of the hauen of Falamouth to the mouth of Lanie horne pill or créeke on the south side of the hauen is a mile and as I remember it goeth vp halfe a mile from the principall streame of the hauen From Lanihorne pill also is a place or point of sand about a mile waie of fortie acres or thereabout as a peninsula called Ardeuerauter As for the water or créeke that runneth into the south southeast part it is but a little thing of halfe a mile vp into the land and the créeke that hemmeth in this peninsula of both dooth seeme to be the greater From the mouth of the west creeke of this peninsula vnto saint Iustes creeke is foure miles or more In like maner from saint Iustes pill or créeke for both signifie one thing to saint Mawes creeke is a mile and a halfe and the point betwéene them both is called Pendinas The créeke of saint Mawes goeth vp a two miles by east northeast into the land and beside that it ebbeth and floweth so farre there is a mill driuen with a fresh créeke that resorteth to the same Halfe a mile from the head of this downeward to the hauen is a créeke in maner of a poole whereon is a mill also that grindeth with the tide And a mile beneath that on the south side entereth a créeke about halfe a mile into the countrie which is barred from the maine sea by a small sandie banke and another mile yet lower is an other little créekelet But how so euer these créekes doo run certeine it is that the bankes of them that belong to Fala are meruellouslie well woodded And hitherto Leland whose words I dare not alter for feare of corruption and alteration of his iudgement Being past Falmouth hauen therefore as it were a quarter of a mile beyond Arwennach maister Killegrewes place which standeth on the brimme or shore within Falmouth we came to a little hauen which ran vp betwéene two hilles but it was barred wherefore we could not learne whether it were serued with anie backe fresh water or not From thence we went by Polwitherall creeke parted into two armes then to the Polpenrith wherevnto a riueret falleth that riseth not farre from thence and so goeth to the maine streame of the hauen at the last whither the créeke resorteth about thrée miles and more from the mouth of the hauen and into which the water that goeth vnder Gare and Mogun bridges doo fall in one bottome as Leland hath reported Unto this hauen also repaireth the Penkestell the Callous the Cheilow and the Gilling although this latter lieth against saint Mawnons on the hither side hard without the hauen mouth if I haue doone aright For so motheaten mouldie rotten are those bookes of Leland which I haue and beside that his annotations are such and so confounded as no man can in a maner picke out anie sense from them by a leafe togither Wherefore I suppose that he dispersed and made his notes intricate of set purpose or else he was loth that anie man should easilie come to that knowledge by reading which he with his great charge no lesse trauell atteined vnto by experience Thus leauing Fala hauen as more troublesome for me to describe than profitable for seafaring men without good aduise to enter into we left the rocke on our left hand and came straight southwest to Helford hauen whose water commeth downe from Wréeke where is a confluence of two small rilles whereof that rill consisteth by Mawgan and Trelawarren and then it receiueth a rill on the north ripe from Constantine after whose confluence it goeth a maine vntill it come to the Ocean where the mouth is spoiled by sand comming from the tin-works See Leland in the life of S. Breaca Beneath this also is another rill comming from S. Martyrs by whose course and another ouer against it on the west side that falleth into the sea by Winniton all Menage is left almost in maner of an Iland From hence we go south to the Manacle point then southwest to Lisard and so north and by west to Predannocke points beyond which we méet with the fall of the said water that riseth in the edge of Menag and goeth into the sea by Melien on the north and Winniton on the south By north also of Winniton is the Curie water that runneth short of Magan and toucheth with the Ocean south of Pengwenian point From hence we sailed to the Loo mouth which some call Lopoole because it is narrower at the fall into the sea than it is betwéene the sea and Hailston It riseth aboue S. Sethians and comming downe by Wendron it hasteth to Hailston or Helston from whence onelie it is called Loo but betwéene Helston and the head men call it commonlie Cohor Of this riuer Leland saith thus The Lopoole is two miles in length and betwixt it and the maine Ocean is but a barre of sand that once in thrée or foure yéeres what by weight of the fresh water and working of the sea breaketh out at which time it maketh a wonderfull noise but soone after the mouth of it is barred vp againe At all other times the superfluitie of the water of Lopole which is full of trout and éele draineth out through the sandie barre into the open sea certes if this barre could alwaies be kept open it would make a goodlie hauen vp vnto Haileston towne where coinage of tin is also vsed as at Trurie and Lostwithiell for the quéenes aduantage Being passed the Loo I came to another water that descendeth without anie increase from Crowan by Simneie whose whole course is not aboue thrée miles in all Then going by the Cuddan point we entered the mounts Baie and going streight north leauing S. Michaels mount a little vpon the left hand we came to the Lid which rising short of Tewidnacke descendeth by Lidgenan and so into the sea Certes the course of these waters cannot be long sith in this verie place the breadth of land is not aboue foure miles and not more than fiue at the verie lands end There is also a rill east of Korugie and Guluall and another west of the same hard at hand and likewise the third east of Pensants and not a full quarter of a mile from the second south-southwest of Pensants also lieth the fourth that commeth from Sancrete ward by Newlin from whence going southwest out of the baie by Moushole I le that lieth south of Moushole towne we come to a water that entreth into the Ocean betwixt Remels Lamorleie point Trulie the one head thereof commeth from by west of Sancrete the other from by west of an hill that standeth betwéene them both and ioining aboue Remels it is not long yer they salute their grandame After this and before we come at Rosecastell there are two other créekes whereof one is called Boskennie that riseth south
of saint Buriens and an other somewhat longer than the first that issueth by west of the aforesaid towne wherein is to be noted that our cards made heretofore doo appoint S. Buriens to be at the very lands end of Cornewall but experience now teacheth vs that it commeth not néere the lands end by thrée miles This latter rill also is the last that I doo reade of on the south side and likewise on the west and north till we haue sailed to S. Ies baie which is full ten miles from the lands end or Bresan I le eastward rather more if you reckon to the fall of the Haile which lieth in the very middest and highest part of the baie of the same The soile also is verie hillie here as for saint Ies towne it is almost as I said a byland and yet is it well watered with sundrie rilles that come from those hilles vnto the same The Haile riseth in such maner and from so manie heads as I haue before said howbeit I will adde somewhat more vnto it for the benefit of my readers Certes the chéefe head of Haile riseth by west of Goodalfin hilles and going downe toward saint Erthes it receiueth the second and best of the other three rilles from Goodalfin towne finallie comming to saint Erthes and so vnto the maine baie it taketh in the Clowart water from Guimer south of Phelacke which hath two heads the said village standing directlie betwixt them both The Caine riseth southeast of Caineburne towne a mile and more from whence it goeth without increase by west of Gwethian and so into the sea west of Mara Darwaie From hence we coasted about the point left the baie till we came to a water that riseth of two heads from those hilles that lie by south of the same one of them also runneth by saint Uni another by Redreuth and méeting within a mile they fall into the Ocean beneath Luggam or Tuggan A mile and a halfe from this fall we come vnto another small rill and likewise two other créekes betwixt which the towne of saint Agnes standeth and likewise the fourth halfe a mile beyond the most easterlie of these whose head is almost thrée miles within the land in a towne called saint Alin. Thence going by the Manrocke and west of saint Piran in the sand we find a course of thrée miles and more from the head and hauing a forked branch the parts doo méet at west aboue saint Kibbard and so go into the sea I take this to be saint Pirans créeke for the next is Carantocke pill or créeke whose head is at Guswarth from whence it goeth vnto Trerise and soone after taking in a rill from by west it runneth into the sea coast of saint Carantakes Beyond this is another créeke that riseth aboue little saint Colan and goeth by lesse saint Columbe and east and by north hereof commeth downe one more whose head is almost south of the Nine stones going from thence to great saint Columbes it passeth by Lamberne and so into the sea S. Merous créeke is but a little one rising west of Padstow and falling in almost ouer against the Gull rocke Then turning betwéene the point and the blacke rocke we entred into Padstow hauen thrée miles lower than port Issec and a mile from port Gwin whose waters remaine next of all to be described The Alan ariseth flat east from the hauen mouth of Padstow well néere eight or nine miles about Dauidstone neere vnto which the Eniam also issueth that runneth into the Thamar Going therefore from hence it passeth to Camelford saint Aduen saint Bernard both Cornish saints and soone after receiueth a rill at northeast descending from Rowters hill Thence it goeth to Bliseland and Helham the first bridge of name that standeth vpon Alin Yer long also it taketh in one rill by south from Bodman another from saint Laurence the third by west of this and the fourth that commeth by Wethiell no one of them excéeding the course of thrée miles and all by south From hence it goeth toward Iglesaleward and there receiueth a water on the east side which commeth about two miles from saint Teath by Michelston saint Tuchoe saint Maben mo Cornish patrons and finallie south of Iglesall méeteth with the Alen that goeth from thence by S. Breaca to Woodbridge Hereabout I find that into our Alein or Alen there should fall two riuerets whereof the one is called Carneseie the other Laine and comming in the end to full notice of the matter I sée them to issue on seuerall sides beneath Woodbridge almost directlie the one against the other That which descendeth from northwest and riseth about saint Kew is named Carneseie as I heare the other that commeth in on the south-southwest banke hight Laine and noted by Leland to rise two miles aboue S. Esse But howsoeuer this matter standeth there are two other créekes on ech side also beneath these as Pethrike creeke and Minner créeke so called of the Cornish saints for that soile bred manie wherewith I finish the description of Alen or as some call it Dunmere and other Padstow water From Padstow hauen also they saile out full west to Waterford in Ireland There are likewise two rockes which lie in the east side of the hauen secretlie hidden at full sea as two pads in the straw whereof I thinke it taketh the name Yet I remember how I haue read that Padstow is a corrupted word for Adlestow and should signifie so much as Athelstani locus as it may well be For it is euident that they â—ad in time past sundrie charters of priuilege from Athelstane although at this present it be well stored with Irishmen But to our purpose Leland supposeth this riuer to be the same Camblan where Arthur fought his last and fatall conflict for to this daie men that doo eare the ground there doo oft plow vp bones of a large size and great store of armour or else it may be as I rather coniecture that the Romans had some field or Castra thereabout for not long since and in the remembrance of man a brasse pot full of Romane coine was found there as I haue often heard Being thus passed Padstow hauen and after we had gone three miles from hence we came to Portgwin a poore fisher towne where I find a brooke and a péere Then I came to Portissec alià s Cunilus two miles further and found there a brooke a péere and some succor for fisher boats Next of all vnto a brooke that ran from south east directlie north into the Sauerne sea and within halfe a mile of the same laie a great blacke rocke like an Iland From this water to Treuenni is about a mile where the paroch church is dedicated to saint Simphorian and in which paroch also Tintagell or Dundagie castell standeth which is a thing inerpugnable for the situation and would be
