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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	lie_v	side_n	south_n	1,453	5	9.2242	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60282	Natural philosophy improven by new experiments touching the mercurial weather-glass, the hygroscope, eclipsis, conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter, by new experiments, touching the pressure of fluids, the diving-bell, and all the curiosities thereof : to which is added some new observations, and experiments, lately made of several kinds : together with a true relation of an evil spirit, which troubled a mans family for many days : lastly, there is a large discourse anent coal, coal-sinks, dipps, risings, and streeks of coal, levels running of mines, gaes, dykes, damps, and wild-fire / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1683 (1683)	Wing S3855; ESTC R15622	205,371	320

about 20 or 24 ounces and lay it upon the said piece of Wood but because it cannot well ly without falling off therefore nail upon the ends and the sides of the Timber four pieces of Sticks on each end one and on each side one as Ledgets for keeping the Bullet from falling off All things being thus ordered draw up the piece of Wood towards the one side of the Room by which means losing its horizontal position it will ly declining-wise like the roof of an house In this position lay the Iron Bullet in the upmost end of it and then let them both pass from your fingers the one end of the Wood going foremost and you will find it swing towards the other side of the house and return again as a Pendulum This motion if the Wood be well guided in its vibrations will last perpetually because in its moving down the Bullet is hurled from the one end of the Wood to the other and hits it so smartly that it begets in it an impulse whereby it is carried farder up than it would be without it By this means the vibrations get not liberty to diminish but all of them are kept of the same length In the second vibration the same Bullet is hurled back again to the other end and hiting it with all its weight creats a second impulse wherewith the Wood is carried as far up as the point it was first demitted from Though this may seem a pretty device to please the fancy that 's many times deceived while things are presented to it by way of speculation yet upon tryal and experience there will be found an unspeakeable difficulty and it 's such an one that a man would not readily think upon I said that when the Wood was let go and was in passing down the Bullet in it would hurl down and hit the oppsite end and beget an impulse but there is no such thing for verily though the Bullet be laid upon a very declining plain Board whereupon no man could imagine a round body could ly yet all the time the Board is in swinging from the one side of the Chamber to the other and consequently sometimes under an horizontal and somtimes under an declining position the Bullet lies dead in the place where you first placed it This Observation is not so much for a perpetual motion as for finding out the reason of this pretty Phenomenon namely what 's the cause why the Bullet that cannot ly upon a reclining Board while it 's without motion shall now ly upon it while it 's under motion What is more difficult and nice to ly upon any thing that declines from a levell than Quick-silver yet lay never so much of it upon this Board while it is swinging it shall ly dead and without motion But no sooner you stop the motion of the wood but assoon the Bullet or the Quick-silver is hurled either this way or that way OBSERVATION XII I Find it mentioned by some learned persons that when a Ship is under Sail if a stone be demitted from the top of the Mast it will move down in a line parallel with it and fall at the root Some might think it ought not to fall directly above the place it hang over but rather some distance behind seing the Ship hath advanced so much bounds in the time wherein the stone is coming down Likewise while a Ship is under Sail let a man throw up a stone never so high and never so perpendicular as to his apprehension yet it will fall down directly upon his head again notwithstanding that the Ship hath run perhaps her own length in the time while the stone was ascending and descending This experiment I find to hold true which may be easily tryed especially when a man is carried in a Boat upon smooth Water drawn by a horse as is done in some places abroad Let him therefore throw up a little Stone or any heavy Body and he will find it descend just upon his head notwithstanding that the Horse that draggs the Boat be under a gallop and by this means hath advanced ten or twelve paces in the time Or while the Boat is thus running let a man throw a stone towards the brink of the VVater in this case he shall not hit the place he aimed at but some other place more forward This lets us see that when a Gun is fired in a Ship under Sail the Bullet cannot hit the place it was directed to Neither can a man riding with a full Career and shooting a Pistol hit the person he aims at but must surely miss him notwithstanding that though in the very instant of time wherein he fires the mouth of the Pistol was most justly directed For remedy whereof allowance must be