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it_o and_o stand_v to_o it_o but_o they_o do_v not_o consider_v when_o they_o think_v to_o make_v this_o brestwork_n strong_a that_o they_o quite_o overthrow_v the_o end_n it_o be_v make_v for_o which_o be_v that_o the_o besiege_a might_n safe_o sally_v out_o upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o in_o their_o return_n enjoy_v a_o safe_a retreat_n both_o which_o will_v be_v hinder_v by_o a_o ditch_n make_v about_o it_o insomuch_o that_o if_o the_o townsman_n do_v not_o make_v it_o it_o will_v seem_v fit_a for_o the_o enemy_n to_o make_v chap._n xii_o a_o orthographical_a table_n of_o regular_n fortification_n this_o table_n be_v collect_v out_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o four_o forego_v chapter_n  _fw-fr max._n med_n min._n rhynland_a foot_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampar_n a_o e._n 84_o 72_o 60_o the_o inward_a talu_n or_o line_n form_v the_o sloap_n ab_fw-la 18_o 6_o 14_o the_o outward_a talu_n e_o f._n 9_o 8_o 7_o the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n b_o l._n 18_o 16_o 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or_o bankside_n lisier_n r_n s_o 6_o 6_o 6_o the_o upper_a width_n of_o the_o ditch_n s_o five_o 132_o 108_o 84_o the_o outward_a &_o inward_a talu_n of_o the_o ditch_n shall_z v._o 5_o 12_o 12_o 10_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ditch_n h_o 8_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 12_o 12_o 10_o the_o width_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ditch_n 87_o 108_o 184_o 64_o the_o covert_a way_n v_o x_o 21_o 17_o 15_o its_o step_n or_o banquet_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr the_o base_a of_o the_o out-brestwork_a λ_n z_o 79_o 70_o 69_o its_o height_n 6_o 6_o 6_o for_o the_o base_a of_o the_o out-brestwork_a work_v according_a to_o the_o rule_v deliver_v in_o the_o 11._o chap._n num_fw-la 3._o i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v max._n med._n min._n 82._o 75_o ¼_n 69._o therefore_o dogen_n and_o fritach_n be_v out_o in_o their_o account_n the_o first_o column_n show_v you_o the_o large_a and_o strong_a orthography_n which_o be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o great_a force_n of_o the_o besieger_n the_o second_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v a_o indifferent_a siege_n the_o three_o be_v make_v against_o the_o least_o strength_n which_o be_v usual_o send_v against_o to_n but_o here_o we_o only_o treat_v of_o the_o fort_n themselves_o i_o shall_v hereafter_o give_v you_o the_o orthography_n of_o castle_n and_o outwork_n and_o again_o i_o have_v no_o proportion_n or_o respect_n to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o figure_n or_o polygon_n as_o many_o engineer_n have_v who_o for_o no_o reason_n as_o i_o can_v tell_v give_v to_o a_o pentagon_n a_o different_a orthography_n from_o that_o which_o they_o give_v to_o a_o hexagon_n or_o a_o nonagon_n for_o a_o strong_a or_o weak_a orthography_n be_v to_o be_v give_v a_o fortification_n not_o as_o it_o have_v more_o or_o less_o angle_n or_o bulwork_n but_o as_o it_o ought_v to_o resist_v a_o great_a or_o less_o strength_n of_o a_o enemy_n note_v if_o the_o fortification_n be_v make_v without_o a_o fauss-bray_a the_o out-brestwork_a will_v have_v another_o base_a for_o 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fortification_n by_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o whole_a ditch_n such_o a_o one_o be_v f_o e_o g_o h_o in_o the_o 10_o figure_n its_o face_n be_v f_o e_o g_o e._n it_o want_v as_o i_o say_v for_o the_o most_o part_n flanque_n yet_o it_o admit_v of_o they_o when_o it_o be_v build_v before_o gate_n which_o then_o will_v be_v about_o 8_o or_o 9_o perch_n towards_o the_o enemy_n it_o be_v build_v with_o a_o rampar_n and_o brestwork_n and_o lie_v open_a towards_o the_o fortification_n lest_o it_o may_v shelter_v the_o enemy_n when_o he_o have_v possess_v it_o it_o be_v raise_v but_o a_o little_a height_n above_o the_o level_n of_o the_o ground_n that_o it_o may_v be_v better_o defend_v from_o the_o main_a fortification_n and_o the_o plain_n the_o better_o scour_v by_o it_o it_o be_v angle_n must_v not_o be_v less_o than_o 60_o degr_n nor_o more_o than_o a_o right_a angle_n the_o length_n of_o the_o face_n be_v determine_v in_o regular_a fortification_n numb_a 3._o if_o they_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o courtine_n that_o be_v above_o its_o just_a length_n observe_v this_o that_o the_o face_n must_v not_o be_v long_o than_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n therefore_o they_o may_v be_v about_o 40_o 50_o or_o 60_o pace_n ii_o concern_v their_o