the water there beginneth to be called Hulne as I haue said alreadie From hence also it goeth through Beuerleie medowes and comming at the last not farre from an arme led from the Hulne by mans hand and able to beare great vessels almost to Beuerleie towne which in old time either hight or stood in Deirwald vntill Iohn of Beuerleie whom Leland nameth out of an old author to be the first doctor or teacher of diuinitie that euer was in Oxford and as it should séeme also by an ancient monument yet remaining to be of an hostell where the vniuersitie college now standeth therefore they write him Somtime fellow of that house began to be of fame of whom it is called Beuerleie as some affirme to this daie In déed all the countrie betwéene the Deirwent the Humber was sometime called Deira and the lower part Caua Deira in respect of the higher soile but now it is named the east Riding But what is this to my purpose The Hulne therefore being come almost to Beuerleie towne méeting thereabout also with the Cottingham becke comming from Westwood by the waie it hasteth to Kingston vpon Hulne or Hull and so into the Humber without anie maner impeachment The Fowlneie riseth about Godmanham from whence it goeth by Wighton Hareswell Seton Williams bridge and soone after spreading it selfe one arme called Skelfleet goeth by Cane Cawseie to Brownefléet and so into the Ouze The other passeth by Sandholme Gilberts dike Scalbie chappell Blacketoff and so into the aforesaid Ouze leauing a verie pretie Iland which is a parcell as I heare of Walding fen more though otherwise obscure to vs that dwell here in the south The Darwent riseth in the hilles that lie west of Robin Whoodes baie or two miles aboue Aiton bridge west from Scarborow as Leland saith and yer it hath run farre from the head it receiueth two rilles in one bottome from by west which ioine withall about Longdale end Thence they go togither to Broxeie and at Hacknesse take in another water comming from about Silseie Afterward it commeth to Aiton then to Haibridge and there crosseth the Kenford that descendeth from Roberteston After this also it goeth on to Potersbrumton where it taketh in one rill as it dooth another beneath running from Shirburne and the third yet lower on the further banke that descendeth from Brumton From these confluences it runneth to Fowlbridge Axbridge Yeldingham bridge so to Cotehouse receiuing by the waie manie waters yéelding great plentie of delicate samons to such as fish vpon the same Leland reckoning vp the names of the seuerall brookes numbreth them confusedlie after his accustomed order The Darwent saith he receiueth diuerse streames as the Shirihutton The second is the Crambecke descending from Hunderskell castell so called Tanquam à centum fontibus or multitude of springs that rise about the same and goeth the Rie which comming out of the Blackemoore passeth by Riuers abbeie taking in the Ricoll on the left hand then the Seuen the Costeie and Pickering brooke The Seuin also saith he riseth in the side of Blacke-moore and thence goeth by Sinnington foure miles from Pickering and about a mile aboue a certeine bridge ouer Rie goeth into the streame The Costeie in like sort springeth in the verie edge of Pickering towne at a place called Keld head and goeth into the Rie two miles beneath Pickering about Kirbie minster Finallie Pickering water ariseth in Blackemoore and halfe a mile beneath Pickering falleth into Costeie meeting by the way with the Pocklington becke and an other small rill or two of whose names I haue no knowledge Hitherto Leland But in mine opinion it had béene far better to haue described them thus Of those waters that fall into the Darwent beneath Cotehouse the first commeth from Swenton the second from Ebberston the third from Ollerston the fourth from Thorneton Pickering and the fift on the other side that commeth thither from Wintringham For so should he haue dealt in better order and rid his hands of them with more expedition referring the rest also vnto their proper places But to procéed after mine owne maner Being past Cotehouse yer the Darwent come at Wickham it crosseth the Rie which riseth of two heads and ioining west of Locton they run through Glansbie parke Finallie receiuing the Costeie it méeteth at the last with an other streame increased by the fals of six waters and more yer it come into the Darwent The most easterlie of these is called Seuen and riseth as is aforesaid in Blackemoore from whence it goeth by Sinnington Murton Normanbie Newsound How and so into the Rie The second named Dou hath his originall likewise in Blackemoore and descending by Rasmore Keldon and Edston where it receiueth the Hodgebecke that commeth by Bernesdale Kirkedale Welburne it goeth to Sawlton and there taketh in first the Ricoll that goeth by Careton and whereof Ridall as some thinke but falslie doth séeme to take the name Then Fesse which riseth aboue Bilisdale chappell and méeteth with the Rie at the Shaking bridge from whence they go togither vnder the Rie bridge to Riuis abbeie and thence after it hath crossed a becke from the west through a parke of the earle of Rutlands to Newton Muniton and so to Sawton or Sawlton as I doo find it written Here also it taketh in the Holbecke brooke that commeth thithex from by west by Gilling castell and Stangraue from whence it goeth on to Brabie next into the Seuen then into the Rie and so into the Darwent which from thence dooth run to Wickham Being past Wickham it méeteth with a water that commeth thereinto from Grinston to Setterington at southeast and thence it goeth on the Malton and Malton where the prouerbe saith that a bushell of rie and an other of malt is woorth but six pence carie awaie whilest you may so as you can kéepe them from running through the sarkes Sutton Wellam Furbie and Kirkeham receiuing by the waie one rill on the one side and an other on the other whereof this commeth from Burdfall that other from Conisthorpe From Kirkeham it goeth to Cramburne and Owsham bridge crossing by the waie an other brooke comming from saint Edwards gore by Faston then to Aldbie Buttercram aliàs Butterham bridge Stamford bridge Kexbie bridge Sutton Ellerton Aughton Bubwith Wresill Babthorpe and so into the Ouze wherewith I finish the description of Darwent sauing that I haue to let you vnderstand how Leland heard that an arme ran some time from the head of Darwent also to Scarborow till such time as two hils betwixt which it ran did shalder and so choke vp his course The Fosse a slow streame yet able to beare a good vessell riseth in Nemore Calaterio that is Galters wood or Cawood among the wooddie hilles and in his
wote not whereabouts sée Marianus Scotus Wantsome Dour Rother Bilie Becke Limenus Aestus Buluerhithe Peuensete Ash. Burne Cucomarus Isis ni fallor Sturewell Plimus Soru Bimarus Arunus Burne Elin. Delus Racunus Emill Badunus forre Forten or Fordon Osterpoole Tichefield Hamelrish Southhampton Alresford Otter Stocke Bourne Ualopius Test. Eling Mineie Limen Bure Milis Auon Wilugh Nader becke Becquith brooke Chalkeburne Thrée towns decaied by changing one waie An holie conflict New Salisburie begun Sturus Cale Lidden Deuilis Iber. Blackewater This Stoure aboundeth with pike perch roch dace gudgeon and éeles Burne Poole Piddle Deuitâ—s Frome Ocus Silleie Minterne Cherne Luckford Séeke more for wilie brooke that goeth by west burie to Pole hauen Chesill Bride Nature hath set the mouth of this riuer in maner betwixt two hils so that a little cost would make an haueÌ„ there Simen Chare Buddle Axe Y are alià s Aâ—rte Sidde Seton Colie Sid. Autrie alià s Ottercie Tale. Exe. Barleie Done alià s Done stroke Woodburne Lomund or Simming Columbe Cride Forten Cliuus 〈◊〉 Teigne Crokerne Bouie Eidis Leman Aller Dart. Ashburne Buckeastlich Hartburne Awne Arme. See Hen. 7. pag. 792 793 794. Yaline Plim Plim Stoure alià s Catwater Taue or Tauie Lidde Trushell Core Thamar Arteie Kenseie Enian Liuer Sutton Low Polpir Fawie Glin. Lerinus Faw In the middle of this créeke was a cell of S. Ciret in an Islet longing sometime to Mountagew a priorie Comwhath Gallants of Foy or Fawy Austell Chare Fala S. Caie S. Feoks Milor Fala Leuine Milor Restronget S. Feoks S. Caie Trurie créeke Moran Graund pont S. Iustus S. Mawes Polwitherall Polpenrith Wike Gare. Mogun Penkestell Callous Cheilow Gilling Haile Curie Loo Simneie Lid. Bresan I le Haile Clowart Caine. Luggam S. Pirans creeke Carantocke Padstow Locus bufonis Alannus Eniam Carneseie Laine Pethrike Minner Dunmere Tredwie Boscastell Bede Lancels Ocus Tanridge Turrege Buckland Langtrée Were or Ware Taw. Bowmill Moulebraie Braie Doneham Paradine Orus The bredth of Deuonshire Cornewall Loch Durus Vacetus Williton Doddington Iuelus The seuen sisters Cade Parret Ill. Ilton Tone Chare or Care Peder Camington Brier Brier Leland writeth the first Brieuelus and the second Mellodunus or the Milton water Dulis Sowaie or Stowaie Cos. Milton Golafer Axe 2. The Chederbrooke driueth twelue miles within a quarter of a mile of his head Bane Artro Sâ—ttespill Cleueden Auon 3. Sturgion taken in Rochester water Cosham Were Westbirie vnder y e plaine neuer without a théefe or twaine Frome Nonneie Silling Swinford Swinford parteth Summerset Glocestershires in sunder Alderleie Douresleie Torworth Sauerne Brucham Clewdogh Bacho Dungum Lhoid Bigga Couine Carnon Taran Hawes Dulesse 2. Mule Lenlet Camalet Tate Lan Idlos Tanet Peuereie or Murnewie Auernie Mordant Simons becke Bederich Mele. Haberleie Terne * Sée Hen. 6. pag. 649. Roden Euerne Wenlocke or Rhe. Worfe Marbrooke Dowlesse Lempe Stoure Astleie Doure Sulwaie Tiber. Temde Clude Barfield Clun Owke Oneie Bow Warren