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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43326	A new discovery of a vast country in America extending above four thousand miles between New France and New Mexico, with a description of the great lakes, cataracts, rivers, plants and animals : also the manners, customs, and languages of the several native Indians ... : with a continuation, giving an account of the attempts of the Sieur De la Salle upon the mines of St. Barbe, &c., the taking of Quebec by the English, with the advantages of a shorter cut to China and Japan : both parts illustrated with maps and figures and dedicated to His Majesty, K. William / by L. Hennepin ... ; to which is added several new discoveries in North-America, not publish'd in the French edition.; Nouvelle découverte d'un très grand pays situé dans l'Amérique entre le Nouveau Mexique et la mer Glaciale. English	Hennepin, Louis, 17th cent.; La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 1643-1687.; Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700.; Marquette, Jacques, 1637-1675.	1698 (1698)	Wing H1450; ESTC R6723	330,063	596

and Creeks which we were forc'd to coast we past by the Great Fall of Niagara and spent half a Day in considering the Wonders of that prodigious Cascade I could not conceive how it came to pass that four great Lakes the least of which is 400 Leagues in compass should empty themselves one into another and then all centre and discharge themselves at this Great Fall and yet not drown good part of America What is yet more surprizing the Ground from the Mouth of the Lake Erie down to the Great Fall appears almost level and flat 'T is scarce discernable that there is the least Rise or Fall for six Leagues to gether The more than ordinary swiftness of the Stream is the only thing that makes it be observ'd And that which makes it yet●the stranger is That for 2 Leagues together below the Fall towards the Lake Ontario or Front●nac the Lands are as level as they are above it towards the Lake of Erie Our Surprise was still greater when we observ'd there was no Mountains within two good Leagues of this Cascade and yet the vast quantity of Water which is discharg'd by these four fresh Seas stops or centres here and so falls above six hundred Foot deep down into a Gulph which one cannot look upon without Horrour Two other great Out-lets or Falls of Water which are on the two sides of a small sloping Island which is in the midst fall gently and without noise and so glide away quiety enough But when this prodigious quantity of Water of which I speak comes to fall there is such a din and such a noise more deafning than the loudest Thunder The rebounding of these Waters is so great that a sort of Cloud arises from the Foam of it which are seen hanging over this Abyss even at Noon-day when the Sun is at its heighth In the midst of Summer when the Weather is hottest they arise above the tallest Firrs and other great Trees which grow in the sloping Island which make the two Falls of Waters that I spoke of I wish'd an hundred times that somebody had been with us who could have describ'd the Wonders of this prodigious frightful Fall so as to give the Reader a just and natural Idea of it such as might satisfie him and create in him an Admiration of this Prodigy of Nature as great as it deserves In the mean time accept the following Draught such as it is in which however I have endeavour'd to give the curious Reader as just an Image of it as I can We must call to mind what I observ'd of it in the beginning of my Voyage which is to be seen in the Seventh Chapter of this Book From the Mouth of the Lake Erie to the Great Fall are reckon'd six Leagues as I have said which is the continuation of the Great River of St. Laurence which arises out of the four Lakes above-mention'd The River you must needs think is very rapid for these six Leagues because of the vast Discharge of Waters which fall into it out of the said Lakes The Lands which lie on both sides of it to the East and West are all level from the Lake Erie to the Great Fall Its Banks are not s●eep on the contrary the Water is almost always level with the Land 'T is certain that the Ground towards the Fall is lower by the more than ordinary swiftness of the Stream and yet 't is not perceivable to the Eye for the six Leagues abovesaid After it has run thus violently for six Leagues it meets with a small sloping Island about half a quarter of a League long and near three hundred Foot broad as well as one can guess by the Eye for it is impossible to come at it in a Canow of Bark the Waters run with that force The Isle is full of Cedar and Firr but the Land of it lies no higher than that on the Banks of the River It seems to be all level even as far as the two great Cascades that make the Main Fall The two sides of the Channels which are made by the Isle and run on both sides of it overflow almost the very Surface of the Earth of the said Isle as well as the Land that lies on the Banks of the River to the East and West as it runs South and North. But we must observe that at the end of the Isle on the side o● the two great Falls there is a sloping Rock which reaches as far as the Great Gulph into which the said Waters fall and yet the Rock is not at all wetted by the two Cascades which fall on both sides because the two Torrents which are made by the Isle throw themselves with a prodigious force one towards the East and the other towards the West from off the end of the Isle where the Great Fall of all is After then these two Torrents have thus run by the two sides of the Isle they cast their Waters all of a sudden down into the Gulph by two Great Falls which Waters are push'd so violently on by their own Weight and so sustain'd by the swiftness of the motion that they don't wet the Rock in the least And here it is that they tumble down into an Abyss above 600 Foot in depth The Waters that flow on the side of the East do not throw themselves with that violence as those that fall on the West The reason is because the Rock at the end of the Island rises something more on this side than it does on the West and so the Waters being supported by it somewhat longer than they are on the other side are carry'd the smoother off But on the West the Rock sloping more the Waters for want of a Support become the sooner broke and fall with the greater precipitation Another reason is the Lands that lie on the West are lower than those that lie on the East We also observ'd that the Waters of the Fall that is to the West made a sort of a square Figure as they fell which made a third Cascade less than the other two which fell betwixt the South and North. And because there is a rising Ground which lies before those two Cascades to the North the Gulph is much larger there than to the East Moreover we must observe that from the rising Ground that lies over against the two last Falls which are on the West of the main Fall one may go down as far as the bottom of this terrible Gulph The Author of this Discovery was down there the more narrowly to observe the Fall of these prodigious Cascades From hence we could discover a Spot of Ground which lay under the Fall of Water which is to the East big enough for four Coaches to drive a breast without being wet but because the Ground which is to the East of the sloping Rock where the first Fall empties it self into the Gulph is very steep and almost perpendicular 't is impossible for a Man

