and our Island the Center in one of these 32. points must our Navie await the approaches of the Enemy and he to eschew their opposition and gaine our shore may sayle by 20. other Yea though he sayle upon the same point whereon our Ships doe lye yet may he without discovery escape them by the helpe of a Mist or night Or suppose our shippes discover and fight with them yet we know victory in every fight is doubtfull because no understanding Enemy will put out to Sea but with such a Fleet as he thinkes is proportionable to his adversaries whom he assayleth Therefore you see we must not relye upon our shipping Neyther may we relye too much upon our Block-houses and Forts for the sure keeping out of an Enemy for they are not very many I am sure we have them not upon every Harbour where the Enemy may land and those we have are not very strong not answerable to those Forts beyond the Seas But though they were yet experience teacheth us that upon swift currents they are of little use for in such streames if a Navie have but a merry Winde and Tide a hundred sayle may passe by one of them without having much damage as was seene in the three yeares siege of Ostend where the Arch-duke had planted two Batteries one on the West and the other on the East side of the Haven yet the shippes every day passed too and fro from the Towne and scarse one vessell touched when 70. shot had beene made at a Fleet and in the whole three yeares siege scant 50. Vessels were sunke when thousands passed too and againe every yeare Likewise in Queene Elizabeths time the King of Denmarke threatned to stop our Eastland Fleet at the Sound yet they passed by his Castles having one of the Queenes ships called the Minion to lead them and received no hurt this so provoked the King that he made the best provision he possible could to sinke them at their returne but the Queenes ship led the way backe againe and did not onely passe in safety but beate downe part of the Fort of Elsenore So in the siedge of Antwerp the Duke of Alva so planted his Ordnance that it was thought to be impossible for a Boate to passe them yet the Zealanders having faire Winde and Tide passed by daily without damage Wherefore you see notwithstanding all these colourable objections Land-forces must be provided if we will be in safety Now Land-forces being as is afore-sayd provided Mr. Edmunds in his observations upon Caesars Commentaries would have them thus ordered Those that are appointed for the guard of the Coasts he would haâ—e divided into three divisions viz a Body and two Wings the Body to double the strength of the Wings and to be quartered in this manner the Body to attend the principle place supposed for the Enemies landing the two Wings to lye upon some other Haven where also is danger of landing being about ten miles distant on either hand of the Body If the Enemy shall assaile eyther of the Wings the Body being quartered betweene them both easily moves to eyther of their aydes Or if he assault the Body they from eyther side being alike distant as easily moves to its succour and so doing they may hold an Enemy play till the forces of the Country comes downe But in regard the Land is spacious and wide it were well that souldiers should learne to ride on Horse-backe with their compleat Armes for so might they move further if a suddaine Alarum should â—e given in one day than on foot they can march in two These are of great use in Germany where they want Vessels for the speedy conveying of their men which they call Dragons which both on horse-backe and on foot do very good service and here might they be brought in use as well as there wee being as well furnished with swift high-way Nagges as any Nation in Europe And for further indangering of an Enemy if there were good notice taken throughout all the Coasts of the Land of those Markes which serves for the direction of Shippes to recover their wished Harbour these in time of danger being removed unknowne to the Enemy might bring him in very great hazard of our dangerous Rockes and Sands and in regard our Sea-coasts are so large and our Harbours so many as that in every one of them we cannot have an Army to defend it it were well that in places of advantage such as winding waters be which are commonly slow and where at every turne they cannot have the helpe of the Winde some more Forts were built in such places they would indanger an Enemy if he should dare to approach them how ever they would secure the Coasts from rifling and robbing by Pyrates as often they be in times of Hostility THE MANNER OF FORTIFICATION SECT III. CHAP. XII The Abridgement of Geometrie so farre as belongs to the Art of Fortification BEfore we can enter into this discourse of Fortification we must first take a Survey of the Abridgement of Geometrie so farre as is necessarie to bee used in this Art Wherefore to begin with the first Proposition Proposition 1. To divide a Line equally in the middest as A B you must make two Arches C D placing your compasses at the extreames A and B closing them more than halfe of the Line your Arches being made draw your line of Intersection from C to D and this line shall equally divide in two parts the line A B. Proposition 2. To draw a perpendiculer upon a line viz. a line that falles in such sort upon another that it makes two equall Angles neither inclining to one side nor the other so that it falles plumb as the line A B upon the which you must raise a perpendiculer you must demeane your Compasses as in the first Proposition and the line C D shall be the perpendiculer so that it falles right upon the line A B making two equall Angles Proposition 3. A point given upon a line let fall a perpendiculer as the point given is C upon the line A B you must place your Compasse in the point C and draw the Arch D E then place your Compasse againe in F and make the Arch H and likewise in G making the Arch I lastly draw from the point C which shall answer to the point K. Proposition 4. To draw a perpendiculer at the end of a line viz. at the point A place your Compasses making the Arch C and D then place your Compasses in C making the Arch E and at the point E draw the Arch F G Lastly from the point G make the Arch H then draw the line I A and that shall be the perpendiculer upon the end of the line B A at the point A. Proposition 5. To make a line paralell by another viz. of equidistance so that if they be drawne never so long they shall never touch nor crosse one the other let there be a
line drawne as A B above the which there must be a Paralell made to performe this place your Compasses in A making your Arch E D place them likewisâ— in B making the Arch F G Lastly you must draw the line I K which must touch the ends of the two Arches and those lines shall be paralell or equidistant Proposition 6. To make one Angle equall to another as the Angle A B C of the which we desire to make one equall First draw the line D E then place the point of your Compasses is B making the Arch F G. Likewise draw another Arch in the point D. Lastly take the distance F G and put it from H to I drawing the line D K which shall passe by the point I and you shall finde the angle K D E equall to A B C. Proposition 7. To make a square of a line given as the line A B we must draw the perpendiculers at each end of the same length the square will have then foure right Angles and the sides equall Proposition 8. To make a Paralellagram viz. a long square having both the sides equally opposite and foure right Angles this is effected by the same rule the Square is made For the raising of Fortifications we must observe what Figures are capable of Regular Fortification and what are uncapable which are termed Irregular Regular Fortifications are such formes or figures which containe in them Angles sufficiently equall and capable for the direct answering one to another sixe points being the least that may be admitted and so upwards all figures under are termed Irregular as the figure Pentagon consisting of Five points the Foure-square the Triangle c. We will first begin with Irregular-figures used in Fortification of which the Pentagon is the best in regard it hath more capacity in it than the Foure-square or Triangle or Halfe-Moones c. The forme of this Figure hath five points by reason of five Lines that divide the Circumference in five equall parts as by this Figure appeares The next Irregular Figure is the Foure square and is capable of foure Bulworkes upon each point one and is tearmed a Skonse as the Figure demonstrates The first Regular Figure is called Sexagon because it hath sixe equall sides dividing the Cord in sixe points upon which points are sixe Bulworkes to be raised The same proportion of distance your Compasses take in making the Circumference without stirring them being plac'd sixe times upon the Circumference makes the said Figure in the Margent The second Regular Figure is termed Septagon because it containes 7. points of equall distances in the Circumference and this is of greater defence than the former for the more points the Circumference is capable of the greater is the resistance as the Figure in the Margent shewes The third Regular Figure is termed Octagon because it containes eight sides the Circumference being divided by eight points of equall distance the rest for brevity sake we will onely name by these already described any Figure of what diversity of sides soever most easily may be framed Nonagon is a Figure of nine sides Decagon a Figure of Tenne sides Vndecagon a Figure of Eleven sides Duodecagon a Figure of Twelve sides sic usque ad infinitum These are sufficient to serve for the use of Fortification because it is very rare that any Towne hath more than twelve Bulworks and as I have said before these Figures are called Regular because they have their sides and their Angles equall all other formes are called irregular CHAP. XIII How to Line and Stake out any Bulworke upon a Regular Figure THere can be no perfect Fortification made without the use of these precedent Figures as for our example the Figure Sexagon is to have sixe Bulworks viz. one upon every Angle and so accordingly of the rest of the Figures so many Angles as many Bulworkes But first before we begin to fortifie any place wee are to consider the scituation and the forme and fashion of it to the end we may the better know how many Bulworkes will be requisite wherefore we will begin to fortifie the Figure Sexagon because it is the first Regular forme as for the Triangle it selfe it is altogether unproper to bee fortified because the Angles of it are too sharpe and pointing out and likewise for the uncapablenesse of the place for such Bulworkes as are made upon three Angles doe so farre point out and extend themselves