Queneie and Strabroke Somergill Corue Ladwich Rhe. Langherne Auon 4. Swiuethus Souus Kinell Leame Stoure Arow Alne Pludor Vincâ—lus Piddle Chilus Leadon Strowd Newarne Wie mouth Guie alià s Wie Umber a fish onelie in the Wie Darnoll Elland Clardwen Ithan Dulesse Cluedoch Lamaron Hawie Yrwon Weuereie Dulasse Comarch Dulesse Dehon Edwie Machaweie Leuenni Euer Euerie Brennich Trufrin Dulesse Lug. Pinsell Kenbrooke Fromeie Loden aliás Acton Treske Gainar Garran Mona Elkon Eskill Hordwie Doure Dulesse Wormesbecke Trollie Elwie Trogie Dennie Iland in the middest of the Sauerne and likewise another litle one called Beuerage Wiske Uske Craie Sennie Camblas Brane yster Hodneie Tertarith Kinuricke Riangall Groini Cledoch vaur Fidan CledochvehaÌ„ Kebbie Geuenni Birthin Caer vske standeth on one side of Uske and Caerleon on the other but Caer vske by diuerse miles further into the land Elwie Auon Ebowith Serowie Romeneie Laie Dunelais Methcoid Pedware Laie Thawan Scilleie Barrie This Ile went fiftie yeares agone for x. pounds Come kidie Colhow Alen. Ogur Kensike Auon Neth Tauie Lochar Wandres Uendraith Uaur Uendraith Uehan Laie Barrie Aberthaw Kensan Ogur Wennie Garrow Leuennie Corug Kensig Margan Auon Neth Nethuehan Nethuaur Trangarth Meltaie Hepsaie Dulesse Cledoch Tauie Coilus Torch Ilston Lochar Amond Combwilie Morlais Lhu Burraie Dulesse Wandres Towie Trausnant Tothee Pescotter Brane Gutherijc Dulesse Morlais Modewie Cledoch Sawtheie Dulesse 2. Dulesse 3. Cothie Turche Rauelthie Gwilie Taue Dudderie Marlais Uennie Caire Carthkinnie Gow Gowen Gwair Brechnocke From Londie to Caldie thirtie miles Trewent Pennar Dugledu Cultell Gwilie Clotheie Dugledie Gwilie Gateholme I le Stockeholme I le Midland I le Gresholme S. Brides Iland A fort of dangerous rocks lieng on a row vpon the west end of Southwales called the Bishop his clerkes S. Dewie or Dauid aâ— one Saluach Portelais Alen. Portmaw Maw Pendwie Lannuehan Tredine Langunda Fischard Gwerne Gwerne Neuerne Teifie or Tine Miricke Landurch Bromis Matherne Dulas Grauelth Clethor Kerie Cheach Airon Bidder Arth. Ris alià s Wereie Istwith Redholl Salique Massalique Lerie Wie Romis Ho. Mawr Artro Farles Erke Soch Daron Edarne beck Conte Gegeine Torronnen Ogwine Auon Lannar Uehan Duegeuelth Téec Ligow Ormeshed Gele Maniton Cluedoch Elwie Fraw Linon Allo. Dée or Deua Trowerin Ruddoch Cleton Gristioneth Keriog Cluedoch Gwinrogh Alannus Beston The situation of y e monasterie of Bangor Wiuer Combrus Betleie Salop. Lée and Wuluarne Ashe Dane Bidle Whelocke Croco Piuereie Waterlesse Merseie Goite Frith Set. Tame Irwell Raeus or Rache Leland speaketh of the Corue water about Manchester but I know nothing of his course Yrke Medlocke Rache Beile Sprotton Sudleie Bradsha Walmesleie Gles Bolleiu brooke Birkin Mar. Bold Grundich Tarbocke Alt or Ast. Duglesse or Duiesse Tand or Skelinere Merton Yarrow Bagen Ribble Odder Calder Pidle Henburne Darwent Blackeburne Rodlesworth Sannocke Wire Calder 2. Plimpton Barton Brooke Skipton Coker Cowdar Lune Burdecke Breder Barrow Dent. Greteie Wennie Hinburne Rheburne Docker Kerie Sprota Ken. Winstar Winander Fosse Sparke Lew. Rawther Dodon Denocke Eske Mite Brenge Cander Dargwent Burthméere Grise Cokar Wire Elmus Croco Uanius Eden Helbecke Bellow Orne Moreton Dribecke Trowt becke Linenet Milburne Blincorne Ulse Marke Harteshop Paterdale Roden Glenkguin Loder Irding Terne Pultrose Cambocke Gillie Pedar alià s Logus Bruferth Wise after Leland Loder Aimote Dacor Deua Uala Leuen Lamford Eske Tomunt Kirsop Lidde Eske Leue. Long. Goile Heke Robinseie Forlan Tarbat Lean. Abir Arke Zefe Sell. Zord Owin Newisse Orne Lang. Drun Hew Brun. Kile Dowr Faro Nesse Herre Con. Glasse Maur. Urdall Fesse Calder Wifle Browre Clin. Twin Shin Sillan Carew Nesse Narding Spaie Downe Dée Eske Clacke Alon. Dune Kerie Cambell Cumer Tere. Man Torkesan Rosham Mussell Blene Twede Till Bromis Bobent Whitaker Warne Aile or Alne alià s Chaine Cocket Uswaie Ridlcie Yardop It may be Leland mistaketh Tickington water for one of these Lune wansbecke Font. Blithe Hartleie North Tine She le Ridde Shelop Cheslop 3. Burnes Shitlington Tine S.
the word Alb white or Alp an hill as Bodinus is no lesse troubled with fetching the same ab Olbijs or as he wresteth it ab Albijs gallis But here his inconstancie appeareth in that in his Gotthadamca liber 7. he taketh no lesse paines to bring the Britaines out of Denmarke whereby the name of the Iland should be called Vridania Freedania Brithania or Bridania tanquam libera Dania as another also dooth to fetch the originall out of Spaine where Breta signifieth soile or earth But as such as walke in darkenesse doo often straie bicause they wot not whither they go euen so doo these men whilest they séeke to extenuate the certeintie of our histories and bring vs altogither to vncerteinties their coniectures They in like maner which will haue the Welshmen come from the French with this one question vnder Walli nisia Gallis or from some Spanish colonie doo greatlie bewraie their ouersights but most of all they erre that endeuour to fetch it from Albine the imagined daughter of a forged Dioclesian wherewith our ignorant writers haue of late not a little stained our historie and brought the sound part thereof into some discredit and mistrust but more of this hereafter Now to speake somewhat also of Neptune as by the waie sith I haue made mention of him in this place it shall not be altogither impertinent Wherfore you shall vnderstand that for his excellent knowledge in the art of nauigation as nauigation then went he was reputed the most skilfull prince that liued in his time And therfore and likewise for his courage boldnesse in aduenturing to and fro he was after his decease honoured as a god and the protection of such as trauelled by sea committed to his charge So rude also was the making of ships wherewith to saile in his time which were for the most part flat bottomed and broad that for lacke of better experience to calke and trim the same after they were builded they vsed to naile them ouer with rawe hides of bulles buffles and such like and with such a kind of nauie as they say first Samothes then Albion arriued in this Iland which vnto me doth not séeme a thing impossible The northerlie or artike regions doo not naile their ships with iron which they vtterly want but with wooden pins or els they bind the planks togither verie artificiallie with bast ropes osiers rinds of trées or twigs of popler the substance of those vessels being either of fir or pine sith oke is verie deintie hard to be had amongst them Of their wooden anchors I speake not which neuerthelesse are common to them and to the Gothlanders more than of ships wrought of wickers sometime vsed in our Britaine and couered with leather euen in the time of Plinie lib. 7. cap. 56. as also bofes made of rushes and réeds c. Neither haue I iust occasion to speake of ships made of canes of which sort Staurobates king of India fighting against Semiramis brought 4000. with him and fought with hir the first battell on the water that euer I read of and vpon the riuer Indus but to his losse for he was ouercome by hir power his nauie either drowned or burned by the furie of hir souldiers But to proceed when the said Albion had gouerned here in this countrie by the space of seauen yeares it came to passe that both he and his brother Bergion were killed by Hercules at the mouth of Rhodanus as the said Hercules passed out of Spaine by the Celtes to go ouer into Italie and vpon this occasion as I gather among the writers not vnworthie to be remembred It happened in time of Lucus king of the Celts that Lestrigo and his issue whom Osyris his grandfather had placed ouer the Ianigenes did exercise great tyrannie not onelie ouer his owne kingdome but also in molestation of such princes as inhabited round about him in most intollerable maner Moreouer he was not a little incouraged in these his dooings by Neptune his father who thirsted greatly to leaue his xxxiii sonnes settled in the mightiest kingdoms of the world as men of whom he had alreadie conceiued this opinion that if they had once gotten foot into any region whatsoeuer it would not be long yer they did by some meanes or other not onelie establish their seats but also increase their limits to the better maintenance of themselues and their posteritie for euermore To be short therefore after the giants and great princes or mightie men of the world had conspired and slaine the aforsaid Osyris onelie for that he was an obstacle vnto them in their tyrannous dealing Hercules his sonne surnamed Laabin Lubim or Libius in the reuenge of his fathers death proclaimed open warres against them all and going from place to place he ceased not to spoile their kingdomes and therewithall to kill them with great courage that fell into his hands Finallie hauing among sundrie other ouercome the Lomnimi or Geriones in Spaine and vnderstanding that Lestrigo and his sonnes did yet remaine in Italie he directed his viage into those parts and taking the kingdome of the Celts in his waie he remained for a season with Lucus the king of that countrie where he also maried his daughter Galathea and begat a sonne by hir calling him after his mothers name Galates of whom in my said Chronologie I haue spoken more at large In the meane time Albion vnderstanding how Hercules intended to make warres against his brother Lestrigo he thought good if it were possible to stop him that tide and therefore sending for his brother Bergion out of the Orchades where he also reigned as supreame lord and gouernour they ioined their powers and sailed ouer into France Being arriued there it was not long yer they met with Hercules and his armie neare vnto the mouth of the riuer called Roen or the Rhodanus where happened a cruell conflict betwéene them in which Hercules and his men were like to haue lost the day for that they were in maner wearied with long warres and their munition sore wasted in the last viage that he had made for Spaine Herevpon Hercules perceiuing the courages of his souldiours somewhat to abate and seeing the want of artillerie like to be the cause of his fatall daie and present ouerthrowe at hand it came suddenlie into his mind to will each of them to defend himselfe by throwing stones at his enimie whereof there laie great store then scattered in the place The policie was no sooner published than hearkened vnto and put in execution whereby they so preuailed in the end that Hercules wan the field their enimies were put to flight and Albion and his brother both slaine and buried in that plot Thus was Britaine rid of a tyrant Lucus king of the Celts deliuered from an vsurper that dailie incroched vpon him building sundrie cities and holds of which some were placed