granted in the aiming at the mark VVhile a man throws up a stone in a Ship under Sail it must receive two distinct impulses one from the hand whereby it is carried upward the other from the Ship whereby it is carried forward By this means the stone in going up and coming down cannot describe a perpendicular but a crooked Line either a Parabola or a Line very like unto it Neither can it describe a perpendicular Line in coming down from the top of the Mast though in appearance it seem to do so but a crooked one which in effect must be the half of that which it describes in going up and coming down For this same cause a stone thrown horizontally or towards the brink of the VVater must describe a crooked Line also And a Pistol Bullet shot while a man is riding at a full Carreer must describe a Line of the same kind Note that a man walking from the Stern of a Ship to the Head walks a longer way than in walking from the Head to the Stern Secondly a man may walk from the Head to the Stern and yet not change his place 'T is observable that a man under board will not perceive whether the Ship be sailing or not and cannot know when her Head goes about And it is strange that when a man is inclosed in a Hogs-head though he have light with him yet let him be never so oft whirled about he shall not know whether he be going about or not OBSERVATION XIII I Found in a Philosophical transaction lately Printed that Decemb. 13. 1669 one Doctor Beal found the Mercury in the Baroscope never to be so high as it was then That same very day I found the hight of it 29 inches and nine ten parts which I never observed before And though the day here was dark and the Heavens cove●ed with Clouds yet no rain for many dayes followed but much dryness and fair weather On Saturday night March 26 1670 I found the altitude no more than 27 and nine ten parts This night was exceeding windy with a great rain On February 1. 1671. I found the altitude 30 inches and the Heavens most clear But in the most part of May

is fixed in the very Zodiack and in the 13 degree of Cancer and is the very navel of the following Twine The Star A is Castor The Star B is Pollux The star D is fixed in the forefoot of the following Twine From this place he moved with a retrograde motion till he came to the 5 of Cancer about the 20 of February 1670 and from that time became Direct in his motion and so upon the 27 of March 1670 at 9 a clock he was in a right line with Canis minor and the brightest Star in Auriga and was in a right line with the eastmost shoulder of Orion and Castor in Gemini or with that Star when South-west that 's highest and West-most OBSERVATION III. IT is written in the History of the Royal Society that such a member of it whose name I have forgotten hath found out among many other curious inventions this namely a way for knowing the motion of the Sun in seconds of time but is not pleased to reveal the manner how Because such a device may be usefull in Astronomy and likewise for adjusting the Pendulum Clock I shall therefore briefly shew the manner and way how such a thing may be done as I have tried it my self I took an Optick Tub about 12 foot long only with two Convex-glasses in it and did so place it in a dark room by putting the one end in which was the Object-glass without the window and keeping the other within that I caused the beams of the Sun shine thorow it which were received upon a white wall four or five foot from the Tub. This image which was perfectly round and splendid did move alongst the wall very quickly so that in a minut of time it did advance seven inches and a half which will be the eight part of an inch in a second a motion very sensible Now this beam that came thorow the Tub and lighted upon the wall would not have moved one inch in a minut if it had wanted the two Glasses for as they magnify and seem to bring nearer the Object so they quicken the motion of it In a word by what proportion the Object is made more by that same proportion is the motion quickned 'T is to be observed that the longer the Tub be the motion is the swifter for as the longest Tub doth ordinarily most magnify the object so doth it most quicken the motion Next the farther distant the white wall is from the end of the Tub the larger is the image and contrariwise the nearer it be it is the less Thirdly the farther the wall be from the end of the Tub the circumference of the image is the more confused and the nearer it be it is the more distinct Fourthly the darker the room be it is so much the better Lastly this trial may be made with ordinary Prospects of a foot two foot or three foot long which will really do the thing but not so sensibly unless the glasses be very good As to the use of this device in Astronomy I shall not say much But shall only mention what it may serve for in order to the Pendulum Clock For this cause let a man choise a convenient room with a window to the South wherein this Tub may be so fixed that it may ly just or very near to the true meridian and may move vertically upon an axil-tree because of the Suns declination every day Then at a certain distance from the end of it fix and settle a large board of timber smooth and well plained and well whited for receiving the image In the middle of this board draw a circle with