that they are of no strength to releeve each the other Likewise the square Figure is very rarely fortified with Bulworkes unlesse in case of necessity where it may bee help'd and assisted by some naturall strength as Skinkens-Skonse by Cleve is naturally fortified and strengthened with two great Rivers surrounding it Likewise the Figure Pentagon although the points of it are more apter to be fortified yet it is not capable of all those essentiall parts that a perfect fortification ought to have Therefore we will begin to comment upon the Figure Sexagon and as we have shewed before this Figure is to have sixe Bulworkes viz. one upon every Angle Wee are further to suppose that the Figure aforesaid containes in circuit 180. Geometricall paces and five feet to every such pace so that every side betweene Angle and Angle will containe 30. paces and being thus divided into sixe equall distances of 30. paces in each the whole amounts to 180. paces for sixe times 30. makes as before 180. Now it remaines to make a Scale as you may perceive in this Figure following marked with A B with the which Scale we will give all the proportions of this Fortesse which we now intend to set forth for an example to the ingenuous Practitioner The manner how to Line out a Fort with the Bulworks belonging to it The Figure being drawne and the Scale made after the forme in the precedent Figure described then place the point of your Compasse to the Scale and take 30. paces and setting the point upon each Angle make therewith a Circumference as you perceive upon the angle marked with the letter C which Circumferences will justly proportion the signes of each Bulworke as you may perceive it to be 30. paces on each side which makes 60. Then for the making of the Flanckes to the Bulworke you must take 30. paces also Then you must draw a perpendicular line from P to Q of 30. paces as the figure next following doth teach you next we are to draw the line of defence by which the Bulworke is defended drawne by the Curtaine viz. from S and passeth by the point Q and runneth into the Bulworke R View the following Figure Lastly the Ditch ought to be drawn with a paralell line by the face of the Bulworks viz from the lines R q the length of 30. paces for to proportion out the length of the foresayd Ditch as appeares by the line drawn from M to N the Bastions of this Fortresse
at the second station you must go back untill you can the second time see the two points A B then from that station I measure how many feet betwixt C and H where you shall finde 25 feet and so much is the Tower in height from A to B View the Figure following which will give you a farther insight how to worke it For to take a distance either accessible or inaccessible as suppose wee are to take the distance of A. B. and that the place were accessible onely in the middest upon the Line C. F. Then you must dispose your Instrument as before is shewed and the crosse Rule that moves up and downe must be set firme upon the first point of the Index then advancing frowards or backwards upon the line C. F. and viewing with your eyes from the end of the Staffe each end of the crosse movable so that a true line may goe to A. and to B. then measure the distance of C. and F. and that shall be the halfe of the distance A. B. But if the place be inaccessible that you cannot approach neere enough to make a right Angle as in C. then shove up the crosse rule two points on the Index and fall backe into the point D. and as before bend your visuall rayes towards A and B. setting there a marke in D. then once more shove up the Crosse rule a point on to the Index then againe retreate backe upon the line C D E just to the point E there taking your sight againe towards A. and B. then measure the distance betweene D and E and you shall find it the just halfe betweene A and B. by this Rule you may performe it were it of a further distance the figure belonging to this discourse followes on the next page A second way to take a distance inaccessible Let it be the distance A B that is to be taken and that B is the nearest place that can be approacht you must therefore stick down a Marke at the point B and retire directly backwards towards C and count the distance betweene D and C and there sticke downe another Marke in C then retyre directly to the place F counting your paces to the just number found between B and C there also sticke downe a third marke then taking your Instrument view into the Points B and C eyther putting up or pulling downe the Crosse-rule upon the Index as you shall see it meet your Instrument being set fit without any more removing the Rule goe from D towards F and in your going have a regard in what place your sight doth agree with the point A and C. So that you may arrive at the point E and not otherwise at which place sticke downe another marke then let the distance be measured betweene the two observations D E and that shall be the just distance you desire to know between A and B. View the Figure following The third may take a distance by the Jacobs-Staffe at one place as suppose wee should take the distance A B the which is not to be approacht unto noâ— to be 〈◊〉 upon the Line K C and that we must worke onely upon that Line Wee must fâ—â—â—t take a right Line as K C where must be plac'd a marke paralell to the Line A B the marke being plac'd in K then retyring backe to the point D taking your sight by your instrument towards B and K by the two extreames of the moveable 〈◊〉 G H then leaving your instrument so fitly plac'd without varying of the Rule leaveing a marke in D you must retyre backe againe towards C untill you come to such a distance that your visuall lines accord in A and K being arrived at the point C. and not otherwise and there place another marke then measure the distance between C and D and the same breadth you finde the distance between C and D to be of the like shall be betweene A and B which is equall to C D. View the Figure following by the helpe of your Compasses you shall finde the truth of it We might have proceeded further to have shewne how to have taken any height or distance by the Compasse of proportion by the way of Sines Tangents and Secants but herein I should be tedious desiring the courteous Reader to bee content with these Collections Rules and Demonstrations which I hope will be acceptable to the ingenuous as for others the hurt I wish them is they were bound to take the same paines to amend them that I have taken to fit them for their Service THE ART OF CONVEYING LETTERS OVT OF A FORT DESCRIBED SECT V. CHAP. LIII IN regard the secret conveying of Letters is of great consequence in the time of Warre I have thought it very necessary to discover such secret wayes as have formerly taken effect and likewise some new wayes in writing of Letters whose secresie cannot possibly be discovered the use and knowledge whereof may bring a double conveniency to Souldiers First in making them cunning to interpret and discover an Enemies Letters and intentions Secondly in causes of extremity to make use in conveying such Letters as they conceive may bee most prevalent and difficultest for the Enemie to discover if they should be surprized For great inconvenience attends the surprizing of a Letter if the Enemy should understand the contents of it as was well seene by Claudius Nero interpreting Asdrubals Letter directed to his Brother Haniball to meet him at Vmbra to joyne both their powers together for the subversion of the Romans presently upon the intercepting and reading it he left his fellow Consull in the night unknowne to Haniball and with 6000. Foot and 1000. Horse came to Livius another Roman Consull who lay to intercept Asdruball comming from the Mountaines into Italy and there joyning force with his gave battell to Asdruball in the fight overcame him and slew him before ever Haniball knew of his being in Italy Thus was Haniball brought to distresse by the knowledge of the Contents of a Letter whereby time and opportunity was taken to fight the consideration of which hath made me larger in this discourse following Paradine in his History of our times writeth That when as Rhodes was besieged by the Turke a Frier being treacherous in the Towne made shew of carefull looking to the Watch and finding his fit opportunity shot a Letter from the Walles bound about an Arrow into the Enemies Campe whereby he gave them adverstisement in what estate the City stood Hystiaeus desiring to write to Aristagoras did shave the head of one that was his trustiest Servant and wrote upon the Skull-skin the scope of his minde in certaine briefe Characters then kept him in his house untill the haire was growne as thicke as before then sent him to Aristagoras willing that he should cause his haire to be clipt close at his first arrivall by this he understood his friends intents Some Philosophers and others of great insight
keeping still the same order that was at first appointed so that the fore-man the right-hand man or the bringer up is the fame ever and his weapons ever in the same place Thus they lye in Battalia being at bed in Battell array when they rise up their Arms are as ready as themselves so that upon all Alarmes they are ready in a moment to entertain their enemy to their costs The figure of this discourse you shall find in the next page then afterwards we shall describe the figure of the whole Camp with all the Fortifications thereunto belonging A figure shewing how the Swedes inquarter a Regiment of Foot A figure of perfect strong Encampment of a whole Armie used by the King of Sweden in his late Warres Let me request you to observe how the former figure of inquartering a particular Regiment is explained that you may the better understand this figure which hath the same ground and order as formerly is described what the Spaces and the Fortification about the whole Camp means I shall now explain unto you by the letters following A. Signifies the Parradoing place where the Souldiers are daily excercised in the use of their Armes B. The chief Quarter for the Generall C. The place of the Artillery and the Generall of it D. The common Market-place for the whole Army E. The high Marshals Quarter G. The place by him for his guards and servants H. The Major Generall of the Armie his Quarter K. The place for his men and guards L. The severall Regiments to bee divided as in the former figure M. Halfe Regiments N. The Streets betwixt the severall Quarters each fifty foot wide O. The space between the Front of the Quarters and the Trench of the Camp being fourty paces wide serving for the drawing up of the Souldiers and for the Alarme place P. The space between the two innermost lines of the Fortification decyphereth the Parapet or