larger corner the glandula or caruncula lachrymalis the fleshy glandule is placed which stayeth the involuntary shedding of teares before the hole which passeth into the nose The fistula in it is called aegylops CAP. VII Of the muscles of the eye THe inner parts of the eye are six in number the Fat the Glandule the Muscles the Coats the Humoun and Vessels The fat is placed about the eye for three causes First it defendeth the eye from cold Secondly it keepeth it from the hardnes of the bone Thirdly it filleth up the distances of the muscles to further the quick motion The Glandule is seated in the upper part of the outer corner and lodged in the fat still full of a dewy substance wherewith the eye is moystned to further the nimble motion of it The muscles of the eye are in number six whereof foure are straight and two oblique 1. Of the straight is attollens or superbus in the upper part 2. Opposit to this is called deprimens or humilis 3. About the greater corner is called adducens or bibitorius 4. Is about the lesser corner and is called abducens or indignatorius All the strait muscles proceed from the brims of the bone making the hole for the opticke nerve and cleave fast to the cornea by a broad and thin aponeurosis The first of
the oblique is called superior or trochlearis It riseth neere the hole of the opticke nerve it endeth in a small corde which passeth thorow the cartilago trochlearis or pully-like cartilage and endeth obliquely in the upper part of the cornea it draweth the eye towards the bigger corner The second of the oblique is called obliquus minor or gracilis and teres and brevis it ariseth about the chink joyning the two bones of the mandible and passing from the greater corner transversly compasseth the eye and almost meeteth the tendon of the other oblique muscle in the upper part It draweth the eye towards the lesser corner When all the muscle move alike they keeps the eye immoveable The oblique muscles sorowling of the eye are called amatorii and circumactores CAP. VIII Of the tunicles of the eye THe tunicles of the eye are accompted six 1. Conjunctiva or adnata so called because it cleaveth fast to the eye and the eye is kept firme by it within the orbit that in violent motions it be not thrust out It covereth the halfe of the eye circularly 2. Is cornea so called because it is like a lanterne horne in firmnesse and brightnesse In the hinder part it is thick and dark towards the forepart it groweth thin that it may be the more bright As the conjunctiva proceedeth from pericranium so this springeth from the dura mater 3. Is uvea because it is like to the huske of a grape which is smooth without and rough within This is of sundry colours that it might represent to the crystallinal colours The inner side is very black that a weake light might the better bee seene by the crystallin humour for light in a dark place shineth more brightly This blacknesse is onely the excrement of bloud This membrane covereth not the whole eye as cornea doth but being hollow in the forepart doth make the pupilla so called from pupula because when we behold our selves in the apple of ones eye wee seeme babes It is nothing else but the hole of uvea The circle about the pupilla is called iris from the diversity of colours which it hath From this circle proceedeth the dilatation and constriction of the pupilla The going and comming of the light causeth these motions If you boyle an Oxes eye you may separate the iris from the uvea with the point of your knife from this circle under the uvea small threeds spring compassing the waterish humour which being let out these threeds vanish away and are dissolved the circle remaining Beneath in the compasse of the uvea by reason of these threeds a cataract groweth This texture of filaments is called by some tunica ciliaris but improperly and by some interstitium ciliare These filaments are so called because in figure they are like to the haires of the eye-lids 4. Is membrana pupillaris the membranous circle compassing the pupilla for first it may be separate from the uvea as hath beene said secondly it hath it peculiar fibres thirdly it hath its peculiar motion whereby the pupilla is dilated in cleare light and contracted in obscure 5. Is tunica cristaloides which is nothing else but a membranous congelation covering the forepart of the crystalline humour It is very thin and bright as a looking glasse that in the superficies of it the visible formes might appeare as in a looking glasse 6. Is aranea or retina because it resembleth a Spiders web or net this is nothing else but some filaments wherewith the vitreous humour is interlaced and kept together These filaments being by incision much separated the vitreous humour runneth as thin water CAP. IX Of the humours of the eye THe humours of the eye are in number three 1. Is Humor aqueus the watrish humour It is not onely set before the crystallin humour but it compasseth also the vitreous humour round about for if you cut the eye in the hinder part it runneth out no other wayes than if the forepart were incised Where it is placed before the crystallin humour it is a defence to it to weaken the brightnesse of the externall light by hindering the suddaine entering of it And it is as a spectacle to it to represent to the crystallin the species visibiles Although it be a spermaticke part yet part of it in man may be let out as we see in the cowching of a cataract without any great hurt to the sight In a chicken if it be let out by pricking it will bee repaired in fifteene daies 2. Is Humor Crystallinus the crystall-like humour it is of a compact watrish substance somewhat plaine before