this as in the most part of their historie which is to seeke great honor by lieng great renowme by prating and craking Indeed they haue doone great mischéefe in this Iland with extreme crueltie but as for any conquest the first is yet to heare of Diuers other conquests also haue béene pretended by sundrie princes sithence the conquest onelie to the end that all pristinate lawes and tenures of possession might cease and they make a new disposition of all things at their owne pleasure As one by king Edw. the 3. but it tooke none effect Another by Henrie the 4. who neuerthelesse was at the last though hardlie drawne from the challenge by William Thorington then cheefe Iustice of England The third by Henrie the 7. who had some better shew of right but yet without effect And the last of all by Q. Marie as some of the papists gaue out and also would haue had hir to haue obtained but God also staied their malices and hir challenge But beside the six afore mentioned Huntingdon the old historiographer speaketh of a seuenth likelie as he saith to come one daie out of the North which is a wind that bloweth no man to good sith nothing is to be had in those parts but hunger much cold Sée more hereof in the historie of S. Albons and aforsaid author which lieth on the left side of the librarie belonging now to Paules for I regard no prophesies as one that doubteth from what spirit they doo procéed or who should be the author of them Whether it be likelie that any giants were and whether they inhabited in this I le or not Cap. 5. BEsides these aforesaid nations which haue crept as you haue heard into our Iland we read of sundrie giants that should inhabit here Which report as it is not altogither incredible sith the posterities of diuers princes were called by the name so vnto some mens eares it séemeth so strange a rehersall that for the same onelie cause they suspect the credit of our whole historie reiect it as a fable vnworthie to be read They also condemne the like in all other histories especiallie of the North where men are naturallie of greatest stature imagining all to be but fables that is written of Starcater Hartben Angrine Aruerode c of whom Saxo Iohannes Magnus and Olaus doo make mention whose bones doo yet remaine to be seene as rare miracles in nature Of these also some in their life time were able to lift vp as they write a vessell of liquor of 1000. weight or an horsse or an oxe cast it on their shoulders wherein their verie women haue beene likewise knowne to come néere vnto them and of the race of those men some were séene of no lesse strength in the 1500. of Grace wherein Olaus liued and wrote the same of his owne experience and knowledge Of the giant of Spaine that died of late yeares by a fall vpon the Alpes as he either went or came from Rome about the purchase of a dispensation to marrie with his kinswoman a woman also of much more than common stature there be men yet liuing and may liue long for age that can saie verie much euen by their owne knowledge Wherfore it appeareth by present experience that all is not absolutelie vntrue which is remembred of men of such giants For this cause therfore I haue now taken vpon me to make this breefe discourse insuing as indeuouring therby to prooue that the opinion of giants is not altogither grounded vpon vaine and fabulous narrations inuented onelie to delight the cares of the hearers with the report of maruellous things but that there haue beene such men in déed as for their hugenesse of person haue resembled rather high towers than mortall men although their posterities are now consumed and their monstruous races vtterlie worne out of knowledge I doo not meane herein to dispute whether this name Gigas or Nephilim was giuen vnto them rather for their tyrannie and oppression of the people than for their greatnesse of bodie or large steps as Goropius would haue it for he denieth that euer men were greater than at this present or bicause their parents were not knowne for such in old time were called Terrae filij or whether the word Gigas dooth onlie signifie Indigenas or homelings borne in the land or not neither whether all men were of like quantitie in stature and farre more greater in old time than now they be and yet absolutelie I denie neither of these sith verie probable reasons may be brought for ech of them but especiallie the last rehearsed whose confirmation dependeth vpon the authorities of sundrie ancient writers who make diuers of noble race equall to the giants in strength and manhood and yet doo not giue the same name vnto them bicause their quarels were iust and commonlie taken in hand for defense of the oppressed Examples hereof we may take of Hercules and Antheus whose wrestling declareth that they were equall in stature stomach Such also was the courage of Antheus that being often ouercome and as it were vtterlie vanquished by the said Hercules yet if he did estsoones returne againe into his kingdome he foorthwith recouered his force returned and held Hercules tacke till he gat at the last betwéene him and home so cutting off the farther hope of the restitution of his armie and killing finallie his aduersarie in the field of which victorie Politian writeth thus Incaluere animis dura certare palaestra Neptuni quondà m filius atque Iouis Non certamen erant operoso ex aere lebetes Sed qui vel vitam vel ferat interitum Occidit Antaeus Ioue natum viuere fas est Estque magistra Pales Graecia non Lybia The like doo our histories report of Corineus and Gomagot peraduenture king of this I le who fought a combat hand to hand till one of them was slaine and yet for all this no man reputeth Hercules or Corineus for giants albeit that Hanuile in his Architrenion make the later to be 12. cubits in height which is full 18. foot if poeticall licence doo not take place in his report and assertion But sith I say againe it is not my purpose to stand vpon these points I passe ouer to speake any more of them And whereas also I might haue procéeded in such order that I should first set downe by manie circumstances whether any giants were then whether they were of such huge and incredible stature as the authours doo remember and finallie whether any of them haue beene in this our Iland or not I protest plainlie that my mind is not here bent to deale in any such maner but rather generallie to confirme and by sufficient authoritie that there haue beene such mightie men of stature and some of them also in Britaine which I will set downe onelie by sundrie examples whereby it shall fall out that neither our Iland nor any part of the maine
monke if a man should leane to one side without anie conference of the asseuerations of the other But herin as I take it there lurketh some scruple for beside that S. Peters church stood in the east end of the citie and that of Apollo in the west the word Cornehill a denomination giuen of late to speake of to one street may easilie be mistaken for Thorney For as the word Thorney proceedeth from the Saxons who called the west end of the citie by that name where Westminster now standeth bicause of the wildnesse and bushinesse of the soile so I doo not read of anie stréete in London called Cornehill before the conquest of the Normans Wherfore I hold with them which make Westminster to be the place where Lucius builded his church vpon the ruines of that Flamine 264. yeeres as Malmesburie saith before the comming of the Saxons and 411. before the arriuall of Augustine Read also his appendix in lib. 4. Pontif. where he noteth the time of the Saxons in the 449. of Grace and of Augustine in the 596. of Christ which is a manifest accompt though some copies haue 499. for the one but not without manifest corruption and error Thus became Britaine the first prouince that generallie receiued the faith and where the gospell was freelie preached without inhibition of hir prince Howbeit although that Lucius and his princes and great numbers of his people imbraced the word with gréedinesse yet was not the successe thereof either so vniuersall that all men beleeued at the first the securitie so great as that no persecution was to be feared from the Romane empire after his decease or the procéeding of the king so seuere as that he inforced any man by publike authoritie to forsake and relinquish his paganisme but onelie this fréedome was enioied that who so would become a christian in his time might without feare of his lawes professe the Gospell in whose testimonie if néed had béene I doubt not to affirme but that he would haue shed also his bloud as did his neece Emerita who being constant aboue the common sort of women refused not after his decease by fire to yeeld hir selfe to death as a swéet smelling sacrifice in the nostrels of the Lord beyond the sea in France The faith of Christ being thus planted in this Iland in the 177. after Christ and Faganus and Dinaw with the rest sent ouer from Rome in the 178. as you haue heard it came to passe in the third yeare of the Gospell receiued that Lucius did send againe to Eleutherus the bishop requiring that he might haue some breefe epitome of the order of discipline then vsed in the church For he well considered that as it auaileth litle to plant a costlie vineyard except it afterward be cherished kept in good order and such things as annoie dailie remooued from the same so after baptisme and entrance into religion it profiteth little to beare the name of christians except we doo walke in the spirit and haue such things as offend apparentlie corrected by seuere discipline For otherwise it will come to passe that the wéedes of vice and vicious liuing will so quicklie abound in vs that they will in the end choke vp the good séed sowne in our minds and either inforce vs to returne vnto our former wickednesse with déeper securitie than before or else to become meere Atheists which is a great deale woorse For this cause therefore did Lucius send to Rome the second time for a copie of such politike orders as were then vsed there in their regiment of the church But Eleutherus considering with himselfe how that all nations are not of like condition and therefore those constitutions that are beneficiall to one may now and then be preiudiciall to another and séeing also that beside the word no rites and orders can long continue or be so perfect in all points but that as time serueth they will require alteration he thought it best not to laie any more vpon the necks of the new conuerts of Britaine as yet than Christ and his apostles had alreadie set downe vnto all men In returning therefore his messengers he sent letters by them vnto Lucius and his Nobilitie dated in the consulships of Commodus and Vespronius wherein he told them that Christ had left sufficient order in the scriptures for the gouernment of his church alreadie in his word and not for that onlie but also for the regiment of his whole kingdome if he would submit himselfe to yéeld and follow that rule The epistle it selfe is partlie extant and partlie perished yet such as it is and as I haue faithfullie translated it out of sundrie verie ancient copies I doo deliuer it here to the end I will not defraud the reader of anie thing that may turne to the glorie of God and his commoditie in the historie of our nation You require of vs the Romane ordinances and thereto the statutes of the emperours to be sent ouer vnto you and which you desire to practise and put in vre within your realme and kingdome The Romane lawes and those of emperours we may eft soones reprooue but those of God can neuer be found fault withall You haue receiued of late through Gods mercie in the realme of Britaine the law and faith of Christ you haue with you both volumes of the scriptures out of them therefore by Gods grace and the councell of your realme take you a law and by that law through Gods sufferance rule your kingdome for you are Gods vicar in your owne realme as the roiall prophet saith The earth is the Lords and all that is therein the compasse of the world and they that dwell therein Againe Thou hast loued truth and hated iniquitie wherefore God euen thy God hath annointed thée with oile of gladnesse aboue thy fellowes And againe according to the saieng of the same prophet Oh God giue thy iudgement vnto the king thy iustice vnto the kings sonne The kings sons are the christian people flocke of the realme which are vnder your gouernance and liue continue in peace within your kingdome * The gospell saith As the hen gathereth hir chickens vnder hir wings so dooth the king his people Such as dwell in the kingdome of Britaine are yours whom if they be diuided you ought to gather into concord and vnitie to call them to the faith and law of Christ and to his sacred church to chearish and mainteine to rule also and gouerne them defending each of them from such as would doo them wrong and keeping them from the malice of such as be their enimies * Wo vnto the nation whose king is a child and whose princes rise vp earlie to banket and féed which is spoken not of a prince that is within age but of a prince that is become a child through follie sinne vnstedfastnesse of whom the prophet saith The bloudthirstie and deceitfull men