Breast-work five or six foot high and six paces thick or broad Q. The wet Mote or Graffe beyond the Parapet as you may perceive by the pricks R. The half Moons or half Redouts S. The cuttains T. The passages into the Redouts or half-Moons V. The Ravelins with their Graffes about them they are plac'd betwixt the half-Moons somewhat further out each of these are to be sixty paces one from another and the extent of the side of these is fifty paces long and is so situated that a right line on either side or face be drawn to fall upon the point where the half Redouts and Curtains meet as you may perceive by the lines pricked from the extreme of the Curtain to the end of the Ravelin The use of these is to guard the passages out of the Camp the passages are marked with W. Also as before is shewed there are out-guards upon all foords and passages according to the nature of the place round about this Camp If there should bee any Convoyes sent out or any designe to bee performed against the enemy the passages of the Camp must bee safely guarded so that no man may passe out to informe the enemy untill such time as the danger be past And this shall suffice for the describing how an Army should be incamped CHAP. VI. The Oath of all under-Officers both of Horse and Foot to bee given at the proclaiming of these Articles following I R. W. doe here promise and swear that unto the high and mighty King C. c. as also to the Crown of England I will be a true and faithfull servant and Souldier every manner of way performing my best endeavours for his Majesties service and the profit of his Kingdome To my power also shall I hinder all actions prejudiciall unto his Crown and if I have tidings of any thing likely to bee prejudiciall I shall give his Majesty or his Generall present notice thereof or some one or other of his Councell Moreover I will doe my best endeavour to obseve all these his Majesties Articles of Warre Also I shall behave my selfe manfully in Battell Skirmishes and entries of Breaches as well by water as by land in all times and places when and where I shall be commanded I shall also keep watch and ward and doe all other duties willingly unto the best profit of his Majesty and his Kingdome wheresoever I shall bee commanded by sea or land Also I shall bear my self obediently towards my superiour Officers in all that they command me for his Majesties Service In like manner as I shall answer it before God and every honest man I shall not fly from my Colours that I am commanded to follow so long as I am able to go after them and I shall bee willing to doe this at all times and by no means absent my selfe from them at any time I shall lay down my life and goods for the advancing of his Majesties service and endure all miseries that can possibly fall out in the Warres fighting manfully to the very last so farre forth as I am able or that any valiant true Souldier ought to doe Furthermore if hereafter I be put into any place of charge by his Majesty or his Generall I shall doe my best endeavour fairly to discharge my duty therein so as I ought to doe according to my place This Oath shall I well and truely keep as the Lord of Hosts shall help my soule at the last judgement ARTICLES AND MILITARY LAVVES TO BE OBSERVED IN THE VVARRES SECT XVIII CHAP. VII Divers Articles and Martiall Lawes whereby an Army is to bee regulated and governed both in Camp and Garrison INprimis No Commander nor private Souldier whatsoever shall use any kind of Idolatry Witchcraft or Inchanting of Armes whereby God is dishonoured upon pain of death 2. If any shall blaspheme the name of God either drunk or sober the thing being proved by two or three witnesses he shall suffer death without mercy 3. If any shall seem to deride or scorne Gods Word or Sacraments and bee taken in the fact hee shall forthwith bee convented before the Commissioners Ecclesiasticall to be examined and being found guilty he shall be condemned by the Court of Warre to lose his head but if they were spoken through haste or unadvisedly for the first offence hee shall bee in yrons fourteen dayes and for the second be shot to death 4. If any shall swear in his anger by the name of God being convicted shall pay halfe a moneths pay unto the poor Or if any bee found drinking or at any other evill exercise he shall forfeit half a moneths pay and at the next assembly of prayer or preaching he shall be brought upon his knees before the whole assembly and there crave pardon of Almighty God 5. To the end that Gods Word be by no means neglected Our will is that publike prayers bee said every morning and evening throughout the whole Camp at one time in every several Regiment they being called thereunto by the sound of the
to levell and shoot at the best certainty both in the right line called point blancke and also upon the advantage of all kinde of Randons or markes assigned onely you are to make use of certaine Tables Scales and directions which I shall intreat of and demonstrate by Figure Wherefore observe this quadrant must have a ruler made very straight about two foot long which is joyned firmely to one of the sides or Semi-diameters thereof or rather to have one of the sides extending it selfe out in forme of a ruler this subsequent Figure represents the true proportion of it as for the severall parts of this Instrument which onely belongs to the taking of heights and distances I omit altogether in this place reserving it for the next Chapter Now therefore observe this Ruler to which the qudarant is artificially joyned being two foot long divided into equall Inches and parts with a hollow Sâ—â—t in the midd'st upon which is placed a plate with a round hole in the midd'st thereof The use of it is to set the ruler upright at the breech of the Peece the plate before named moving up and downe as you shall see cause to take a perfect sight by this you may know what length or what Inches and parts any Peece requires to reach any marke Moreover before you go about to level your Peece by the quadrant to make a Shott you must first by the use of this ruler take a true view through the two â—ight holes upon the backe of the same then accordingly let the plumbline fall at liberty on the degrees of the quadrant and if the plumbline falls on the line of levell then the mark is of equall height with your eye but if the thred falles towards you the marke is above point blancke otherwise if from the Line of levell it is under point-blanck by this you shall know whether your marke assigned be higher or lower then your platforme or the Cillender of your Peece for it is most necessary first to see whether the Base or lowest part of the sayd marke or altitude bee above or under point-blancke Now in levelling your Peece you are to put the ruler into the mouth of the Peece close to the lowest side of the mettall within the Concave Cillender or Bore then mount or imbase your Peece in her Carriage untill the plummet fall directly upon the Line of level and then the Axis of the bore or Concave or Cillender thereof will lye straight and levell But if the marke assigned be found by this instrument to lye beyond the reach of the Peece at point-blancke so as shee must bee mounted at some one degree or other according as the distance shall be found in this you must make use of certaineâ—Tables exactly framed which hereafter shall bee demonstrated But before you can attaine to any understanding in them you must first learne to finde the right Line or right Range of any shot discharged out of what kinde of Peece soever it bee for every elevation Next you are to finde out how much of the Horizanticall Line lyeth under the crooked range of the Shot at any elevation that shall be assigned Lastly the knowledge of the violent crooked and naturall motion or course of a shot discharged out of a Peece at what distance soever assigned Further by observing the severall Diameters of divers Peeces and their various lengths causeth much alteration in their ranges yet for the ease of the lngenious Souldier our moderne Gunners have taken wonderfull paines in framing a Table of the proportions of right ranges the use of it is thus to bee understood Let your Peece be of what kinde soever you must first know and prove how farre this Peece conveyes her shot at any one degree of the quadrant as suppose you finde your Peece shoots at 6 degrees of mounture 200 paces in a right Line not sensibly crooked now your desire is to know how farre the same Peece will further convey her shot in a straight Line shee being mounted to ten degrees For this you must repaire to the Table following and propound to your selfe if 285 the number against sixe degrees giveth 200 paces what will 354 the number in this Table against 10 degrees give A Table of proportions of right raÌ„ges or point-blanks 0 192 1 209 2 227 3 244 4 261 5 278 6 285 7 302 8 320 9 337 10 354 20 524 30 695 40 855 50 1000 60 1140 70 1220 80 1300 90 1353 This being wrought by the Rule of 3 the quotient will be 242 paces view the Table of the proportions of right ranges in the Margent Yet by the way observe these Tables are not absolutely true nor cannot possibly correspond in a just exactnesse in regard of divers Fractions wherefore practice must be the best Schoole-master in these conclusions Now to proceed in our discourse the next thing to be observed is the finding out how farre a Peece shoots at every degree of mounture at its dead range and for to performe this the right range and crooked being added together into one is then called the dead range which is to bee understood the whole distance from the platforme from which the Peece is discharged unto the first fall or graze of the Bullet upon the levell Line or Horzianticall plaine And likewise as formerly is sayd the differences in the Bores and lengths of Peeces and likewise the strength and feeblenesse of the powder increaseth or diminisheth the course of the Shot and therefore most difficult to finde out the true range but by Diagrams Tables or Scales made from experiments and to that end and purpose our late practitioners in this Art have beaten their braines and laboured to arrive at some exactnesse by their experiments and industrious endeavours they have attained to some seeming perfection far better then uncertaine guessing and for that purpose framed Tables as appeareth in the Margent which Mr. Norton hath as he confesses grounded upon often observations and tryalls the use of this Table of the proportions of dead ranges he hath thus demonstrated First you must take the right range of the Peece experimented from the right range of the mounture assigned and divide the remainder in such reason as the sayd angle of mounture is to the angle of the complement thereof and to the quotient adde the said right range found and the product thereof will be the dead range for that Peece he further gives this example Suppose a Peece mounted at 30 degrees shoots 300. paces in the right range and 300. at the dead range if you would desire to know the dead range at 40 degrees to performe this you are to worke in this manner following First divide the dead range into any number of parts as you shall please which being set out in a Line at one end of the right line make an angle as Euclide demonstrates by his 23 proposition and from the other end of the aforesayd Line you