place_n and_o how_o they_o be_v defend_v for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v raise_v before_o gate_n and_o courtine_n but_o never_o before_o the_o bulwork_n the_o 10_o figure_n show_v the_o situation_n of_o it_o as_o it_o lie_v before_o a_o courtine_n it_o be_v best_a to_o have_v it_o of_o such_o a_o breadth_n as_o may_v cover_v the_o courtine_n only_o and_o not_o the_o flanque_n for_o then_o it_o be_v defend_v by_o the_o face_n and_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwork_n that_o it_o lie_v betwixt_o iii_o the_o make_n of_o it_o be_v various_a but_o this_o be_v most_o approve_a 10._o fig._n 10._o raise_v a_o infinite_a perpendicle_n from_o the_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o courtine_n s_o from_o this_o line_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ditch_n cut_v off_o h_n e_o equal_a to_o ¾_n or_o ⅔_n or_o ½_n of_o the_o face_n then_o from_o the_o point_n e_o draw_v straight_o line_n either_o to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o courtine_n a_o b_o and_z this_z will_v be_v the_o best_a form_n for_o the_o raveline_n for_o the_o whole_a courtine_n be_v cover_v by_o the_o raveline_n and_o the_o raveline_n itself_o not_o only_o scour_v and_o defend_v by_o the_o face_n but_o by_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwork_n also_o or_o to_o some_o other_o point_n of_o the_o flanque_fw-fr or_o to_o the_o
end_n of_o the_o flanque_fw-fr c_o d_o those_o part_n of_o these_o strait_a line_n f_o e_o g_o e_o cut_v off_o from_o the_o bankside_n of_o the_o ditch_n towards_o e_o be_v the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n 1._o another_o way_n on_o the_o centre_n a_o b_o the_o extreme_a point_n of_o the_o courtine_n with_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o same_o courtine_n describe_v two_o arch_n intersect_v one_o another_o in_o e._n 2._o produce_v the_o marginal_a line_n of_o the_o ditch_n φ_n 1_o m_o l_o till_o they_o meet_v at_o the_o point_n h_n then_o from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o flanque_n c_o d_o draw_v straight_o line_n to_o the_o point_n e_o that_o may_v cut_v the_o marginal_a line_n of_o the_o ditch_n in_o f_o g_o and_z f_o e_o g_o h_o shall_v be_v the_o perfect_a delineation_n of_o the_o raveline_n the_o face_n be_v f_o e_o g_o e_o the_o gorge_n line_n be_v f_o h_n g_o h._n 1._o another_o way_n bisect_v the_o gorge_n line_n of_o the_o bulwark_n a_o r_n b_o q_o in_o the_o point_n o_o p_o then_o draw_v strait_a line_n from_o the_o point_n o_o p_o by_o the_o end_n of_o the_o flanque_n c_o d_o till_o thewy_o meet_v one_o another_o in_o the_o point_n e._n 2._o then_o produce_v the_o out-line_n of_o the_o ditch_n φ_n i_o m_o l_o till_o they_o meet_v in_o h_n and_o cut_v the_o former_a line_n in_o f_o g_o so_o shall_v f_o e_o g_o h_o be_v the_o ravelin_n require_v iv_o the_o orthography_n and_o ichnographie_n or_o the_o profile_n and_o plain_n this_o table_n follow_v show_v the_o height_n and_o breadth_n of_o each_o part_n the_o three_o column_n show_v the_o orthography_n of_o the_o outwork_n of_o breda_n the_o first_o and_o four_o show_v the_o orthography_n of_o the_o large_a the_o second_o and_o five_o of_o the_o middle_a size_n the_o six_o show_v the_o least_o the_o four_o last_o column_n be_v take_v out_o of_o dogen_n this_o table_n do_v not_o serve_v only_o for_o ravelin_n but_o for_o all_o manner_n of_o outwork_n a_o table_n for_o the_o build_n of_o outwork_n rhynland_a foot_n  _fw-fr max._n med._n bred._n stab_n min._n st_o temp._n the_o low_a breadth_n of_o the_o ramp_n 40_o 36_o 44_o 36_o 24_o 20_o the_o outward_a talu_n of_o the_o ramp_n 3_o 2_o 6_o 3_o 2_o 2_o the_o inward_a talu_n of_o the_o ramp_n 6_o 4_o 8_o 6_o 4_o 4_o the_o height_n of_o the_o rampar_n 6_o 4_o 8_o 6_o 4_o 4_o the_o upper_a thickness_n of_o the_o ram._n 31_o 30_o 30_o 27_o 18_o 14_o the_o base_a of_o the_o brestwork_n 15_o 15_o 16¼_n 13_o 10_o 8_o the_o outward_a talu_n of_o the_o brestw_n 2_o 2_o 3¼_n 2_o 2_o 2_o the_o inward_a talu_n of_o the_o brestw_n 1_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 1_o 1_o the_o outward_a height_n of_o the_o breast_n 2_o 2_o 5_o 4_o 4_o 4_o the_o inward_a height_n of_o the_o brestw_n 6_o 6_o 6_o 6_o 6_o 6_o the_o upper_a thickness_n of_o the_o breast_n 15_o 12_o 12_o 10_o 7_o 5_o the_o height_n of_o the_o step_n 1½_n 1½_n 1½_n 1½_n 1½_n 1½_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o step_n 3_o 3_o 3_o 3_o 3_o 3_o the_o walk_n on_o the_o ramp_n 12_o 10_o 10_o 1_o â—_o 11_o 5_o 3_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o forego_n table_n rhynland_a foot_n  _fw-fr max._n med._n bred._n stab_n min._n st_o temp._n the_o border_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o