of the Danish race And from thence vntill we came vnto the coast of Norffolke I saw no more Ilands Being therfore past S. Edmunds point we found a litle I le ouer against the fall of the water that commeth from Holkham likewise another ouer against the Claie before we came at Waburne hope the third also in Yarmouth riuer ouer against Bradwell a towne in low or little England whereof also I must néeds saie somewhat bicause it is in maner an Iland and as I gesse either hath béene or may be one for the brodest place of the strict land that leadeth to the same is little aboue a quarter of a mile which against the raging waues of the sea can make but small resistance Little England or low England therefore is about eight miles in length and foure in bredth verie well replenished with townes as Fristan Burgh castell Olton Flixton Lestoft Gunton Blundston Corton Lownd Ashebie Hoxton Belton Bradwell and Gorleston and beside this it is verie fruitfull and indued with all commodities Going forward from hence by the Estonnesse almost an Iland I saw a small parcell cut from the maine in Oxford hauen the Langerstone in Orwell mouth two péeces or Islets at Cattiwade bridge and then casting about vnto the Colne we beheld Merseie which is a pretie Iland well furnished with wood It was sometime a great receptacle for the Danes when they inuaded England howbeit at this present it hath beside two decaied blockehouses two parish churches of which one is called east Merseie the other west Merseie and both vnder the archdeacon of Colchester as parcell of his iurisdiction Foulenesse is an I le void of wood and yet well replenished with verie good grasse for neat and sheepe whereof the inhabitants haue great plentie there is also a parish church and albeit that it stand somewhat distant from the shore yet at a dead low water a man may as they saie ride thereto if he be skilfull of the causie it is vnder the iurisdiction of London And at this present master William Tabor bacheler of diuinitie and archdeacon of Essex hath it vnder his iurisdiction regiment by the surrender of maister Iohn Walker doctor also of diuinitie who liued at such time as I first attempted to commit this booke to the impression In Maldon water are in like sort thrée Ilands inuironed all with salt streames as saint Osithes Northeie and another after a mersh that beareth no name so far as I remember On the right hand also as we went toward the sea againe we saw Ramseie I le or rather a Peninsula or Biland likewise the Reie in which is a chappell of saint Peter And then coasting vpon the mouth of the Bourne we saw the Wallot Ile and his mates whereof two lie by east Wallot and the fourth is Foulnesse except I be deceiued for here my memorie faileth me on the one side and information on the other I meane concerning the placing of Foulenesse But to procéed After this and being entered into the Thames mouth I find no Iland of anie name except you accompt Rochford hundred for one whereof I haue no mind to intreat more than of Crowland Mersland Elie and the rest that are framed by the ouze Andredeseie in Trent so called of a church there dedicated to saint Andrew and Auon two noble riuers hereafter to be described sith I touch onelie those that are inuironed with the sea or salt water round about as we may see in the Canwaie Iles which some call marshes onelie and liken them to an ipocras bag some to a vice scrue or wide sléeue bicause they are verie small at the east end and large at west The salt rilles also that crosse the same doo so separat the one of them from the other that they resemble the slope course of the cutting part of a scrue or gimlet in verie perfect maner if a man doo imagine himselfe to looke downe from the top of the mast vpon them Betwéene these moreouer and the Leigh towne lieth another litle Ile or Holme whose name is to me vnknowne Certes I would haue gone to land and viewed these parcels as they laie or at the least haue sailed round about them by the whole hauen which may easilie be doone at an high water but for as much as a perrie of wind scarse comparable to the makerell gale whereof Iohn Anele of Calis one of the best seamen that England euer bred for his skill in the narow seas was woont to talke caught hold of our sailes caried vs forth the right waie toward London I could not tarie to sée what things were hereabouts Thus much therefore of our Ilands so much may well suffice where more cannot be had The description of the Thames and such riuers as fall into the same Cap. 11. HAuing as you haue séene attempted to set downe a full discourse of all the Ilands that are situat vpon the coast of Britaine and finding the successe not correspondent to mine intent it hath caused me somewhat to restreine my purpose in this description also of our riuers For whereas I intended at the first to haue written at large of the number situation names quantities townes villages castels mounteines fresh waters plashes or lakes salt waters and other commodities of the aforesaid Iles mine expectation of information from all parts of England was so deceiued in the end that I was fame at last onelie to leane to that which I knew my selfe either by reading or such other helpe as I had alreadie purchased and gotten of the same And euen so it happeneth in this my tractation of waters of whose heads courses length bredth depth of chanell for burden ebs flowings and falles I had thought to haue made a perfect description vnder the report also of an imagined course taken by them all But now for want of instruction which hath béene largelie promised slacklie perfourmed and other sudden and iniurious deniall of helpe voluntarilie offered without occasion giuen on my part I must needs content my selfe with such obseruations as I haue either obteined by mine owne experience or gathered from time to time out of other mens writings whereby the full discourse of the whole is vtterlie cut off and in steed of the same a mangled rehearsall of the residue set downe and left in memorie Wherefore I beséech your honour to pardon this imperfection and rudenesse of my labour which notwithstanding is not altogither in vaine sith my errors maie prooue a spurre vnto the better skilled either to correct or inlarge where occasion serueth or at the leastwise to take in hand a more absolute péece of worke as better direction shall incourage them thereto The entrance and beginning of euerie thing is the hardest and he that beginneth well hath atchiued halfe his purpose The ice my lord is broken and from hencefoorth it will be more easie for
riseth in a mounteine therby and goeth into the sea two miles aboue Duegeuelth Auon Duegeuelth is three miles aboue Conweie which rising in the mounteins a mile off goeth by it selfe into Meneie salt arme On the said shore also lieth Conweie and this riuer dooth run betwixt Penmaine Maur and Penmaine Uehan It riseth about three miles from Penmaclon hils which lie about sixtie miles from Conweie abbeie now dissolued out of a lake called Lin Conweie and on the north and west of this riuer standeth the towne of Conweie which taketh his name thereof This riuer which Ptolomie calleth Toesobius as I take it after the deriuation thereof from the head passeth on the west side by Spittieuan and Tiherio beneath which it taketh in a streame comming from the east out of Denbighshire deriued from thrée heads and of the greatest called Nag Soone after also another and then the third which commeth in from the west by Lanpen Mawr next of all the Leder on the same side which commeth by Dolathelan castell and aboue that from a Lin of the same denomination Beneath this and selfe hand lieth likewise the Ligow or Ligwie proceeding from two lakes that is the Mumber and the Ligow On the right hand as we still descend is the Coid then the Glin a little lower we méet with the Lin Gerioneth and after we be past another on the right side we come to the Perloid which commeth out of Lin Cowlid to the Ygan to the Idulin to the castell Water on the left then to the Melandider on the right without the sight of anie other till we come almost to Conweie where we find a notched streame comming from by west and called Guffen or Gyffin into the same by one chanell on the norrtheast side of the towne beneath Guffin or Gyffin and ouer against Lansanfraid in Denbighshire so farre as I now remember Some part of Carnaruonshire stretcheth also beyond Aber Conweie or the fall of Conweie it is called Ormeshed point wherein also is a rill whose fall into the sea is betwéene Penrin and Landright And thus we haue made an end of the chéefe waters which are to be found in this countie The next is a corner of Denbigh by which we doo as it were step ouer into Flintshire and whose first water is not great yet it commeth from south-southwest and falleth into the north or Irish sea called Virginium beneath Landilas as the next that commeth south from Bettas dooth the like thrée miles beneath Abergele and is not onelie called Gele as the name it selfe importeth but also noted to take his course through the Canges Hauing thus gone ouer the angle of Denbighshire that lieth betwéene those of Carnaruon and Flint we come next of all vnto Aber Cluide or the fall of Clotha or Glota which is a streame not to be shortlie intreated of It riseth among certeine hilles which lie not far distant from the confines of Merioneth and Denbighshires Southeast from his fall and hauing run foure or fiue miles from the head it commeth about to Darwen taking in the Maniton on the left hand and the Mespin on the right and soone after the third from by-west whose head is not farre from Gloucanocke Beneath Ruthen also it taketh in the Leueneie and after that another and the third all on the right hand and so holdeth on till it méet with the Cluedoch then with the Ystrade which passeth by Whitchurch on the left hand After which we come to the Whéeler on the right and so to his ioining with the Elwie which is beneath S. Asaphes a bishops