of the thing you measure adding from the ground to your eye The contrary Shadow shewes to measure all Altitudes without the length thereof first multiplying the length of the shadow by the Point or division of the Scale where on the Plumb-line falleth then dividing the Product by 12 the quotient thereof is the true height of the Altitude In measuring any Altitude without shadow you must goe as neere to the same that you perceive you are within the length thereof then lifting up your Quadrant orderly going to or from the same untill you espie the top of the Altitude through the Visuall holes then the threed falling upon the part 12 standing upright with your body at the middest of your foot make a marke then goe directly backwards from the same untill through the visuall sights you espie the highest part againe the plumb-line falling on the part sixe of contrary shadow and as before make another marke the distance betweene these two markes the height of your eye from the ground being put to it is the true height of the altitude Further observe if the plumb-line fals on the part 6 of contrary shadow and at the second station on the part 4 the distance betwixt these two markes is the height of the altitude adding as before Or if the plumb-line fals on the part 4 of contrary shadow at the first station then upon the part 3 at the second you shall finde the distance betweene your two stations to be the just height and the furthest station is foure times the length or height thereof Or suppose your Plumb-line falls upon the part 2 of contrary shadow and at the second station it falls on the part one then the space betweene the two standings will be six times the length or height of that Altitude or the sixt part of the measure is the height of it and your further station will be twelve times the height thereof In the next place we must observe some rules for the taking of distances from the Platforme or Batteries your Ordnance are planted on to any Marke you are to shoot at And to performe this you must lay your Quadrant flat upon some steady thing as a stoole or staffe firmely and perpendicularly set up then placing your Quadrant upon the same and turning the edge of the Rule to the marke you desire to measure the distance of then espying the Marke through the Visuall sights at that place or station set up a Staffe then turning your body round not altering neither Rule nor Quadrant by the Line of levell then through the Visuall sights make choyce of some other Marke athwart the â—rst and set up the second Staffe the distance whereof suppose to be 60 feet then comming to the first station where the Quadrant is placed viewing through the visuall sights upon the Rule some other marke in a straite line backe from the first station the distance whereof suppose to be 100 feet and there place a third Staffe so as the first and the third Staffe will be in a straite line with the marke then removing the Quadrant to the third station turning the right Angle or Line of levell overthwart towards the second station so as the Visuall line may be paralelled to the Line that crosseth from the first station to the second there you must place a fourth Staffe so as the Visuall line passing from the same and running by the second Staffe may crosse the marke or end in a point there with the first Visuall line The distance between these two last stations suppose to be 65 feet The Staves being thus orderly placed you must abate 60 feet the distance between the first and second Staffe or station from 65 the distance between the third and fourth Staves or stations the remainder is 5 for your Devisor then multiply the said 65 by 100 the distance from the first to the third there ariseth 6500 the which divide by 5 the quotient is 1300 feet the distance from the first Staffe to the marke Observe this figure following where the Towre represents the marke the Vnit. 1. the first Staffe or station the figure 2 the second Staffe the figure 3 the third Staffe and the figure 4 the fourth Staffe Or you may finde out the distance to any marke neere hand by the quadrant and Gunners Staffe divided into even portions First placing the angle of the quadrant upon the toppe of the Staffe it being erected perpendicularly and then through the sights of the rule view the marke you desire to measure letting a long thred fall to the ground from the center of the quadrant whereon the plum-line hangs which thred must be drawn alongst the Line of levell or edge of the quadrant to the ground observing where the thred points at on the ground and beholding the marke through the visuall sights and looking what proportion that part of ground betweene the Staffe and where the thred points at hath to the Staffe the same proportion shall the length to the marke have to the height or length of the Staffe as by this subsequent Figure more plainely appeares Wherefore observe the Gunners Staffe A. B. is to be supposed eight foot long and the distance betweene the Staffe and the ground where the thred points you to being the space C. B. is but eight Inches Therefore looke what proportion C. B. beareth to the length of the Staffe which being reduc'd into Inches will be 96 Inches the same proportion shall the length to the marke D. have to the Staffe which by making use of the Rule of three will discover unto you in this manner for example If eight Inches yeelds 96 what will 96 Inches if you multiply 96 by 96 the product is 9216 Inches and this divided by 8 yeelds in the quotient 1152 Inches the true distance from the Staffe to the Marke Moreover by the quadrant you may foresee whether Waters or Springs may possibly bee brought to any place desired which indeed is a thing of much consequence in the Warres Wherefore observe that by going to the head of the Spring or Waters and by setting your quadrant to your eye being in height equall with the Water so that the plum-line falls preciesely on the Line of levell now if you may see above the place through the sights then you may judge the Water is possible to bee brought but if you sight falls under then it is impossible It commeth commonly to passe when the place to the which you would have Water conveyd is of any great distance from the head of the Spring or Rivers banckes the Hills Vallies and such like impediments hinder the visuall Line from having its free course wherefore observe this remedie At the head of the Spring or River-bancks you intend to cut out you shall looke through the sights of the instrument as before and take notice of some marke in in the next Hill towards the place then goe to that
marke and in like manner observe some other marke if any other Hill happen to bee and so proceed untill you may see the place desired if then your sight running through the sight of the Rule the thred ever falling upon the Lane of levell exceeds that place the conveying of that Water is possible otherwise not If it should chance that a quadrant bee wanting yet you may take the distance to any place by the Carpenters square First you must have a Saffe divided in certaine proportions a 100 or a 1000 parts at the beginning of your length upon the very toppe directly standing set the inward angle of the square lift up or put downe this instrument untill you see the farthest part of your longitude your sight running through the visuall holes of the square The square so remaining and the Staffe not removed from his height marke where the other end of the square next unto you noted upon the ground see then what proportion the Staffe then beareth to the part of the ground which the neerest end of the square pointed unto from the Staffe the same shall the length have to the quantity of the same Staffe as you may more plainly see by the next Figure where the Staffe A. C. is imagined to bee 6 feet and the space A. D. 2 foot Considering now that 6 the length of the Staffe containeth 2 thrice therefore the longitude desired A. B. must consequently containe three times the Staffe being 6 foot long that maketh 18 foot as by the Figure following you may view the truth of it But if the ground bee not levell and plaine their will arise errour Moreover it behoveth you to have a fine cord made fast to the upper part of your Staffe C. which must bee tyed even with the inward edge of the square and so drawne to the ground where the neere end of the square from the Staffe pointed as you perceive at C. D. the other end directeth truely to the object or distance desired Now it remaines we should take farther observations concerning latitudes and bredths the which upon the matter may serve for the taking of any distance either in the way of latitude or loÌ„gitude being a thing most requisite in divers respects As suppose divers Ordnance being planted upon a Battery against the Enemy and having Battered sufficient for an assault the bredth of this breach is to be required that the forces may accordingly be ordered for to enter it And this may bee done either by the helpe of the quadrant or the Iacobs-Staffe if by the quadrant then you must suppose two markes at each end of the breach then going directly towards one of the sayd Markes that by supposition you are â—istant from the same about the length betwixt the two markes whose distance you would measure Then laying your quadrantâ— flat upon some Stoole or placing the same upon some skrew of a Staffe being perpendicularly erected moving the same to or from the marke you stand against placing the quadrant so as the visuall sights passing from the Center of the quadrant by the Lines of levell may direct you to the sayd marke and the visuall Line passing from the Center of the quadrant by the 12 point or division of the scale which is called the Hipothenusal line may direct you to the other marke and then the length of your standing to the marke which the Line of levell doth direct you to is from the same just the distance betweene the two markes you intend to measure then looking athwart by the other edge of the quadrant or through your sights on the Rule espie another marke directly against the marke you meane to measure and the visuall Line passing betweene the station and the sayd