touch'd with the Admiration of any thing they cannot comprehend cry'd aloud Otchitagon Gannoron that is Bare-Feet what ye are about to undertake is of great Importance They added That their most valiant Adventures had much ado to extricate themselves out of the hands of those barbarous Nations we were going to visit It is certain that the Iroquois had a most tender Respect for the Franciscan Monks having observ'd them to live all in common with out reserving any particular Possessions The Food of the Iroquois is in common among ' em The ancientest Women in the House distributes about to the other Persons in the Family according to their Age. When they sit at their Meals they give freely to eat unto all that come into their Houses for they would rather chuse to fast for a whole Day than suffer any one to go from their Houses without offering them a share of all they had The Sieur de la Salle arriv'd at the Fort some time after me God preserv'd him as he did me from the infinite Dangers he was expos'd to in this great Voyage betwixt Quebec and the Fort having pass'd the long Precipice mention'd last and several other most rapid Currents in his way thither The same Year he sent off Fifteen of our Boat-men who were to go before us They made as if they had been going in their Canow towards the Illinois and the other Neighbouring Nations that border upon the River call'd by the Illinois Meschasipi that is a great River which Name it has in the Map All this was only to secure to us a good Correspondence with the Savages and to prepare for us in that Country some Provisions and other Necessaries for going about this Discovery But there being among them some villainous Fellows they stopp'd in the upper Lake at Missilimakinak and diverted themselves with the Savages that live to the Northward of that Lake lavishing and squandering away the best of the Commodities they had taken with 'em instead of providing such Things as were needful for building a Ship which we necessarily wanted for passing from Lake to Lake to the River Meschasipi CHAP. XIV A Description of my second Imbarkment at Fort Frontenac in a Brigantine upon the Lake Ontario or Frontenac THat same very Year on the Eighteenth of November I took leave of our Monks at Fort Frontenac and after our mutual Embraces and Expressions of Brotherly and Christian Charity I embark'd in a Brigantine of about Ten Tuns The Winds and the Cold of the Autumn were then very violent insomuch that our Crew was afraid to go into so little a Vessel This oblig'd us and the Sieur de la Motte our Commander to direct our course Northwards to shelter our selves under the Coast against the North-West Wind which otherwise would have forc'd us upon the Southern Coast of ●he Lake This Voyage prov'd very difficult and dangerous because of the unseasonable time the Winter being near at hand On the 26th we were in great danger about Two large Leagues off the Land where we were oblig'd to lie at an Anchor all that Night at Sixty Fathom Water and above but at length the Wind turning North-East we set out and arriv'd safely at the further end of the Lake Ontario call'd by the Iroquois Skannadario We came pretty near to one of their Villages call'd Taiaiagon lying about Seventy Leagues from Fort Frontenac or Katarockouy We barter'd some Indian Corn with the Iroquois who could not admire us enough and came frequently to see us on board our Brigantine which for our greater security we had brought to an Anchor into a River tho' before we could get in we run aground three times which oblig'd us to put Fourteen Men into Canows and cast the Balast of our Ship over-board to get her off again That River falls into the Lake but for fear of being frozen up therein we were forc'd to cut the Ice with Axes and other Instruments The Wind turning then contrary we were oblig'd to tarry there till the 15th of December 1678. that we sail'd from the Northern Coast to the Southern where the River Niagara runs into the Lake but could not reach it that Day tho' it is but Fifteen or Sixteen Leagues distant and therefore cast Anchor within Five Leagues of the Shore where we had very bad Weather all the Night long On the 6th being St. Nicholas's Day we got into the fine River Niagara into which never any such Ship as ours enter'd before We sung there Te Deun● and other Prayers to return our Thanks to God Almighty for our prosperous Voyage The Iroquois Tsonnontouans inhabiting the little Village situated at the mouth of the River took above Three hundred White Fishes bigger than Carps which are the best relishing as well as the wholesomest Fish in the World They presented us with all those Fishes imputing their Good Luck to our Arrival They were much surpriz'd at our Ship which they call'd the great wooden Canow On the 7th we went in a Canow two Leagues up the River to look for a convenient Place for Building but not being able to get the Canow farther up because the Current was too rapid for us to master we went over-land about three Leagues higher tho' we found no Land fit for culture We lay that Night near a River which comes from the Westward within a League above the great Fall of Niagara which as we have already said is the greatest in the World The Snow was then a Foot deep and we were oblig'd to dig it up to make room for our Fire The next Day we return'd the same way we came and saw great Numbers of Wild-Goats and Wild Turkey-Cocks and on the 11th we said the first Mass that ever was said in that Country The Carpenters and the rest of the Crew were set to work but Monsieur de la Motte who had the Direction of them being not able to endure the F●tigues of so laborious a Life gave over his Design and return'd to Canada having about two hundred Leagues to travel The 12th 13th and 14th the Wind was not favourable enough to sail up the River as far at the rapid Current above mention'd where we had resolv'd to build some Houses Whosoever considers our Map will easily see that this New Enterprize of building a Fort and some Houses on the River Niagara besides the Fort of Frontenac was like to give Jealousie to the Iroquois and even to the English who live in this Neighbourhood and have a great Commerce with them Therefore to prevent the ill Consequences of it it was thought fit to send an Embassie to the Iroquois as it will be mention'd in the next Chapter The 15th I was desir'd to sit at the Helm of our Brigantine while three of our Men hall'd the same from the Shore with a Rope and at last we brought her up and moor'd her to the Shore with a Halser near a Rock of a prodigious heighth lying by

