in E B which sheweth the 52 deg of the Arch B C shall be the projecture of the Arctick Pole Let the point in E D be noted with the letter P which representeth the 52 deg of the Arch D C by accounting from C to D shall be the projecture of the intersection of the Aequator and the Meridian of London Let the letter Q be noted and from that towards the letter P let the numbers of the degrees 1 2 3 c. be ascribed Also from Q towards D and from B towards P viz. 52 53 54 55 c. Then the points being taken from P of the equal degrees viz. 99 and 99 also 88 and 88 let these be described about these parts as the Diameters of the Peripheries of the Circles which shall represent the Parallels or Circles of Latitude and the Tropicks and Polary Circles with the Aequator For the describing the Meridians To describe the Meridians first let a Periphery be described through the points A P C that shall shew the Meridian which is 90 degrees absent from London His Center shall be M in B D protracted into the point N which sheweth the Antarctick Pole Let P N the Diameter be drawn through M Parallel to A C which is F H protracted from both parts in K L. Moreover let the Circle P H N F be divided into 360 deg and Right lines from the point P to every deg or only by application of the Rule which shall cut the line K F H L. The Circles must be described through every point of the Section and both the Poles P N as through three given points which shall represent all the Meridians the Centers of the Arches to be described are seated in the same K L viz. those which are found by the former Section but to be taken with this condition that the most remote Center at L be chosen for the nearest Meridian from B D N towards A and for the second the second from this The Circles of the Latitudes and the Meridians being thus described it is easy to inscribe the places of the Earth on a Map and the scituation of them all to London will be conspicuous Moreover to affix the Rule to the place of London the same parts should be brought in into which E B was divided and the number of degrees must be ascribed so the Rule being brought round unto every place we shall presently know both how great an interval they lie from Amsterdam and in what quater they lie in respect of it Now how by the benefit of the Globe such a Map should be made we shall shew in the Fourth Mode of particular Maps The first Mode of Geographical particular Maps We have spoken of the making of general or universal Maps now it is required that we should teach the composition of particular or special Maps Of particular or special Maps as of Asia Africa Europe America The parts therefore of the Earth which we would represent on the Map are either great or small It great as Asia Africa Europe America it will be necessary to institute a Declination according to the Modes explained for General Maps but in divers parts sundey ways are more commodious Africa and America because the Aequator passeth through them are not commodiously exhibited by the first Mode but most aptly by the second the Eye being placed in the Plain of the Aequator above the middle Meridian between the extreams which shut up Africa or America Therefore in these Maps the Aequator is a right line but the Parallels and the Meridians are the Arches of the Circles But to represent Asia and Europe the first and sixth Mode are more commodious but for the Polary Lands or Frigid Zones we have said that the first Mode is most apt in the explication of the same First therefore a streight line must be drawn upon the Plain for the Meridian of the place unto which we would have the Eye hang over and that must be divided into degrees according to the Method explained in the preceeding Modes and which shall be degrees of Latitude the number of which must be ascribed Then from the Table must be extracted the Latitude of both Parallels viz. that which terminateth the Region from both sides which representeth the Poles The degrees of the Latitude of these must be noted in the right line or the Meridian of the Eye and through those points streight perpendicular lines must be drawn which inclose the Map towards the Northern and Southern quarter Then Parallels and Meridians must be drawn at every degree and the places inscribed until the Map be perfected The second Mode of describing particular Maps The second Mode of particular Maps Artificers are wont to use another Method in Regions not so large but only moderate or small First a tranverse line is drawn in the extremity of the Table for the Circle of Latitude in which the ends of the Regions respecting the Aequator are to be drawn in that so many parts are taken equally through how many deg of Longitude that Region is extended from that part Then from the middle of this line a perpendicular is drawn which hath so many parts as there are deg of Longitude between the bounds of that Region towards the Aequator and the Pole But how great these parts should be is known from the proportion of the deg of the first Circle which is greatest to the deg of Parallel which is represented from the lower transverse line Through the term of this perpendicular another perpendicular or Parallel to the inferiour line is drawn in which so many deg of Longitude must be taken as are in the lower line and equal to them of the lower line if these Latitudes be not much distant from the Aequator or mutual from themselves But if the distance from the Aequator be great or if the excess of the ultimate Latitude of the Region be great above that which is more near the Aequator the parts to be taken in the transverse line shall not be equal to the parts of the inferiour line but they ought to be lesser according to proportion which the degrees of this more remote Parallel hath to the degrees of the inferiour line which proportion is known from the Table we have placed in the Fourth Chapter See Chap. IV. After the parts are thus taken for the deg of Longitude in the superiour and inferiour line the right lines are to be drawn through the beginning and end of the parts of the same number which right lines shall represent the Meridian lines Then through every deg of its perpendicular which we have ordered to be erected from the middle point of the inferiour line lines Parallel to that lower line must be drawn through the beginnings of every degree which shall shew the Parallels of Latitude In the last place places must be inscribed at the points in which the Parallels of every
let half the circumference be multiplied into half the diameter and the product shall be the space demanded According to the second Proposition it is better to find out first the half diameter or half circumference by the foregoing Probleme although it may be dispatched without it Twelfthly The half Diameter or Diameter of any Globe being given to find the Superficies thereof in square measure The Globe called a round solid body and its solidity in Cubick measure The Globe is called a round or solid Body in whose middle there is some point out of which all the strait Lines drawn to the Superficies are equal And this point in the middle is called the center of the Globe The Line through the center is called the diameter and it is called the axis if the Globe be turned or rolled about that diameter Moreover if the Globe be cut any way howsoever the Section is the circle And if it be cut through the center or we imagine it to be drawn through the Plain the Section shall be the circle whose diameter is the same as the diameter of the Globe it self And such circles are called the greater circles of the Sphere or Globe the rest are called the lesser circles of the Sphere Therefore for the resolution of the Probleme first let the circumference of the circle be found out by the given diameter Then let the diameter be multiplied into this circumference and then the superficies of the Globe shall be the product in square Measure See Scheme Furthermore let this superficies be multiplied by the sixth part of the Diameâ—â—r and the product shall be the solidity of the Globe in Cubick Measure A Triangle Thirteenthly A Triangle is called rectangled one side of which standeth perpendicularly upon the other side or with it maketh a strait Angle of ninety degrees These two sides are called Catheti the third side is called Hypotenusa The measure of the Angles â—n the Arch. The Measure of the Angles is the Arch which is described a center being taken in the top of that Angle to wit of how many degrees that Arch intercepted between the shanks of the Angle is of so many degrees that Angle is said to be So a strait Angle is said to be ninety degrees because the Arch so described is always the Quadrant or fourth part of the circumference of the circle The Sine of an Arch. The Sine of any Arch is called a strait Line which is drawn perpendicular from the extream of the Arch into the diameter drawn through the other extream of the Arch. A Tangent of the Arch. A Tangent of that Arch is said to be a strait Line touching the Arch in one end and a strait ended Line which is drawn from the center through the other end of the Arch. But this Line thus drawn is said to be the secant of that Arch. But the Sine of an Angle is said to be the Sine of that Arch which measureth that Angle so the Tangent of the Angle and its Secant Furthermore it is to be known that by the labour and study of Mathematicians Tables were made Tables called the Mathematical Canon or Rule in which the half diameter of 100000 or of more Cyphers being taken the Sines and Tangents and Secants of all the Arches of the circumference are found out For example sake 2 degrees 10 degrees 20 degrees 32 minutes c. And these Tables are called the Mathematical Canon or Rule and have infinite Commodities in all the Mathematical and Natural Sciences And therefore I am willing to teach the Studious of Geography these few things But the principal use thereof is in the measuring as well of Spherical as plain Angles But because the measuring of Spherick Angles hath some difficulty which seemeth necessary only for them who desire to enter themselves more profoundly into Art therefore we will speak only of Triangles strait angled whose dimension any one may easily apprehend Two Theorems whose use is frequent in Geography Rules to be observed Fourteenthly Three Angles of what Triangle soever being taken together are equal to two strait Angles or are 180 degrees and therefore two Acute in a Triangle strait angled makes 90 degrees Furthermore if a strait Line touch a circular Line and from the point of their contact or meeting a strait Line be drawn to the center of the Circle this makes a strait Angle with the Line Tangent Fifteenthly But these are the Problems whose use is frequent First the Hypotenusa and together the Cathetus of a Triangle strait angled being given to find out the Angle contained or another Acute For the finding out of which let it be wrought according to the Golden Rule as the given Hypotenusa is to be the given Cathetus so the whole Sine 100000 which number is the half Diameter taken in the Tables of Sines is to the Sine of the other Angle This Sine sought out in the Canon will shew the Arch or quantity of the Angle which joyneth to the Hypotenusa But the contained Angle is the complement of the found out Angle to 90 degrees Therefore if the found out number be subtracted from 90 degrees the demanded Angle is left remaining Secondly A Cathetus and an acute adjacent Angle being given to find out the Hypotenusa Let this be wrought according to the Golden Rule as the Sine of the complement of the given Angle is to 100000 or to 1000000 in the greater Canon so is the given Cathetus to the demanded Hypotenusa Thirdly Two Cathetuses being given to find the Angle adjacent to either of them Work thus as one Cathetus is to another so is the whole Sine 100000 to the Tangent of the Angle which is adjacent to the first assumed Cathetus Fourthly A Hypotenusa and one acute Angle being given to find either Cathetus Let the Work proceed thus as the whole Sine 100000 is to the Sine of an Angle which is opposite to the Cathetus demanded so the given Hypotenusa is to that Cathetus Measures useful in Geography Because the use of Measures is very frequent in Geography and that also divers People use sundry Measures therefore I shall give the Reader some Advertisements therein The Foot the most famous Measure first found out by Snellius The famous Measure is the length of a Foot but this is very different The Rhindlandish Foot of Snellius is the now usual Mathematicians Foot which is equal to the Old Roman Foot And because Snellius was most diligent and curioâ—est in measuring the Earth therefore that Rhindlandish foot is deservedly taken for the rule of all Measures A Rod or Perch The Decempeda or Land measuring Rod containeth ten foot Rhinlandish It is also called a Peroh or Pole but Geodesians or Surveyors make a Rhindlandish Perch to be twelve Rhindlandish foot or else sixteen foot Germish or or sixteen foot and an half English The
Del Majo with the Southern-motion in the end of August in 35 degrees of the Meridian of Tristian de Cunha in May in the New Moon the West-wind rageth and Shipwracks but in 33 degrees of the same Meridian the North and North-east Winds predominate 8. In June and July in the Sea of China at Pulon Timor the West-winds are violent and dangerous 9. Between China and Japan many Storms are from the New Moon of July to the twelfth day of the Moon 10. There if in June other winds blow besides the motion sometimes from this sometimes from that quarter until that they are setled in the North-east quarter of a certain a Storm followeth THE SECOND BOOK OF General Geography CONCERNING The Affections of the places of the Earth depending on the apparent motion of the Stars CHAP. XXII Of things requisite to be foreknown in the knowledge of Geography Itherto we have been employed in an absolute contemplation of the Earth we now draw near the Second Part of this Doctrine in which we shall consider those Properties or Affections which happen to the Earth from the apparent motion of the Sun and Stars Neither would they be except this Motion were evident The Explication of which Affections will with greater right appertain unto Geography if so be that same Motion be attributed unto the Earth it self of which we have treated in the Sixth Chapter Now for the right knowledge of these Affections these following Hypotheses and Definitions are necessary to be understood Definitions An Artificial Terrestrial Globe termed a factitious Glâ—be First the Artificial Terrestrial Globe is termed a factitious Globe from whose Superficies the parts of the Earth and their scituation a◠〈◊〉 presented as they have an existence in the Earth it self according â—o the proportion of this Superficies to the Superficies of the Earth A Map a plain Figure and of what Lines it consists A Map or Geographical Card is a plain figure in which the scituations of the Terrestrial Superficies are represented And this again is either Universal or Particular The first exhibiteth the whole Superficies of the Earth the other some one or other Region Some Maps consist of strait Lines and others of crooked These of strait are such in which the Peripheries or Circumferences of the Terrestrial Circles are represented by right Lines the other in which the same Peripheries are exhibited by crooked Lines But as for the composure of a Terrestrial Globe and Geographical Maps we shall take an occasion to treat of in the end of our Book by reason the same cannot