marke will be paralell to the Breach of the sayd Wall or Line passing betweene the two marks whose distance you would measure then removing your quadrant before the other Marke placing the same so as the Line of levell may direct you to the sayd Marke and the Line passing by your sights on your Ruler may direct you to your first station the distance betwixt your two stations being measured is the just space betwixt the two Markes or two ends of the Breach as by this demonstrative Figure appeares where the Line A. B. sheweth the length or distance of the Breach to bee measured as suppose it to bee 100 paces and the like number you may perceive to bee in C. D. as also in the Line C. A. and D. B. Moreover the distance of both the Markes may easily bee taken by the former conclusion at one Station As suppose the Wind-Mill C to bee your first standing and the distance C to the end of the Breach A which the Line of levell directs you to is just 100 paces that some being squared makes 1000 paces the like number of paces you may perceive in the Line betweene the two ends of the Breach A. B. being multiplied in it selfe These two summes being joyned together make 2000 paces the quadrant Roote hereof makes 141 paces and almost 1 2 parts shewing the true distance from your standing to the farthest Mark B. Likewise by the divisions of the Scale of your quadrant by knowing the distance to any Tree Wind-Mill or Steeple or other marke not farre distant you shall thereby know how much the same is higher or lower then yoâ—r standing as suppose from your standing to such a Steeple bee 200 feet then in viewing the same marke through the sights on your Rule the index or plumbline falls on the part sixe on the scale of your quadrant being contrarie shadow Wherefore you must divide 12 by 6 the quotient is two then by the same quotient number againe I divide 200 feet the space betwixt my standing and the marke and so I finde 100 foot higher then your eie If you turne the contrary angles of the quadrant to your eie you may finde out all defents If a quadrant bee wanting by the helpe of a Iacobs-Staffe any heighth or bredth is to bee taken by setting the end to your eye and taking your visuall Lines by the end of the little Staffe that is crosse the long one which is called the moveable Rule then goe forwards and backwards untill you see the foundation and toppe of the Mark you intend to measure as the example following shewes where I desire to take the height of the Towre A B I take my first station at C and my eie runnes in the Line by the end of the Crosse Rule to the toppe of the Tower B and at the same instant without moving my eie-sight runnes by the lower end of the Crosse-Staffe to the Base of the Tower A for so you must order the Crosse-Rule on the Staffe D â— So that at once both head and foot of the sayd marke may bee seene then where you stand set a marke at C then measuring the distance betwixt the Lines D E putting the Crosse-rule to G
is shewed If this Posture be to be performed Marching your Pike being shouldred then first steppe forwards with your right foote and let your left hand receive the Pike and equall distance from your right hand towards the butt-end of the same raising your Pike forwards with your right hand from your shoulder then at the same instant step forwards with your left foot and receive the butt-end of the Pike with your right hand just behind the side of your right thigh But to performe this Posture â—rooping and your Pike advanced then you are only to step forwards with your left foot and with a little shogge of the shoulder and drawing backe the butt-end of your Pike in your right hand will cause the Pike to fall forwards where your left hand is at the instant to be ready to receive it betweene the Thumbe and the forefingers at a convenient distance Charge to the Horse Note in charging to the Horse it hath beene in former ages used to place the but-end of your Pike in the ground by the inside of your right foot and so to draw your Sword over your left arme and divers Rankes of Musquetiers plac'd to shoot over their heads behind them No question it is a very good way for your Bow-pikes but the former charging is most in use Charge to the Reare You may by the precedent Posture conceive how to charge your Pike either to the right or left hand But for the charging to the Reare the Pikes being either shouldered or advanced is somewhat difficult Therefore you may please to observe that if the Pike bee advanced you must with your left hand take it in his proper place up towards your head then suddenly turning your body about towards your left hand and being faced about you are to thrust backe your right hand with the butt-end of the Pike in it and withall your right leg is to be set out with it this will bring you into the right Posture But if your Pike be shouldered and you are to charge to the Reare then you must take the Pike in your left hand a good distance from your right hand towards the butt-end and at the same instant with your right hand raise the Pike from your shoulder as high above your head towards your left side as possibly you may then standing firme with your left legge you are to bring about your right side and legge towards the left hand about and being halfe turned you are to let loose your right hand and with your left hand you are somewhat to advance the point of the Pike forwards so that the butt-end may bee drawne backe by your right side for your right hand to receive it your right foot also at the very instant being stept backe makes you stand fully charged Port your Pikes This Posture is performed by holding the Pike a halfe distance betweene advancing and charging and was only invented to case the hind most Rankes from the intollerable labour of continuall charging and to secure the Pikes from the Bullets which would have more power to breake them if they hold them advanc'd Besides it is the most aptest and comliest Posture for a Company to use in marching thorow a Port or Gate and most readiest for to charge upon a sudden Checke your Pike This Posture is to be performed at three Motions First if your Pike be shouldered you are to raise it with your right hand from your shoulder and with a ticke of your left hand you are to convey the butt-end of it by your right side then thrusting backe your right with the Pike in it so farre as conveniently may be you are to take a fathom with your left hand as farre towards the Speare end of the Pike as possibly you may then conveying the Pike in your left hand baackward as before you are againe with your right hand to take another fathome within a foot of your Pikes end Lastly stepping forwards with your left foote you bring your left hand withall which receives the Pike within a quarter of a foot of the Speares end Provided alwayes that in all the motions of the hands you suffer not the butt-end to touch the ground untill you have checkt it with your left hand Pikes as you were Trayle your Pikes This Posture is performed after you have used the Circumstances in checking as in the precedent Posture is shewed by bringing up your Right foot even with your left and by removing your right hand just before your left close to the end of the Pike then you are to withdraw your left hand and place it a-kimbo by your side and your right hand will hold the end of the Speare just above your right huckle-bone with your body standing full forwards Pikes as you were Lay downe your Pikes This Posture is to bee performed your Pike being advanced by stepping forwards with your right foot then your right shoulder with a small bearing forwards and with it a little jogge causeth the Pike to meet the left hand which gently conveyes the Speares end to the ground then turning about your right arme in a kind of Circle will cause the backe of your hand to bee next the outside of your right Thigh then leaning your body forwards you convey the butt-end to the ground close at the side of your right foot so as the Pike will lye in an even line from your foot forwards Recover your Pikes and charge This Posture is performed your feet standing even together only owing your body forwards you cause the backe of your right hand to bee put downe close by the out-side of your right foot then in the raising of the butt-butt-end of your Pike you turne your hand with the Pike in it so that the inside of your hand will bee towards your right side Then your left hand in the raising taketh the Pike at a convenient place or distance and elevates it either to the Posture of charging or ordering as the Officer shall please to command The word of Command which the Officer is to use for the reducing of these Postures to their first station is Pikes as you were There are divers other Postures which I doe here omit referring you to the booke of Militarie discipline Composed by that worthy Gentleman Master William Barrife Lieutenant to the Artillery Garden who hath merited much honour in performing so Noble a worke in a most concise and exquisite way for the which our Kingdome is much bound to him CHAP. LXXVIII How the Commanders shall draw their Files both of Musquetiers and Pikes and joyne them in one body fit to be exercised in grosse YOu have seene every Souldier performe his Postures well then you must draw out the File-leader of the Right-hand-file with his whole File Commanding every File-leader successively to draw up his File either of other And being drawne into a body command them to advance their Pikes In the meane time the Lieutenant or some other Officer