that some space might be for the receiving of objects but round behind where it sticketh in the vitreous humour It is seated neerer to the pupilla that the sight might be more cleere and full 3. Is Humor vitreus so called because it is like to moulten glasse In quantity it doth exceed the other two that it might afford nourishment to the crystallin the chiefe instrument of the sight First it is like a soft pillow to the crystallin Secondly it staieth the visible formers which might escape the crystallin and so it is placed hindermost Last of all the vessels of the eye are to bee touched The veins externall appointed for the nourishment of the eye proceed from the externall jugulars The internall from plexus choroides The arteries externall spring from the externall branches of the soporall on each side the internall proceed from rete mirabile There be two nerves appointed for the eye one serveth for sight called opticus the other for motion called motorius whereof sufficiently hath beene spoken before CAP. X. Of the eare and first of the outward eare IT hath two parts the outer part called Auricula and the inner cavities with their furniture Of the Auricula some parts are common and some proper The common are Cuticula Cutis Membrana nervea Caro and Pinguedo in the lobe The cutis is tyed to the cartilage by a membrane in the lobe it is more fleshy and fatty in the rest of the eare betweene the skin and cartilage there is but small store of fat The proper parts are the muscles veins arteries sinews and the cartilage The muscles of it are either common or proper The common are three 1. Is a part of the frontall muscle which rising from the end of it and passing above the temporall muscle is inserted in the upper part to draw it upward 2. Is a part of the cutaneous muscle ascending to it above the parotides to draw it downe side-wayes 3. Is a portion of the occipitall muscle reaching to the eare and implanted in the back part of it to pull it backward It hath but one proper muscle proceeding from the processus mammillaris Which lurking under the ligament of the eare is inserted in the root of the eare to pull it backward The last proper part of the eare is the cartilage If it had been bony it had
a fellow 1. Is almost triangular it maketh up the lower part of the orbit of the eye the lesser corner a part of the os jugale and mala 2. Maketh up the greater corner of the eye from whence there is a hole that passeth to the cavity of the nostrill This bone is small thin cleere slightly cleaving to the other So that it is seldome found in sculs digged out of the ground Here fistula lachrymalis is seated 3. Maketh up the greatest part of the roofe of the mouth and the arched part wherein the teeth are inserted 4. With his fellow maketh up the bony part of the ridge of the nose These two are severed by a suture Within they are rough to receive the cartilages within these there is a bone cleaving to the processe of the spongious bone dividing the nostrils it is called septumnarium 5. Is placed at the end of the palat of the mouth where the holes of the nostrils passe to the throat To these Columbus addeth a tenth Hee will have it to be like unto a plough and to disjoyne the lower part of the nostrils Of the lower Iaw The lower Jaw hath but one bone It resembleth the Greek letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a bow It hath two holes the one is more backward and larger thorow this passe some nerves from the fift paire to the roots of the teeth as also a small veine and artery The other is more outward not so round thorow the passe some sprigs of the sinews to the lower lip You may passe thorow these holes a brissell CAP. III. Of the Teeth THere be three ranks of teeth Those of the first ranke are called incisores incisorii cutrers and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they shew themselves when we laugh there be most commonly foure of them in each jaw they have but one fang and so easily fall out These first make way out of the gums because the tops of them are sharpest Those in the second ranke are called canini or dogs teeth from their length above the rest hardnesse and sharpnes In each jaw there are but two on each side of the grinders one They are called oculares or eye-teeth not that they reach to the orbit of the eye for they mount not higher than the nostrils but because sprigs of the nerves which move the eyes are carried to them These in the third rank are called molares grinders because like milles they grind the meat Most commonly they are twenty in number five in each side of every jaw Of these the two hindermost are called genuini and denta sapientiae because they shew not themselves untill man come to the yeares of discretion to wit the 28 30 yea even to old age it selfe In some they never appeare Those of the upper jaw have more fangs than those of the lower First because they hang. Secondly because the substance of the upper jaw is not so firme as that of the lower The teeth come out in man the seventh moneth and sometimes more slowly but in beasts sooner because they are to eat solid meat Of these teeth ten in each gum to wit the foure grinders the two dogs teeth and foure grinders doe cast The fore teeth cast the foure five and six yeare of the age the hinder flower The teeth as they are worne by use so they grow againe untill the decrepit old age for if a tooth fall out and grow no more the tooth answering it groweth logner Nature labouring to fill the space of the lost tooth As concerning the feeling of the teeth first of all they rather receive the impression of the first qualities to wit heat and cold and rather of