be understood before the Doctrine which we now handle be well apprehended Of the Poles and Axis of the Earth Secondly The Poles of the Earth are two points diametrically opposite in the Superficies of the same which remain immoveable in the Diurnal circumrotation of the Earth or which are subjected unto the Poles of the apparent Quotidian motion of the Stars But the Axis of the Earth is said to be the Diameter conjoyning the Poles Or thus The Axis of the Earth is that Diameter of the Earth about which the Diurnal motion of the Stars or Earth it self is perfected Now the Poles are said to be the Extream points of the Axis in the Superficies of the Terrestrial Globe and that Pole which is subjected to the Constellation termed the Bear is called the Artick Septentrional or Northern Pole the other is called the Antartick or Southern Pole These are by more facility explained by an Artificial Terrestrial Globe than by words If the former be wheeled round those two immoveable points will appear which are the Poles and the Diameter imaginarily drawn from one Pole to the other through the Center of the Earth shall be the Axis The Aequator or Aequinoctial Line Thirdly The Aequator is said to be the Periphery or Circumference of the greatest Circle in the Globe of the Earth equally distant from both the Poles or placed in the middle between the Poles or whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Aequinoctial Line and that by Mariners All the Stars in their Diurnal motion make Peripheries equidistant or parallel to the Aequator wherefore the Aequator is the Rule of Diurnal motion Parallels Fourthly The Parallels of the Aequator are said to be lesser Peripheries which are parallel to the Aequator In an Artificial Globe the Aequator by reason of its Magnitude is more conspicuous than the others and its name is ascribed and it is divided into 360 degrees The Parallels are also conspicuous which are likewise termed the Circles of the Latitude of Places as we shall shew in the following Chapter Of Maps These may also be shewed in Geographical Maps that are Universal Indeed in Maps of Right Lines the Poles are not represented but the Extremities of every Meridian are the Poles but in Maps consisting of Crooked Lines the Poles are those points in which the Crooked Lines do meet the Aequator being transverse in both kind of Maps passeth through the middle of them and hath a greater Latitude than the other Lines and withal it is a strait Line although in the particular Maps of Asia and Europe it be made crooked The Parallels of the Aequator in strait-lined Maps are strait-lâ—â—â—s and in crooked-lined Maps they are crooked The Ecliptick Fifthly The Ecliptick is the greatest Circle of the Heavens which the Sun describeth in his Annual motion In truth it existeth not in the Earth but by reason of its notable use it is marked in the Artificial Globe as also in Geographical Maps The Tropicks Sixthly The Tropicks are two Parallels of the Aequator which are distant from the Aequator by so great an interval as the greatest recess of the Sun is from the Aequator towards the Poles or as the greatest declination of the Sun or obliquity of the Ecliptick The Tropick of Cancer is that which is interposed between the Aequator and Pole Artick The Tropick of Capricorn is that which is between the Aequator and the Southern Pole The Polary Circles In the Globe and in Maps they are wont to be noted by a double Periphery and the same appellation is ascribed The Polary Circles are two Parallels so called whereof one is distant from the Pole Artick the other from the Antartick so many degrees as the Sun is from the Aequator in his greatest recess and the first is termed the Artick Circle and the other the Antartick The Circles hitherto explained do not depend on certain Places such as the following do which in divers places are various and different The Meridian Seventhly The Meridian of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is a Line so termed which passeth through that place in which when the Sun cometh the Meridies is in that place Now the Meridies is that moment of the day which is equally distant from the rising and setting of the
Maffaeus relateth there is a Mountain which continually vomiteth Flames on the top of which the Evil Spirit sheweth himself to certain Persons after that they have macerated themselves for a Vow sake 10. Many Vulcanelloes are found in the Isles of Japan distant 70 miles from Ferando Also in a certain small Isle which lieth between Tanaxuma and the Isles called the Sisters a burning Mountain is discovered at other times smoaking Certain Vulcanes in the Isle Tendai 11. In Tendai one of the Philippine Isles where the Promontory of the Holy Spirit is certain Vulcans are found One also in the Isle Marindique another of the Philippine Isles 12. In Nicaragna a Province in America a lofty Mountain casteth forth flames in such great abundance that they may be seen 10 miles distant Vulcan Mountains in Cordillera 13. In the Ridge of Peru called Cordillera here and there are certain Rocks and Vulcan Mountains partly smoaking and partly burning and they are said to cast out fire Especially in the Province of Carrapa there is a Mountain from whose top when the Heaven is serene much smoak is discovered to be elevated Others in Peru 14. Near to Arequipa a City of Peru 90 miles distant from Lima a certain Sulphureous Mountain continually ejaculateth fire which is found dangerous to the City 15. In Peru near the Valley Mulahallow about 50 Leagues from Quito there is a Vulcan which once rending cast forth great Stones and terrified also the remote places with the huge noise Other Vulcans 16. In one of the Islands which they call Papoys which Le Maire discovered except peradventure it may adhere to the South Continent on the Oriental Coast of New Guiney is a Vulcan which at that time burned 17. Certain Mountains lying on the Oriental Shore of the River Jeniscea in the Country of the Tingesi beyond Ob towards the East by a journey of some weeks there are Vulcans as the Muscovites do report 18. Certain Mountains at the River Pesida beyond the Region of the Tingaesi A Vulcan in Liburnia 19. In Liburnia near the City Apollonia is a rocky Mountain from the top of which continually issueth smoak and flame In the Land adjoyning there are hot Fountains there are also certain Mountains which have now ceased to burn So the Isle Queimoda on the Coast of Brasil not far from the mouth of the Silver River in time past did burn so the Mountains in Congo or Angola which they term Vesbrande Bergen In the Isles of the Azores especially Tercera and St. Michael formerly the Earth burned in many places but now the smoak in some places is sometimes expelled hence also they have often Earthquakes The Isles of St. Helena and of the Ascension have also its Earth like unto these viz. a Dust Embers and Ashes so that in times past it is probably the Mountains of these Isles burned which is also manifest from the Sulphureous Earth and Coals which they call Smitskolen Now the cause of these Vulcans or burning Mountains is a Sulphureous bituminous Substance which is contained in such like Mountains Proposition VI. The Tanges of the Mountains some admit of no passage or opening some of many other some of one or another only Of the Tanges of the Mountains They are called Portae and also Thermopylae Of which the more noted are 1. The Thermopylae in Phocis from which this name was communicated to the rest 2. The Caspian Portae which as through a narrow passage are admitted into the Caspian Mountains 3. The Port of the Mountain Cordillera in Peru. 4. The Port of the Mountain which is extended between Abyssiue and Arabia Troglodytica through which they carry Provision and Grain from that Region unto this 5. In Caucasus the Sarmatick and Albanian Ports Proposition VII That Mountain is termed a Promontory which runneth forth in a certain Tract to the Sea or on the Shore is elevated above the adjacent places Of Promontories or Capes In Mapps they are called Capes or Heads among which the more noted are Cape of Good-hope 1. The Cape of Good-hope in Africa which must be passed by those that sail into India Cape Victoria 2. Cape Victoria in the end of the Streights of Magellan Cape Verd. 3. Cape Verd in the Angle or Point of Africa where the Shore windeth from West to East Cape Vincent 4. Cape Vincent in Spain Promontory or Cape of Atlas 5. The Promontory of Atlas so anciently called not a Cape because that Mariners some Ages past supposed that it could not be passable or that if any one had sailed beyond it yet he could not return back safe therefore this was the bound of their Navigation on the Coast of Africa Other Promontories may be seen in the Mapps Proposition VIII Vnto Mountains are opposed Caves and deep Abysses which are found in few places of the Earth Of Caves or deep Abysses In times past that Mephitick Cave in Island called the Cave of St. Patrick and that Cave in Italy called Grotta del Cane was famous In the Mountain of Fessano Beni Guazeval is a Cave that vomiteth forth fire In the Island Baruch adjoynig to Wales in England near the Sea is a Rock in which there is a Cave unto which if you apply your ear a noise like stroaks of Hammers upon Iron as in a Smith's shop may be heard Not far from the City Bessa in Aquitain is a Cave vulgarly called Du Souley in which in the Summer season a noise is heard like unto Thunder In many places betwixt the midst of the Mountains there are found Valleys so profound that they strike the Beholders with horrour and cause a giddiness CHAP. XI Of Mines Woods and Desarts MInes Woods and Desarts do ennoble certain Parts or Tracts of the Earth Of Mines Woods and Desarts concerning which although little can be proposed yet for an exact knowledge of the Terrestrial Superficies it will not be unnecessary to consider those Places and to design the Tracts and Limits of them which we shall briefly perform in this Chapter Proposition I. A Mine is a place in the Earth from which Metals Minerals or other sorts of Earth are dugg But because what is dugg up out of the Earth is various therefore all these Mines receive various denominations Of Mines as Mines of Gold Silver Copper Iron Marble Mines of precious Stones and the like The most famous of the Gold and Silver Mines are those of Peru and Castella Aurea Peru and Castella Aurea and Potosi rich in Mines the richest in the world for throughout all the Provinces of Peru are found Mines abounding with Gold and Silver yet not excluding the other Metals so that the Natives of Peru and the Spaniards in times past did boast that the Ground or Soyl of this Kingdom was Gold and Silver Girava a Spanish Writer testifieth at the City Quito are Mines which yield more Gold than Earth
from the middle and sendeth forth rays it signifieth a moist and windy season 3. If that the Sun be pale in his setting but if it be red the Air will be quiet and serene the next day 4. If the Sun being pale setteth in black Clouds it signifieth a North-wind 5. If that the Moon be red like unto gold it is deemed a certain sign of a Wind according to the Verse Pallida Luna pluit rubicunda fiat alba serenat 6. A circle about the Moon 7. If that the Northern-horn or corner of the Moon appear more extended a North-wind is approaching 8. If that the Southern a South-wind is at hand 9. The rising of the Moon and the more noted Stars as of the Bear Orion and especially the Goats with the Sun 10. If the small Stars in Cancer termed Asellos be covered with a Cloud if the Northern of them be covered the Wind will be South if the Southern be covered it will be North. 11. For the most part Winds begin to blow when that the Wind ceaseth 12. When a certain noise and murmur like to an Ebullition is heard in the Sea 13. The Ancients also prognosticated from the Raven the Dolphin and other Animals 14. From fiery Meteors as from Lightning and Falling-Stars but not from the Ignes fatui Proposition XVIII Why in the Spring and Autumn the Winds are more frequent and blow with greater force than in the hot Summer or cold Winter Greater and more frequent Winds in Spring and Autumn than in Summer and cold VVinter In the Spring it is supposed to be partly by reason of the dissolving of Snow especially in Mountainous places partly because that the Pores of the Earth are then opened and send forth many exhalations partly because that the Air and Vapours are then more thin when that they were condensed in the Winter Add that for the most part in the Month before the beginning of the Spring and in the very Spring many Rays do fall by reason that humid Constellations then have possessed those houses of the Zodiack into which on the entrance of the Sun we account the beginning of the Spring and also in Autumn the frequent Rays and Exhalations are to be accounted the cause of the Winds as well as in the Spring by reason that a moderate heat proceeding from the Sun advanceth the Vapours and Exhalations yet such as are more thick and less attenuated But in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for the most part for the same reason by reason of which Rays are very seldom seen at that Season viz. because that the Sun overmuch attenuateth the Exhalations and doth not permit them so to conjoyn or meet in such a quantity as is required to the generation of the Winds Which cause is not general or always true and neither is it generally true that in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for here we are only to understand it concerning that which oftentimes happeneth But in the sharp Winter the winds are more rare and that by reason that both fewer Vapours are raised from the Earth and those also that are elevated are either condensed into Clouds or are so dissipated by Frost that they cause no wind Proposition XIX In what Altitude of the Air or in what Region of the Air the Winds begin to blow In what Region the Winds begin to blow There are some that suppose the winds not to exceed the lower Region of the Air because that they discover that the tops of the high Mountains as Olympus feel no Blasts But I question the Observation seeing that the Smoak cast forth from the top of Mount Aetna is discerned to be moved to and fro by the wind therefore I suppose that such a windy commotion may be caused also in the upper Region of the Air. Proposition XX. Vnto what space one and the same Wind may extend it self How far one and the same Wind may extend it self There is great diversity in this matter for the winds blowing from the East to the West under the torrid Zone seem to encompass the whole Earth and those also that blow either from the North or South for many days and long spaces are wont to accompany and follow Mariners The same seemeth true concerning collateral Lines but this diversity is because that the same wind is different in divers places as we have shewed in the Tenth Proposition in the end of the explication of the first cause CHAP. XXI Of the Winds in particular and Tempests IN the foregoing Chapter we have alledged the distribution and differences or rather the denominations of the Winds which they receive from the quarter from whence they blow or seem to blow which division also is accidental by reason that they are taken in respect of a certain place of the Earth unto which those Quarters are related Now in this Chapter we shall alledge the divisions and Phaenomena which are in a certain time of the year or else are proper to certain tracts of the Earth although that we desire to have more and those likewise more accurate Observations concerning these things But we will produce what we have collected with much labour from the Diaries of the Seamen Proposition I. One Wind is constant and another inconstant Of Winds constant and inconstant That is a constant wind which at the least for one or two hours bloweth from the same quarter That is an inconstant wind which sometimes bloweth and other some is changed into other winds blowing from other quarters The causes of the more or less duration of the same wind also of the swift immutation seemeth to be 1. if that it be from a general cause or from a cause less constant So Winds proceeding from the motion of the Air with the motion of the Sun in the torrid Zone are constant so those also that blow from the dissolving of the Snow especially in the Mountains 2. If that by chance there be no such vapours in other quarters which are apt to generate Winds 3. If that the circumambient Air about the Cloud of which the Winds are generated be more thick and granteth no passage to the Exhalations but if that the Air be not so thick or more relaxed and that few Vapours be here and there in divers places and quarters and lastly if that the general causes do cease then indeed the Winds are found variable which are for the most part gentle Proposition II. One Wind is general and another particular Of general and particular Winds The general Wind is termed by Mâ—riners a Passant wind which at many places at once in a long tract of Earth bloweth on the Sea almost for a whole year That is termed a particular on the contrary which bloweth not at once in many places for a whole year Now a general Wind is hindred 1. In the parts of the Sea near the Earth for here Vapours from other quarters do interpose