three or foure Pistols to be discharged first a good distance off then neerer hand according as your horse beginneth to abide them during which time forget not to make much of him Likewise every morning before he is drest discharge a Musket or two and sound a Trumpet and beate a charge with your drumme and then when he is patient feede him and cherish him the Groome may sometime dresse him in bright armour hee may be used to eate his Oates from off the Drumme head you may ride him against an armour plac't upon a stake that he may overthrow it and trample it under his feete Every horseman that doth not observe these briefe observations and fit himselfe and his horse in all respects before hee come to be trayned they will prove both unfit for service neither would I wish any Captaine to approve either of man or horse that in some reasonable manner hath not attained to this perfection for an Oxe well Managed may in possibility doe better service than an ill ridden wresty horse neither can any security or reputation bee expected by any service they shall undertake if the Officers be not diligent to see their Troopes well ordered and demeaned Thus premising every Horseman is or will be in this nature qualified wee will proceede to the Exercising of private Troopes and breefely shew all their Postures and how they ought to be imbattelled but first it is necessary to give a touch about the severall kinde of arming both of Curassiers Harquebuzires Carabines and Dragoones as followeth CHAP. CVII How the horse Troopes ought to be devided and distinguished by their severall armes apt and fit for divers services and what proportion of Cavalry ought to be joyned with the Infantry WE are to understand how our Generalls of late ages have divided their horse Troopes into foure severall kindes proper for divers Services and accordingly their armings are sutable to their Offices as The arming of the Câ—irassier Harquebuzier Carbine Dragoone is chiefely Defensive Offensive Offensive and Defensive The light armed which are the Harquebuziers Carabines and Dragoones are imployed to begin a charge against the Infantry upon flanke and reare at once the Front is dangerous if the two armies of foote be ready to joyne then the heavie armed viz. the Cuirassiers shall take the advantage of such disorders as are procured by the light armed for their compleate arming is efficatious to defend their bodies from the push of pikes the better to thrust in amongst them The light armed are also more apt and fit to be sent upon services that require expedition which the heavie armed are unfit to performe for the Cuirassier is to be compleately armed Capapè with a good Buffe coate to preserve his body from the pinching of his pondrous armour his horse is to be fifteene hand high and upwards he is also to have his Bedee Nagge and a Boy to carry his Armes and Snapsacke and to get him forrage for his horses his Saddle and Bitte must be strong and good whereunto must be fixed upon each side of it a case of good Firelocke Pistolles the barrell being full eighteene inches long and the bore of twenty or twenty foure bullets in the pound with his Spanner and flaske boxes a good sword and a scarffe over his armes to distinguish him from the enemie His service in the warres is chiefely defensive As for the proportion which the horse should beare to the foote there are divers of sundry opinions but the Prince of Orange used to allow three to tenne or twelve at most viz. 3000. horse to 1000. or 12000. foote and every troope consisting of five score horse which are ordered twenty in ranke and five deepe in file the which custome they use the rather because of the scarsitie of their horse and againe they are opiniated that in regard each horse man hath two Pistolles they may perfect their fight as well as a Troope of Musquetiers that are tenne deepe in â—yle having but one Musquet apeece but from this hath proceeded many inconveniences as Captaine Beumount hath observed wherefore his advice was to have the horse Troopes consist of sixe score so they may be ranked twenty in breast and sixe deepe in file they being then more apt and proper to double their rankes whereby their front may be extended or if being in skirmish with the enemy any shot should be drawne out to give fire upon them in the reare then the two hindmost rankes of a horse may peckiere about and put them to retreate and the foure foremost rankes in the front may be the better able to prosecute their fight wherefore my discourse shall be to shew you how the Troopes consisting of 120. horse ranked twentie in brest and sixe deepe in file shall be exercised and fitted for the warres and leave it to the judicious Commander to take his choyse CHAP. CVIII How the Harquebuziers and the Carbines ought to demeane themselves THese kinde of horse men are to be armed with an open Caske Gorget backe and brest more than Pistoll proofe with good Buffe coate to preserve their bodies from bruising Their Harquebuzes are to be two foote and a halfe in length their bores of seventeene bullets to the pound about their neckes a strong leather Belt with a Swivell to hang the Ring of their peeces upon a Flaske and Touch boxe and Pistolls like to the Cuirassiers Their horses ought not to be under the size of fifteene hands in height when they passe by the Generall or Troope through the streetes of a towne they place the but end upon their right thigh and their right hand grasping the barrell towards the middest of it the locke towards their bodies otherwise in their march if the enemy be not neere they hang downe by their sides Likewise the Carbine requires a smaller horse a faire Buffe coate his Carabine twentie seven inches long the bore of twentie foure bullets to the pound and he is to demeane himselfe upon all points like the Harquebuze having his sword in a strong belt Flaske and touch boxe CHAP. CIX How the Dragoones ought to arme and demeane themselves THe Dragoones are no lesse than a foote company consisting of Pikes and Muskets only for their quicker expedition they are mounted upon horses they are of great use for the guarding of passages and fordes in regard of their swiftnesse they may prevent the enemies foote and gaine places of advantage to hinder their passage Their Pikes are to have thongs of leather about the middle of them for the easier carriage of them The Muskets are to have a broad strong belt fastened to the stocke of them well neere from one end to the other whereby he hangs it upon his backe when hee rideth holding his match and bridle in his left hand any horse if he be swifâ— will performe this service in regard they alight and doe their service a foote so that when tenne men alight the eleventh holdeth
them in Foot-men 2000. of Curassiers 300. of Harquebuziers 400. the residue of the Carbines and Dragones 500. with their Colonels and their Officers The Colonels and Captains of the Cavalliary may be quartered at the head of their Regiments as you may behold in the figure of the Camp Those marked G. are for the Colonels of the Foot H. for the Captains of the light-Horse-men or Harquebuziers I. for the Captain of the Curassiers or Lances K. for the Captain of the residue of the Carbines and Dragones So there remaines Regiments of an hundred paces broad and one hundred and fifty paces long for the Souldiers to bee quartered in which may by small streets of five paces broad be divided into as many spaces as there are severall Bonds in every Regiment These last divisions of Bonds are omitted in the figure because in so small a plot it would breed confusion This must be observed that the shot bee lodged towards the outside of the Camp that they may bee in readinesse to answer the alarm the which may be done by dividing the utmost seven Regiments into halfe as you may see in the figure by the pricked lines leaving the seaven spaces marked with L. for 7000. Shot and the other with M. for 7000. Pikes all the other Regiments marked with N. are likewise for Pikes and Muskets to the number of 16000. Thus you see in the North moytie of this Camp is quartered all the Foot and Horse the other halfe of this Camp must serve for the quartering of the unarmed as Pioners Carters Carpenters Smiths Sutlers Butchers and all sorts of Mechanicall Artificers together with a large place of assembly for the Souldiers to retire unto to put themselves in order upon any alarm as also to exercise themselves in sundry sorts of activity You shall therefore from the South side of the Generall Pavilion six hundred paces Southward extend out your first main street of fourty paces broad and crosse it againe with another street running East and West three hundred and sixty paces distant from the South side of the Generalls Pavilion this street needs bee but thirty paces in breadth Againe extend the second narrow street that runs paralell to the first main street untill you come to this crosse street last made so have you O. your place of Assembly three hundred and thirty paces broad and five hundred and fourty paces long P. shall be appointed for the Munition and Officers attending upon the Artilery Q. is the Marke-place and round about this Market-place may bee lodged the Butchers Bakers Cooks and Victuallers of all sorts About the place of the Assembly may be the Tents of all such as furnish the Camp with things needfull for the Souldiers as Armourers Taylors Shoo-makers and the like There still remains two long squares of earth either of them 540. paces long and 190. paces broad here the Carts and Wagons with the horse and oxen for the Carriages themselves must alwaies impale that part of the Camp that is not fortified either by nature or art the Pioners likewise may be quartered in this Camp Lastly you shall line out 60. paces distant from all these Regiments and Quarters already set down and there raise the circumference of the intrenchment of the Camp making a good Trench eight or ten foot wide and raise a good Parapet or Brest-work of five or six foot thick and as high with a foot-bank to make the Souldiers of height sufficient to give fire over it your Ordnance is to be plac'd on the same But if the enemy be near and of greater force than your selfe then you must make your Trenches very large and deep with a Rampart and Brest-work of a great height and thicknesse with a Bulwark at each corner and in the midst of the Curtain View the figure following where the line the Ordnance is planted upon demonstrates the sleight Trench and Brest-work which is to be made the enemy being a far distance from you The outmost line with the Bulwarks is the figure of the strongest Intrenchment for security when the enemy is at hand For the Guards and manner of watching I have discoursed of in the beginning of this Discourse and more fully in the latter end of the Discourse of Fortification I intend in the next Chapter to shew you the manner of the Swedes Incampings which I rather affect than this CHAP. V. How the King of Sweden in the late Emperiall Warres used to incamp his Army with Figures to explaine the same THe Swedes in their late German Warres have been very curious in their Incampings in regard of the potency of their enemies and the multiplicity of their Armies and were able by their excellent order and good discipline to performe as great atchievements with their Army of 16000. Souldiers as their enemie could with 20000. For that famous Generall never filed his men above six deep and never above 126. in a Company besides the Officers and in a Regiment but eight Companies which he might the better doe in regard his Souldiers were no novices but admirable apt and pregnant in their exercisings and performances this was one reason of this his only and peculiar way of imbattelling and incamping Likewise the fewnesse of men in his Companies made the more Divisions and Cohorts and the more Officers which he found by experience stood him in great stead and lesse charge to maintain them His incampments were different both from the ancient Romans and our modern Hollanders as you may see by this discription following how he used to enquarter his Regiments of Foot as by the sequent figure you may perceive in the head of the Quarters nine large Square at the upper end of the figure marked with the letter A. all which are the due places for the Colonell and Captains to pitch their Tents upon where you see the word Colonell written and the Captains according to their degrees in seniority and dignity of Office as you may perceive by their Hutes or Tents marked each on the head of his owne Company The number over the Colonells Hutes or Tents shew it to be 48. foot broad viz. twice as broad as any of the Captains Cabbins which are marked with 24. at each end of these rowes of Squares you see the number 30. marked which shews how many foot long each of these great Hutes are Now whereas the King of Swedens discipline was usually to have but eight Companies to a Regiment so many Hutes you see on the top of the Quarter four on each side the Colonels And the reason why this famous Warriour had so few in a Regiment as 1008. and consequently so few in a private Company as 126. those 1008. being divided amongst eight Captains was that he might have the more places of preferment and the more Officers to command these few men This is a greater advantage than our Ancestours were aware of and it were happy if our English Companies were reduced into 126. men