sée that is inuironed with them both This Elwie riseth aboue Gwitherne beneath Lanuair taketh in the Alode which commeth from lin Alode by Lanfannan and ioineth with him fiue miles beneath Langrenew The Cluda therefore and the Elwie being met the confluence passeth on to the sea by Rutland castell where it taketh in the Sarne which commeth from by east and hath a course almost of sixteene miles From hence we tooke sea toward the Dée mouth and as we passed by the rest of the shore we saw the fall of a little brooke néere Basing Werke of another néere to Flint of the third at Yowleie castell which with his two armes in maner includeth it and the fourth beneath Hawarden hold which in like sort goeth round about the same from whence we came to the Dée where we landed and tooke vp our lodging in Chester In this place also it was no hard matter to deliuer set downe the names of such riuers and streames as are also to be found in Angleseie finding my selfe to haue some leasure and fit opportunitie for the same and imagining a iourneie thither also as vnto the other places mentioned in this description whither as yet it hath not béene my hap to trauell I thought it not amisse to take it also in hand and performe it after this maner Ferrieng therefore ouer out of Carnaruonshire to Beaumarise I went by land without crossing of anie riuer or streame worthie memorie till I came to the Brant which hath his fall not farre from the southest point of that Iland This Brant riseth farre vp in the land not farre from Lauredenell and holding on his course southward to Lanthoniell Uaall it goeth on to Bodoweruch Langainwen and so into the sea The next fall we came vnto was called Maltrath and it is producted by the confluence of two riuers the Geuennie and the Gint who ioine not farre from Langrestoll This also last rehearsed hath his head neere to Penmoneth the other being forked riseth in the hillie soile aboue Tregaion and Langwithlog so that part of the Iland obteineth no small commoditie and benefit by their passage Next vnto this we came vnto the Fraw whose head is neere to Langinewen and passage by Cap Maer after which it falleth into a lake from whence it goeth east of Aberfraw and so into the sea The next riuer hath no name to my knowledge yet hath it a longer course than that which I last described For it riseth two or thrée miles aboue Haneglosse and passing from thence to Treualghmaie after the descent of foure miles it falleth into the sea After this we came to an other which riseth more to Cap legan ferwie and falleth into the sea southeast of the little Iland which is called Ynis Wealt it is namelesse also as the other was and therefore hauing small delight to write thereof we passed ouer the salt créeke by a bridge into Cair Kibie which by the same is as it were cut from the maine Iland and in some respect not vnworthie to be taken for an I le In the north side therefore of Cair Kibie is a little rill or créeke but whether the water thereof be fresh or salt as yet I doo not remember This place being viewed I came backe againe by the aforesaid bridge into the
that runneth thither from Dent towne beneath Sebbar they continue their course as one into the Burbecke from whence it is called Lune From hence it goeth to Burbon chappell where it taketh in another rill comming from by east then to Kirbie Lansdale and aboue Whittenton crosseth a brooke comming from the countie stone by Burros and soone after beneath Tunstall and Greteie which descending from about Ingelborow hill passeth by Twiselton Ingleton Thorneton Burton Wratton and néere Thurland castell toucheth finallie with the Lune which brancheth and soone after vniteth it selfe againe After this also it goeth on toward New parke and receiueth the Wennie and the Hinburne both in one chanell of which this riseth north of the crosse of Greteie and going by Benthams and Roberts hill aboue Wraie taketh in the Rheburne that riseth north of Wulfecrag After this confluence also aboue New parke it maketh his gate by Aughton Laughton Skirton Lancaster Excliffe Awcliffe Soddaie Orton and so into the sea Thus haue you both the descriptions of Lune make your conference or election at your pleasure for I am sworne to neither of them both The next fall is called Docker and peraduenture the same that Leland dooth call the Kerie which is not farre from Wharton where the rich Kitson was borne it riseth north of Docker towne and going by Barwtjc hall it is not increased before it come at the sea where it falleth into the Lune water at Lunesands Next of all we come to Bitham becke which riseth not far from Bitham towne and parke in the hilles where about are great numbers of goates kept and mainteined and by all likelihood resorteth in the end to Linsands Being past this we find a forked arme of the sea called Kensands into the first of which diuerse waters doo run in one chanell as it were from foure principall heads one of them comming from Grarrig hall another frō by west of Whinfield ioining with the first on the east side of Skelmere parke The third called Sprot or Sprota riseth at Sloddale commeth downe by west of Skelmer parke so that these two brookes haue the aforesaid parke betwéene them fall into the fourth east of Barneside not verie farre in sunder The fourth or last called Ken commeth from Kentmers side out of Ken moore in a poole of a mile compasse verie well stored with fish the head whereof as of all the baronie of Kendall is in Westmerland going to Stauelope it taketh in a rill from Chappleton Inges Then leauing Colnehead parke by east it passeth by Barneside to Kendall Helston Sigath Siggeswijc Leuenbridge Milnethorpe and so into the sea Certes this Ken is a pretie déepe riuer and yet not safelie to be aduentured vpon with boates and balingers by reason of rolling stones other huge substances that off annoie trouble the middest of the chanell there The other péece of the forked arme is called Winstar the hed wherof is aboue Winstar chappell going downe almost by Carpmaunsell Netherslake it is not long yer it fall into the sea or sands for all this coast a gulfe from the Ramside point to the Mealenasse is so pestered with sands that it is almost incredible to sée how they increase Those also which inuiron the Kenmouth are named Kensands but such as receiue the descent from the Fosse Winander and Sparke are called Leuesands as I find by sufficient testimonie The mouth or fall of the Dodon also is not farre from this impechment wherefore it is to be thought that these issues will yer long become verie noisome if not choked vp altogither The Winander water riseth about Cimbarlrasestones from whence it goeth to Cangridge where it maketh a méere then to Ambleside and taking in yer it come there two rilles on the left hand and one on the right that commeth by Clapergate it maketh as I take it the greatest méere or fresh water in England for I read it is ten miles in length Finallie comming to one small chanell aboue Newbridge it reacheth not aboue six miles yer fall into the sea There is in like sort a water called the Fosse that riseth néere vnto Arneside and Tillerthwates and goeth foorth by Grisdale Satrethwate Rusland Powbridge Bowth and so falleth with the Winander water into the maine sea On the west side of the Fosse also commeth another through Furnesse felles and from the hilles by north thereof which yer long making the Thurstan lake not far from Hollinhow and going by Bridge end in a narrow chanell passeth foorth by Nibthwaits Blareth Cowlton Sparke bridge and so into the sea Hauing passed the Leuen or Conisands or Conistonesands or Winander fall for all is one I come to the Lew which riseth at Cewike chappell and falleth into the sea beside Plumpton The Rawther descending out of low Furnesse hath two heads whereof one commeth from Penniton the other by Ulmerstone abbeie and ioining both in one chanell they hasten into the sea whither all waters direct their voiage Then come we to another rill southwest of Aldingham descending by Glaiston castell and likewise the fourth that riseth néere Lindell and running by Dawlton castell and Furnesse abbeie not farre from the Barrow head it falleth into the sea ouer against Waueie and Waueie chappell except mine aduertisements misleade me The Dodon which from the head is bound vnto Cumberland and Westmerland commeth from the Shire stone hill bottome and going by Blackehill Southwake S. Iohns Uffaie parke Broughton it falleth into the faltwater betwéene Kirbie and Mallum castell And thus are we now come vnto the Rauenglasse point and well entred into Cumberland countie Comming to Rauenglasse I find hard by the towne a water comming from two heads and both of them in lakes or pooles whereof one issueth out of Denocke or Deuenocke méere and is called Denocke water the other named Eske from Eske poole which runneth by Eskedale Dalegarth and soone after meeting with the Denocke betwéene Mawburthwate and Rauenglasse falleth into the sea On the other side of Rauenglasse also commeth the Mite brooke from Miterdale as I read Then find we another which commeth from the hils and at the first is forked but soone after making a lake they gather againe into a smaller chanell finallie meeting with the Brenge they fall into the sea at Carleton southeast as I wéene of Drig The Cander or as Leland nameth it the Calder commeth out of Copeland forrest by Cander Sellefield and so into the sea Then come we to Euer water descending out of a poole aboue Coswaldhow and thence going by Euerdale it crosseth a water from Arladon and after procéedeth to Egremond S. Iohns and taking in another rill from Hide it is not long yer it méeteth with the sea The next fall is at Moresbie whereof I haue no skill From thence therefore