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
place assumed and makes the beginning of a new Summer which continueth until the Sun cometh to the five and twentieth of Libra For then again he obtaineth a middle distance and tendeth to the point of the greatest distance viz. the first of Capricorn therefore then he shall make the beginning of Autumn and in the first of Capricorn the beginning of Winter So then we have shewed how such a place which lieth between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Northern Latitude in the Torrid Zone may have two Summers two Springs one Autumn and one Winter which by the same Mode may be shewn concerning the places lying between eight degrees of Latitude from the other side of the Aequator But in places scituate eight degrees beyond towards the Tropicks this holdeth nor because those points of the first degree of Cancer or the first of Capricorn have not a middle distance from them but lesser than a middle For the greatest distance of the Sun from the place of the ninth degree of Latitude that is possible is 32 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the middle is 16 degrees 45 minutes and therefore if the place be in the ninth degree of Northern Latitude the Sun being in the first of Cancer shall have a less distance from it than the middle distance is for that is only 14 degrees 30 minutes but this is 16 degrees Therefore in that place the Summer which beginneth with the first access of the Sun to the Vertex in the four and twentieth of Aries the fifteenth of April is not finished before the Tropick of Caner but shall be continued in the whole course of the Sun through Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo and Libra in the four and twentieth degree of which viz. about the fifteenth of October it endeth But here seem to arise two new difficulties 1. That these Months must not be ascribed to Summer because the Sun doth not recede by a direct course from the Vertex but first he acceedeth to another distance again and again whilst he receedeth from the Vertex of the place to the Tropick of Cancer but the Summer must be defined only by the time of his recess or departing back But I answer to this that the Summer ought to be defined by a departure but not by a departure to every distance but by a recess to a moderate or middle distance Neither by this is a mixt access excluded from a recess so that the recess be not greater than a middle distance 2. For the places lying between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude seeing that before the first degree of Cancer or if the Latitude be Southernly before the first of Capricorn the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from those places where we said the end of the first Summer is it appeareth not that we should place the entrance of the Spring because the Sun is not directly moved from that point again towards the place but first it more departs viz. from the first of Cancer and from thence it returneth to the place But we must know that the departure is so small that we ought little to regard the same because it scarce maketh one or another degree and that time of a greater recess cannot be ascribed to another season except we will feign some new fifth and sixth Season Also it may otherwise seem concerning these places to some one viz. that an intermedial Spring should not be placed between two Summers but one continued Summer and that time of an intermedial Spring should be attributed to this Summer making no account of it that the Sun is removed to a middle distance from the place seeing that he remaineth so near the place and so little receedeth beyond his middle distance that he can hardly diminish the heat of the Air but by reason of his continuity rather augment at that time I shall contest with none about this but I think it more advantageous to insist on the explained Method but here is overmuch concerning this Subject Proposition IV. A place being given in the Torrid Zone to find out the daies of the year in which the Summer Autumn Spring and the Winter begin and end in that place The finding out of the days of the year in which the Seasons begin and end in places of the Torrid Zone 1. If the place be scituated in the Aequator we have shewed in the preceeding Theorem of the Proposition in what degrees these Seasons of the year begin and end which are there double 2. If the place be without the Aequator and removed from it beyond the eighth degree of Latitude or Distance let it be brought to the Meridian and let the imminent point of the Meridian be noted with Chalk then let the Globe be turned round until some point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Aries and the first of Cancer come to the same point of the Meridian if the place given be in the Northern Torrid Zone but if in the Southern Torrid Zone then the point ought to pass between the first degree of Libra and the first of Capricorn this shall be the point which when the Sun entereth he makes the beginning of the Summer in the proposed place Then let the intercepted degrees between the noted point of the Meridian and the Tropick of Capricorn of Cancer if the place given be South be cut into two equal parts and let the middle point in the Meridian be noted and let the Globe be moved until the point of the Ecliptick seated between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Aries between the first degree of Cancer and the first of Libra if the place be Southern pass through the last noted point of the Meridian Again let it be moved until another point between the first degree of Capricorn and the first of Libra the first of Cancer and the first of Aries if the place be Southern pass through the same point of the Meridian the first point will note the day for the entrance of the Spring the lâ—tter for the beginning of Autumn But the beginning of Winter is in the first of Capricorn if the place given be Northern but in the first of Cancer if Southernly They may also be resolved by Maps but most accurately from the Tables of Declination viz. with the Latitude of the place enter the Table of the Solary Declination in which seek that Latitude to which you see the four days of the year apposed from those take that which is between the 21 of March and the 21 of June if the place given or the Latitude of it given be Northern but if it be Southern take that day which happeneth between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this day shall be the beginning of the Summer Then take away half of the given Latitude of the plain from 11 degrees 45 minutes and seek the remaining Number in the Table of the Declination you shall see
Arches of fifteen degrees beneath the Horizontal line must be taken in the described Periphery for the hours before six in the Morning and six in the Evening and the Lines of the shadows must be drawn the perpendicular Style must also be erected from the Center Furthermore In the Horizontal plain if that the Plain of the Scioterick be not yet erected the Meridian line must be found and the Line of the Aequinoctial rising and setting and so it must be placed on or above this Plain of the Scioterick that the Horizontal line of the Scioterick may be parallel to this Line of the rising and setting so the shadow of the Style shall shew the beginning of the hours at every day of the year But because the Sun only illustrateth this one Superficies of this Plain half a year and the other another half year therefore in both the Superficies a Scioterick must be made after the appointed Mode laid down before that on one side of it in the time of Summer and Spring in the other in the time of Autumn the hours may be known by the benefit of the Shadows The Lines of the Circle which shew the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or the entrance of the Sun into the twelve Signs of the Zodiack and which do represent the Parallels which the Sun describeth in the Heaven by his circumvolution may easily be drawn on this Aequinoctial Scioterick For let a certain Magnitude of the Style be taken and let it be accurately divided into Ten parts and one of thsee Ten into ten other parts that the whole Line may be conceived to be cut into an hundred particles then from a Table of Declinations let the Declinations of the Sun be excepted the fifth the tenth the fifteenth the twentieth the twenty fifth the thirtieth degrees of Aries or the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Gemini the first degree of Cancer and let the Tangents be taken from the Mathematical Canon Moreover from the Center of the Horologe in the interval of the Tangent of Complement of the fifth degree of Aries let the Periphery of the Circle be described this will note the entrance of the Sun into the fifth degree of Aries and the twenty fifth of Virgo and the Parallel of the Sun for that day viz. when the diurnal extremity of the shadow by its circumvolution shall fall on this described Periphery it shall be a sign that the Sun is in the fifth degree of Aries or the twenty fifth of Virgo After the same Mode let the Peripheries be described in the interval of the Complement of the tenth and the twentieth degrees of Aries the first and the fifteenth of Taurus the first and the fifteenth of Gemini and the first degree of Cancer those will shew the Parallels of the Sun in those points and also in the points of the 20th degree of Virgo the 10th and the first of Virgo the 15th of Leo and the first of Leo and the 15th degree of Cancer After the same Mode on the other side of the Scioterick let the Peripheries be described for the Parallels of the Sun in the first degree of Libra and the 25th of Pisces in the 10th of Libra and the 20th of Pisces in the 15th of Libra and the 15th of Pisces in the first of Scorpio and the first of Pisces in the 15th of Scorpio and the 15th of Aquarius and in the first degree of Sagittarius and the first of Aquarius Unto every one of these Peripheries the Characters of the Signs of the Zodiack must be ascribed Proposition XXII To describe an Horizontal Scioterick or an Horizontal Plain An Horizontal Scioterick or Horizontal Plain described By the Globe Let the Pole and Meridian be elevated for the Latitude of the place which Meridian is more conspicuous than the other lines in the Superficies both for colour and magnitude let it be brought under the Brazen Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour of twelve let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the hour One or Eleven or until 15 degrees of the Aequator do pass the Brazen Meridian In this scituation of the Globe let the degrees intercepted between the Brazen Meridian and the Meridian of the Globe be numbred on the Wooden Horizon and let this hour be noted for the hour of One after noon and Eleven before noon Then let the Globe be turned again until the Index shew the hour 11 or 10 and let the degree intercepted between those two Meridians the Brazen one and that assumed be noted for the 10th or 11th hour After the same manner let it be done for the hours 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 for 7 and 5 for 6 and 6 but we shall not want this hour for 5 and 7 for 4 and 8 for 3 and 9. These degrees being thus noted for every ascribed hour let the Meridian line be found on the Horizontal Plain and for any point of this line let the periphery of the Circle be described as from a Center and let it be drawn perpendicularly from the Center to the same on either side This shall be the line of the shadow at the hour 6 before noon and 6 after noon The Meridian line is the line of the shadow of the hour 12. In the described periphery let the Arches before noted be cut of beginning from the Meridian line towards the line of the hour 6 before and after noon First the Arch noted for 11 and 1 then for the hour 10 and 2 for 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 c. The Arches thus cut off let the lines be drawn from the Center to those bounds these shall be the lines of the shadows in the beginning and end of the other hours But the Style must be so elevated from the Center of the Horologe above the Meridian line that the Angle which it maketh with it may be equal to the Latitude of the place or elevation of the Pole But it is more commodious to make some Triangle whose Angle at the Basis is equal to the Latitude of the place If the declination be made on Paper let the line be drawn from the Center which from the periphery may take an Arch equal to the Latitude of the place the Numeration being from the Meridian line and let the Triangle be cut out to be placed above the Meridian line so the shadow will shew the hours The making of this Scioterick is easie without a Globe Proposition XXIII To describe a Scioterick on a vertical Plain which may directly regard the East and West Aequinoctial A Scioterick what The making of this is perfected after the same Mode which we used in the Horizontal if that the Pole be not elevated according to the Latitude of the place but according to the Complement of it and then the Style also be elevated above the Meridian