Charcoal equal in diameter to the circle of the image Now this being done you will find that assoon as the west side of the Sun begins to come near to the Meridian the image begins to appear upon the board like the segment of a circle and grows larger and larger till it become perfectly round Now in the very instant of time wherein the image and the circle are united set the wheels of your Clock a going from the hour minut and second of XII To morrow or 3 or 4 dayes after when you desire to make an examination wait on about 12 a clock when the Sun is coming to the Meridian and you will find what the difference is If the Clock go slow observe assoon as the image is united with the circle which you will perceive in a second of time the variation that 's to say how many seconds interveens between that second wherein the union fell and that second that closes XII hours in the Clock If it go fast observe how many seconds passes from that second that ends XII hours and that wherein the image of the Sun is united with the circle which if you do you will know exactly what the difference is even to a second But without this you will find great difficulty to know the variation in 15 or 20 seconds especially in a common Dial. But here you will see distinctly the image of the Sun move every second of time the eighth part or the sixth part or the fourth part of an inch according to the length of your Tub and goodness of your glasses 'T is to be observed that in adjusting the Pendulum Clock respect must be had to the table of Equation of dayes commonly known in Astronomy For if this be not it is impossible to make it go right and that because all the natural dayes of the year are not equal among themselves that 's to say the time that 's spent by the Suns motion from the Meridian this day to the same Meridian the next day is not equal but is more or less than the time spent betwixt Meridian and Meridian a third or fourth day after For instance the Sun this day being 11 of Iuly comes sooner to the Meridian by three seconds of time than he came yesterday Within 9 or 10 dayes suppose the 22 of Iuly he will be longer in coming to the Meridian by 4 seconds than upon the 21. This difference I grant in short time is not sensible yet once in the year it will amount to more than half an hour This inequality of dayes arises from two-causes First from the Suns eccentricity whereby he moves slowlier in one part of the Zodiack than in another for in Summer when he is furthest from the Earth he goes slowlier back in the Ecliptick than in Winter when he is nearer to it The second cause which is truly the far greater is this because in the diurnal motion of the Sun equal parts of the Aequator does not answer to equal parts of the Zodiack Hence it followes that if the natural dayes be not equal among themselves the hours must be unequal also but this is not considerable By help of such a Tub placed in a dark room it is easie when the Sun is under Eclipse to enumerat distinctly the digits eclipsed Likewise if you take

may have a wider Vessel that may receive the same Glass into it and it being full of Water may so cover the sealed orifice that there shall be no hazard of any Air coming in Or this Experiment may be first tried at the root of the Hill and having stopped compleatly the mouth of the Vessel the whole Engine may be carried up to the top where you will find the Mercury subside and fall down so much namely after the said orifice is opened for as the stopping of the orifice at the root of the Hill is the cause why that same degree of Pressure remains in the stagnant Liquor so the opening of it upon the top of the Hill is the cause why it becomes less This Experiment lets us see that the Pressure of the Air seems to be as the Pressure of the Water namely the further down the greater and the further up the less and therefore as by coming up to the top of the Water there is no more Pressure so by coming up to the top of the Air there is no more weight in it which in effect sayes that the Air hath a determinat hight as the Water hath From this Experiment we cannot learn the determinat hight of the Air because the definit hight of the Mountain is not known I know there are some who think that the Air is indefinitly extended as if forsooth the Firmament of fixed Stars were the limits of it but I suppose it is hard to make it out OBSERVATION V. JUne 5. 1670. I observed the Sun within 3 minuts of setting to have a perfect oval figure the two ends lying level with the Horizon His colour was not red as ordinarily but bright and clear as if he had been in the Meridian neither was the Sky red but clear also And by the help of the Pendulum Clock I have observed his body to be longer in setting than it ought by eight minuts and sometimes by ten and his Diameter longer in going out of sight than it ought by two and sometimes by three minuts The reason of these Phenomena must be the Refraction unquestionably OBSERVATION VI. UPon Saturday evening the 30 of Iuly 1670 and the night following till about two a Clock in the Sabbath morning there fell out a considerable rain with great thunder and many lightnings About Sun-set the convocation of black clouds appeared first towards the Horizon in the South-west with several lightnings and the