Room However for fear of any Surprize he cut several Boughs and Bushes to embarass the way and sat down by the Fire which had made his Hands and Face black as I have observ'd Having thus warm'd and rest himself he lay down upon the dry Herbs the Savage had gather'd under a Tree and slept very we●l notwithstanding the Frost and Snow Father Gabriel and I desir'd him to remain with his Men and not expose himself for the future because the Success of our Enterprize depended only upon him and he promised us to follow our Advice Our Savage who remain'd behind for Hunting finding none of us at the Place of the Portage came up higher the River and told us we had mist it therefore he was sent back with all our Canow's exeept one which I kept for M. la Salle was so weary that he was oblig'd to lie there that Night I made a little Cabin with Mats of Marish Rushes wherein we lay together but were in great danger of being burnt for it took Fire by an unhappy Accident while we were fast asleep The next Morning we joyn'd our Men at the place of Portage where Father Gabriel had made the Day before several Crosses upon the Trees that we might not miss it another time We found there a great quantity of Horns and Bones of wild Oxen as also some Canows the Savages had made with the Skins of Beasts to cross the River with their Provisions This Portage lies at the farther End of a Champagne and at the other End to the West lies a Village of the Savages Miamis Mascouteins and Oiatinon who live together The River of the Illinois has its Source near that Village and springs out of some Marshy Lands that are so quaking that one can scarcely walk over them The Head of the River is only a League and a half from that of Miamis and so our Portage was not long We mark'd the way from Place to Place with some Trees for the convenience of those we expected after us and left at the Portage as well as Fort Miamis Letters hanging down from the Trees containing M. la Salle's Instructions to our Pilot and the other five and twenty Men who were to come with him CHAP. XXIX An Account of our Embarkment at the Head of the River of the Illinois THis River is navigable within a hundred Paces from its Source I mean for Canow's of Bark of Trees and not for others but it increases so much a little way from thence that it is as deep and broad as the Meuse and the Sambre joyn'd together It runs through vast Marshes and tho' it be rapid enough it makes so many Turnings and Windings that after a whole Days Journey we found we were hardly two Leagues from the Place we left in the Morning That Country is nothing but Marshes full of Alder-Trees and Rushes and we could have hardly found for forty Leagues together any Place to plant our Cabins had it not been for the Frost which made the Earth more firm and consistent Having past thro' great Marshes we found a vast Plain in which nothing grows but only some Herbs which were dry at that time and burnt because the Miamis set them on fire every Year for hunting wild Oxen as I shall mention anon We found no manner of Game which was a great Disappointment to us our Provisions beginning to fail Our Men travell'd about sixty Miles without killing any thing else but a lean Stag a small Wild-Goat some few Swans and two Bustards which was no sufficient Maintenance for two and thirty Men. Most of them were so weary of this laborious Life that they would have run away if possible and gone to the Savages who were not very far from us as we judg'd by the great Fires we saw in the Plain There must be an innumerable quantity of wild Oxen in that Country since the Earth is cover'd with their Horns The Miamis hunt them towards the latter end of Autumn We continu'd our Course upon this River very near the whole Month of December but toward the latter end of the said Month 1679. we arriv'd at the Village of the Illinois which lies near one hundred and thirty Leagues from Fort Miamis on the Lake of the Illinois We suffer'd very much in this Passage for the Savages having set the Herbs of the Plain on Fire the wild Oxen were fled away and so we cou'd kill but one and some Turkey-Cocks God's Providence supported us all the while and when we thought that the Extremities we were reduc'd to were past all hopes of Remedy we found a prodigious big wild Ox lying fast in the Mud of the River We kill'd him and had much ado to get him out of the Mud. This was a great Refreshment to our Men and reviv'd their Courage for being so timely and unexpectedly reliev'd they concluded that God approv'd our Design CHAP. XXX A Description of the Hunting of the wild Bulls and Oxen by the Savages of the bigness of those Beasts and of the Advantages and Improvements that may be made● of the Plain where they Pasture and of the Woods thereabouts WHen the Savages discover a great Number of those Beasts together they likewise assemble their whole Tribe to encompass the Oxen and then set on Fire the dry Herbs about them except in some places which they leave free and therein lay themselves in Ambuscade The Oxen seeing the Flame round about them run away thro' those Passages where they see no Fire and there fall into the Hands of the Savages who by these means will kill sometimes above sixscore in a Day they divide these Beasts according to the number of each Family and send their Wives to slay them and bring the Flesh to their Cabins These Women are so lusty and strong that they carry on their Back two or three hundred weight besides their Children and notwithstanding that Burthen they run as swiftly as any of our Soldiers with their Arms. The Flesh of these Beasts is very relishing and full of Juice especially in Autumn for having grazed all the Summer long in those vast Meadows where the Herbs are as high as they they are then very fat There is also amongst them abundance of Stags Dears and wild Goats and that nothing might be wanting in that Country for the Convenience of those Creatures there are Forests at certain distances where they retire to ruminate and shelter themselves against the violence of the Sun They change their Country according to the Seasons of the Year for upon the approach of the Winter they leave the North to go to the Southern Parts They follow one another so that you may see a Drove of them for above a League and stop all at the same Place and the Ground wher● they use to lie is cover'd with wild Purslain which makes me believe that the Dung of Oxen is very fit to produce that Herb. Their Ways are as beaten as our great Roads

cry'd all the Night upon us to oblige by their Tears their Companions to consent to our Death This Lake is form'd by the Meschasipi and may be seven Leagues long and five broad Its Waters are almost standing the Stream being hardly perceptible in the middle We met within a League above the Lake another River call'd The River of the Wild Oxen because of the great number of those Beasts grazing upon its Banks It falls with a great Rapidity into the Meschasipi but some Leagues above its Mouth the Stream is very gentle and moderate There is an infinite number of large Tortoises in that River which are very relishing A Row of Mountains fence its Banks in some places There is another River which falls forty Leagues above this last into the Meschasipi thro' which one may go into the Superiour Lake by making a Portage from it into the River Nissipikouet which runs into the same Lake It is full of Rocks and rapid Streams We nam'd it The River of the Grave or Mausolaeum because the Savages bury'd there one of their Men who was bitten by a Rattle-Snake They us'd great Ceremonies in his Funeral which I shall describe in another place and I put upon his Corps a white Covering for which the Savages return'd me their publick Thanks and made a great Feast to which above an hundred Men were invited The Navigation of the Meschasipi is interrupted ten Leagues above this River of the Grave by a Fall of fifty or sixty Foot high which we call'd The Fall of St. Anthony of Padua whom we had taken for the Protector of our Discovery There is a Rock of a Pyramidal Figure just in the middle of the Fall of the River The Row of Mountains fencing the Banks of the Meschasipi ends at the Mouth of the River of Ouisconsin and there we likewise observ'd that that River which runs from thence to Sea almost directly North and South runs then from the Westward or the North-West The Misfortune we had of being taken Prisoners hindred us from going as far as its Source which we cou'd never learn from