ram._n 3_o 3_o 6_o 3_o 3_o 2_o the_o width_n of_o the_o ditch_n 48_o 30_o 42_o 30_o 24_o 16_o the_o outward_a talu_n of_o the_o ditch_n 10_o 8_o 7_o 8_o 6_o 4_o the_o inward_a talu_n of_o the_o ditch_n 10_o 8_o 7_o 8_o 6_o 4_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ditch_n 10_o 8_o 7_o 8_o 6_o 6_o the_o width_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o d._n 18_o 14_o 28_o 14_o 12_o 8_o prop._n ii_o of_o the_o halfmoon_n or_o helmet_n i._o its_o definition_n and_o place_n halfmoon_n for_o the_o most_o part_n do_v not_o differ_v from_o ravelin_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o bigness_n perhaps_o they_o have_v this_o name_n give_v they_o because_o those_o which_o be_v build_v before_o bulwork_n be_v arch_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o crescent_a on_o that_o side_n which_o lie_v towards_o the_o bulwark_n they_o be_v place_v upon_o the_o covert-way_n which_o be_v beyond_o the_o ditch_n so_o that_o their_o capital_a line_n produce_v cut_v the_o courtine_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n they_o be_v build_v also_o before_o the_o angle_n of_o bulwork_n as_o i_o say_v but_o the_o great_a use_n of_o they_o be_v in_o irregular_a fortification_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o ii_o their_o form_n let_v not_o their_o angle_n be_v less_o than_o 60_o degr_n nor_o more_o than_o 90_o degr_n let_v their_o height_n be_v but_o indifferent_a and_o not_o distant_a from_o the_o rampar_n above_o musquet-shot_a that_o they_o may_v be_v defend_v by_o the_o rampar_n when_o they_o be_v build_v on_o the_o covert-way_n their_o face_n must_v be_v 25_o or_o 30_o pace_n let_v the_o thickness_n of_o their_o rampar_n be_v 15_o or_o 20_o foot_n and_o they_o must_v be_v so_o large_a as_o to_o receive_v 100_o or_o 150_o soldier_n iii_o their_o delineation_n 1._o in_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a v_n as_o in_o a_o centre_n with_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o ditch_n v_o m_o describe_v a_o arch_n and_o produce_v the_o capital_a line_n infinite_o cut_v the_o arch_n in_o α._n 2._o on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ditch_n cut_v off_o α_n x_o from_o the_o capital_a line_n produce_v which_o be_v â…”_n of_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwark_n and_o from_o the_o point_v h_n and_o λ_n where_o the_o gorge_fw-fr line_n of_o the_o ravelin_n intersect_v one_o another_o draw_v unto_o λ_n the_o line_n h_n x_o λ_n x._o 3._o produce_v the_o face_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a φ_n v_n φ_n v_n till_o they_o cut_v the_o line_n h_n x_o λ_n x_o in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o arch_n in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o the_o fichant_n line_n of_o the_o fauss-bray_a continue_v on_o 2_o five_o 3_o v_z may_v determine_v these_o intersection_n so_o have_v you_o a_o halfmoon_n delineate_v place_v before_o a_o bulwark_n who_o face_n be_v x_o ζ_n x_o â—_o and_o its_o flanque_n but_o open_a be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o delineation_n of_o other_o halfmoon_n be_v like_o that_o of_o ravelin_n the_o orthography_n and_o ichnographie_n be_v have_v out_o of_o the_o forego_n proposition_n chap._n xiii_o numb_a 4._o iv_o its_o use_n and_o conveniency_n it_o be_v the_o weak_a of_o all_o the_o outwork_n since_o it_o can_v entertain_v a_o good_a quantity_n of_o soldier_n to_o defend_v it_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o strait_n and_o be_v also_o with_o more_o difficulty_n defend_v from_o the_o fortification_n therefore_o these_o halfmoon_n seem_v to_o be_v hurtful_a to_o the_o fortification_n unless_o they_o be_v arm_v with_o these_o caution_n to_o wit_n that_o ravelin_n be_v build_v on_o both_o side_n and_o that_o they_o consist_v only_o of_o face_n be_v altogether_o without_o flanque_n otherwise_o be_v possess_v by_o the_o enemy_n they_o can_v be_v hot_a from_o the_o ravelin_n and_o at_o last_o let_v they_o be_v every_o where_n within_o musquet-shot_a yet_o if_o all_o this_o be_v perform_v it_o will_v be_v still_o doubtful_a whether_o they_o be_v useful_a or_o not_o wherefore_o they_o seem_v not_o to_o be_v build_v without_o peculiar_a necessity_n prop._n iii_o of_o the_o horn-work_n i._o its_o definition_n and_o kind_n 10._o fig._n 10._o that_o outwork_n that_o run_v far_a into_o the_o field_n with_o two_o strait_a side_n object_v to_o the_o enemy_n two_o half-bulworks_a be_v call_v a_o horn-work_n the_o ten_o figure_n show_v a_o example_n of_o it_o there_o be_v three_o kind_n of_o horn-work_n the_o first_o have_v its_o side_n incline_v to_o one_o another_o towards_o the_o field_n the_o second_o towards_o the_o fortification_n