Perioeci and what hours they do not see it together Let the place of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given be found at the day given and let the time of his stay beneath the Horizon that is the quantity of the day and the night be found half the difference between the quantity of the day and the night will shew the hours or part of the hours in which the Sun first riseth to one place before he setteth to another and setteth later also to that place than he ariseth to this CHAP. XXIX Of the Computation of time in the divers places of the Earth Proposition I. The Hour of one place being given in the Globe to find the hour of another place given By the Globe the hours of the places are found out LEt the place whose hour is given be brought to the Brazen Meridian the Index to that hour of the Horary Cycle such as is given Let the Globe be turned round until the other given place come under the Meridian the Index in that scituation of the Globe will shew the hour demanded of this other place Proposition II. The hour of our place being given or of some other place in the Globe to exhibit on the Globe all those places in which at that hour the Meridies is also those in which it is Midnight also those in which is what hour we please The Problem should be propounded concerning the Earth if we would act Scientifically for it is an affection of the Earth Vnderstand the same concerning many other following Problems Let the place given be brought to the Meridian the Index to the given hour of the horary Cycle Let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the 12th hour of the Meridies so the places which are discovered to be subject to the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian from the elevated Pole to the Pole depressed are those which have the Meridies at the time given But if the Globe be turned round that the Index may shew the 12th inferiour hour the places which are discovered to be subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian are those in which the Midnight then shall be If we desire places in which is any hour let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour if the places subject to the Semicircle of the Meridian be those that are sought Proposition III. The Altitude of the Sun being given the day of the year and the Latitude of the place to find the hour at the time of that altitude Rules for the finding the hour of the day Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place from the given day let the place of the Sun be found in the Ecliptick and let that be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe and brought to the Meridian Then let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and let the degrees of the given Altitude be noted in it and let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle Then let the Globe and the Quadrant be moved until the noted place of the Sun agree with the noted point of the Quadrant In that scituation the Sun will shew the hour demanded Proposition IV. A Quarter being given in which the Sun is beheld sometime of the day given and the Latitude of a place being given to find the hour of the day Mariners observe the quarter of the Sun on the Compass Let all be done as in the preceding Proposition that the Quadrant may be applied to the Vertex let his end or extremity be brought to that quarter of the Horizon which was observed and let the Globe be turned round until that point of the Sun come to the Quadrant In this scituation the Index will shew the hour of the day Proposition V. The Sun shining by the benefit of the Globe to know the hour of the place given or the Latitude thereof which is given Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place and let the Globe be placed at the four quarters of the World then let a Needle be fixed perpendicularly at the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or which is better let the Spherical Gnomon be applied to the Ecliptick so that the Apex of the Gnomon fix on the place of the Sun and so let it be brought to the Meridian and the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned until the Needle make no shadow on the Globe In this scituation the Index will shew the demanded hour Proposition VI. An hour of our Numeration being given to find what hour it is from the rising of the Sun that is the Babylonish or Norimbergian hour In time past the Babylonians and now the Inhabitants of Norimberg and some other People reckon 24 hours from one rising of the Sun to the rising of the Sun the next day Let the Pole be elevated from the Latitude of the place given and the place of the Sun being found from the day given let it be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour given Then the Globe remaining immovable let the Index be reduced to 12 which being done let the Globe be turned from the setting to the rising until the place of the Sun appear in the Oriental Horizon and in the horary Cycle let the hours be reckoned from 12 toward the East or rising even to the Index for these are the Babylonish or Norimberg hours sought for Proposition VII On the contrary The hour being given from the Babylonish rising to find out the hour of our Numeration which is from Midnight or Midnoon Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun be noted in the Ecliptick and brought to the Oriental Horizon the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned towards the West until the Index shew the hour given on the Cycle from the East Which being done let the Index be reduced to the 12th hour and then let the Globe again be moved until the place of the Sun be brought back to the Semicircle of the Meridian which is next passed through and let the hours be numbred from 12 to the Index towards that quarter unto which the motion of the Globe was made so shall be found the hour of our numbring from the Meridies or Midnight Proposition VIII An hour of our reckoning being given to find what hour it is from the preceding setting of the Sun that is the Italian hours Of Italian hours At this day in many places of Italy and in times past in Greece they numbred 24 hours from one setting of the Sun to the following or next setting to find out which we must thus do from the hours of our Numeration Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the
latter or other extension shall be the Longitude of the Globe because it is longer than the former extension as returning into it self and being the Periphery of the whole Circle Others render another cause of the Appellation 〈◊〉 that the lesser part of the Earth was known to the Ancients from Pole to Pole the greater from the East to the West Concerning the Latitude and Longitude of the Earth and of places Moreover in the Superficies of the Globe we may take any Semipeniphery for the extension of Latitude and his perpendicular for the extension of Longitude and therefore we may do the same also on the Superficies of the Earth but because it is better for memory if that the Peripheries be assumed whose bounds or selfe those Peripheries before the other Peripheries which have somewhat peculiar in the Superficies therefore in the Superficies of the Earth for the extension of Latitude some one Periphery is deservedly taken drawn amongst the Poles of the Earth and because no other Periphery is perpendicular to this Periphery which may pass together through its Medium except the Line of the Aequator therefore the Aequator it self must be taken for the extension of the Longitude of the Earth So I think it is clearly explained for what reason the Latitude of the Earth between the Poles is measured for Longitude by the assumed Line of the Aequator This Latitude and Longitude of the Earth must not be confounded with the Latitude and Longitude of places or Points in the Earth therefore they are expressed by the same terms because the Latitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Latitude of the Earth it self and is part of it but the Longitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Longitude of the Earth viz. in the Aequator it self and its Parallels Yet this is an improper acceptation of the terms because Latitude and Longitude properly as hath been said only agreeth to the Figures and Superficies but a Point hath neither Latitude nor Longitude and therefore this different acceptation of the words Latitude and Longitude ought to be observed because they are so frequently met with in the reading of Geographers viz. the use and acceptation otherwise when we say the Latitude and Longitude of France Spain and the like Because then the words are taken in their proper signification for it is the Figure of France or Spain and so Longitude then signifieth the outmost or longest extension but Latitude the shortest which acceptation doth agree with that wherein we said before that so much Latitude and so much Longitude must be assigned to the Superficies of the Earth But the signification is otherwise when we say the Latitude or Longitude of this place if by places we understand any Point City or Famous Place because then Latitude denoteth the distance of the place from the Aequator and the Longitude its distance from a certain Meridian And indeed in my Judgment for the avoyding of confusion The Authors Judgment about the words Latitude and Longitude it were better to abstain from the use of these words Longitude and Latitude and to use these in their stead the distance from the Aequator and the distance from the Meridian but seeing that for so many Ages this hath been received therefore it will be a hard matter to abolish it wherefore in the following Discourse I shall also use the said terms Latitude and Longitude Moreover the Latitude of a place as the Latitude of the whole Earth hath some noted Points of the Earth for the beginning of the Numeration viz. the Poles and the Aequator but the Longitude of the Earth because it is extended about the whole Earth hath no certain beginning or end but the beginning and end is every where because the Periphery is like to an infinite Line Wherefore any Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the Longitude of the Earth and the Meridian passing through that Point for the first Meridian from whence the Meridians of all the Points of the Earth are numbred or the Longitude of them Calculated Now why we require these two distances in every Point of the Earth viz. one from the Aequator and the other from a certain Meridian shall be shewed in the Third Proposition Proposition II. To place and determinate the first Meridian and the beginning of the Numeration for the Longitude of the places in the Globe of the Earth We have said in the preceeding Proposition that every Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the extension of the Earth according to Longitude See Proposition 1. and that from its Meridian the Longitudes of places must be reckoned but because we cannot take all at once it is better to fix one beginning or to choose some certain Point but that is left to the choice of persons Therefore Geographers have taken a certain place in the Superficies of the Earth through which the first Meridian shall be drawn and should shew in the Aequator where it cutteth it this beginning of reckoning of the Longitude of places But all have not taken the same place for the first Meridian but divers Ptolomy hath taken that near to the Fortunate Islands which he removeth but only one deg from the first and hence towards the Oriental quarter through Africa and Asia he reckoneth the rest of the Meridians The Longitude of places where begun by Ptolomy and Longitude of places For seeing it was less free to place a beginning the Ancients chose rather to have an account of the places of the Earth which they knew were inhabited which portion doth not return into it self as the Superficies of the Earth and therefore in that portion or part a beginning of Longitude and end may be assigned in another Point Because therefore in the time of Ptolomy the Fortunate Isles where the ultimate ones in the Occidental Quarter of all the Earth or Lands then known Therefore from that bound Ptolomy beginneth to reckon the Longitude of the Earth and having gone forwards to the Oriental Regions he maketh the end of his Numeration of the Meridians in Sina the ultimate Shoar of Asia But in process of time many Regions of the Earth were found to be Inhabited towards the Occid and America was discovered then some Geographers promoted the beginning of Numeration of Longitude towards the Occid For some made the first Meridian at the Isle of St. Nicholas adjacent to Cape Verd in Africa but Hondius chose the Isle of St. James in his Maps The Longitude of places where begun by Hondius Mercator and others Some chose the Meridian of one of the Islands of the Azores which is called Del Corvo for the first Meridian because that in this Isle and the adjoyning Sea the Magnetick Needle is found to have no Declination from the Meridian Line and that it sheweth the Northern and Southern quarter Mercator
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
the Latitude of the place known and the distance of the unknown place being turned into degrees and the Angle comprehended from the Plaga given from these three given the opposite Angle to the distance must be sought for For this will exhibit the Longitude of the other place from the known place But on the Globe and Mariners Charts the place is thus found let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the Quadrant be applyed to the Vertex and let the other extremity be applyed to the given Plaga of the Horizon Then the distance given being turned into degrees let it be reckoned on the Quadrant from the Vertex The term of the Numeration shall be the place sought for on the Globe But if that the Longitude be only sought for without the designation of the place that is if you are minded to resolve a Spherical Triangle by the Globe it will be done after this Mode We will give Examples in the 33 Chapter See Chap. 33. which is also to be observed in the following Chapters There also we will shew by one Example how such Problems may be resolved by the Planisphere Concerning all these also Tutors may instruct their Scholars from the Method of the Logarithms if that they be studious in these matters But Mariners use Calculation or the Plaine Sphere A Globe not commodious in a Ship For the use of a Globe is not so commodious in a Ship In Mariners Charts Let a Line be drawn from the given place for the given quarter and by the interval of the Compasses let it be taken on the Scale the distance of the places being opposited and one Foot being fixed on the place given let the other Foot be placed in the Line drawn for the Plaga or quarter This Point shall be the place sought for but yet not exact as we shall shew in the following Chapter The fourth Mode The distance of a place unknown being given from two places known to exhibit that and the known one in the Globe and Maps but to enquire its Longitude by Calculation The fourth Mode In the Globe Let one distance by the interval of the Compasses turned into degrees be taken on the Aequator and one Foot being fixed in the place from those given whose distance was not taken let an Arch be drawn on the Superficies of the Globe by the other Foot which hath the Chalk at its end After the same Mode a distance being taken from any other place let an Arch be described from this as from a Center on the Superficies the Point in which this Arch cutteth the former is the place demanded In Mariners Charts we must act after the same manner but yet the distances given must not be changed into degrees but must be taken on the opposite Scale But if the place be somewhat more remote from the place given an over great error may be committed by reason that the Charts do not perform this accurately The invention of Longitude by Calculation because it hath much difficulty as the Diagram requireth therefore I shall leave it to be taught by some Tutor and not describe it in words The fifth Mode Two places in the Earth being given and the Quarters in which some other unknown place is scituated at them to find out this third place in the Earth Maps and Globe