the Savages who told us only that about twenty or thirty Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony there is ano●her Fall near which a Nation of Savages inhabit at certain Seasons of the Year They call those Nations Tintonha that is The Inhabitants of the Meadows Eight Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony we met with the River of the Issati or Nadouessians which is very narrow at the Mouth It comes out from the Lake of the Issati lying about seventy Leagues from its Mouth We call'd this River The River of St. Francis and it was in this Place that we were made Slaves by the Issati The Course of the Meschasipi according to our best Computation is about 800 Leagues long from Tintonha to the Sea including its Windings and Turnings which are very great and may be navigable from the Fall of St. Anthony for flat-bottom'd-Boats provided the Island were clear'd from Trees and especially from Vines which having ty'd the Trees together wou'd stop a Boat in many places The Country about the Lake Issati is a Marshy Ground wherein grows abundance of wild Oats which grow without any culture or sowing in Lakes provided they are not above three Foot deep That Corn is much like our Oats but much better and its Stalks are a great deal longer when it is ripe The Savages gather it and live thereupon several Months of the Year making a kind of Broath thereof The Savage Women are oblig'd to tie several Stalks together with White Bark of Trees to fright away the Ducks Teals or Swans which otherwise wou'd spoil it before it be ripe This Lake of Issati lies within sixty Leagues to the Westward of the Superior Lake but 't is impossible to travel by Land from one to the other unless it be in a hard Frost because of the Marshy Grounds which otherwise sink under a Man but as I have already said they may use their Canow's tho' it be very troublesome because of the many Portages and the length of the Way which by reason of the Windings of the River is about 150 Leagues The shortest Way is by the River of the Grave thro' which we went in our Return We found nothing but the Bones of the Savage we had bury'd there the Bears having pull'd out with their Paws the great Stakes the Savages had beat deep into the Ground round about the Corps which is their usual Way of burying their Dead We found near the Grave a Calumet or Pipe of War and a Pot in which the Savages had left some fat Meat of wild Oxen for the use of their dead Friend during his Voyage into the Country of Souls which sheweth that they believe their Immortality There are many other Lakes near the River Issati from which several Rivers spring The Banks of those Rivers are inhabited by the Issati the Nadoussians the Tintonha or Inhabitants of Meadows the Ouadebathon or Men of Rivers the Chongasketon or Nation of the Wolf or the Dog for Chonga signifies either of these Creatures There are also several other Nations which we include under the general Denomination of Nadoussians These Savages may bring into the Field eight or nine thousand Men They are Brave Bold great Runners and good Marksmen with their Arrows It was a Party of these Savages that took us Prisoners and carry'd us to the Issati as I am going to relate in the following Chapter CHAP. XLV The Author and his Canow-Men are taken by the Savages who after several Attempts upon their Lives carry them away with them into their Country above the River Meschasipi WE used to go to Prayers thrice a Day as I have elsewhere observ'd and my constant Request to God was That when we shou'd first meet the Savages it might happen to be by Day Their Custom is to kill as Enemies all they meet by Night to enrich themselves with their Spoils which are nothing but a Parcel of Hatchets Knives and such like Trifles which yet they value more than we do Gold or Silver They make no Scruple to assassinate even their own Allies when they think they can handsomly conceal the Murder for by such Exploits it is they hope to gain the Reputation of being great Soldiers and to pass for Men of Courage and Resolution 'T was with a great deal of Satisfaction that we survey'd the Pleasures of the River Meschasipi all along our Passage up it which had been since the First of April Nothing as yet had interrupted our Observations whither it were navigable above or below In our Way we kill'd seven or eight Bustards or Wild Turkeys which in these Countries increase mightily as well as all other Wild Creatures We had also plenty of Bulls Dears Castors Fish and Bears-Flesh which last we kill'd as they were swimming over the River And here I cannot forbear seriously reflecting on that secret Pleasure and Satisfaction

play a sure Game and have their Share aforehand Nor had they any greater Respect for what belong'd to me than for the Merchandise which they took from the Canow-men for they seiz'd my Brocard Chasuble and all the Ornaments of my portable Chapel except the Chalice which they durst not touch They obs●rv'd that this Vessel which was of Silver gilt cast a glittering Light so that as often as they chanc'd to look towards it they would shut their Eyes The reason was as we understood afterwards because they believ'd it to be a Spirit which would kill them I had a little Chest which I kept lock'd they made me understand by Signs that if I did not open it or break the Lock they would do it for me against some sharp Stones which they show'd me The reason why they threatned me thus was because they had not been able to open it all the way though they attempted it several times to see what was in it These People understand nothing of Locks and Keys Besides their Design was not to cumber themselves with the Box it self but only to take out the Things that were in it After I had open●d it and they saw there was little or nothing in it but Books and Papers they left it me untouch'd CHAP. LIII The Troop approaches the Village Grand Consult amongst the Savages whether they should kill us or save and adopt us for their Sons Reception which we had from them and the use they mad● of my Chasuble AFter five hard Days travel without so much as resting except a little by Night in the open Air we perceiv'd at last abundance of Women and Children coming out to meet our little Army All the Elders of the Nation were assembled upon this occasion We observ'd several Cabins near the Posts of which lay several Trusses of Straw and dry'd Weeds where these Barbarians are wont to fasten and burn the Slaves which they bring home with them from their Wars Here they order'd the Picard du Gay to sing who all the time rattled a hollow Gourd full of little round Stones which he held in his Hand I observ'd moreover that his Hair and Face were painted with different Colours and that they had fastned a Tuft of White Feathers to his Head These Ceremonies renew'd our Fears and we thought we had more reason than ever to believe that they had still a Design to put us to death Nor were our Fears groundless since these with many others are the Ceremonies which they use at the burning of their Enemies The worst was we could not make our selves be understood However after many Vows and secret Prayers which we offer'd up to God on this occasion the Barbarians at last gave us some wild Oats to eat of which I have spoke elsewhere They gave them us in great Dishes made of Birch and the Savage Women had season'd them with Bluez This is a sort of Black Grain which they dry in the Sun in the Summer and are as good as Corrans The Dutch call them Clake-besien All the while