wresty Horse goe forwards How to make a shie horse gentle How to make a horse hardy and bold in the warres By trotting the Ring you may embolden your Horse The Dragoones are the fittest to give the on set because they doe their execution at a further distance The Firelocke is â—â—rest to give fire and not so apt to be out of 〈◊〉 besides they will indure Spâ—nd 24. houres together without â—urting them Description of a Ranke Description of a File Twentie in length That the Troope may move orderly and keepe their distances truely let the whole Troope move all at an instant viz. when the Front moves then the Reare to be ready so shall they bee seldome found to erre In Marching or Trooping through a Towne forget not to have your Peeces spand and holding them in your hand with their mouthes upwards and the butt end resting upon your thigh The Figure of the foure Divisions drawne into Battallia The distinctions of the sounds of Trumpet described The proportion of powder usually required for a true charge of any peece is almost halfe the weight in powder of the bullet Some will not have a Cuirassiere to give fire untill he hath plac't his Pistoll under his enemies armour You may place the Pumâ—ell of your Sword upon your right thigh and directing it with your right hand to the place you intend to hit viz. the belly or arme pits or his throat They must be taught to be excellent marks-men for the manner of handling them the directions of the Pistoll may serve for instruction Edmunds observation upon Câ—sars Com. In those Kingdomes that are fortified with strong Garrison Townes there shall neede no such armâ— for those townes are ready to performe the same Office that this Armie should doe * The forme of their standing in Battalia ready for exercise To cause them to face to the right hand is performed by commanding * To the right hand This motion is performed by turning all at once and the same time to the right hand Thus the Front is where the right Flanke was To reduce them to their first forme the word of command is This is performed by turning to the left hand from thence to face them to the left you command This is performed by turning towards the left from hence they are to be reduced by commanding Which they doe by turning to the right Now to face them to the Reare though it be most proper to doe it by the right hand yet for the more ready way you must command This is performed by turning towards the left hand untill their faces Front to that place which was before the Reare To reduce them to their first forme the word of Command is Every other ranke passeth into the rank before them upon the right hand of his leader To reduce them the word of Command is Which is best done by causing those rankes which doubled to stand and those which stood to advance This motion differs nothing from the former onely where as before they doubled to the right now they double to the left hand of their Leaders To reduce them the word of Command is To performe this the second File passeth into the first every man behinde his sideman this must be done throughout the Company at one instant the o are the places where the Files that removed did stand They are reduced by commanding The difference betweene this and the former motion is the difference of hands so that those Files that before moved are now to stand view the Figure They are reduc't by commanding To performe this the middlemen double the first ranke on the right hand the other two Rankes double the two folowing Rankes as is manifest in the Figure To reduce them the word is But in regard of the combersomnesse of the horse in turning to cause them that double to stand and the first division to advance This motion onely differs from the former in the hand The reducing of them is shewed in the former motion In this motion the last Ranke passeth into the first and so successively as the Figure demonstrates it They are reduced by saying For the convenient turning of the horse it is best to beginne with the left hand This Figure is after the Corean manner There are divers other formes of countermarching which are to be performed as well by Rankes as by Files as the Lacedemonian and Macedonian but in regard of brevity they are here omitted All the Files are to close from the right and left towards the middle of the body Note when you intend to wheele your Files must first be closed and then the Rankes and when you command them to open againe the Rankes are first and then the Files To performe this all the Rankes move forwards saving the first which standeth the second ranke being advanc't up to its distance stands so all the rest When the horses are to wheele the Commander must take a reasonable Compasse for they cannot possibly doe it in such exact manner as the foote for they must be allowed a farre greater space in regard of the combersomenes of the horse To performe this motion all the body moveth to the left upon the left file leader as the Center The wheeling to the left hand is the readiest way unlesse some impediments hinders wherefore that is first nominated although it bee more proper to begin with the right the wheeling to the right is for brevity omitted To reduce them wheele to the right hand as you were There is also wheeling to the right or left about wheeling wings into the front they are here omited for brevitie To reduce them into their first order first the Rankes are to be opened then the files In opening the rankes the best way is to doe it by opening forwards It was attributed to Iason Foure kindes of Rhombes â— described Euelide defineth a Rhombe to be a square Figure that hath the sides equall but the Angles not right viz. the foure-sides of the square are of one and the same length but the points which make the Angles are two of them stretched out in length and become more sharpe the other two are more blunt than a Tetragonall square A Rhombe neither filing nor ranking The Thess alonians used this forme of imbattelling their Troopes The termes used by Commanders in former ages as Pâ—li l. 4. 217. A Rhombe ranking but not filing Leo Chap. 5. Sect. 3. and Cap. 6. Sect. 39. Leo Cap 7. Sect. 81 Cap. 14. Sect. 70. Leo Cap 14. Sect. 108 109. Plutarch in Liâ—urgo Leo Cap. 12. Sect. 4â— Their horse Troopes charged the Enemy in Phalang and not by rankes as we doe Leo ibidem reade Bingham upon Aliâ—ns Tacticks pag. 106. Caesar against Pompey did the like and Eâ—aâ—mondas against the Lacedemonians Soâ—e Generalls have 〈…〉 range 〈…〉 second 〈…〉 by a large 〈…〉 â—ront 〈…〉 but 〈…〉 Flank◠〈…〉 battell to 〈…〉 Inâ—anâ—ry Not to charge the enemies foote Troopes
are to make incursions upon the Enemy and to discover his marches and designes Moreover there must be good store of Ordnance especially some peeces for they will be able to doe better Serviue than the great Canons in two respects as first the expence of Powder will be lesse Secondly they are easier to be removed from place to place as occasion shall bee offered The well managing and orderings in such a Fort is of great consequence for we must conceive an Enemy is at three times the Expences let him be as provident as he can Further the Enemy being constrained to lose his time and spend his meanes and Treasure by bringing an Army against them which shall eyther cause them to raise their Siedge as Grave Maurice Van Nassaw did at the Siedge of Bergen-up-zone he marching his Army to Rosandâ—ll caused Marquesse Spinola to raise his Siedge Otherwise a greater advantage may be taken as the same Noble Prince once did Ost-end being beleaguered he thinking to have raised the Siedge of Duke John de Austria finding him so strongly intrencht retreated with his Armie and pitcht before Sluce and suddainly tooke it Thus you may see the properties of a strong Garrison how necessary they are in all respects such imperfections as cannot be eschewed must be borne withall seeking to prevent them in the best and safest manner we may I hope this discourse will give a reasonable satisfaction to any man that is an ingenuous Souldier as for others I leave them to censure like themselves In the following Chapter we will discourse of the diversitie of Moderne Fortifications CHAP. XXVI Of foure kindes of Fortifying now in use French Spanish Italian and Holland and first of the manner of Fortifying in France HAving formerly spoken of the first inventions of Fortifications and how they have beene reduc'd from imperfect to better formes but because all mens opinions and judgements are various and not a like assenting one esteeming one fashion to be best and others of a quite contrary conceit maintaine that another forme is better Therefore principally I have made choice to discourse of and decipher these foure kindes of Fortifyings and the rather because these Countries lying open to their Enemies have beene very ingenuous to fortifie their Townes for their better security very strongly for in such places there is nothing of greater consequence belonging to State affaires than an absolute forme in fortifying and in discoursing of their severall inventions wee will compare the properties and improperties of them together and so follow the best forme and eschew the worst The French are opinionated the face of the Bulworke should bee