and to enquire the Longitude of this place by Calculation The fifth Mode In the Globe Let one of the given places be brought to the Meridian and let the Pole be Elevated near its Latitude let the Quadrant be applyed to the Vertex and with the other end in which to wit at this noted place the third unknown place is put to lye and at the Margent of the Quadrant by a pointed Chalk let a small Periphery be drawn Then let the other given place be brought to the Meridian and the Pole Elevated near to its Latitude let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex and the other extremity to the given Plaga of the Horizon to wit in which the third unknown place is placed to lie at this same known place the Point in which the Margent of the Quadrant cutteth the Periphery before drawn with Chalk is the third place demanded On Maps It is thus done Let a Line be drawn from one given place for the given quarter of the three places after the same Mode let the Line of the quarter be drawn from the other given place The Point in which these two Lines mutually cut one another is the place demanded After the same Mode we should do on the Earth if that we would Act scientifically neither in Sciences do we value hinderances and impediments so that we may comprehend the Mode in our mind The Calculation in which our unknown Longitude of a place is found from these given we leave to the Instruction of a Tutor if that he hath apt and capable Scholars But more than enough hath been said concerning the invention of Longitude the ample use of which we have explained in the 2d Proposition Here should be added a Table of the Longitude and Latitude of the chief places of the Earth which the Author hath Collected and did here insert but being but short and having Maps of the several Kingdoms of the World in the other Part or Volumn to which the Latitudes and Longitudes are added they are thought convenient to be omitted here and referring the Reader to the particular Maps by which you may easily find the Latitude and Longitude of any place desired The fixed Stars as to their Declination and Ascension of great use in Geography and Navigation Moreover seeing that there is great use of Declination and Ascension of the fixed Stars both in Geography and Navigation I shall here add a Catalogue of the Stars of the first Magnitude with their Declination and direct Ascension at the Year 1650. For it is known from Astronomy that in progress of time a change is made in these by reason of the proper motion of the Stars above the Poles of the Ecliptick But in the use it is convenient to have such a Table of all the Stars because we have not alwaies a conveniency of using the same Stars But we only lay down these for Exercise and for the trying the proposed Problems in these This business belongeth to Astronomy but the use is notable both in other Sciences and also in Geography Astronomy sheweth how a Declination and direct Ascension may be found at every Year A TABLE of the DECLINATION And right Ascension of the Stars for the Year 1650. The Letter S sheweth the Northern Declination and the Letter A the Southern The Names of the Stars Declination Right Ascension Of the first Maginitude deg min. deg min. Oculus Tauri 15 46 S 64 0 Regulus or Cor Leonis 13 39 S 147 27 Cauda Leonis 16 32 S 172 59 Spica Virginis 9 17 A 196 44 Cor Scorpii 25
others given than to be used for the making of an intire Globe for it useth the distances of places Let the greatest Periphery or the Arch of the greatest Periphery be drawn through the Globe and in this from the given point let the Arch be taken as much as the distance of the other place is from the place first given the term of the Arch shall be other place Then if you will design any third place take by the interval of the Compass the distance of that third place from the other two even now designed and from these as from Centers let the Arches be described by these intervals of the Compass The point in which these Arches mutually cut one another is the point of the third place But as I have said that this Mode is not commodious for the intire designation of the Globe but when we will design any place in the Globe now made which is not yet in it and desire to do it from the only noted distance of that place from the two others which are found in the Globe because it is easy and we have not time by reason of Calculation to search the Longitude and Latitude of this third unknown place For thus we shall easily find the scituation of this point or place in the Globe and also the Longitude and Latitude then the Problem is this The distance of a place being given from two places that are found on the Globe to design the scituation of that place on the Globe whose distance is given of which in the following Chapter The third Mode the Vulgar one of Artificers The third Mode of making of Globes The third Mode of exhibiting and representing the Superficies and places of the Earth in the given Globe is that which Artificers use in the making of all Globes both Celestial and Terrestrial except those great ones of which I have now spoken which have nothing of compendiousness or commendation from the facility if that the places of the Earth be but only to be represented from one Superficies of the Globe but it is to be done on the Superficies of the Globes of the same Magnitude this practice hath great Prerogative before the other for the Mode is thus the Superficies of the Globe and the Earth is conceived to be divided into twelve parts or more if the Globe be to be made of a larger form through the Meridians drawn from Pole to Pole so that in any two Meridians the 12th part of a Superficies is included from Pole to Pole Then on a Plain let the like Figure be included in such a part of the 12 in two Arches which then in the Globe make the half Periphery of the Meridians And in many Meridians drawn through every degree of the Aequator and divided into portions and segments of the Parallels affordeth a kind of lettice work the portion of the Aequator is in the midst all the Meridians end in the Poles then c. e Meridian being taken for the first which the Tables of Lonâ—itude acknowledge let the degrees be noted from it in the Aequator the numbers being ascribed so that the degrees of Longitude of every place may â—e accounted Then in every one of these places representing the 12 parts of the Superficies of the Globe let the places be noted for the places of the Earth every one at his degrees of Longitude and Latitude which are extracted from the Table and the name is ascribed to the Table and the tracts of the Rivers and Bays drawn as also of the Lands these being thus described on Paper or Wood then make an incision and engrave according to that exemplar in Plates of Brass which then is fit for the Printing Press Which are afterwards applyed and joyned to the Superficies of the Globe so that its ends may touch the Axis or Poles of the Globe yet in many the Papers do not touch the Poles but are so made only to touch the Artick or Antarctick Circles and peculiar Papers are taken for the Polary Spaces For so they are more easily applyed especially in great ones so in the Superficies of this Globe all the places of the Earth are exhibited to which is then added a Brass Meridian and Horizon with a Foot Horary Circle and an Index The things worthy of note in this Mode There are two things in this description which require a more full explication all the rest I suppose to be plain and intelligible First after what Mode these 12 or 24 parts are to be described according to the Example of which the engraving in Brass must be made Secondly how plain Paper can be applyed to the Superficies of the Globe The first is thus donâ—â—ommodiously enough For Example let the 12 portion of the Hemisphere from the Pole to the Aequator be applyed to the Globe First from the known Diameter of the Globe let the quantity of the greatest Periphery be found out according to the proportion of Archimedes or the other proportion of the Periphery to the Diameter For Example let the Diameter of the Globe be two Foot and let the Longitude of the Foot in the noted Paper be divided into 10 digits and the 10 digits into 10 grains that there may be 100 parts in a Foot Let it be done so that as 7 is to 22 so 200 is to 628 4 7 parts or 6 28 200 Foot for the Periphery the fourth part of this that is the Quadrant of the Periphery shall be of 157 1 7 hundred or 1 57 10071 Feet and the 12th part of 52 19 21 hundreds or ½ a Foot and 2 hundreds and 19 21 of an hundred These being found let a long Line of 52 19 21 hundreds be drawn on the Paper from the ascribed Scale from the middle of this Line let a long perpendicular of 157 19 21 hundred be erected which shall be the Quadrant its extremity shall be the Pole and may be divided into degrees you have the Longitude of one degree if you divide 628 â— 7 by 360 Then let a Periphery be described from the Pole through the beginning of every degree or of every tenth they shall be Parallels in these Peripheries from both parts of the drawn perpendicular let that part be cut off by the Compass as much as is the 1 24 of the Periphery Now how great it is in the opposite Scale is known from the proportion of the Parallels to the Aequator which we have delivered in the end of the IV. Chapter See Chap. 4. So the points being signed in every Periphery and Arch you please a Line must be drawn through them and part of the Paper perminated by these Lines must be cut off For this being applyed to the Globe will possess 1 12 of the Hemisphere Now the application is easily performed viz. if that the portions be small for in these the distance between streight and Crooked is little discovered especially of the Earth when the Paper hath first
been wetted so it is readily applyed But the places in that Paper before they are applyed are consigned to their fit degrees of Longitude and Latitude Proposition VI. To compose Geographical Maps We may thus propound the Problem in a Mathematical Style Of the composing Geographical Maps The scituation of an infinite Plain or one to be produced at pleasure being given to represent in that the places of the Superficies of the Earth according to the Rules of Perspective Or thus more generally A Point being given on any Plain which is put to represent any place of the Superficies of the Earth to find on the same Plain infinite divers other Points and Lines which as commodiously may be may represent to the life the places and Lines of the Superficies of the Earth or their scituation to the given place or one to another So I think the sence of the Proposition will be better understood By reason that very few Students and favourers of Geography understand the Rules of Perspective neither can they attain to any distinct knowledge of the Construction and nature of Geographical Maps or judge of their commodity or defects except they know the Principles according unto which they are made Therefore here a few things necessary in this Doctrine must be explained from the Art of Perspective The knowledge of Perspective necessary in Geography Now that Art as most know is conversant in representing all Objects or Bodies on some Table or Plat-form as the parts of a Picture are so conformed and seated one to the other and so appear to our fight the eye being fixed to some certain place as the parts of the body which it representeth This indeed is the end of the Perspective But the Mode by which they endeavour to obtain it is this The Mode for the obtaining the Art of Perspective Then they will represent a point a Superficies or any Body of what shape soever in a Table Board or Paper whether they behold it or conceive the Idea in their fancy 1. They Imagine it is discerner by the eye as in or from one Point and they do assign a certain scituation or place to the eye whence the sight may be made 2. Then they conceive some one infinit plain they term it a Glass because it is better for conception if that the plain be understood to be pellucid to be interposed in some certain scituation between the eye and the Object Then 3. They conceive rayes or Lines to be drawn through that plain to the Eye from every point of the Object They say that the points of this plain by which the rayes are so conceived to penetrate to the Eye are the representation of the points of the Object it self or the Shadow of it as they term it and these points being conjoyned by Lines they determine the Figure which thence ariseth in the Table to be the representation of the very Object of the Body or Superficies in such a scituation of the Eye and this Figure of a Plain or Table remaining in its scituation doth not otherwise appear to the Eye remaining in its scituation then as if it beheld the very Object it self which yet the Opticks shew not to be altogether true in all respects and it is easy to understand from the various position of an interposed Plain But by reason no better Method of representing Bodies is yet found therefore we must be content with this For Example let the Superficies of the Earth and all its Peripheries and places be represented on a Table And therefore in the first we conceive the Eye to be fixed or scituated as a point without the Earth in the Air. Then between the Eye and the Earth a certain Table or Glass Plain to be extended whose scituation although it may be taken at pleasure yet in practice it is so assumed to a better and more ordinate Figure of an equal form that it is perpendicular to the Line which is drawn from the Eye to the Center of the Earth Then we conceive Lines to be drawn or Rayes to be emitted through the Table or Glass to the Eye from all points or places of the Superficies of the Earth as from all the points of the Aequator of the Tropicks Polary Circles also of the Meridians as likewise from all Cities Sources of Waters and the like Every one of these Rayes shall pierce the Table in certain points These points therefore are the shadows or representations of the places of the Superficies of the Earth and if those points which are made by the Rays emitted from some one Periphery as from the Aequator from one of the Tropicks from a Polary Circle or some other Meridian be joyned by a drawn line let it be either streight or Crooked this shall be the representation or shadow of this Periphery so we shall have all the Circles and all the places of the Earth represented on a Table The whole superficies of the Earth being round cannot be so well represented on a Plain as otherwise it is But because the Earth is round therefore the whole Superficies of the Earth with all its places cannot commodiously be represented on one plain because they should make two places one and the same point on the plain and those that are scituated beyond the Hemisphere would be represented with a false face therefore half the Supersicies of the Earth must be represented on one Table and the other half on the other And so the Eye may be taken within the Earth it self viz. when we take up one Hemisphere to be represented the Eye is conceived to be placed in the other Hemisphere and the Table between that and the Hemisphere to be represented The same must be understood if that only part of the Superficies as Europe Asia Spain must be represented on the Table for then we may assume the place of the Eye in the very Center of the Earth if we please From these I think the Reader may sufficiently understand the nature and Mode of this Perspective Art by which the places of the Earth are represented on a plain The other two are more fully to be explained from those which we have spoken of in this Method Because from thence dependeth the variety and diversity of Geographical Tables We have said that a point must be taken for the representation for the place of the Eye without the Object to be represented as without the Hemisphere of the Earth or without the Superficies of Spain or Europe And therefore because there is an infinite space about any Object and on that account there are infinite points in which the Eye may be put contemplating the Superficies of the Earth or Europe or Asia if that a particular Table must be made and if the Rays be drawn to divers points from the same points of the Object or Superficies which may penetrate the same Table the penetration of the Rays is made in a very different