and_o the_o three_o be_v parallel_n ii_o its_o place_n and_o form_n they_o be_v build_v opposite_a to_o the_o courtine_n or_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o bulwark_n beyond_o the_o out-brestwork_a yet_o they_o be_v better_o defend_v if_o they_o cover_v the_o courtine_n than_o if_o the_o bulwark_n especial_o if_o the_o side_n be_v parallel_n for_o when_o they_o cover_v the_o bulwork_n with_o parallel_a side_n they_o receive_v no_o other_o defence_n than_o from_o the_o courtine_n and_o that_o to_o little_a purpose_n since_o at_o so_o great_a a_o distance_n beside_o after_o this_o manner_n the_o work_n will_v be_v too_o narrow_a yet_o if_o they_o be_v to_o be_v place_v before_o bulwork_n it_o be_v altogether_o necessary_a the_o side_n shall_v incline_v to_o one_o another_o towards_o the_o bulwork_n that_o so_o they_o may_v not_o take_v in_o all_o the_o face_n but_o exclude_v some_o part_n of_o they_o from_o which_o they_o may_v be_v defend_v
see_v the_o construction_n in_o dogen_n pag._n 160_o 161._o if_o they_o be_v build_v before_o the_o courtine_n let_v their_o side_n be_v rather_o parallel_v and_o perpendicular_a on_o the_o courtine_n if_o they_o cover_v the_o whole_a courtine_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o and_o as_o we_o have_v express_v in_o the_o figure_n their_o defence_n will_v be_v from_o the_o face_n of_o those_o bulwork_n that_o the_o courtine_n lie_v betwixt_o if_o it_o do_v not_o cover_v the_o whole_a courtine_n as_o other_o will_v have_v it_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o side_n will_v be_v the_o great_a to_o wit_n both_o from_o the_o face_n of_o the_o bulwork_n and_o from_o part_n of_o the_o courtine_n betwixt_o the_o horn-work_n and_o the_o courtine_n there_o be_v common_o raise_v a_o raveline_n nay_o before_o the_o work_n itself_o betwixt_o each_o of_o its_o horn_n a_o raveline_n or_o rather_o a_o halfmoon_n may_v be_v build_v to_o conclude_v you_o will_v add_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o strength_n to_o this_o work_n if_o you_o make_v some_o retrenchment_n but_o of_o that_o afterward_o iii_o its_o delineation_n 1._o let_v there_o be_v draw_v two_o parallel_n e_z i_o f_o k_o for_o the_o side_n of_o the_o horn-work_n from_o the_o out-brestwork_a towards_o the_o field_n at_o such_o a_o distance_n that_o if_o they_o be_v produce_v towards_o the_o main_a work_n they_o may_v fall_v in_o a_o strait_a line_n with_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o bulwork_n or_o if_o you_o desire_v a_o less_o breadth_n for_o the_o horn-work_n let_v they_o fall_v within_o the_o flanque_n on_o the_o courtine_n itself_o but_o the_o end_n of_o these_o side_n must_v not_o be_v above_o musquet-shot_a from_o the_o rampar_n wherefore_o they_o must_v not_o run_v beyond_o the_o rampar_n above_o sixty_o rhynland_a perch_n yet_o these_o sixty_o rhynland_a perch_n use_v to_o be_v count_v from_o the_o out-brestwork_a that_o so_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n may_v be_v the_o more_o infest_a join_v e_o f_o on_o which_o make_v the_o angle_n f_o e_o g_o e_o f_o h_n twenty_o five_o degree_n each_o then_o bisect_v one_o of_o these_o f_o e_o g_o with_o the_o right_a line_n e_o l_o meeting_n with_o f_o h_n in_o c_z then_z from_z e_z g_z cut_z off_z e_z d_o equal_a to_o f_o c_o so_fw-mi will_v f_o c_o e_o d_o be_v the_o face_n of_o the_o half_a bulwork_n 3._o from_o the_o point_n d_o and_o c_o draw_v d_o a_n and_o c_o b_o equal_a and_o parallel_v to_o e_o i_o and_o f_o k_n for_o the_o flanque_n of_o the_o horn_n and_o join_v the_o courtine_n a_o b_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o flanque_n d_o a_n and_o c_o b_o to_o the_o face_n will_v be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o use_v to_o be_v in_o regular_a fortification_n also_o after_o this_o manner_n follow_v the_o capital_a and_o gorge_n line_n the_o flanque_n and_o courtine_n will_v be_v with_o more_o ease_n determine_v for_o ⅓_n of_o e_o f_o give_v the_o capital_n e_o n_n and_o f_o m_o also_o ⅓_n of_o m_o n_n or_o e_o f_o give_v the_o gorge_n line_n n_o at_fw-fr m_o b_o and_o there_o remain_v for_o the_o courtine_n a_o b_o also_o ⅓_n the_o right_a line_n m_o e_z n_o f_o will_v determine_v the_o length_n of_o the_o flanque_n raise_v from_o a_o and_o b_o and_o so_o also_o the_o face_n e_o d_o f_o c_o will_v be_v find_v these_o thing_n be_v do_v a_o horn-work_n be_v delineate_v such_o as_o use_n to_o be_v stretch_v before_o the_o courtine_n in_o a_o regular_a fortification_n the_o delineation_n of_o the_o rest_n will_v be_v perform_v almost_o by_o the_o like_a method_n have_v always_o a_o respect_n to_o the_o place_n note_n that_o here_o be_v a_o twofold_a practice_n in_o build_v