cold than heat contrary to the fleshy parts Secondly not the whole tooth but the inner part towards the root which is more soft by reason of the sinew in the cavity of it and the membrane The hard outer part is insensible CAP. IV. Of the bones of the trunke of the body THese may be divided into those which are seated betweene the bones of the head and the rump bone and those which are placed betweene the last vertebra of the spina and the thigh bone Those which are seated betweene the head bones and the rumpe bone are either anterior laterall or posterior The bone in the forepart is called os pectoris the brest bone and os ensiforme because being long and broad and ending into a pointed cartilage it representeth the daggers of the ancients It is called also sternum because it is laid above the ribs and leaneth upon them It is composed of three parts 1. Is the highest bone large thick plaine yet unequall above arched resembling the pummill of the dagger It is called by some Iugulum and superior furcula It hath two cavities 1. Is in the upper part to receive the tops of the cannell bone 2. Is within about the middle to give way to the wind-pipe going down The second bone is narrower and hath sundry cavities for the receiving of the grissils of the ribs The third is broader and endeth into the cartilage which is called Cartilago 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sword-like cartilage and mucronata because it is pointed The pit which here appeareth outwardly is favea or scrobuculus cordis the pit of the heart The bones of the sternum are distinguished by transverse and are joyned together by cartilages The ribs are in number 12. whereof some are called vera genuinae legitimae lawfull and ribs indeed because they are more arched and reach to the sternum Some are called nothae spiriae adulterae illegitimae short or bastard ribs The true ribs are in number seven they are round and bony where they are joyned eith the vertebrae of the back but grisly and broad where they are joyned to the brest bone In the lower part they are hollow to receive a vein and an artery In making incision there to discharge quittour out of the cavity of the brest we must shun this part The inner side is smoother than the outer by reason of the pleura The bastard ribs are in number five so called because they are shorte lesse arched touch not the sternum and are softer They onely are joyned with the vertebrae of the back and end in long cartilages which turning upwards cleave together except the last which cleaveth to none to give way to the liver spleene and upper guts All the short ribs give way to the distention of the belly The bones of the back part of the trunks joyned are spina dorsi so called because the hinder part of it is sharp It reacheth from the head to the rump bone It is composed of 24. verterae 7. of the neck 12. of the back and five of the loynes Every vertebra is hollow within to receive the Spinalis medulla and at the sides to give way to the sinewes The first two vertebrae of the neck are joyned to the head by ligaments The first is
called Atlas because it stayeth the head It hath no spina The second is called the tuâ—ner because a processe like unto a dogs tooth round and long rising from it and inserted into the first vertebra is the cause that the head and first vertebra turne about it If a luxation fall out here it is incurable The third vertebra of the neck is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the rest has no names The vertebrae of the back are in number 12. receiving so many ribs these are full of holes but small to give way to the nourishing vessels The processe of the eleventh is straight and the twelfth is called the Girter The vertebrae of the loynes are five These are more apt to move than those of the back that wee may the more easily bend our selves towards the ground Now the bones which are betweene the lowest vertebra of the loynes and the thigh bone are in number three 1. Ossacrum the great bone the stay of the back it is triangular broad and immoveable smooth and hollow in the forepart but bunched and rough in the hinder part It is framed of five bones called vertebrae not for that they serve for motion as the vertebrae but because they are like to them in aged persons they seeme one bone but in children they may be separated The holes in this are not in the sides but before and behind which are greater because the sinewes that passe are greater 2. Is Os coccycis the cuckoes bill from the likenesse of it or the rump bone It is framed of three of foure bones and two cartilages The connexion of it is loose In men it is bent inward to stay the intestinum rectum in women outward to make way in the time of birth 3. Is Os coxae or innominatum It is at the sides of os sacrum and is framed of three bones os ilii pubis and ischii joyned together by cartilages untill the seventh yeare In aged persons it seemeth one bone Os ilii so called because it receiveth the small gut called ilium it is the first part uppermost and broadest joyned to os sacrum by a strong membranous ligament although a cartilage goe betweene The unequall and semicircular circumference of it is called spina the inner part hollow and broad is called costa The outer part having unequall lines is called dorsum This is more large in a woman than in a man Os pubis or pectinis the share bone it is the fore and middle part The two being one on each side are joyned with a cartilage more loosely in women so that in the time of birth they gape and give way to the infant These with the os sacrum make that cavitie with is called pelvis Wherein the bladder the wombe and some