the Feast lasted which was the best Meal that we had made ever since we had been taken there was a high Dispute between Aquipaguetin and the others about the distribution they were to make of the two Canow-men and my self At last Aquipaguetin as Head of the Party carry'd it who turning from one of the Principal Captains towards me presented me to smoak in his Calumet of Peace receiving from me at the same time that which we had brought as a certain Pledge of the Union which was to be for the future 'twixt them and us After this he adopted me for his Son in the room of him that he had lost in the War Cnarhetoba and another Captain did the same by the two Canow-men This Separation was very grievous to us tho' somewhat allay'd by the Satisfaction we had to find that our Lives were safe Du Gay took me aside to confess him being sensible of the uncertain Condition his Life was in amongst so barbarous a People This oblig'd him to embrace me very heartily and to beg my Pardon for what was past having first made the same Request to God I should have been over-joy'd to have seen Michael Ako as well dispos'd However I did not omit to shew both the one and the other all the Marks of a most tender Affection In short the Savages having parted us led us away each to his own Village Our Way lay over a Morass where we march'd half way the leg in Water for a League together at the end of which we were met by five of Aquipaguetin's Wives who receiv'd me in one of the three Canow's of Bark which they had brought with them and then carry'd me a little League farther into a small Island where their Cabins were CHAP. LIV. The Authors Reception by the Relations of Aquipaguetin They make him sweat to recover him of his Fatigues The use they make of his Chasuble and other Ornaments I Arriv'd at this Place in the Month of May 1680. the Day I cannot precise●y tell for I was so harrass'd by the Savages on the way that I could not make all the little Observations which otherwise I would have done besides there is some seven or eight Hours difference between the Days and Nights of Europe and those of North America because of the Retrogradation of the Sun The Cape was always to West of us from Rochel to Quebec but to South-West from thence till we came to Meschasipi which made a considerable Variation in the Needle This Variation was occasion'd by the unconstant motion of the Needle which in certain Latitudes would encline to the North or North-East whereas in others 't would turn from the North to the North-West We never could be so well assur'd of our Computations in our long Voyages as to know exactly the way our Canow's made in a Day or what was the Variation of the Needle in each Latitude But we found there were many Minutes of Variation according to the Point the Wind was in To say the truth able Men might have lost the Memory of many Things under the same Circumstances with my self At the entry of the Captain●s Cabin who had adopted me one of the Barbarians who seem'd to be very old presented me with a great Pipe to smoak and weeping over me all the while with abundance of Tears rubb'd both my Arms and my Head This was to show how concern'd he was to see me so harass'd and fatigu'd And indeed I had often need enough of two Men to support me when I was up or raise me when I was down There was a Bears-Skin before the Fire upon which the youngest Boy of the Cabin caus'd me to lie down and then with the Grease of Wild Cats anointed my Thighs Legs and Soles of my Feet Aquipaguetin's Son who call'd me Brother had got my Brocard Chasuble and was strutting up and down with it upon his naked

or Fevers they make a Medicine with a certain Rind that they boil and cause the Patient to swallow it after his Fit is over They are very well acquainted with Herbs and Roots with which they cure abundance of Diseases They have several never-failing Remedies against the Poiso● of Toads Rattle-Snakes and other such Dangerous Creatures but nevertheless they have no Cure at all for the small Pox. There are several Quacks among 'em whereof we ●ave spoken something before under the Name of Juglers They are certain old Salvages that live upon o●her Peoples Purses by pretending to cure this and that Diftemper by Medicines compos'd only of Superstitions They make use of no other Remedies but when the Patient s●nds for one of them he who is pitch'd upon immediately falls to Prayers as if he were going about some difficult and dangerous matter And after thus having pray'd for a good while all of a sudden he starts up and goes along with the Messenger Being arriv'd he immediately approaches the sick Person feeling and groaping all about his Body which at length having sufficiently handled he cries deliberately with a loud Voice He has a Spell or Charm in such a part of his Body whether in his Head Limbs or Stomach according as he thinks fit to pretend He adds further that he must bring this Spell away but which cannot possibly be effected without great Difficulty and that there must be a great deal done before they can hope for Success This Spell continues he is exceedingly malignant but it must nevertheless come away at what rate soever it be Hereupon the Friends of the sick Person who believe implicitely in all the Quack fays cry with a loud Voice Tchagon Tchagon that is Courage Courage do what you can and conceal nothing of what you know Then the Jugler squats down with a great deal of Gravity and considers for a good while about what Remedies he had best to apply After which starting as it were out of a profound Sleep he leaps up again and cries 'T is done 'T is done when turning to the sick Persons Friends he continues The Life of your Friend or Relation is precious therefore spare nothing to preserve it But to Day make a Feast and give such and such a thing do this and t'other and the like At the same time his Orders are executed with a great deal of blind Devotion During which some other of the Salvages enter into a Stove and there set up their Throats in an extravagant manner making up their Concert with a Noise of Tortoise Shells and hollow Pumkins fill'd with Indian Whea● to all which the Men and ●●men never cease Dancing They likewise sometimes get Drunk with Aqua Vitae which they have exchang'd with the Europeans Every body being thus busied and the Old Jugler left alone with the Patient he torments him after an incredible manner by griping his Feet Legs and Thighs and sometimes almost strangling him according as his Opinion is of the place where the Malady lies nay oftentimes he makes the very Blood burst out at his Fingers ends or Toes At last after having plaid over all his Tricks like a true Jugler he produces a piece of Skin a lock of a Womans Hair or some other such thing and tells the standers by That that is the Spell he has drawn from the Body of the Sick Person But notwithstanding to any tolerable sort of Apprehension this is but a very trifling piece of Deceit One Day I Baptiz'd a small Salvage Infant which seem'd to me to be in great danger of Death yet notwithstanding the next Day he was found Cur'd contrary to my Expectation A little while after the Mother told some other Women in my presence that I had recover'd her Child She took me it seems for a Jugler Crying that I was extraordinary expert and could Cure all sorts of Diseases by putting only a little Water on the Head and Fore-head of the Sick Person The Juglers hereupon beginning to Envy me for what the Woman had reported of me began to cry that I was of a Chagrin and