the first and opposite Meridian viz. A P and C P the numbers may be ascribed from the Aequator towards P to wit 1 2 3 4 even to 90 so that the Latitude of every one may be conspicuous but at the Parallel 23 deg 30 min. the Tropick of Cancer shall be ascribed at the 66 degree 30 min. the Arctick Circle In the Praxis neither all the Meridians nor all the Parallels must be coloured but only every tenth the rest must be represented with occult or obscure lines After all the Meridians and Parallels are described it is easy to note from the Table of Longitude and Latitude of places the places of the Earth viz. of its Superficies let the Longitude of any place be accounted from the first assumed Meridian in the Aequator so we fall into the Meridian of the place then from the Latitude of the place we choofe a Parallel of the same Latitude and the point where the Meridian cutteth the Parallel is the point which representeth the assumed place of the Earth whose appellation is to be ascribed unto it and so we shall act with the inscription or projecture of any place to be taken until the Maps or Tables be finished Rules to be observed if the Semicircle of the Ecliptick be to be noted If the Semicircle also of the Ecliptick be to be noted in it that must be done before the designation of the places We have said that the Ecliptick maketh the Ecliptick line in projecture therefore its points through which that portion of the Eclipsis must be drawn ought to be found That is taken for the first point or for the intersection of the Ecliptick and the Aequator in which the first Meridian cutteth the Aequator which therefore is noted in the sign of Aries But the last point of this half Eclipsis or the other intersection of the Aequator and the Ecliptick viz. the end of Virgo shall be in 180 the opposite point of the Aequator the intermedial point is that in which the Meridian 90 cutteth the Tropick of Cancer So we have gotten three points through which the portion of the Eclipsis to be described passeth which is lesser than the half Eclipsis which are the points of the 1 deg of Aries Cancer and Libra for finding the other points as the 1 deg of Taurus and 15 the 1 deg and the 15 degrees of Gemini the 1 deg of Leo the 1 deg of Virgo the Declinations of these points must be taken from the Table and the right Ascension which are here ascribed Declination Right Ascension  deg min. deg min.   The 15 of Aries and Virgo 5 56 13 48 166 for the 15 deg of Virgo The 1 of Taurus and Virgo 11 31 27 0 152 for the beginning of Virg. The 15 of Taurus and Leo 16 24 42 0 187 for the 15 deg of Leo. The 1 of Gemini and Leo 20 13 57 0 122 for the beginning of Leo The 15 of Gemini Cancer 22 41 73 0 106 for the 15 deg of Cancer Then where the Meridian 13 deg or 4 deg cutteth the Parallel 5 deg or rather 6 deg that point shall be the 15 deg of Aries also where the Meridian 27 cutteth the Parallel 11 ½ there shall be the 1 deg of Taurus so where the Meridian 42 the Parallel 16 deg where the 15 deg of Taurus and where the Meridian 106 cutteth the Parallel 22 deg 41 min. there shall be the 15 deg of Cancer where the Meridian 122 cutteth the Parallel 20 there shall be the beginning of Leo and so the other Meridians 137 152 166 cut the Parallels 16 11 5 for the 15 deg of Leo in the beginning of Virgo and the 15 of Virgo These points being joyned by a Crooked Line we shall have the portion of the Eclipsis for the Semicircles of the Boreal Ecliptick whose points and degrees are easily noted in every sign if that you take Declinations for every one out of the Tables and Right Ascensions by that Mode by which we have signed the degree the 15 deg of Taurus the 1 deg of Gemini and the like This being done the Composition of this Geographical Map is finished which shall represent the half Superficies of the Earth to wit the part between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick That this Mode is most easy and pleasant will be manifest from the Description and the Praxis will shew it now we shall speak of its use and inconveniences we have said before that three things are required in a Map or that they are made for a threefold end The first of these the Map made by this Method do accurately enough discover Maps are made for a threefold end viz. the Latitude and Longitude of every place because they are made from a Table of Latitudes and Longitudes also they shew the distance of places from the Course or way of the Sun or Zones The second requisite to wit the due proportion of the Magnitude of every Region Maps of this sort do not altogether perform for Regions by how much they are more near the Aequator by so much the more they receive the greater place in this projecture than they ought to have by their own proportion But this difference is small by reason of the great distance of the Eye Few Regions Inhabited about the Pole but many towards the Aequator and this defect is compensated by that Commodity that the places may the better be noted by reason few Regions are inhabited about the Pole but many towards the Aequator But the third end viz. the scituation of one place to another and the distance of places cannot be performed by these Tables because the Lines which note such places in the Maps have another scituation and proportion than in the Earth But if you please to examine the scituation of one place to the scituation of other places and the rising and stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the same the Horizon of that place may be drawn in an Ecliptical form in this Method Let 90 degrees on both sides be reckoned in the Aequator from the Meridian of the given place one of the terms of the Numeration shall one point of the Horizon to be drawn viz. the Oriental point in which the Aequator cutteth the Horizon The other term again shall be the point of the Horizon for the Aequinoctial setting Moreover in the opposite Quadrant of the Meridiah of the place let so many Parallels be accounted from the Pole towards the Aequator as the Parallel of the place is distant from the Aequator The term of the Numeration shall shew the third Point of the Horizon viz the Northern Cardo we shall shew how to find the Point of the South Cardo in that which we shall annex by and by if a greater portion than that of the Hemisphere be to be represented on the Map for it is not to
the distance of places in degrees and parts of degrees which degrees must be turned into miles or other measure which we would have but if the interval be greater than can be conveniently taken with Compasses we must do as in the VII Proposition See Proposition 7. But because the Planisphere is more apt for use especially by Seamen and many love to solve Problems by it and the use of this Problem is frequent I shall also propound this Method by the Planisphere There are two Cases of this Problem for either the given Longitude of the places is one and the same or the difference of 180 to wit if they lie in the same Meridian or the Longitude is diverse If it be the same there is no need of another Method but that difference of Latitude may be turned into miles viz. that every Latitude is the distance of places in degrees but if the Latitudes be of divers species to wit one North the other South the degrees of Latitudes shall be added if the difference be of 180 degrees viz. if in divers Semicircles of the same Circle of Longitude we must do after the same Mode which is easy for any one to collect But it is otherwise if that the Longitude of the places be unequal that is if the places shall be scituated in divers Meridians and without the Aequator Cases which vary the solution of this Problem But it will be useful for the distinct understanding of the Problem to reckon the Cases which vary the solution and most of them have a most easy solution as will be manifest by Examples which the Studious ought to examine 1. If the Longitude of the places be the same and they be the same cognominated Latitude in this Case the difference of Latitude is the very distance in degrees which may be changed into miles or other measure 2. If the Longitude of places be the same but the Latitudes be of a divers name one Northern the other Southern in this Case the Latitudes shall be added in one sum this shall shew the distance in degrees 3. If the difference of Longitudes be of 180 degrees and be of a like cognominated Latitude the Complements of the Latitudes shall be taken at 90 degrees or the distance of the places from the Poles and they shall be added the same will shew the distance in degrees 4. If the difference of Longitudes be of 180 degrees and the Latitudes be of a diverse name let the difference of Latitudes be taken and substracted from 180 degrees or the Semicircle The remaining number shall exhibit the distance in degrees 5. It both places shall be in the Aequator the difference of Longitude is the very distance 6. If the Latitude of places shall be one and the same and not greater than 20 degrees and the difference of Longitude small we must enter with that Latitude the Table of Magnitude laid down in the IV. Chapter and we must except the quantity of one degree Then we shall take the difference of Longitude and turn these deg into the excepted Miles or Measures 7. But if the Longitude and Latitude be divers or if the Latitude be the same but yet greater than 20 degrees and the difference of Longitude be some what greater which is usual in many Examples in this case we must not use the same compendiums but the solution is more difficult and in this case the Problem is chiefly propounded We have shewed the solution by the Globe the Method by the Planisphere is this let the Rule of the Planisphere be brought to the Latitude of one place or to the degree of the Elevation of the Pole then let the difference of Longitudes be numbred in the Meridians beginning from the other part and wherein the point may be observed where this Meridian terminating the Numeration cutteth the Parallel of the other place of Latitude Let the end of the Index be placed above this point This done let the Rule be applyed to the Line of the Aequator The number of the Parallels intercepted between the Pole and the Index is the sought for distance in the degrees The solution of the Problem Thus the Problem is solved by the Planisphere There is another Method found out by Maurolicus which by the stroaks of the Lines on the Circle teacheth by a pleasant operation to exhibit the distance from which lineary description also is deduced a Mode in which the Problem is solved by Calculation Let a certain Periphery of the Circle be described in the Center E one Semidiamiter B E let the Arch B A be taken equal to the difference of the Longitudes of the places if the difference taken be greater than 180 deg the Complement of this difference is at 360 degrees and let the Semidiameter A E be drawn Then let the Arch A F towards B be taken equal to the Latitude of the place A and from B the Arch B C equal to the Latitude of the place B let G I be let down perpendicular from G on B E and F H from F on A E. Let I H be drawn and above this the points I and H must be erected perpendicular I L equal to I G and H K equal to H F on the same quarter if the Latitudes of the places shall be Cognominal but if they be of a divers Name then I L shall be drawn from one quarter to the right Line I H and H K from the other This done the right Line L K shall be stretched to the demanded distance or the Arch of it shall be subtended which shall shew the distance of degrees Therefore by the interval of the Compass K L let the Arch B X be taken this shall represent the distance in degrees This Mode of Maurolicus is taken from the solution of Spherical Triangles neither will this lineary Method exhibit an accurate distance although the practice be pleasant and easy but only the Method by Numbers or the Trigonometry of Spherical Triangles exhibiteth an accurate distance For let there be had a Spherical Triangle in which two sides are given viz. the distances of the places from the Poles the Complements of Latitude and the Angle contained whose measure is the difference of Longitude the third side is demanded For the finding of which although there are many Methods yet the most general is this First if that the Latitudes of places be Cognominal let it be brought to pass that as the Quadrant of the whole Sinus is to the right Angle contained under the Sinus of the distance of the places from the Pole so is it towards the Sinus of the difference of the Longitudes if it be greater than 180 degrees let his Complement be taken at 360 degrees to a certain fourth number Then let the difference of Latitudes be taken and the Sinus of this Complement Moreover let the fourth number found out before be compared with this Sinus if it becometh equal the distance