the crowne Being risen it hasteth directlie to old Saling Brainctrée crossing a rillet by the waie comming from Raine blacke Notleie white Notleie Falkeburne Wittham and falleth into the Blackewater beneath Braxsted on the south Beside this the said Pant or Gwin receiueth the Chelme or Chelmer which ariseth also in Wimbech aforesaid where it hath two heads of which the one is not farre from Brodockes where master Thomas Wiseman esquier dwelleth the other nigh vnto a farme called Highams in the same paroch and ioining yer long in one chanell they hie them toward Thacsted vnder Prowds bridge méeting in the waie wish a rill comming from Boiton end whereby it is somewhat increased Being past Thacsted it goeth by Tilteie and soone after receiueth one rill which riseth on the north side of Lindsell falleth into the Chelmer by northeast at Tilteie aforesaid another coÌ„ming from south-southwest rising southeast from Lindsell at much Eiston From thence then holding on still with the course it goeth to Candfield the more Dunmow litle Dunmow Falsted Lies both Waltams Springfield and so to Chelmeresford Here vpon the south side I find the issue of a water that riseth fiue miles or thereabouts south and by west of the said towne from whence it goeth to Munasing Buttesburie there receiuing a rill from by west to Ingatstone Marget Inge Widford bridge Writtle bridge and so to Chelmeresford crossing also the second water that descendeth from Roxford south west of Writtle by the waie whereof let this suffice From hence the Chelmer goeth directlie toward Maldon by Badow Owting Woodham water Bilie and so to Blackwater northwest of Maldon receiuing neuerthelesse yer it come fullie thither a becke also that goeth from Lée parke to little Lées great Lées Hatfield Peuerell Owting and so into Blackwater whereof I spake before as Maldon streame dooth a rill from by south ouer against saint Osithes and also another by Bradwell After which the said streame growing also to be verie great passeth by the Tolshunts Tollesbie and so foorth into the maine sea néere vnto Merseie betwéene which fall and the place where Salute water entreth into the land Plautus abode the comming of Claudius sometime into Britaine when he being hardlie beeset did â—â—nd unto him for aid and spéedie succour who also being come did not onelie rescue his legat but in like manner wan Colchester and put it to the spoile if it be Camalodunum The Burne riseth somewhere about Ronwell and thence goeth to Hull bridge south Fambridge Kirke shot ferrie and so to Foulnesse And as this is the short course of that riuer so it brancheth and the south arme thereof receiueth a water comming from Haukewell to great Stanbridge and beneath Pakesham dooth méet by south with the said arme and so finish vp his course as we doo our voiage also about the coast of England Thus haue I finished the description of such riuers and streames as fall into the Ocean according to my purpose although not in so precise an order and manner of handling as I might if information promised had been accordinglie performed or others would if they had taken the like in hand But this will I saie of that which is here done that from the Solueie by west which parteth England Scotland on that side to the Twede which separateth the said kingdoms on the east if you go backeward contrarie to the course of my description you shall find it so exact as beside a verie few by-riuers you shall not need to vse anie further aduise for the finding and falles of the aforesaid streames For such hath beene my helpe of maister Sackfords cardes and conference with other men about these that I dare pronounce them to be perfect and exact Furthermore this I haue also to remember that in the courses of our streames I regard not so much to name the verie towne or church as the limits of the paroch And therefore if I saie it goeth by such a towne I thinke my dutie discharged if I hit vpon anie part or parcell of the paroch This also hath not a little troubled me I meane the euill writing of the names of manie townes and villages of which I haue noted some one man in the description of a riuer to write one towne two or thrée manner of waies whereby I was inforced to choose one at aduenture most commonlie that séemed the likeliest to be sound in mine opinion and iudgement Finallie whereas I minded to set downe an especiall chapter of ports and créeks lieng on ech coast of the English part of this Ile and had prouided the same in such wise as I iudged most conuenient it came to passe that the greater part of my labour was taken from me by stealth and therefore as discouraged to meddle with that argument I would haue giuen ouer to set downe anie thing therefore at all and so much the rather for that I sée it may prooue a spurre vnto further mischéefe as things come to passe in these daies Neuerthelesse because a little thereof is passed in the beginning of the booke I will set downe that parcell thereof which remaineth leauing the supplie of the rest either to my selfe hereafter if I may come by it or to some other that can better performe the same Of such ports and creeks as our sea-faring-men doo note for their benefit vpon the coasts of England Chap. 17. IT maie be that I haue in these former chapters omitted sundrie hauens to be found vpon the shore of England and some of them serued with backe waters through want of sound and sufficient information from such as haue written vnto me of the same In recompense whereof I haue thought good to adde this chapter of ports and creekes whereby so farre as to me is possible I shall make satisfaction of mine ouersights And albeit I cannot being too too much abused by some that haue béerest me of my notes in this behalfe bring my purpose to passe for all the whole coast of England round about from Berwike to the Solue yet I will not let to set downe so much as by good hap remaineth whereby my countriemen shall not altogither want that benefit hoping in time to recouer also the rest if God grant life and good successe thereto In Northumberland therefore we haue Berwike Holie Iland Bamborow Bedwell Donstanborow Cocket Iland Warkeworth Newbiggin Almow Blithes nuke and Tinmouth hauen In the bishoprijc Sonderland Stocketon Hartlepoole These In Yorkeshire Dapnam sands Steningreene Staies Runswike Robinhoods baie Whitbie Scarborow Fileie Flamborow Bricklington Horneseie becke Sister kirke Kelseie Cliffe Pattenton Holmes Kenningham Pall Hidon Hulbrige Beuerleie Hull Hasell Northferebie Bucke creeke Blacke cost Wrethell Howden In Lincolneshire Selbie Snepe Turnebrige Rodiffe Catebie Stockwith Torkeseie Gainsborow Southferebie Barton a good point Barrow a good hauen Skatermill a good port Penningham Stalingborow a good hauen Guimsbie a good port Clie
scourge the poorest doo soonest tast sith they are least able to prouide themselues of better I will not saie that this extremitie is oft so well to be seene in time of plentie as of dearth but if I should I could easilie bring my triall For albeit that there be much more ground eared now almost in euerie place than hath beene of late yeares yet such a price of corne continueth in each towne and market without any iust cause except it be that landlords doo get licences to carie corne out of the land onelie to kéepe vp the peeces for their owne priuate gaines and ruine of the common-wealth that the artificer and poore laboring man is not able to reach vnto it but is driuen to content himselfe with horssecorne I meane beanes peason otes tares and lintels and theerfore it is a true prouerbe and neuer so well verified as now that hunger setteth his first foot into the horsse manger If the world last a while after this rate wheate and rie will be no graine for poore men to feed on and some catterpillers there are that can saie so much alreadie Of bread made of wheat we haue sundrie sorts dailie brought to the table whereof the first and most excellent is the mainchet which we commonlie call white bread in Latine Primarius panis wherof Budeus also speaketh in his first booke De asse and our good workemen deliuer commonlie such proportion that of the flower of one bushell with another they make fortie cast of manchet of which euerie lofe weigheth eight ounces into the ouen and six ounces out as I haue béene informed The second is the cheat or wheaton bread so named bicause the colour therof resembleth the graie or yellowish wheat being cleane and well dressed and out of this is the coursest of the bran vsuallie called gurgeons or pollard taken The raueled is a kind of cheat bread also but it reteineth more of the grosse and lesse of the pure substance of the wheat and this being more sleightlie wrought vp is vsed in the halles of the nobilitie and gentrie onelie whereas the other either is or should be baked in cities good townes of an appointed size according to such price as the corne dooth beare and by a statute prouided by king Iohn in that behalfe The raueled cheat therfore is generallie so made that out of one bushell of meale after two and twentie pounds of bran be sisted and taken from it wherevnto they ad the gurgeons that rise from the manchet they make thirtie cast euerie lofe weighing eightéene ounces into the ouen and sixteene ounces out and beside this they so handle the matter that to euerie bushell of meale they ad onelie two and twentie or thrée and twentie pound of water washing also in some houses there corne before it go to the mill whereby their manchet bread is more excellent in colour and pleasing to the eie than otherwise it would be The next sort is named browne bread of the colour of which we haue two sorts one baked vp as it cōmeth from the mill so that neither the bran nor the floure are anie whit diminished this Celsus called Autopirus panis lib. 2. and putteth it in the second place of nourishment The other hath little or no floure left therein at all howbeit he callech it Panem Cibarium and it is not onlie the woorst and weakest of all the other sorts but also appointed in old time for seruants slaues and the inferiour kind of people to féed vpon Herevnto likewise bicause it is drie and brickle in the working for it will hardlie be made vp handsomelie into loaues some adde a portion of rie meale in our time whereby the rough drinesse or drie roughnes therof is somwhat qualified then it is named miscelin that is bread made of mingled corne albeit that diuerse doo sow or mingle wheat rie of set purpose at the mill or before it come there and sell the same at the markets vnder the aforesaid name In champeigne countries much rie and barleie bread is eaten but especiallie where wheat is scant and geson As for the difference that is betwéene the summer and winter wheat most husbandmen know it not sith they are neither acquainted with summer wheat nor winter barleie yet here and there I find of both sorts speciallie in the north and about Kendall where they call it March wheat and also of summer rie but in so small quantities as that I dare not pronounce them to be greatlie common among vs. Our drinke whose force and continuance is partlie touched alreadie is made of barleie water and hops sodden and mingled togither by the industrie of our bruers in a certeine exact proportion But before our barleie doo come vnto their hands it susteineth great alteration and is conuerted into malt the making whereof I will here set downe in such order as my skill therein may extend vnto for I am scarse a good malster chiefelie for that forreine writers haue attempted to describe the same and the making of our beere wherein they haue shot so farre wide as the quantitie of ground was betwéene themselues their marke In the meane time beare with me gentle reader I beséech thée that lead thee from the description of the plentifull diet of our countrie vnto the fond report of a seruile trade or rather from a table delicatelie furnished into a mustie malthouse but such is now thy hap wherfore I praie thée be contented Our malt is made all the yeare long in some great townes but in gentlemens and yeomens houses who commonlie make sufficient for their owne expenses onelie the winter halfe is thought most méet for that commoditie howbeit the malt that is made when the willow dooth bud is commonlie worst of all neuerthelesse each one indeuoureth to make it of the best barleie which is steeped in a cesterne in greater or lesse quantitie by the space of thrée daies and three nights vntill it be throughlie soked This being doone the water is drained from it by little and little till it be quite gone Afterward they take it out and laieng it vpon the cleane floore on a round heape it resteth so vntill it be readie to shoote at the root end which maltsters call Comming When it beginneth therefore to shoot in this maner they saie it is come and then foorthwith they spread it abroad first thicke and afterward thinner and thinner vpon the said floore as it commeth and there it lieth with turning euerie daie foure or fiue times by the space of one and twentie daies at the least the workeman not suffering it in anie wise to take anie heat whereby the bud end should spire that bringeth foorth the blade and by which ouersight or hurt of the stuffe it selfe the malt would be spoiled and turne small commoditie to the bruer When it hath gone or béene turned so long vpon the