Melancholy Humour and that I liv'd upon nothing but Serpents and Poison and moreover that such People as I fed upon Thunder The Salvages hearken'd with a great deal of Astonishment to the Account these Juglers gave of me upon the occasion of my Baptizing this Infant These Impostors further added that we had all Tails like Beasts altho' we took care to conceal ' em And that the Women of Europe have but one Breast which is in the middle of their Bosoms and that they are generally brought to Bed of five or six Children at once They told 'em moreover a great many other such strange Stories of us to render us odious to them They gave us this ●●●racter because they found if we continu'd in favour by the Operation of such wonderful Cures as mine was reported to effect we might in all probability rob 'em of many a good Belly full at the Feasts These good People who are very easie to be impos'd upon began to think strangely of me from this time for afterwards when any Person fell sick among 'em they forthwith came to me to know whether I had not poison'd 'em and that if I did not speedily Cure 'em they would certainly be the Death of me This Whimsey I had no small trouble to get out of their Heads and I have been sometimes forc'd to appease their Fury by giving them Knives Needles Awls and other such Trifles extreamly valu'd by them tho' among us they are of little worth After which I gave 'em a Dose of Mithridate for their sick Friend and so got rid of ' em They have often recourse to our Medicines I suppose because they find 'em good but where they do not succeed they rather lay the Cause on the Physick than the Constitution of the Person CHAP. XIX Of the Constitutions of the Salvages GEnerally speaking these Salvages are strong and Robust both Men Women and Children have naturally a great deal of Vigour which is the Reason they rarely fall sick They never know what it is to live nicely and consequently are never subject to the many Inconveniences our Effeminacy brings upon us They are never troubled with the Stone Gravel Dropsie nor Fevers They never have any of those Distempers that befall the Europeans for want of Exercise They seldom or never want a Stomach They are so extraordinarily addicted to Gluttony that they will rise to eat at Midnight and where they have any Victuals ready by 'em they will then fall to like Dogs in their Kennel without rising They will nevertheless sometimes fast to a degree that it were insupportable to an European Sometimes they will continue two or three Days together without drawing bit especially when they see it necessary and this without neglecting their daily Exercises of War Hunting or Fishing The Children of those that inhabit the North are so inur'd to

Cold that in the very midst of Winter they will run naked upon the Snow and tumble in it like so many Piggs in Summer amongst the Dirt which so hardens their Skin that the greatest M●sketto Flies are not able to give 'em any disturbance Tho' the continual Exposing themselves naked to the Air even from their Births contributes extremely towards their bearing all Fatigues yet it is not the only Cause of their Skins being so insensible that being occasion'd likewise by a strong and equal Temperament of Body for our Faces and Hands are likewise always expos'd to the Air and yet they are nothing less sensible of Cold. When the Men are Hunting chiefly in the Spring time they are almost continually in the Water and altho' it be then extreamly cold yet they nevertheless come out of it with a great deal of Indifference and so return to their Huts When they are in the Field at War they will sometimes watch three or Four days together behind a Tree without Eating to have a favourable Opportunity to offend their Enemy They are indefatigable at Hunting and will run a prodigious way and at the same time exceeding swift The People of Louisiana and about the River Meschasipi exceed the Iroquois in swiftness They have no wild Cows or Bulls but what they can overtake in a Chase. The Southern Salvages likewise altho' they live in a Hot and more delicious Country are notwithstanding no less Robust or capable of Fatigue than those of the North who sleep upon the Snow with a slight Covering about 'em and without either Fire or Huts The Constitutions of the Women are no less robust than those of the Men Nay in some respects they are better and more exact for Women here serve for Porters and have that vast strength that sew Men in Europe are able to equal They carry such Burdens that three or four of our Porters would not be able to lif● I have observed in my former Part that they commonly bear two or three Hundred weight at a time not reckoning two or three Children besides which they carry about ' em Thus Loaded they will travel Four or Five Leagues together 'T is true they walk but slow yet however they never fail to perform what they Undertake The Warlike Salvages undertake Journeys of three or four Hundred Leagues as if they were no farther than from Amsterdam to Breda They never take any Provisions for their Journey Hunting supplies that which they commonly busie themselves in every Day They take only along with 'em a Knife with which they make also Bows and Arrows These Provisions would be sufficient to serve 'em for a Thousand Miles Travel if they had occasion to go so far The Salvage Women are brought to Bed without great Pain Some of them go out of their Huts into a Neighbouring Wood all alone and there bring forth their Child which they immediately wrap up in a Skin and tie at their Backs and so return home Others if their time comes at Night deliver themselves of their Children upon the Mats without the least noise Afterwards they will presently fall to their daily labour as heartily as if nothing had ail'd ' em But what is more observable is that even while they go with Child they shall not cease to carry heavy Burthens to sow Indian Wheat and Pumpkins to come and go and the like yet what is most wonderful is That for all this their Children are strong and well shap'd seldom any crooked or ill-favour'd are to be met with among them They never have any natural Defects in their Bodies which gives me Reason to believe that their Minds might be easily disposed and brought to any thing if they were well Cultivated CHAP. XX. What Salvages are Cloathed and what not THE Salvages of the Northern America as their Ancestors Report have always gone Cloath'd even before they had any Commerce with the Europeans The Men and Women generally wore drest Skins which they also continue to this Day but those who Trade with the Europeans have over and above a Course Shirt a Cloak and Cowl in one piece of Cloath which is ty'd about their middles with a Sash and which covers them down to their Knees they have also Stockins without Feet which are commonly called Spatter-lashes and wear Shoes which are made out of Drest Skins When they return from Hunting in the Spring time they are wont to Truck their Skins with the Europeans for Coats Shoes and Stockins nay some of them wear Hats in complaisance to the Christians you shall also see 'em sometimes in their Huts wrapt up in Coverlets holding the two ends in their Hands oftentunes you shall meet with 'em almost naked having only a small flip of Cloth which reaches down only to their Knees When these Barbarians go either to the Wars or Feasts they besmear all their Faces over either with Red or Black to the end they might not discover it if they should grow pale with Fear They also colour their Hair with