wind blowing from that point carried the clouds and rain over Mid and East-Lothian towards the Firth and Sea-coast About 9 a clock the whole Heavens almost were covered with dark clouds yet the rain was not very great neither were the thunder claps frequent but every fifth or sixth second of time a large and great lightning brake out But before the thunder crack was heard which happened every fourth o● fifth minut the lightning was so terrible for greatness and brightness that it might have bred astonishment And because the night was very dark and the lightning very splendid a man might have perceived houses and corn-fields at a great distance And if any had resolved to catch it in the breaking out it did so dazle the eyes that for half a minut he was not able to see any thing about him Sometimes the lightning that went before the thunder brake forth from the clouds like a long spout of fire or rather like a long flame raised high with a Smiths Bellow● but did not continue long in sight Such an one above the Fi●th was seen to spout downward upon the Sea Sometimes there appeared from the one end of the cloud to the other an hiatus or wide opening all full of fire in form of a long surrow or branch of a River not straight but crooked I suppose the breadth of it in it self would have been twenty pace and more and the length of it five or six hundred pace the duration of it would have been about a second of time Sometimes a man might have perceived the nether side of the cloud before the crack came all speckled with streams of fire here and there like the side of an Hill where Moor-burn is which brake forth into a lightning But there was one after which followed a terrible thunder crack which far exceeded all the rest for quantity and splendor It brake out from the cloud being shot from North to South in form of fire from a great Cannon but in so great quantity as if a Gun ten foot wide with 500 pound weight of Powder in it had been fired And surely the lightning behoved to be far greater in it self seeing it appeared so great at so great a distance It did not evanish in an instant like the fire of a Gun but continued about a second and an half by reason it seems that it could not break out all at once This did so dazle the sight that for half a minut almost nothing was seen but like a white mist flying before the eyes The whole Countrey about was seen distinctly All these great lightnings were seen a considerable time before the crack was heard Sometimes 30 seconds numbered by the Pendulum Clock interveened namely when the thunder was at a distance about 7 or 8 miles Sometimes 15 or 16 only interveened But when the thunder was just above our head no moe passed than 7 or 8 which seems to demonstrat that these thick black clouds out of which the thunder breaks are not a Scottish mile from the earth when they are directly above us 'T is observable that in all lightnings and thunderings there is no smoke to be seen which seems to evince that the matter whereof they are generated must be most pure and subtil Who knows but this Countrey that abounds with Coal may occasion more thunder and lightnings than other places namely by sending up sulphurious exhalations to the middle region of the Air wherewith the Coal-mines abound OBSERVATION VII THis is a method for finding out the true South and North Points which are in effect very difficult to know Take therefore four pieces of Timber each one of them five foot long and about six inches thick square-wise Sharpen their ends and fix them so in the ground that they may stand Perpendicular and as near to South and North by a Magnetick Needle as may be The place would be free of Trees or of any such impediment that it may have a free prospect of the Heavens As for their distance one from another let the two North-most and the South-most be two foot asunder let the two East-most and two West-most be but one foot making as they stand an oblong quadrangle For keeping them equidistant above as well as below take four bars of Wood about three inches broad and one inch thick and nail them round about upon the four sides on each side one so that being nailed on Horizontally they may make right angles with the tops of the standards above There are

one of them as large as the Tub it came out of And surely all of it came out from among the small quantity of Brandy that filled the Pipe and that environed the mouth of it I mean the stagnant Brandy both which would not have been eight spoonful After this I opened the Stop-cock leasurely to let in the Air to the Receiver then did the Brandy climb up the Pipe slowly till it came near to the top and there made some little halt by reason of half an inch of Air that appeared there But more and more Air coming into the Receiver that half inch in the top of the Pipe did so diminish that it appeared no bigger than the point of a Pin and was scarcely discernable to the eyes What a strange and wonderful faculty of dilatation and contraction must be in the Air seing that which presently had filled the whole Tub that was 40 inches long and the sixth part of an inch wide was contracted to as little room as the point of a Needle And by making some new exsuctions that small Atome of Air did so dilate it self again that it filled the same