guts are contained Ischion or coxendix is the lower and outward part of os coxae wherein is the cavity which receiveth os semoris The cartilagineous proces of this bone is called supercilium The ends of this bone are further a sunder in women than men and so the pelvis is larger CAP. V. Of the Cannell bone and the shoulder blade THe bones of the trunke are either those of the armes or of the legs The bones of the arme are either above the joynt of the shoulder or under above the joynt are two 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they shut the brest and like a key locke the shoulder blade with the brest bone It is also called ligula the binder os furcale or furcula superior the upper bended bone the cannell bone These two bones one in each side are seated at the top of the brest bone transversly In figure the represent the great Romane S. for they seeme to be framed of two semicircular bones but placed one opposit to another Towards the throat they are arched but below hollow 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it maketh the broadnesse of the shoulder the barbarous authors call it spatula the shoulder blade It leaneth upon the upper ribs towards the back It is almost triangular The outer part is arched the inner hollow That part of the shoulder which is joyned with the clavicula is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or humeri mucro the point of the shoulder The adjutorium is joynted in the superficiall cavity of the neck of this bone CAP. VI. Of the bones of the Arme. THe arme hath three parts the shoulder the elbow and the hand The shoulder hath but one long round and strong bone called os humeri the shoulder bone The upper part of it is joynted with the shoulder blade but the lower part with the two bones of the elbow The Elbow hath two bones 1. Ulna the yard because we measure with it In the upper part it is joyned with the lower part of the shoulder bone In the lower part it is articulat with the wrest by a cartilaginous substance The barbarous authors call this bone focile majus the greater focill 2. Radius the small bone called by the barbarians focile minus the small focill In the midst it is a little parred from ulna betweene which there is a small ligament Above the ulna receiveth Radius but below the Radius receiveth ulna The upper part of this bone is joyned with the outer processe of the shoulder bone but the lower part is joyned with the wrest bone at the greatest finger The upper part of this bone is smaller than the lower quite contrary to the frame of the ulna The hand hath 3. parts 1. Carpus by the Arabians Rasetta the wrest bone It is framed of a cluster of eight bones which have no proper names yet differing in bignesse and figure They are so tied with strong ligaments arising from the processes of ulna and radius that they seeme but one bone First they are cartilages afterward becom spongious bones Of these bones foure are above joynted with ulna and radius but the lower foure are joyned with the bones of Metacarpium Here you are to observe the ring-like ligaments appointed for the safe carrying of the tendons of the muscles which move the fingers The inner strengtheneth the tendons w ch bend the fingers but the outer the tendons which extend 2. Metacarpium the distance between wrest and fingers This hath five bones reckoning amongst these the first of the thumb These bones are joyned with the bones of the wrest by ligaments but with the fingers by articulation They are within hollow and containe marrow About the middle they are a little parted to give way to the muscles called Interossei The fingers have fifteen bones for in each finger there are three And although the first bone of the thumb hath beene reckoned amongst the rasettae yet because it hath a more plyant articulation it serveth for the first bone of the thumb In the bones of the fingers the first is bigger than the second the secoÌ„d than the third About the joynts they are thicker the knobs
of the ribs which ly under the brests for these growing very big they become bony the better to hold them up They are in sundry parts of the body 1. In the head there are foure to wit of the eye-lids nose and eares and the trochlea of the eye 2. In the brest there be three to wit the cartilages of the larynx the small pipes of the wind-pipe dispersed thorow the lungs and cartilago ensiformis 3. The long ribs are joyned to the sternum by cartilages 4. The vertebrae of the back are joyned together by cartilages Last of all sundry are seene in the articulations which are loose and in the conjunction of bones CAP. X. Of a Ligament A Ligament is a similary part without feeling in substance meane betweene a cartilage and a membrane appointed firmly to knit the joynts Of the ligaments some are membranous such are those who inviron the joynts some cartilagineous as those which are betweene the joynts as is seene in the articulation of the thigh-bone with the coxendix Ligaments are to bee found in divers parts of the body 1. The bone of the tongue hath two strong ligaments one on each side Besides on each side it hath round ones by the which it is tyed to the adjacent parts to stay it in the middle of the mouth Secondly the tongue hath a strong membranous ligament in the lower part about the middle of it About the end of it the fraenum is to be seene which if it come to the fore-teeth it hindereth the motion of the tongue and speech Children being so troubled are said to bee tongue-tyed and must have it cut 3. The ligaments which tye the vertebrae of the brest and loynes the ribs with the vertebrae and the ribs with the brest-bone are membranous 4. Sundry