Red and cut it in different shapes but this is practis'd more especially among the Salvages of the North. Those of the South cut their Hair quite off or rather Burn it with Stones heated red hot in the Fire oftentimes the People of the North let their Hair hang on one side wreath'd into a kind of Bracelet and cut it quite off on t'other but this is still according to every ones Fancy There are some of these Salvages that rub their Hair all over with Oil and afterwards stick Down or small Feathers on their Heads also some of them will have great ones of several Colours But there are others that rather chuse to wear Crowns of Flowers which Crowns another sort make of Birchen-Rind or drest Skins all which nevertheless are most commonly very prettily contriv'd Thus set forth they appear take 'em all together just like several of Caesar's Soldiers who were likewise Painted with different Colours They are great Admirers of themselves in this fantastical Dress The Women of the North are cloath'd much after the same Fashion with the Men except only that they have a piece of Silk made something like a Petticoat which reaches down to their Knees When they go to Feasts they set themselves off in all their best Attire dawbing their Temples Cheeks and Tips of their Chins with three several sorts of Colours The Boys go stark naked 'till they are fit for Marriage and even then when they are cloath'd you always see what Nature forbids them to shew and that for want of Shirts The little Girls don't begin to cover their Nakedness 'till about Five or Six Years of Age and then they have only a Slip of Silk that hangs from their Reins to their Knees When we go into their Huts to instruct them we always oblige them first to cover themselves This has had a kind of good Effect upon them for now they begin to have some small Sense of their

Hand and I fed above fifty Families of the Iroquoise of Ganneous therewith who with the Sieur de Salle I had brought to plant Indian Corn there and to have their Children instructed in the Christian Religion at Fort Frontenac The most considerable sort of Fishing among the Salvages is that of Eels which are very big Salmons and Salmon Trouts and Whitings The Iroquoise Aguier who are in the Neighbourhood of New York fish very often for Frogs which they catch in abundance and which they put whole into their Kettles without fleaing them for the seasoning their Pagamite which is Pap made of Indian Corn. Salmon Trouts are catch'd in several other parts of the Rivers which discharge themselves into the Lake of Frontenac and there are such great Numbers to be found there that they kill them with Sticks They catch Eels in the Night time when the Weather is calm and these Fishes came down in great quantities along the River St. Lawrence the Salvages put the thick Bark of a Birch-tree together with Earth upon the end of a Stake and then kindle a kind of a Flambeau which gives a very clear Light when a Man or two go into a Cannow with an Harping-Iron fixed between two Points of a little Fork As soon as they discover the Eels by the help of the Fire they fall to and kill a vaft Quantity of them because that the white Porpoises which pursued them drive them before them till at last they betake themselves to the Brink of the Rivers to which those great Porpoises cannot approach Salmons they catch with Harping-Irons and Whitings with Nets the Southern Nations which dwell upon the River Meschasipi are very subtil and have such lively and piercing Eyes that tho' the Fishes glide very swiftly in the Waters yet they fail not to kill them with their Darts which they vigorously thrust a little b●fore into the Water when they shoot out of their Bow Moreover they have long Poles with sharp Points which they dart from them with greatAccuracy because of their being so sharp sighted they also kill great Sturgeons and Trouts which are seven or eight foot under Water CHAP. XXVII Of the Vtensils used by the Salvages in their Huts Their extraordinary way of making a Fire Before the arrival of the Europeans in North America both the Northern and Southern Salvages made use of and do to this day use Earthen Pots especially such as have no Commerce with the Europeans from whom they may procure Kettels and other Moveables in stead of Hatchets and Knives they make use of sharp Stones which they fasten in a cleft piece of Wood with Leather Thongs and instead of Awls they make a certain sharp Bone to serve which is seated about Elks Talons they have no Fire Arms amongst them Bows and Arrows being their only Weapons Their way of making a Fire and which is new and unknown to us is thus they take a Triangular piece of Cedar-Wood of a Foot and an half long wherein they bore some Holes half through then they take a Switch or another small piece of hard Wood and with both their hands rub the strongest upon the weakest in the hole which is made in the Cedar and while they are thus rubbing they let fall a sort of Dust or Powder which turns into Fire This white Dust they roul up in a Pellet of Herbs dryed in Autumn and Rubbing them all together and then blowing upon the Dust that is in the Pellet the Fire kindles in a mome●t When the Salvages are about to make Wooden Dishe● Porringers or Spoons they form the Wood to their purpose with their Stone Hatchets make it hollow with Coles out of the Fire and scrape them afterward with Beavers Teeth for to polish them The Northern Nations where usually they have hard Winters make use of Rackets in their Passage over the Snow The Salvages make them of Thongs of Leather as Broad as small Ribbons in a neater manner than our playing Hand-Rackets they have no Handles to them as those of our Tennis Courts but they are longer and larger They leave a vacancy in the middle as large as the Toes to the end the Salvages may walk easier with their Shoes they Travel further with these Rackets than they can without them And without the use of them they would sink into the Snow which is there seven or eight Foot deep and more some times in the Winter Season Nay in some places t is as high as the highest Houses in Europe for the Wind drives it violently into Nooks and hollow Places The Salvages who live in the Neighbourhood of the Europeans have now the use of Guns Hatchets Kettles Awls Knifes Fireforks and other Instruments as we have In order to sow Indian Corn they make Pick-Axes of Wood but 't is to supply the want of Iron ones They have Gourds or Callibasses wherein they put their Bear wild Cat and Turnsoll Oyls there is never a Man that has not a Skin or Sack to put his Pipe and his Tobacco in and the Salvage Women make Sacks for Indian Corn of Bullrushes or Linden Bark to put their Corn in They also make them of Nettle-peel the Bark of Linden and of other Roots whose names I do not know The Salvages make use of very small Thongs ●o sow their Shoes withal and have Mats made of Bull rushes to lye upon and for want of them they make use of the Barks of Trees their Women swaddle their Infans in the same manner as the European Women do yet with this difference that their Bonds ar● made of a large Skins and a kind of Cotton together to prevent their being over-heated in their Swathing they tye them to a piece of Board after they have swaddled them and that with a Skin-band then they make the Board fast to the Branch of a Tree or some place in their Huts in such a manner that the Infants do not lye but are bolt upright with their Heads upwards and Feet downward and to the end their Urine may not incommode them they put a piece of the Birch-Tree in a commodious Place for that Purpose so as that their Urine may run down as in a Gutter and not touch the Body of the Child These Women take such great care of their Infants that they do not come near their Husbands at all but shun their Company 'till their Children have attained to the Age of three or four Years and may be fed as the rest It 's otherwise with the European Women because it is easie to supply the Defects of Mothers by the means of Cows Milk or other tame Animals but these shun the Company of Men while they are Nurses because if they once Conceive their Infants must necessarily Perish seeing for Example they cannot at five or fix Months Old eat of their dryed Meats or any other thing and this is it that doth oblige ●hem to do as they do to the end they may put their Children