horn-work_n 1._o that_o the_o courtine_n may_v be_v determine_v by_o the_o face_n 2._o the_o face_n by_o the_o courtine_n iv_o its_o use_n if_o ravelin_n halfmoon_n and_o horn-work_n be_v build_v about_o a_o fortify_v place_n the_o fortification_n be_v account_v most_o complete_a and_o perfect_a who_o use_n consist_v most_o in_o this_o 1._o they_o keep_v off_o the_o enemy_n far_o from_o the_o fortification_n 2._o they_o be_v take_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o difficulty_n for_o they_o be_v defend_v from_o the_o courtine_n from_o the_o bulwork_n and_o from_o the_o adjacent_a work_n and_o some_o line_n from_o the_o out-brestwork_a itself_o 3._o be_v take_v and_o possess_v they_o can_v hardly_o be_v keep_v because_o they_o lie_v open_a towards_o the_o fortification_n 4._o horn-work_n be_v most_o destructive_a to_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o under_o their_o shelter_n the_o besiege_a may_v work_v counter_a as_o occasion_n shall_v offer_v etc._n etc._n prop._n iu._n of_o the_o have_v in_o french_a tenaile_n i._o their_o definition_n and_o kind_n they_o be_v outwork_n that_o differ_v from_o horn-work_n almost_o only_o in_o this_o that_o instead_o of_o two_o half_a bulwork_n they_o have_v only_o a_o external_a angle_n and_o this_o sort_n be_v call_v the_o single_a one_o it_o it_o call_v the_o double_a one_o when_o it_o have_v two_o outward_a angle_n with_o one_o inward_a the_o twelve_o figure_n show_v the_o single_a one_o the_o thirteen_o the_o double_a one_o now_o this_o outward_a angle_n be_v that_o which_o be_v without_o the_o figure_n and_o who_o side_n incline_v inward_o the_o inward_a be_v that_o which_o be_v within_o the_o figure_n with_o its_o side_n run_v outward_a ii_o their_o place_n the_o same_o as_o that_o of_o the_o horn-work_n yet_o it_o will_v hardly_o be_v expedient_a to_o lay_v they_o before_o bulwork_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o weakness_n of_o which_o num._n 4._o iii_o its_o delineation_n 12._o fig._n 12._o you_o must_v describe_v a_o single_a one_o after_o this_o manner_n draw_v the_o side_n a_o c_o b_o d_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o in_o the_o delineation_n of_o horn-work_n which_o be_v already_o prescribe_v unless_o these_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v short_a viz._n than_o forty_o or_o fifty_o perch_n 2._o join_v c_o d_o which_o bisect_v in_o f_o and_o from_o f_o let_v fall_v the_o perpendicular_a f_o e_o equal_a to_o ¼_n of_o c_o d_o and_o join_v c_o e_z and_z d_o e_z so_o have_v you_o the_o simple_a external_a angle_n 13._o fig._n 13._o draw_v the_o double_a one_o after_o this_o manner_n have_v draw_v the_o side_n a_o c_o b_o d_o as_o above_z join_v c_o d_o which_o be_v bisect_v in_o g_o from_z g_z raise_v the_o perpendicular_a g_o e_z equal_a to_o ¼_n of_o c_o d_o and_o join_v c_o e_z and_z d_o e._n 2._o produce_v e_z g_o to_o f_o till_o g_o f_o be_v the_o half_a of_o g_z e_z and_o the_o right_a line_n c_o e_o d_o e_o be_v bisect_v in_o k_o and_o h_n join_v f_o k_o and_o f_o h_n so_o will_v a_o c_o k_n f_o h_o d_o b_o be_v the_o double_a have_v or_o double_a external_a angle_n iv_o its_o strength_n and_o use_n they_o be_v much_o inferior_a to_o the_o horn-work_n insomuch_o that_o they_o seem_v only_o then_o to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o when_o some_o sudden_a occasion_n urge_v moreover_o the_o defect_n of_o these_o have_v and_o of_o all_o external_a angle_n be_v this_o that_o about_o its_o very_a angle_n it_o afford_v the_o enemy_n a_o certain_a quadrangular_a space_n within_o which_o he_o need_v not_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o shot_n of_o the_o defendant_n this_o space_n be_v determine_v if_o the_o outward_a sloap_a surface_n of_o the_o brestwork_n be_v conceive_v to_o be_v produce_v till_o it_o cut_v the_o field_n its_o capacity_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o twenty_o three_o rhynland_a perch_n which_o will_v be_v easy_o compute_v since_o then_o this_o sort_n of_o building_n be_v so_o much_o against_o the_o first_o law_n of_o architecture_n it_o will_v be_v almost_o necessary_a to_o raise_v a_o raveline_n before_o it_o the_o double_a have_v since_o they_o have_v a_o double_a external_a angle_n k_o and_o h_n will_v likewise_o double_a the_o defect_n already_o speak_v of_o wherefore_o they_o be_v less_o use_v prop._n v._o of_o the_o crownwork_n i._o its_o definition_n that_o work_n be_v call_v a_o crownwork_n that_o have_v on_o both_o side_n two_o half_a bulwork_n 14._o fig._n 14._o and_o in_o the_o middle_a one_o or_o more_o whole_a one_o therefore_o it_o be_v the_o part_n of_o some_o regular_a fortification_n and_o seem_v to_o have_v this_o name_n give_v it_o because_o it_o do_v as_o it_o be_v encompass_v part_n of_o the_o fortification_n ii_o its_o place_n be_v the_o same_o as_o that_o of_o horn-work_n though_o the_o crownwork_n can_v cover_v more_o of_o the_o fortification_n than_o the_o horn-work_n and_o sometime_o they_o be_v draw_v about_o horn-work_n their_o chief_a use_n be_v to_o enclose_v neighbour_a place_n that_o may_v inse_v the_o town_n as_o hill_n etc._n etc._n and_o so_o prevent_v the_o enemy_n iii_o