Tub and not only that but as formerly it bubbled out from the mouth of the Pipe several times 'T is to be observed that though at the first falling down of the Brandy it appeared like broken Water near the top of the Pipe within yet no such thing was seen the second time it fell down the reason is because by the first exsuctions it was well exhausted of its aërial particles Once or twice I found after the Brandy within the Pipe was well freed of Air that no exsuctions could make it move from the top of the Tub and observed a round Bubble of Air to march up which when once it came to the top did separate the one from the other If this hold good it seems to prove that neither Mercury nor any other Liquor would fall down in Pipes unless there were Air lurking amongst the parts to fill up the deserted space From this Experiment we learn that no person can well apprehend or conceive how far and to what bounds the smallest part of Air is able to expand it self And it proves evidently that when the Receiver is as much emptied as it can be by the Art of man yet it is full of Air compleatly The third trial was after this manner I set within the Receiver a little Glass half full of Brandy and the lid being cemented on I began to pump but there appeared no alteration at the first exsuction At the second I perceived a great company of very small Bubbles that for a long time ascended from the body of it and came to the surface At the third they were so frequent and great that the Brandy appeared to seeth and boil and by reason of the great ebullitions much of it ran over the lips of the Glass and fell into the bottom of the Receiver This boiling continued for the space of 7 or 8 exsuctions and by process of time the Bubbles grew fewer and fewer and when about 30 or 40 exsuctions were made no more appeared With this same sort of Brandy I filled the fore-named Pipe and set it within the Receiver the mouth of the Tub being guarded with the same sort of Liquor When it began to subside there appeared no Bubbles near the top as before the rea●on seems to be because the Brandy was well exhausted from its aërial particles For a fourth trial I filled the same Tub with Ale that was only 5 or 6 dayes old and drowning the end of it among stagnant Ale of the same kind I began to Pump and found that assoon as the Liquor began to subside from the top of the Pipe the whole Ale within the Pipe almost turned into Air and Froth and so many large Bubbles came up from the stagnant Liquor that I thought the whole was converted into Air. It was most pleasant to behold their several forms and shapes their order and motion This same Tub being filled with sweet milk I found very few Bubbles in it when by the exsuctions it began to subside I likewise took a little Glass-viol and fill'd the half of it full with common Ale and set it within the Receiver At the first exsuction Bubbles of Air began to rise out of it At the second and third they did so multiply that they fill'd the other half of the Glass and ran over as a Pot doth when it boileth And before I could exhaust all the Air out of it moe than 20 exsuctions passed For a fifth trial I filled the often mentioned Pipe with Fountain-water and when it began to subside by Pumping I found it leave much Air behind it But all the exsuctions I made could not make the Water of the Pipe go so low as the stagnant Water by which impediment I could Pump no Air out of the Pipe as I did while I made use of Brandy This tells us that either there is not so much Air lurking among Water as among Brandy or that the Air among this hath a more expansive faculty in it than the Air that lurks among Water If any think that it is not true and real Air which comes from the Brandy but rather the Spirits of it which evaporats I answer if a man tast this Brandy that 's exhausted of its aërial particles he will find it as strong as before which could not be if the Spirits were gone For a sixth trial I took a Frog and inclosed her within the Receiver But all the exsuctions I was able to make could not so much as trouble her Only when the Receiver was exhausted I perceived her sides to swell very big and when the Stop-cock was turned to let in the Air again her sides clapped closs together I observed likewise when the Air was pretty well Pumped out that the Frog had no respirations or if there were any they were very insensible The next day after she had been prisoner in the Receiver 24 hours I began again to Pump and after several exsuctions her sides swell'd pretty great and I perceived her open her mouth wide and somewhat like a Bag endeavouring to come out which surely hath been some of her noble parts striving to dilate themselves the body being freed of all Pressure from the ambient Air. OBSERVATION XI TAke a slender chord about 4 or 5 yards in length and fasten the middle of it to the seiling of a Room with a nail so that the two ends of it may hang down equally Take next a piece of Wood two or three foot long two inches broad and one inch thick and boring an hole in each end of it put through the two ends of the chord and fasten them with knots but so that the piece of Wood may ly Horizontal and be in a manner a Pendulum to swing from the one end of the Chamber to the other Take next a Bullet of Lead or Iron