great Pots of Earth which are curiously made They go n●ked and wear their Hair very short boring their Ears which they adorn with Rings of Glass-Beads but their Women are cover'd with Skins having their Hair divided into two Tresses which they throw behind their Back without any other Ornament Their Feasts are without any Ceremony They serve their Meats in great Dishes and every one eats as much as he pleases Their Language is very difficult and I could never pronounce any Word Their Cabins are made with the Barks of Trees and are generally very long they lie at the two ends their Beds being about two foot higher than the Floor They keep their Corn in Paniers made of Rushes or in great Gourds They have no Beavers and all ●heir Commodities are the Skins of Wild Oxen. It never Snows in their Country and they have no other Winter than some violent Rains which makes the only difference between Summer and Winter They have no other Fruit but Water-Melons though their Soil might produce any other did they know how to cultivate it They held a Council wherein some proposed to murther us because of our Commodities but their Chief oppos'd that base Design and having sent for us danc'd the Calumet in our Presence which he presented me with to seal our common Friendship M. Ioliet and I in the mean time call'd our Men together to advise whether we shou'd proceed any further or return home from thence and having consider'd that the Gulph of Mexico lying in the Latitude of 31 Degrees and 40 Minutes cou'd be but within three or four Days Journey from the Akamsca and that therefore the Mississipi discharg'd it self into it and not to the Eastward of the Cape of Florida or into the Californian-Sea as it was expected it was resolv'd to return home We consider'd likewise that the Advantage of our great Voyage wou'd be altogether lost to our Nation did we fall into the hands of the Spaniards from whom we cou'd expect no other Treatment but Death or Slavery and therefore it was more prudent to content our selves with this Discovery and make a Report thereof to those who had sent us So that having rested another Day we left the Village of the Akamsca on the 17 th of Iuly having follow'd the Mississipi from the Latitude of 42 to 34 and preach●d the Gospel to the utmost of my Power to the Nations we visited We went up the River with great Difficulty because of the Rapidity of the Stream and left it in the Latitude of 38 Degrees and went into a River which conducted us into the Lake of the Illinois which Way is much shorter than the other by the River Mescousin thro' which we came I never saw a more pleasant Country than the Banks of that River The Meadows are cover'd with Oxen Stags Wild-Goats and the Rivers and Lakes with Bustards Swans Ducks Beavers We saw also abundance of Parrots Several small Rivers fall into this which is deep and broad for 65 Leagues and therefore navigable almost all the Year long There is but a Portage of half a League into the Lake of the Illinois We found on the Banks of the said River a Village of Illinois call'd Kuilka consisting of 74 Cabins They receiv'd us with all the Kindness imaginable and oblig'd me to promise that I wou'd return to instruct them and live in their Country Their Captain with most of their Youth accompany'd us to the Lake of the Illinois from whence we return'd to the Bay of Puans where we arriv'd towards the latter end of September having been about three Months in our Journey Altho' my tedious Journey shou'd be attended with no other Advantage than the Salvation of one Soul I shou'd think my Pains sufficiently rewarded and I hope I may presume so much for having preach'd the Gospel to the Illinois of Perouacca for three Days together in our Return my Words made such an Impression upon that poor People that as we were imbarking they brought to me a Dying Child to Christen him which I did about half an Hour before he dy'd by a special Providence of God who was pleas'd to save that innocent Creature Frequent mention having been made in the preceding Iournal of M. d● Salles it may be expected some Account should be given of his latter Discoveries the unfortunate Success thereof and his own Tragical End which so discourag'd the French that they never after made any further Attempt MR. du Salles with divers French who did accompany him fell down to the Mouth of the Great River where it disembogues it self into the Gulf of Mexico but neither he nor any of his Company understanding Navigation or wanting Instruments fancy'd they were in the Latitude of 27 Degrees whereas really it was 29 and not being able to inform themselves of its Longitude or distance from the most Westerly End of the Gulf they presum'd they were within a few Leagues of the River of Magdalen which is 60 Leagues North of the River of Palms and 120 from the River Panuco as it is represented in Hennepin's Chart and on the Great Globe of Coronelli which great Mistake was the cause of all his Misfortunes For after his return up the River and through the Great Lakes to Canada he embrac'd the next Opportunity of returning by Shipping for France where he to the King and his Ministers gave such a favourable Representation of the Country and Commodities therein contain'd the Populousness of the Country Civility of the Inhabitants far exceeding all the other Natives of America they had the Knowledge of The King thereupon order'd him a Fleet and a very considerable Equipage viz. a Man of War carrying 56 Guns a great Fly-boat a Patache and a Brigantine with things convenient for establishing a Colony and Traffick with the Natives This Fleet was Commanded by M. Beaujeau an Experienc'd Sea-Captain who was Victuall'd for a Year and M. du Salles had under his Command 150 Land-men who were to settle in the Country The Fleet pass'd by Martinico and Guardaloupe where they took in fresh Provision and Water together with divers Voluntiers and by M. du Salles's Direction sail'd thence to the North-West end of the Gulf in 27 Degrees When they arriv'd there they were in great confusion not being able to come near the Coast of Florida by reason of a long Bank Reciff or as the French call it Contre-coste which they search'd for some hundred Miles It was no-where above a Musket-shot over and every 20 or 30 Miles there was a Breach by which the Waters issu'd out of a vast Lagune whose breadth they could not learn They went in their Ship-Boat above 40 Miles and could not gain sight of the main Land or Continent This Lagune was shallow in some Places six foot in few above nine or ten there are scatter'd up and down in it divers sma●l Islands upon one of them they found above four hundred Indians who did not inhabit