thence_o cut_v off_o e_z g_z e_o h_o equal_a to_o â…“_n of_o the_o side_n and_o thence_o again_o raise_v the_o perpendicle_n e_o f_o equal_a also_o to_o 1_o â—_o 5._o join_v g_o f_o h_o f_o you_o have_v your_o purpose_n 40._o fig._n 40._o there_o be_v build_v also_o square_a fort_n with_o two_o whole_a bulwork_n and_o on_o the_o opposite_a side_n the_o double_a have_v see_v fig._n 40._o prop._n viii_o to_o delineate_v a_o threesided_n fort_n with_o half_a bulwork_n 41._o fig._n 41._o 1._o describe_v a_o equilateral_a triangle_n a_o b_o c_o who_o side_n must_v be_v less_o than_o those_o of_o a_o square_n 2._o cut_a off_o from_o the_o side_n the_o three_o part_n a_o i_o b_o l_o c_o k_o for_o the_o neckline_n 3._o from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o neckline_n raise_v perpendicular_o the_o six_o part_n of_o the_o side_n i_o h_n l_o m_o k_o g._n 4._o add_v to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o three_o part_n b_o d_o c_o e_o a_o f_o and_o join_v f_o h_n d_o m_o e_o g._n you_o have_v your_o purpose_n the_o four_o fort_n describe_v in_o the_o forego_n proposition_n be_v not_o to_o be_v build_v promiscuous_o and_o for_o variety_n sake_n but_o with_o choice_n and_o with_o respect_n to_o the_o place_n and_o although_o they_o be_v much_o weak_a than_o fort_n with_o whole_a bulwork_n nevertheless_o they_o be_v convenient_o make_v use_n of_o as_o to_o their_o profile_n and_o ichnography_n you_o may_v give_v they_o the_o same_o as_o to_o redoubt_n and_o star_n or_o if_o they_o require_v a_o great_a you_o may_v give_v they_o that_o which_o be_v use_v in_o the_o siege_n of_o hartogen_n bosch_n in_o which_o the_o base_a of_o the_o rampar_n be_v 27_o foot_n the_o height_n 6_o the_o upper_a breadth_n of_o the_o rampar_n 18_o the_o base_a of_o the_o brestwork_n 8_o the_o upper_a breadth_n of_o the_o brest-work_n 4_o the_o height_n of_o the_o brest-work_n 6_o the_o width_n of_o the_o ditch_n 30_o foot_n chap._n xx._n of_o battery_n for_o great_a gun_n and_o of_o the_o approach_n the_o circumvallation_n be_v finish_v which_o be_v the_o first_o act_n of_o the_o siege_n deliver_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n you_o raise_v battery_n for_o great_a gun_n in_o certain_a place_n and_o go_v towards_o the_o out-brestwork_a cover_v in_o oblique_a trench_n of_o these_o therefore_o in_o this_o present_a chapter_n prop._n i._o to_o build_v a_o offensive_a and_o defensive_a battery_n there_o be_v a_o twofold_a battery_n offensive_a and_o defensive_a 42._o fig._n 42._o the_o last_o be_v direct_v towards_o the_o enemy_n without_o the_o first_o towards_o the_o besiege_a you_o shall_v build_v a_o offensive_a one_o after_o this_o manner_n 1._o multiply_v the_o number_n of_o gun_n that_o be_v to_o be_v mount_v by_o 12_o the_o product_n shall_v give_v in_o foot_n the_o length_n of_o the_o battery_n for_o each_o gun_n be_v distant_a from_o another_o 12._o foot_n and_o the_o two_o at_o the_o end_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o brestwork_n 6_o foot_n each_o 2._o you_o will_v have_v the_o breadth_n a_o d_o if_z to_o the_o length_n of_o a_o gun_n mount_v in_o his_o carriage_n you_o add_v the_o space_n a_o f_o ten_o or_o twelve_o foot_n for_o the_o recoil_n of_o the_o piece_n and_o the_o space_n f_o d_o for_o traverse_v and_o passage_n 3._o let_v the_o platform_n of_o the_o battery_n be_v make_v slope_v downward_o towards_o the_o enemy_n that_o when_o the_o gun_n be_v recoil_v they_o may_v with_o more_o ease_n be_v bring_v back_o to_o their_o place_n let_v its_o entry_n behind_o be_v i_o k_o the_o way_n lead_v to_o it_o must_v not_o be_v very_o steep_a but_o gentle_o rise_v that_o the_o gun_n may_v with_o more_o ease_n be_v get_v in_o 4._o that_o part_n of_o the_o battery_n that_o face_n the_o enemy_n must_v be_v fortify_v with_o a_o brest-work_n who_o base_a you_o may_v make_v 12_o 15_o or_o 18_o foot_n its_o height_n 6_o for_o the_o side_n a_o d_o b_o e_o a_o less_o width_n will_v suffice_v 5._o let_v there_o be_v so_o many_o port_n in_o the_o brestwork_n as_o there_o be_v gun_n let_v their_o height_n be_v three_o foot_n their_o outward_a width_n four_o their_o inward_a two_o the_o outward_a width_n be_v more_o than_o the_o inward_a that_o the_o gun_n may_v scour_v more_o