are to bee seene in the belly The first tyeth the os ilium to os sacrum The second tyeth the os sacrum to the coxendix The third joyneth the share bones and is cartilaginous The fourth compasseth them circularly and is membranous The fift compasseth the hole of os pubis and is membranous 5. In the arme these appeare 1. Five tye the adjutorium to the shoulder blade 2. The bones of the elbow ulna and radius are tyed first one to another secondly to the shoulder-bone and thirdly to the wrest by membranous ligaments 3. There are two annular ligaments which being transverse direct the tendons which passe to the fingers They are two One in the outside for the tendons of the extending muscles the other in the inner side for the tendons of the contracting muscles 4. The bones of the wrest back of the hand and fingers have membranous ligaments 5. In the leg these may be found out First the thigh-bone is tyed to the Coxendix by two ligaments Secondly the lower end of it is tyed to Tibia and Fibula by six ligaments Thirdly the Tibia is joyned to the Fibula by a membranous ligament Fourthly tibia and fibula are joyned to the ankley by three ligaments Fifthly the ankley is tyed with the bones of the foot by five ligaments Sixthly the bones of the instep and toes are tyed with such ligaments as those are which are seene in the hand An Explication of some termes which are found in Anatomicall authors in the doctrine of bones COtulae or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not Cotyledones acetabula are called deepe cavities in the articulations of the bones If the hollownesse be shallow they are called glenae or glenoides from the forme of the cavities of the eyes which appeare when the eye-lids are shut Epiphysis appendix adnascentia additamentum is called a bone which groweth to the end of another bone It is of a spongious substance and at the first gristly for the most part but in time groweth bony It may bee seene in the shoulder blade both the focils of the legs both at the knee and foot and in the thigh-bone where the rotator magnus is Apophysis in some bones caput in some Cervix in some Tuberculum in some Spina in some mucro is a part of a bone not added but bunching out above the smooth superficies It is also called Ecphysis processus productio extuberantia Supercilia or labra are called the upper brim◠of the cavities of the joynts As for the number of the bones of the body of Man COmmonly they are holden to bee 246. accoding to this distich Adde quater denis bis centum senaque habebis Quà m te multiplici condidit osse Deus The head hath 8. The upper Jaw 11. The lower Jaw one The teeth are 32. sometimes 28. The spina hath 24. Os sacrum hath most commonly 5. The ribs are 24. The brest-bone is composed of 3. The cannell bones are 2. The shoulder blades are 2. The flanck bones are 2. In the armes there are 60. In both the feet 64. Os hyoides of the tongue 1. The small bones of the eares 6. The two great toes have foure great seed bones The number of the small feeed bones is uncertaine If with some Anatomists you reckon twenty foure small seed bones in the two hands and so many in the two feet besides the two great ones of both the great toes If you adde in like manner the two small bones in each ham and the eighth bone in each hand betweene the Carpus and metacarpium and the bony substance annexed to the cuboides in both the feet in old persons you shall have fifty foure more which being joyned to 246. make up 302. expressed thus Ter centum binis compactum est ossibus istud Quod cernis corpus non est quod plura requires If you find one more that breakes no square FINIS The explication of the first Figure 1. The hairy scalp 2. The fore-head 3. The eare 4. The eyes 5. The nose 6 The mouth 7. The chin 8. The temple 9. The cheeke 10. The arme 11. The hand 12. The brest 13. The sides 14. The belly 15. The genitals 16. The thighs 17. The knees 18. The legs 19. The feet The explication of the second Figure 1. The back part of the head 2. The shoulder 3. The elbow 4. The back 5. The buttocks 6. The hams 7. The calies of the legs 8. The ankles 9. The insteps 10. The heele These two Figures are to be placed as they stand in order immediatly after the Title before the first Chapter The explication of the third Figure 1. The musculous skin of the head 2. The muscles of the arme 3. The muscles of the brest 4 The muscles of the belly 5. The muscles of the thigh 6. The muscles of the legs This Figure is to be placed before the first chapter of the Treatise of the Muscles The explication of the fourth Figure 1. The bones of the head 2. The bones of chaine of the back 3. The shoulder-blade 4. The ribs 5. The Os sacrum 6. The thigh bone 7. The bones of the knee 8. The bones of the
these are empaired Thirdly they receive the superfluous humidity of the seed by reason of their glandulous substance CAP. XXIII Of the vessels that carry the seed and those that keepe it VAsa deferentia the vessels which cary the seed in colour they are white in substance sinewy having an obscure hollownesse from hence they are called meatus seminales They spring from the lower end of the parastatae These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praeparantia When they are come within the cavity of the belly they turne back againe and passe to the backside of the bladder betweene which and the intestinum recta they passe untill about the neck of the bladder being somewhat severed and at last being joyned together but not united are inserted on each side in the glandulous bodies called prostatae Before they come thither they are joyned to the Vesiculae seminales These in figure represent