of the places shall be 90 degrees If it be lesser let it be substracted and the residue shall be the Sinus of the Arch whose Complement is the distance of the places If the fourth be found greater than the said Sinus let this be subtracted from that and the residue shall be the Sinus of the Arch which being added to 90 degrees will exhibit the distance sought in degrees which must be converted into an Itinerary distance 2. If the Latitudes be of a divers name viz. one Northern the other Southern let the place of the Antipodes be taken for either place of it and the distance of it may be found from the other place according to the said Method For the Latitude of this shall be the same with that of that place but of the same name with the other place therefore in a Spherical Triangle there shall be two given sides and the Angle is the Complement of the difference of the Longitude of the places at 180 degrees or an excess above 180 if this difference shall be greater than 180 therefore the distance between one place and the Antipodes of the other place being found you have also the distance of those places For this is the Complement of the former to 180 degrees as hath been said in the former Proposition In places near and not much distant from the Aequator viz. not beyond 18 degrees we use a more easy though not an Apodictical Method which shall exhibit a distance not much diverse from the true viz. we take the Quadrant of the difference of Longitude and also of Latitude we add the Quadrants and from the Aggregate extract the Quadrate Root this will shew the difference not much different from the true Or thus act in a more certain Method which may also be applyed to places beyond the 20 degree of Latitude from the Table of the Quantity of the Parallels except the proportion of the greater Parrallel of Latitude to the Aequator and as the quantity of the Aequator is to the quantity of the Parallel so is the difference of Longitude to the other or to the difference of Longitude taken in the Parallel of a greater Latitude Let this quantity be assumed for the difference of Latitude and do as before Tables of Logarithms useful for the solution of this Problem The solution of this Problem is easy if we apply Tables of Logarithms and resolve a Triangle Oblique Angle into two right Angles So there will be need of no Multiplication or Division Proposition X. The Latitude of two places being given and the Quarter in which one is scituated from the other to find the distance This Problem is the same with the Trigonometrical abstract two sides being given in a Spherical Triangle and an Angle which is opposite to one given side to find a third side For the two given sides are in this Geographical Problem the distances of these two places from the Pole and the Angles opposite to either side is the Angle of position or the Angle of one quarter of the place to the other or the Complement of this Angle at 180 degrees The Solution of this Problem is thus performed by the Globe Let the first Meridian be taken for the Meridian of the place whose quarter is not given at the other and in this Meridian let the point of Latitude be noted for this place Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other place and the Quadrant affixed to the Vertex but let the other end be applyed to the quarter or degree of the Horizon for the given quarter Then let the Globe be turned round until the point noted in the first Meridian come to the Quadrant So the Arch of the Quadrant intercepted between the Vertex and that point is the demanded distance of the two places you shall also have the difference of Longitude in the Aequator viz. the Arch of the Aequator intercepted between the Brazen and first Meridian Proposition XI The Longitude of two places being given the Latitude of one place and the quarter in which this other place lyeth at this to find out the distance Here we have again a Spherical Triangle whose sides are the distances of the places from the Pole and the mutual distance of the places themselves in which one side is given viz the distance of one place from the Pole and two Angles are given one whose measure is the difference of Longitude the other is known from the given quarter of the other place From these three given the side is demanded which is opposite to the Angle of the difference of Longitude the solution may easily be performed by the Globe and by the Planisphere and very exactly by a Logarithmical Calculation as also by the common computation We will only shew the Method which the Globe affordeth although it be more easy by the Planisphere but that which is done by the Globe representeth the Triangle The Method which the Globe affordeth herein Let the first Meridian be taken for the Meridian of the place whose Latitude is not given and let the degrees of the difference of the Longitude of the places be accounted in the Aequator Let the term be noted with Chalk and brought to the Brazen Meridian so this shall represent the Meridian of the other place let the degrees of the given Latitude be reckoned on it and the Globe remaining fixed let the Pole be Elevated for that Latitude Let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex and the other end to the given quarter of the Horizon In this scituation of the Globe the point in which the Quadrant cutteth the first Meridian shall represent that other place and the Arch of the Quadrant which is intercepted between the Vertex and the point is the distance demanded Also by the same Method the Latitude of this other place is had Proposition XII The distance of two places scituated in the same Meridian or of the same Longitude being given in the quarters in which that third place lyeth from those two to find the distance of this third place from both of them Here again we have a Spherical Triangle whose three sides are the distance between those three places And one place is given viz. the distance of two places which must be turned into degrees except it be so given and the two adjacent Angles are given the two other sides are sought Leaving the Methods which perform it by Calculation and the Planisphere although they be more accurate we shall only deliver that which solveth it by the Globe and placeth it more before the Eyes Let the degrees of two places distant be taken on the Brazen Meridian where you please and let the terms be noted so that these may represent the places whose distance is given Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of one of these terms let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex and applied to the given quarter in
now this Problem is the same with that to find out the Meridian Line and the North and South quarters for these being known it is easy to know the rest First by the Stars viz. in the night the Bear or the Helice and Polary Star so called in the extremity of the tail of the Vrsa Minor of great same amongst the Ancients which shewed the North quarter whence all the rest are found for the face being turned to the North the East is at the right hand and the West on the left the Line of which quarters at Right Angles cutteth the Line of the North and South And these Cardinal quarters being found it is easy to find the intermedial quarters unto which purpose that there may be no need of a description they had a Circle made with the quarters whose Northern Line being placed above the Northern Line of any place the other quarters at one sight are discovered But in the day they sought out the quarter by the rising or setting of the Sun as we have shewed in the XXVIII Chapter See Chap. 28. 2. The other Method of the Antients for the knowing of quarters was the knowledge of the scituation or extension of the Shoars and one Promontory to the other For seeing the quarter of this extension was known to them either from the Maps or from Observation and Experience they might in Navigation by seeing them know the other quarters For one quarter being known all the rest are known therefore the Ancients did not far depart from the Coasts viz. that they might know the quarter by the benefit of the known quarter of the extension of Shoars For they could not always use the Method of the Stars and the rising and setting of the Sun 3. The third Method of the Ancients of the knowledge of the quarters was the observed course of the Ship For going from any place and guiding the Ship to the known quarter they were able from the mutation of the course of the Ship to know the quarters 4. Hence it is manifest that the chief cause of the dangerous and imperfect Navigation of the Ancients was the ignorance of a Method by which every where in the middle of the vast Ocean they might know the quarters and so that quarter unto which the Ship was to be steered For as I have said the Method by the Stars and the rising and setting Sun cannot be applied on all days and on the hours of every day for the mark from the scituation of the Shoars faileth in the mid Seas in the night neither is it safe enough in the day time The third Method from the observed course of the Ship hath not place when the Ship is tossed by boysterous winds and tempests from one quarter to another And in this casually lyeth the chief difficulty This I thought fit to admonish concerning the Modes of the Ancients for the finding out the Meridian Line and the North and South by reason that the imperfection of these was the cause of the dangerous and small Navigation of the Ancients seeing that they were never able to commit themselves to the vast Ocean and therefore never knew those Regions between which the Ocean is interposed of which the chief is all America never yet fully known But at this day the Method of knowing the quarters in all places and of finding out the Line of the North and South is facile by the benefit of the admirable propriety which the Loadstone and all Iron touched by it hath been found to have Viz. that all Magneticks not hindred by others in any place direct their points almost to the same quarters For there are two opposite points in the Loadstone whereof one always and in all places turneth it self to the North or the adjacent quarter the other to the South and so also the other points of the Magnes respect the other quarters viz. every point its particular quarter but all of them are not considered but only those two points which as I have said do convert themselves to the North and South which are termed the Poles of the Magnes one Northern the other Southern And the same virtue much to admiration is communicated to the Needle but by an inverted and contrary operation of nature For the end of the Lamine or Needle which is touched at the North Pole of the Magnes doth not convert it self to the North but to the South and that end which is rubbed at the South Pole of the Loadstone turneth not to the South but to the North. These points of the Needle are also termed the Poles The virtue of the Loadstone Although therefore the Loadstone and the Iron touched by it have very many notable properties yet all may be referred to two species or heads one is that virtue which doth extract the Iron the other by which in every place it directeth the two points of its Superficies to the North and South The former faculty the Ancients were not ignorant of but only this latter Seeing therefore the Magnes hath this property therefore by its help it is easy to find in any part of the Earth or Sea where the North or South is whence all the other quarters are soon known For if those points of the North and South be noted in any Loadstone or the North and South Pole and we have this Magnes in the Ship where we are in the Sea when we desire to know the quarters the Loadstone being hung by a Cord that it may easily move it self will so direct its Poles to the quarter of the North and South that it will shew the quarters demanded But the Magnetick Needle is more easy for use whose end is touched at the South Pole of the Magnes For if that this Needle be placed in the middle upon a sharp perpendicular pin so that it can freely turn round the Needle resting will shew by one of its ends the North quarter and by the other the South From what hath been said it is easy to make a Nautical Instrument Proposition II. To make a Mariners Compass Of the making the Mariners Compass Let the described Circle on any Paper be divided into 32 Quarters or degrees and let one of these deg being taken for the North Quarter be ascribed with these appellations Viz. with a peculiar Sign the Flower de Luce and the found out points for the other Quarters viz. South East West North-East North-West as we have propounded them in the Diagram in the XX Chapter Mariners term this Chart the Rose Then let the Magnetick Needle be so affixed beneath the Chart that the middle of the Needle may be beneath its Center and the North Pole of the Needle may be subjected to the Line of the Paper unto which we ascribe the Northern Quarter Moreover the Paper being so made with the Needle lying under let it be put upon the pointed pin that it may have a free Circumrotation So the Index of the
covering themselves with the skins of Beasts which they take in Hunting having their bodies all hairy and wearing their Beard and Mustachoes very long they are Warlike Cruel and Formidable to the Japanois In War they have no other remedy for their wounds but washing them in salt water It s fertility The Land is little inhabited it would be rich if it were well tilled it hath many Mines of Silver and quantity of excellent Skins and Furs which make it appear that the Earth stretches to the Northward They have some Trade with Aquita which is on the East of Japan but those of Aquita go seldom into Jesso because they cannot with security reside with or trust those Barbarians The PHILIPPINE Islands or of LUSON and the MANILLES Philippine Isles THe PHIPPINE Islands are so called by the Castilians because they conquered them under Philip the second King of Castile The People of the East call them the Isles of Luson because of the greatest and most famous of these Isles which they call Luson a principal City of this Isle being likewise The Irnames so called The Portugals call them Manilles from the City them Manilles from the City Manilla at present the chief City of the Isle of Luson They are in the Oriental Ocean to the Southward of China to the Eastward of India North of the Moluccoes and Westward of the Islands of Theeves But they are 4 or 500 Leagues distant from these not above 100 from China and much nearer the Moluccoes and the the Isles of the Sound Their scituation is between the Equator and the Tropick of Cancer Scituation to wit from the 5 unto the 20 degree of Septentrional Latitude and from the 155 unto the 170 Meridian or Degree of Longitude and so contain 15 or 16 degrees of Longitude and Latitude extending themselves in length and breadth 3 or 400 Leagues The chief Isles and places described LVSON MINDANAO and PARAGOYA are the greatest Luson towards the North Mindanao towards the South and Paragoya to wards the West so that they form almost an Equilateral Triangle Tandaya otherwise Philippina Mindora Panay Masbate Rebujan St John Cebu or the Pintados Negoas Matan Bohol and few others are of a lesser circuit Tandaya is South-East from the most Southerly point of Luson and the streight between is called of Manilla not because of the City Manilla more then 100 Leagues distant but because of the Isles of Luson which are called likewise of Minilla Mindora on the South of the Isle of the Gulph and City of Manilla The rest are between Luson and Mindanao We might likewise make account of Messane Calegan and Buthuan near Cebu of Abuyo and Capuli of Banton Rebujan Vireges Marinduque and Luban between Masbate and Mindora of Iloques Mauris Coyo Bankingle and Kapull between Mindora and Paragoya and between Paragoya and Mindanao of the Little Philippine on the West of the Babuyonnes on the North of Catandanis Paracalla Linton and others on the East of Luson of Palmes and St. John on the East of Mindanao But we cannot name them all there being so great a number that some esteem them 1000 or 1200 of considerable note and in all 10 or 12000. Magellan was the first of the Europeans who discovered these Islands in 1520 In 1564 Don Lewis de Valasco Vice-Roy of Mexico sent Michael Lapez de Legaspes to establish some Spanish Colonies and facilitate by that means their Traffick from Mexico with China and Japan who seised upon Luson Cebu c. The Spaniards possess at present above 50 of them among which Luson Tenday and Cebu are the most famous The Isle of Luson Luson sometimes called New-Castle begins before the 13 and ends after the 19 degree of Latitude on this side the Equator which are not above 6 degrees or 150 Leagues but it stretches one of its points towards the East So that from Cape Bojador towards China unto that of Caceres towards Tenday is more then 200 Leagues passing cross the Isle It s breadth is very unequal and sometimes only 20 25 and sometimes likewise 50 60 and 75 Leagues Manille is its chief City seated in the most Southernly part of the Island well built after the modern way and its Houses are of Free-stone strong and so great that the Spaniards have been forced to divide some part of it from the rest to serve them for a Cittadel in case of necessity by which means they are not at so great a charge in keeping of so great a number of Soldiers as would otherwise be requisite for the security of the place They have a good Port the entrance into which is yet somewhat difficult by reason of the Isles and Rocks of Mirabelles at the opening of the Gulph or Bay of Cavita or Cavite at the bottom of which is Manilla The Governor or Vice-Roy of these Isles as also an Archbishop who hath a Spiritual Jurisdiction over all the Philippine Islands which he exercises by three Suffragan Bishops and some Priests have here their Residence This City is very populous here commonly residing about 15000 Chinois besides Japonesses and a great number of Spaniards which drive a Trade in several good Commodities which the Earth and their ingenuity produces which are brought hither as being the chief City of which I shall speak anon The other Cities of the same Isle are Cagajon or Nueva Segovia in the most Northern part then Caseres in the most Southern part of the Isle The City of Luson is by all Authors described on the Coast which regards China And this name hath been most famous Now it is difficult to know whether Luson or Manilla are two Cities Linscot thinks them one and the same The Isle of Mindanao Mindanao is composed of three different Isles which are almost contiguous the greatest which is in the middle of the other two retains the name of Mindanao having about 100 Leagues of length and little less of breadth Canola towards the West 75 Leagues long and 25 or 30 broad Las Buenas Sennales or the Good Ensigns or likewise St. John on the North East hath only 25 or 30 Leagues of length and breadth And these three together are between the fifth and the ninth Parallel or degree of Longitude and between the 162 and 169 Meridian or degree of Longitude and contain little less then 200 Leagues from the Point of Galere on the West to Cape Bicajo on the East They belong to divers Mahometan or Pagan Kings who are all in good intelligence with the King of Ternate of the Moluccoes and ill-affected to the Portugals Their principal Cities are Mindanao which others call Tabouc Saragos or Suriaco Lomiaton or Lomiatan Dapita and Canola Of the scituation of other Cities of which some Authors make mention we have no assurance The Isle of Paragoya PARAGOYA or CALIMIANES of Boterus is the same thing as Calamian of Linscot and as Puloam or Puloaym of