of_o the_o field_n 6._o behind_o the_o battery_n you_o must_v describe_v a_o space_n d_o s_o n_o e_o equal_a and_o like_v the_o battery_n in_o it_o make_v a_o square_a hole_n as_o m_n who_o side_n must_v be_v ten_o or_o twelve_o foot_n in_o which_o the_o powder_n must_v be_v keep_v and_o you_o must_v cover_v the_o mouth_n with_o leather_n lest_o any_o spark_n shall_v fall_v in_o to_o conclude_v as_o well_o about_o the_o battery_n itself_o a_o e_z as_o the_o space_n d_o n_n you_o must_v make_v a_o ditch_n eight_o or_o ten_o foot_n wide_a six_o foot_n deep_a 7._o the_o first_o battery_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v raise_v at_o a_o musquet-shot_a from_o the_o town_n afterwad_v near_o the_o very_a ditch_n the_o general_a rule_n may_v be_v this_o that_o the_o near_o they_o be_v the_o place_n they_o do_v the_o great_a execution_n 8._o the_o defensive_a battery_n be_v not_o so_o full_a of_o work_n their_o brestwork_n if_o it_o be_v make_v of_o earth_n may_v be_v six_o or_o seven_o foot_n thick_a the_o height_n be_v sufficient_a if_o it_o cover_v a_o gun_n in_o its_o carriage_n instead_o of_o a_o earthen_a brestwork_n they_o use_v common_o great_a wicker_n basket_n fill_v with_o earth_n prop._n ii_o to_o direct_v the_o line_n of_o approach_n to_o a_o place_n besiege_a 1._o about_o the_o distance_n of_o a_o thousand_o foot_n from_o the_o town_n open_v the_o trench_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 43._o fig._n 43._o which_o you_o must_v carry_v on_o oblique_o towards_o the_o place_n besiege_v so_o that_o it_o may_v not_o be_v scour_v from_o any_o part_n of_o it_o which_o be_v continue_v some_o space_n you_o must_v dig_v a_o new_a one_o the_o other_o way_n as_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o same_o obliqueness_n and_o so_o by_o several_a turn_n you_o proceed_v to_o the_o out-brestwork_a itself_o where_o at_o length_n the_o approach_n be_v finish_v draw_v two_o trench_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d long_o than_o ordinary_a and_o parallel_v to_o the_o place_n besiege_v these_o two_o last_o line_n cover_v the_o besieger_n like_o a_o brest-work_n so_o that_o be_v so_o near_o at_o hand_n they_o frighten_v away_o the_o defendant_n from_o guard_v their_o graft_n and_o rampar_n 2._o although_o the_o approach_n ought_v so_o to_o be_v carry_v on_o that_o they_o may_v never_o be_v scour_v from_o the_o enemy_n rampar_n yet_o the_o engineer_n shall_v take_v good_a heed_n he_o make_v they_o no_o more_o obliquer_fw-fr than_o need_v to_o the_o loss_n of_o time_n and_o expense_n i_o think_v with_o two_o turn_n you_o may_v always_o come_v to_o the_o out-brestwork_a a_o far_o short_a way_n than_o if_o more_o oblique_a line_n have_v be_v make_v for_o let_v there_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o point_n where_o you_o begin_v your_o approach_n the_o right_a line_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o continue_v may_v fall_v a_o little_a without_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o brestwork_n and_o if_o another_o line_n be_v produce_v from_o β_n which_o go_v without_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o out-brestwork_a you_o will_v arrive_v at_o the_o out-brestwork_a in_o two_o turn_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d but_o why_o this_o way_n of_o approach_n be_v less_o use_v i_o think_v this_o to_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o your_o long_a line_n of_o approach_n if_o attempt_v may_v be_v soon_o carry_v and_o demolish_v by_o the_o enemy_n than_o those_o that_o be_v cut_v in_o and_o out_o with_o several_a wind_n 3._o at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o line_n you_o must_v build_v redoubt_n after_o such_o a_o manner_n that_o two_o may_v be_v flanque_v by_o one_o for_o this_o be_v the_o best_a situation_n of_o redoubt_n if_o one_o of_o the_o line_n be_v draw_v long_o than_o ordinary_a you_o may_v also_o build_v redoubt_n in_o the_o middle_n for_o its_o defence_n all_o which_o the_o 43_o figure_n sufficient_o express_v 4._o the_o earth_n which_o be_v cast_v out_o be_v throw_v towards_o the_o enemy_n that_o it_o may_v be_v instead_o of_o a_o brestwork_n to_o the_o pioner_n let_v its_o tower_n width_n be_v six_o foot_n its_o upper_a twelve_o or_o fifteen_o it_o be_v least_o depth_n must_v be_v such_o that_o may_v cover_v a_o stand_a man_n with_o the_o height_n of_o its_o brestwork_n join_v to_o it_o the_o near_a they_o advance_v to_o the_o town_n that_o deep_a they_o must_v be_v the_o width_n also_o must_v be_v increase_v if_o there_o be_v occasion_n to_o bring_v stuff_n for_o the_o gallery_n through_o the_o trench_n they_o use_v frequent_o to_o