the cels of a pomegranat or hony combe These containe an oyly and yellow substance for they draw unto themselves that which is fatty in the seed They are more in number that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be powred into the vrethra but should gently and slowly passe from one unto another by windings and at last be powred into the conduit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance partly to stay the involuntary effusion of it partly to hinder the regurgitation of it It being powred into the urethra chiefly in the time of carnall copulation doth moysten it that it shrink not and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine The Vasa deferentia passing by these go to the glandules called prostatae by the which they are compassed When they are come to the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before the orifice of each of them partly to hinder the comming of the urine into them partly to hinder the involuntary effusion of the seed Under and by this caruncule on each side there are three holes thorow which the seed passeth into the urethra These holes are discerned easily in a gonorrhea inveterat although not so easily in a found person The seed doth passe thorow these inconspicuous passages as quick silver thorow lether by drops The seed having beene made subtill and spirituous by sublimation thorow the vasa deferentia ascending is able to passe thorow in conspicuous passages Prostatae or glandulae seminales are glandulous bodies placed between the necke of the bladder and the intestinum rectum Although there is no conspicuous passage by the which the seed passeth into the urethra yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra is thinner and hath many pores which are dilated by heat in the act of generation and may bee seene in an inveterate gonorrhea A continuall dilatation of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae The sphincter of the bladder cōpasseth these glandules In drawing of a stone if these parts bee torne the party becommeth barren The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum because it is still moist with sweat The Pubes scrotum perinaeum in men are furnished with hayre because glandules are placed there which receive plenty of superfluous moysture a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hayre If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it causeth not so fearefull symptomes as in a woman because the seminary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man but in woman within CAP. XXIV Of the Yard IT is called in Latine Penis à pendendo because it hangeth without the belly and it is an organicall part long and round yet somwhat flat in the upper part seated about the lower part of os pubis appointed for making of water and conveighing the seed into the matrix It is framed of such a substance as might admit distention and relaxation The parts of it are either common or proper The common are three the scarfe skin the skin and the membrana carnosa It hath no fat for it would have hindered the stifnesse of it The cuticula is of a reasonable thicknesse The skin is somewhat thick flaggy when there is no erection but stiffe when there is The membrana carnosa is somewhat sinewy The proper or internall parts are these The two nervous bodies the septum the vrethra the glans foure muscles and the vessels The two bodies are long hard and nervous These within are spongious and full of black blood The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture framed of innumerable twigs of veins and arteries This black bloud contained in these laterall ligaments being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus doth distend the parts These two laterall ligaments where they are thick and round spring from the lower part of the share bone In their beginnings they are separate one from another and represent the two hornes of Pithagoras his Y that the urethra may passe betweene them But as soone as they come to the joyning of the share bone they are by the Septum lucidum everted It is nervous and white It ariseth from the upper part of the commissure of the os pubis and upholdeth the two laterall ligaments and the urethra as a stay The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus Under these lyeth the urethra It is of a substance nervous thick loose and soft like to that of the laterall ligaments It beginneth at the necke of the bladder yet it doth not spring from it but is joyned to it onely and so passeth to the glans If you boyle the bladder and it it will separate it selfe from the bladder It is framed of two membranes the one is internall with the which the glans is covered it is bred of the thin membrane which covereth the nerves of the prick It is of an exquisit feeling that it might feele the acrimony of the seed and cause pleasure chiefly in that part of it which lyeth betweene the prostates The externall is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres The middle substance is fungous and full of blacke bloud that it might suffer distension and relaxation with the laterall ligaments At the beginning of it there are three holes one in the middle largest and two lesser in each side one from the passage which is sent from the vesicula seminales to the vrethra The muscles are two in each side and so foure in all Of these collaterall muscles the one is shorter and thicker and springeth from the appendix or knob of the coxendix under the beginning of the laterall ligament and ascending obliquely is inserted into the same a little below the beginning of it this serveth for erection The second is longer and smaller