defended by Musketiers therefore they will not have the defence of the flanke to the point of the Bulworke to be of greater distance than musket-shot which is not above 120. paces Likewise they will have the defence of the Bulworke to be taken onely from the Flanke the reason is because the Angle of the point of the Bulworke is more obtuse then if they should take the defence from the Curtin and so consequently more firme and strong for to resist the Battery They will likewise have a good Mote with a kinde of Parapet running in the middest of it which betweene the two Bulworkes hath a kinde of worke for souldiers to defend the breach of the flankes which they terme Cune this Mote is to be full of water at Deusbrough in Gelderland they raised in the Mote in the equall distance betweene the Bulworks onely a kinde of halfe Moon extending it selfe like to this Figure These kinde of workes they hold very necessary to prevent an Enemy from any suddaine surprizes by laying over Bridges or comming over in leather Boates a continuall watch being kept there prevents their designes the Figure followes CHAP. XXVII How the French fortifie their Irregular Figures VPon a Line of 100. Toises they will have formed a single Tenaille Vpon a Line of 100. or 150. Toises they will have raised two Bastions Vpon a Line of a 150. or 200. Toises they raise a double Tenaille or two halfe Bulworks Vpon a Line of 250. Toises they raise one Bastion and two halfe Bastions For better demonstration of this we will suppose an Irregular peece of ground to be fortified as Q R S T V and in regard no ground is to be lost we must first consider all the severall measures at the out-most sides of it and first drawing a right Line as A B of 250. Toises and upon the same Line followes these precedent Rules they raise there one Bastion and two halfes taken from the Octagon looke at the point A. Likewise from the point A draw a Line from A. P of 150. Toises or thereabouts upon the which they raise two halfe Bastions then drawing the Line P O upon the which they raise one Bastion and two halfes according as the first is and also as the Line O X hath and also of all the rest according as they shall finde the length or distances Many times they desire the wall of the Towne should be secured from the Curtin Next after this following Figure I shall draw another Figure that shall demonstrate that kinde of flanking from the Curtin Moreover when your French Engineeres fortifie an Irregulrr Figure and that the line of defence is to be taken from the Curtins then suppose the place to be fortified to be B A P L N M. O and that the Wall being set in the outmost verge of the ground must serve for the Curtines wholly The figure being proportioned as you see the next following is they draw a Line from C D E F of 400. Toises where they finde there must be raised upon the same Line one Bastion and two halfes and one simple Tenaille viz. the Bastion E the two halfe ones D and F and the single Tenaille D C and having drawne the Lines round the Towne leaving sufficient distance betweene the Walles for to raise the Bastions then they take the space of 100. or 110. Toises from the flanke of one Bulworke to the point of the other Thus every Bastion will stand right within musket-shot to be defended as the Regular Figures are This they use onely for the fortifying of some old Wall in haste and without much charge otherwise a Rampart may be raised of earth and these Workes made to it The Figure followes CHAP. XXVIII The manner of the Spaniards fortifying THe manner of the Spaniards fortifying differs nothing from the French for they hold the same Rules viz. They take their defence from the Flankes and they observe the same distance from the flanke to the Pointe of the Bulworke onely they use greater compast shoulders to cover their flankes as you may perceive by the Figure following marked A. Note that he that intends to fortifie must have a speciall regard to the matter he intends to put in execution and to the potencie of his Enemie to the end he may apply
a convenient remedie to every thing that shall require it for if we have to doe with a puissant politike Enemy we must spare no cost and charge not onely to fortifie but also to make the workes large and spacious and of able strength to resist the battering Canon to the end likewise they may make divers re-intrenchments lest it should happen as once it did to the Spaniards at the Fort called the Golette which was made to keepe the Haven for the King of Spaine but having by experience found the defects of it they having observed the true rules of forming it their errour was in making the Bulworkes too little so that when the Turke came with his great Army there could not men be plac'd to defend it As we shal afterwards discourse of the Line of defence of the perfection of it as I may terme it because in the just proportion thereof depends the conservation of the Fortresse Wherefere now we use to make our Bulworkes larger when we first raise them for should they be too small there were no helpe but if our Enemy be but weake in his forces in such a case wee shall not need to be at that cost and labour to make our Workes so large onely the Walles raised with earth and Palizadoed about with Bulworkes without shoulders Likewise the out-workes as Halfe-Moones and Horne-workes and the like may bee spared so that the Workes be made according to Rule and the Mote full of water will be sufficient to keepe the Enemy from surprizing it View the Figure following CHAP. XXIX Of the Venetians manner of Fortification THe Venetians have found by experience the Rules and Maximes of the Spaniards touching the manner of their defences they having small differences as is to bee seene by that admirable fortified Towne in the Isle of Crete named Nicolia with his Bulworkes well ordered onely they were too little not having space sufficient in them for retrenchment the Turke besieged it and wonne it with the Fort of Fumogasta and all the Isle of Crete which the Turkes possesse to this day they finding the inconveniences insident to these small Workes they began to make their Workes more spacious in the Towne of Palma la nova upon the flankes thereof they might place more men for defence and likewise they might re-intrench the oftner For their Enemy the Turke was most potent and likewise the Emperor wherefore they made spacious Bulworkes which they termed Bulworkes Royall viz. large spacious workes with large bouted shoulders as the Figure following will better instruct you CHAP. XXX A Comparison betweene the Rules of Fortification handled in this Treatise with the Rules of others with certaine Answers to divers Objections in Fortification IN the beginning of this discourse of Fortification we have fully described the Rules how to fortifie after the Low-Country manner being the most absolutest manner that can be invented we will not lose the time to repeat it againe they being drawne with the same proportions that at this day is or ought to bee used in all places in Europe that is famous for Fortification And in our progression we will indeavour to make some comparisons betwixt our moderne way of fortifying and the ancient manner formerly used From thence we shall draw the knowledge of the perfection of this Art how farre it exceeds the writings and practises of former Ages First we will begin with the Spanish and French and by the way let us observe the oppositions that the French will have about the Line of Defence in their Fortifications The principall Enginieres in France as also Errard de Barledce which hath writ of Fortification and he would have the defence of the Bulworke to to be 100. Toises which is 120. Venetian paces that is 60. feet English by the Rule 12. inches to each foot to the end sayes he that it may be defended with Muskets â—lledging further that the Canon can doe no great hurt or damage in regard of the uncertaintie of the shot and because they cannot be discharged so often as the Muskets but there will be a great deale of intermission betwixt shot and shot He further opposes that the defence ought to be taken from the Flanke because sayes he it makes the Bulworke more obtuse in his Angle-Flanke To these oppositions we must make answer altogether because the remedies of one of these faults depends upon that of the other And first we must know and hold for a Maxime infallible that no Fortresse but ought to be made with all advantages so that it may be able to defend against a great number as if I should say the advantage must be so great that one man may resist ten this being taken for a ground and Rule we come now to confute this French opinion viz The Line of Defence they hold ought not to bee above 100. Toises or sixtie feet English or 120 to be the most because saith he 120 or 144. Toises is the furthest a Musket can shoot to defend with them further the Canon they alledge is of small validitie in regard of its uncertaintie in shooting so that it doth small damage to the Enemy If the French Enginieres will maintaine this Argument they must of necessity destroy the Flankes making them so small for the lodging of Musketiers in them but I say that cannot be done because they must be larger to lodge farre more Souldiers for the defence of the Fortresse for they ought to be 17. Toises large with the Shoulders as Mr. Errard intends to give to each Flanke which amounts to some 20. paces 5. foot to each pace and this is but capable to lodge 34. Souldiers on the sayd Flanke allowing 3. foot distance for each Souldier to use his Armes in Now doe but observe how the Enemy will have a wonderfull advantage by making his approaches in his roling Trenches and Mines under the earth which shall bring them to the Counter-scarpe where being arrived they can raise their Batteries and cause their Ordnance to beate continually upon the heads of the Musketiers that defend the Flankes or the place that is to be assaulted so that they cannot be able to make resistance or to doe them any hurt from the Walles besides the Mote being large the Enemy may lodge in his Workes three times as many Souldiers which shall continually shoot against the Hankes of the Fort and keepe them under so that their defence will be to no purpose Moreover the Enemy having raised his Batteries within distance hee will soone beate those Musketiers from off the Shoulders of the Bulworke causing them to retreat they having then but the space which is rescued by the Flanke being but 6. or 7. Toises which is but distance enough for 12. or 14. Souldiers how doe you thinke then they shall bee able to resist 300. which shall be upon the Counter-scarp and under it Furthermore I demand if he will not have the Flankes defended with Ordnance how