and_o engineer_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o very_a same_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o for_o defence_n it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o fortress_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v be_v convenient_a for_o use_v shall_v be_v prepare_v for_o it_o long_o before_o now_o this_o can_v be_v practise_v in_o small_a work_n where_o after_o the_o spring_a of_o one_o mine_n all_o be_v lose_v it_o be_v also_o necessary_a that_o the_o work_n shall_v outward_o be_v defend_v as_o well_o with_o canon_n as_o with_o musket_n by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o man_n and_o from_o more_o place_n of_o defence_n then_o can_v be_v do_v by_o the_o enemy_n convenient_o in_o his_o attacques_n and_o herein_o consist_v the_o virtue_n of_o a_o fortification_n for_o if_o the_o enemy_n do_v find_v place_n to_o make_v a_o battery_n of_o six_o or_o eight_o piece_n to_o break_v the_o flanque_n we_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o commodious_a place_n to_o plant_v twenty_o eight_o or_o thirty_o piece_n in_o contra-battery_n which_o will_v soon_o ruin_v the_o enemy_n battery_n be_v great_a in_o number_n and_o stand_v already_o in_o advantageous_a place_n whereas_o the_o enemy_n must_v first_o raise_v his_o battery_n under_o the_o danger_n of_o those_o canon-shot_n all_o which_o be_v premise_v and_o well_o consider_v let_v we_o now_o inquire_v whether_o our_o modern_a fortress_n have_v this_o conveniency_n and_o if_o not_o where_o the_o difference_n lie_v for_o example_n see_v fig._n 2._o num._n 2._o which_o be_v part_n of_o a_o work_n of_o eleven_o bastion_n and_o fortify_v after_o the_o best_a modern_a method_n and_o practice_n be_v fryday_n second_o way_n and_o according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o these_o follow_a line_n a_o b_o polygone_n exterior_a 78.13_o long._n f_o g_o polygone_n interior_a 64.93_o long._n f_o e_o demy-gorge_n 14.19_o long._n a_o g_o capital-line_n 24.40_o long._n a_o c_o face_n 24.00_o long._n c_o d_o flanque_n 11.91_o long._n d_o e_o courtine_n 36.00_o long._n a_o e_o line_n of_o defence_n fichante_fw-fr 61.68_o long._n a_o h_n line_n of_o defence_n secant_fw-la 48.85_o long._n fig_n 11_o the_o modern_a engineer_n refer_v themselves_o much_o to_o the_o strength_n of_o their_o outwork_n whereof_o some_o nevertheless_o be_v very_a murthering-holes_n more_o troublesome_a than_o useful_a as_o i_o shall_v prove_v in_o due_a time_n but_o for_o the_o present_n shall_v only_o show_v how_o the_o fault_n of_o modern_a fortification_n may_v be_v rectify_v according_a to_o my_o method_n it_o be_v notorious_a to_o every_o one_o who_o understand_v fortification_n according_a to_o the_o maxim_n abovementioned_a that_o the_o long_o the_o defend_v line_n be_v the_o better_a they_o be_v and_o that_o according_a to_o axiom_n 9_o the_o long_a flanque_n and_o gorges_n be_v much_o the_o strong_a always_o provide_v they_o may_v be_v make_v without_o prejudice_n to_o other_o part_n or_o that_o they_o be_v weaken_v thereby_o as_o also_o that_o the_o great_a bulwork_n be_v better_a than_o the_o little_a one_o because_o retrenchment_n and_o countermine_n may_v be_v make_v within_o they_o and_o because_o more_o piece_n of_o canon_n and_o musqueteer_n may_v be_v place_v there_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o next_o bulwark_n and_o because_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o all_o other_o warlike_a action_n it_o be_v also_o notorious_a that_o the_o long_a polygones_n and_o regular_n fortress_n contain_v most_o room_n and_o therefore_o aught_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o short_a in_o case_n the_o line_n of_o defence_n in_o the_o fortification_n do_v not_o exceed_v the_o reach_n of_o a_o musket_n that_o be_v 60_o or_o 70_o rod_n for_o after_o this_o manner_n more_o space_n be_v include_v with_o few_o bulwork_n and_o therefore_o with_o less_o charge_n the_o other_o maxim_n be_v also_o very_o strict_o observe_v in_o my_o fortification_n now_o to_o obtain_v all_o these_o advantage_n i_o describe_v in_o fig._n 2._o num._n 2._o the_o ground-line_n of_o 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8025_o 81_o 9025_o 06_o 36_o 1_o 1236_o 4_o 2436_o 9_o 3636_o 16_o 4836_o 25_o 6036_o 36_o 7236_o 49_o 8436_o 64_o 9636_o 82_o 0836_o 07_o 49_o 1_o 1449_o 4_o 2849_o 9_o 4249_o 16_o 5649_o 25_o 7049_o 36_o 8449_o 49_o 9849_o 65_o 1249_o 82_o 2649_o 08_o 64_o 1_o 1664_o 4_o 3264_o 9_o 4864_o 16_o 6464_o 25_o 8064_o 36_o 9664_o 50_o 1264_o 65_o 2864_o 82_o 4464_o 09_o 81_o 1_o 1881_o 4_o 3681_o 9_o 5481_o 16_o 7281_o 25_o 9081_o 37_o 0881_o 50_o 2681_o 65_o 4481_o 82_o 6281_o 10_o 100_o 1_o
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