West and advancing a little towards the South So that St. Anthony and Brava make the two Ends or Points towards the West Bona Vista makes the middle of the half Circle towards the East SANCTA LVCIA St. Nicholas St. NICHOLAS and St. JAGO are the greatest having each 100 or 120000 paces of length 15 20 or 30000 of breadth and 200 or 250000 paces of circuit St. Anthonio and St. Vincent are less by more then half and not of above 100000 paces in circuit the rest which are the least have not above 30 40 or 50000 paces I make no account of seven or eight others whose names have not been given us and which are rather Rocks than Isles St. JAGO is the greatest and the chief of all having a Bishops seat in the City of the same name St. Jago besides which are Ribera Grande with a good Port towards the West Praya towards the East St. Mary towards the North all with their Ports Some place likewise St. Thomas whose Port is dangerous others St. Domingo others St. Michael possibly these fall under some of the others Ribera Grande hath 500 Houses the Air is unhealthful the Land hilly but the Valleys fruitful in Grains Vines Fruits Sugar Canes Millons c. Feeding much Fowl and Cattle and particularly Goats in abundance These Beasts bringing forth young every four Moneths and three of four at a time and the Kids are very fat and delicate Sancta Lucia St. Vincent St. Anthony SANCTA LVCIA is the best peopled after that of St. Jago St. Nicholas St. Vincent and St. Anthony have been esteemed Desert yet they appear to have many Inhabitants though not so many as they could feed The Ships of the Vnited Provinces passing here in 1622. found in that of St Anthony 500 persons Men Women and Children all Aethiopians St. Vincent and St. Nicholas had no less At Mayo these Aethiopians are strong and of good stature but it is to be believed that every where are some Portugals to keep the rest in aw Salt Bona Vista The Isles of SALT of BONA VISTA of MAYO and of St. JAGO yield so great quantity of Salt which is made naturally of the Water which the Sea from time to time leaves that besides what they consume in the Countrey they laded every year more then 100 Ships which is transported into other Countreys and yet there remains six times as much which becomes useless It is reported that the Isle of Mayo could make alone lading for two thousand Sail of Ships yearly and the others not much less The other riches of the Countrey lies in the Skins of their Goats which are in so great quantity through all these Isles that many flocks are seen of 1000 Head The Skins are sent to Brasil Portugal and other places and make excellent Cordovants The Flesh is salted in the Countrey and sold to Ships going and returning from Brasil to the Indies Besides the Salt and Woats which are the principal riches of the Countrey they have many Wild Horses Oxen Apes c. also Cotton whereof they make several Manufactures Also Rice and many sorts of Grains Among their Fowl they have one kind particular to them which they call Flamencos the Feathers of their Bodies are all White and those of their Wings Red as Blood Their Tortoises are not above two or three foot long they come out of the Sea and lay their Eggs in the night covering them with Sand and the heat of the Sun hatches them Fuego Brava In Fuego and Brava they gather Wines which yield little to those of the Canaries The Sargasso Sea Between the Islands of Cape Verde and the main Land inclining towards the Canaries the Sea is called Sargasso because from the 20 to the 24 degree and for the length of 30 40 or 50 Leagues the Sea is covered with an herb like to that which is found in the bottom of Wells and which the Portugals call Sargasso This Herb except that it is more Yellow resembles Sea-Parsley bearing certain Grains or Fruit at the end but of neither taste nor substance Many have been much troubled to know from whence these Weeds come which are distant from the Isles and from the firm Land more then 60 Leagues and in a part of the Sea where there is no bottom found Nevertheless they are so close and in so great quantity that the Water seems rather a Meadow or Green Field then a Sea Ships which fall among these Weeds had need of a good Wind to disingage themselves and I believe it was these which hindred Sataspes from finishing his course about Africa and were the cause of his misfortune This Sataspes Son of Teaspes one of the Achemenides A story of Sataspes having ravished the Daughter of Zopyrus the Son of Magabises was condemned by Xerxes to be crucified His Mother the Sister of Darius caused this punishment to be changed into another to wit he was caused to make the Circumnavigation of Africa which could not be done without great difficulty and hazard He embarked in Egypt passed the Pillars of Hercules entred into the Occidental Ocean and passed far to the South along Africa but knowing that it would yet require much time and pains to end this course he returned into Egypt and thence to the Court where he said he had met with somewhat that hindred his Ship from passing farther Xerxes took him for a liar and made him suffer the death he was before condemned to But to continue The Isles of Cape Verde The Position wherein the Isles of Cape Verde are now found answers much better to the Position of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then that of the Canaries Ptolomy places his Fortunate Isles between the 10 and 16 degree of Latitude the Isles of Cape Verde are between the 13 and 19 the Canaries beyond the 26. The Meridian of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the Coast of Africa and towards the West The least Meridian of the Isles of Cape Verde is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the same Coast and towards the same side The least Meridian of the Canaries touches the Coast of Africa Ptolomy confines his Fortunate Isles under one Meridian and extends them from South to North between the tenth to the sixteenth parallel or degrees of Latitude which are five degrees of Latitude The Isles of Cape Verde are not justly under one Meridian but under two or three and extend themselves from the 13 ½ to the 19 which are five degrees of Latitude The Canaries on the contrary are all couched from West to East and almost under the same parallel or degree of Latitude which is the 27 lengthning themselves from the first to the 6 of Longitude These four Reasons are very strong to prove that the Isles of Cape Verde do rather answer to the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then the Canaries Their distance in regard of the Aequator is
of the said Company Jamaica described JAMAICA is an Isle of a large extent being from East to West 170 miles in length and from North to South where it is broadest about 70 being of an Oval form and waxing narrower and narrower at both extream ends It is seated betwixt the Tropicks in the 17 and 18 degrees of Northern Latitude It s scituation Extent and beareth from off the Isle of Hispaniola Eastwards about 35 Leagues In the midst of the Isle from East to West runs a continued ridge of lofty Mountains which are well stored with fresh Springs whence flow the many Rivers that so plentifully water the Island Well watered to the great benefit of the Inhabitants The Air is observed to be more temperate than any of the Caribe Isles and of as mild a temperature as any place betwixt the Tropicks being alwaies refreshed with cool breezes frequent showers and great dews in the nights that it may be deemed Temperate and by its continual verdure exceeding delightful The Weather The weather is less certain than in the Caribe Isles the most observable wet seasons are in November and May there being no seemable Winter but by a little more rain and thunder in the Winter months nor is there scarce any sensible lengthning or shortning of the Days or Nights Hurricanes are here never known It s fertility and commodities This Isle in most parts especially the North is of a Fertil and rich soil and liberally answers the Cultivators cost and pains for what is planted The chief Commodities that it produceth are Sugars which are so good that they out sell those of the Barbados 5 s. per cent Cocao the richest Commodity of the Island Indico Cotton Tobacco but indifferent Hides Copper great variety of Woods for Dyers also Cedar Brasilletto Lignum vitae Ebony c. Tortoises in exceeding great plenty whose flesh is excellent good and nourishing but those that are troubled with the French man it is dangerous to eat Salt Salt-Peter Ginger Cod-pepper Piemente being an excellent Aromatick spice of a curious gusto having the mixt tast of divers Spices Cocheneil divers excellent Druggs Gumms and Balsoms many of which are not yet known by their names Here are greater abundance of Cattle than in most of the English Plantations as Horses Cows Hoggs Sheep Goats Asnegroes Mules Great plenty of Cattle which came from the breed of those put into the Woods by the Spaniards when they were first Masters of the Island which for want of Masters became wild but since the English have had to do here they are much wasted to what they were The Bays Rivers Roads and Creeks Fish Fowl are well stored with excellent Fish of sundry sorts appropriate to the Indies Likewise great store of Fowl both tame and wild the chief of which are Ducks Teal Wigeon Geese Turkyes Pigeons Hens Plovers c. Here are great plenty of excellent Fruits as Oranges Fruits Cocarnuts Pomegranates Limes Guavers Mammes Alumee-Supotas Avocatas Cashues Prickle-Apples Prickle Pears Grapes Sower sops Custard-Apples Dildoes Plantains Pines c. And Herbs Roots Herbs and Roots and Flowers common to England grow here very well Here are very noxious Beasts or Insects found those most dangerous are the Alegators Hurtful things some of which are fifteen and twenty foot long here is also Manchonele which is a kind of Crab likewise Snakes and Guianas but not poysonous as also Muskettoes and Merrywings a sort of stinging Flies found very troublesome to the Inhabitants The Diseases that Strangers are most incident unto are Dropsies occasioned by ill Dyet Drunkenness Diseases and Sloathfulness Calentures too frequently the product of Surfeits also Fevers and Agues but it is experimentally sound that if a good Dyet and moderate Exercises are used without excess of Drinking they may enjoy a competent measure of health and the reason of the great mortality of the Army at their arrival was the want of Provisions together with an unwillingness to labouror exercise joyned with discontent This Island is divided into Fourteen Precincts Divisions or Parishes It s division in to Precincts or Parishes many of which are well Inhabited especially the Southern part so far as the ridge of Mountains which runneth in the midst nor are its Southern parts especially near the Sea without Plantations though not so thick as about St. Jago and of late years the Island is much increased in its Inhabitants and Plantations being likely to prove the Potentest Colony the English are Masters of in America being able to bring into the Field upon occasion about eight or ten thousand men This Isle abounds with goods Bays Roads and Harbours the chief amongst which are Port Royal formerly Cagway It s chief places Port Royal. seated on the extream end of that long point of Land which makes the Harbour which is exceeding commodious for Shipping and secured by a strong Castle and land lock't by a point of land that runs twelve miles South-East from the main of the Island having the great River that runs by los Angelos and St. Jago falling into it where Ships do commonly water and conveniently wood The Harbour is two or three Leagues broad in most places with good Anchorage and so deep that a Ship of one thousand Tun may lay her sides to the Shoar of the point and load and unload with Planks afloat which commodiousness doth make it much resorted unto and as well Inhabited by the Merchants Store-house-keepers and other Inhabitants this being the only noted place in the Isle for Traffick and resort being said to contain about 12 or 1500 well built houses which are as dear rented as if they stood in well traded streets in London yet its scituation is very unpleasant and uncommodious having neither Earth Wood or fresh water but only made up of a hot loose sand which renders it more unhealthful than up in the Country and Provisions are very dear about 12 miles up in the Land from this Town is St. Jago St. Jago or St. Jago de la vega which when the Spaniards were Masters of it was large containing about 2000 houses which were destroyed and reduced to about 500 when the English first seized the Isle and here the Governour resideth and where the chief Courts of Judicature are held which makes it to be well resorted and inhabited where they live in great pleasure recreating themselves in their Coaches and on Horseback in the evenings in the Savana near adjoyning as the Gentry do here in Hide-Park The present Governour is his Excellency Charles Earl of Carslile Viscount Howard of Acorpeth Lord Dacres of Gilsland one of the Lords of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council a person for prudence and noble qualifications every way beâ—itting such a place Six miles Southward of this Town is seated Passage at the mouth of the River Passage which at six miles course falleth into the Harbour of