better hope in the beginning than of Bladudus and yet I read of none that made so ridiculous an end in like sort there hath not reigned anie monarch in this I le whose waies were more feared at the first than those of Dunwallon king Henrie the fift excepted and yet in the end he prooued such a prince as after his death there was in maner no subiect that did not lament his funerals And this onelie for his policie in gouernance seuere administration of iustice and prouident framing of his lawes and constitutions for the gouernment of his subiects His people also coueting to continue his name vnto posteritie intituled those his ordinances according to their maker calling them by the name of the lawes of Mulmutius which indured in execution among the Britons so long as our homelings had the dominion of this I le Afterward when the comeling Saxons had once obteined the superioritie of the kingdom the maiestie of those lawes fell for a time into such decaie that although Non penitùs cecidit tamen potuit cecidisse videri as Leland saith and the decrêes themselues had vtterlie perished in déed at the verie first brunt had they not beene preserued in Wales where they remained amongst there likes of the Britons not onlie vntill the comming of the Normans but euen vntill the time of Edward the first who obteining the souereigntie of that portion indeuoured verie earnestlie to extinguish those of Mulmutius and to establish his owne But as the Saxons at their first arriuall did what they could to abolish the British lawes so in processe of time they yéelded a little to relent not so much to abhorre and mislike of the lawes of Mulmutius as to receiue and imbrace the same especiallie at such time as the said Saxon princes entered into amitie with the British nobilitie and after that began to ioine in matrimonie with the British ladies as the British barons did with the Saxon frowes both by an especiall statute and decrée wherof in another treatise I haue made mention at large Héerof also it came to passe in the end that they were contented to make a choise and insert no small numbers of them into their owne volumes as may be gathered by those of Athelbert the great surnamed king of Kent Inas and Alfred kings of the west Saxons and diuerse other yet extant to be séene Such also was the lateward estimation of them that when anie of the Saxon princes went about to make new ordinances they caused those of Mulmutius which Gildas sometime translated into Latine to be first expounded vnto them and in this perusall if they found anie there alreadie framed that might serue their turnes they foorthwith reuiued the same and annexed them to their owne But in this dealing the diligence of Alfred is most of all to be commended who not onelie chose out the best but gathered togither all such whatsoeuer the said Mulmutius had made and then to the end they should lie no more in corners as forlorne bookes and vnknowne to the learned of his kingdome he caused them to be turned into the Saxon toong wherein they continued long after his decease As for the Normans who for a season neither regarded the British nor cared for the Saxon statutes they also at the first vtterlie misliked of them till at the last when they had well weied that one kind of regiment is not conuenient for all peoples and that no stranger being in a forren countrie newlie brought vnder obedience could make such equall ordinances as he might thereby gouerne his new common-wealth without some care trouble they fell in with such a desire to sée by what rule the state of the land was gouerned in time of the Saxons that hauing perused the same they not onelie commended their maner of regiment but also admitted a great part of their lawes now currant vnder the name of S. Edwards lawes and vsed as principles and grounds whereby they not onelie qualified the rigor of their owne and mitigated their almost intollerable burden of seruitude which they had latelie laid vpon the shoulders of the English but also left vs a greeat number of the old Mulmutian lawes whereof the most part are in vse to this daie as I said albeit that we know not certeinlie how to distinguish them from others that are in strength amongst vs. After Dunwallon the next lawgiuer was Martia whome Leland surnameth Proba and after him John Bale also who in his Centuries dooth iustlie confesse himselfe to haue béene holpen by the said Leland as I my selfe doo likewise for manie things conteined in this treatise Shée was wife vnto Gutteline king of the Britons and being made protectrix of the realme after hir husbands deceasse in the nonage of hir sonne and séeing manie things dailie to grow vp among hir people worthie reformation she deuised sundrie and those verie politike lawes for the gouernance of hir kingdome which hir subiects when she was dead and gone did name the Martian statutes Who turned them into Latine as yet I doo not read howbeit as I said before of the lawes of Mulmutius so the same Alfred caused those of this excellentlie well learned ladie whome diuerse commend also for hir great knowledge in the Gréeke toong to be turned into his owne language wherevpon it came to passe that they were dailie executed among his subiects afterward allowed of among the rest by the Normans and finallie remaine in vse in these our daies notwithstanding that we can not disseuer them also verie readilie from the other The seuenth alteration of lawes was practised by the Saxons for I ouerpasse the vse of the ciuill ordinances vsed in Rome finallie brought hither by the Romans yet in perfect notice among the Ciuilians of our countrie though neuer generallie nor fullie receiued by all the seuerall regions of this Iland Certes there are great numbers of these later which yet remaine in sound knowlege and are to be read being comprehended for the most part vnder the names of the Martian and the Saxon law Beside these also I read of the Dane law so that the people of middle England were ruled by the first the west Saxons by the second as Essex Norffolke Suffolke Cambridgeshire and part of Herfordshire were by the third of all the rest the most inequall and intollerable And as in these daies what soeuer the prince in publike assemblie commanded vpon the necessitie of his subiects or his owne voluntarie authoritie was counted for law so none of them had appointed anie certeine place wherevnto his people might repaire at fixed times for iustice but caused them to resort commonlie to their palaces where in proper person they would often determine their causes and so make shortest worke or else commit the same to the hearing of other and so dispatch them awaie Neither had they any house appointed to assemble in for the making of their ordinances as
or load at the first for marring the market but by the bushell or two or an horsseload at the most therby to be séene to keepe the crosse either for a shew or to make men eger to buie and so as they may haue it for monie not to regard what they paie And thus corne waxeth doere but it will be déerer the next market daie It is possible also that they mislike the price in the beginning for the whole yeare insuing as men supposing that corne will be litle worth for this of better price in the next yeare For they haue certeine superstitious obseruations where by they will giue a gesse at the sale of corne for the yeare following And our countriemen doo vse commonlie for barleie where I dwell to iudge after the price at Baldocke vpon S. Matthewes daie and for wheat as it is sold in séed time They take in like sort experiment by sight of the first flockes of cranes that flée southward in winter the age of the moone in the beginning of Ianuarie such other apish toies as by laieng twelue cornes vpon the hot hearth for the twelue moneths c whereby they shew themselues to be scant good christians but what care they so they may come by monie Herevpon also will they thresh out thrée parts of the old corne toward the latter end of the summer when new commeth apace to hand and cast the same in the fourth vnthreshed where it shall lie vntill the next spring or peraduenture till it must and putrifie Certes it is not dâ—intie to sée mustie corne in manie of our great markets of England which these great occupiers bring foorth when they can kéepe it no longer But as they are inforced offentimes vpon this one occasion somwhat to abate the price so a plague is not seldome ingendred thereby among the poorer sort that of necessitie must buie the same wherby manie thousands of all degrees are consumed of whose deaths in mine opinion these farmers are not vnguiltie But to proceed If they laie not vp their graine or wheat in this maner they haue yet another policie whereby they will séeme to haue but small store left in their barnes for else they will gird their sheues by the band and stacke it vp of new in lesse roome to the end it may not onlie séeme lesse in quantitie but also giue place to the corne that is yet to come into the barne or growing in the field If there happen to be such plentie in the market on anie market daie that they cannot sell at their own price then will they set it vp in some fréends house against an other or the third daie not bring it foorth till they like of the sale If they sell anie at home beside harder measure it shall be déerer to the poore man that bieth it by two pence or a groat in a bushell than they may sell it in the market But as these things are worthie redresse so I wish that God would once open their eies that deale thus to sée their owne errours for as yet some of them little care how manie poore men suffer extremitie so that they may fill their purses and carie awaie the gaine It is a world also to sée how most places of the realme are pestered with purueiours who take vp egs butter chéese pigs capons hens chickens hogs bakon c in one market vnder pretense of their commissions suffer their wiues to sell the same in another or to pulters of London If these chapmen be absent but two or thrée market daies then we may perfectlie sée these wares to be more reasonablie sold and therevnto the crosses sufficientlie furnished of all things In like sort since the number of buâ—termen haue so much increased and since they trauell in such wife that they come to mens houses for their butter faster than they can make it it is almost incredible to see how the price of butter is augmented whereas when the owners were inforced to bring it to the market townes fewer of these butter buiers were stirring our butter was scarslie woorth eighteene pence the gallon that now is worth thrée shillings foure pence perhaps fiue shillings Wherby also I gather that the maintenance of a superfluous number of dealers in most trades â—illage alwaies excepted is one of the greatest causes why the prices of things become excessiue for one of them doo coÌ„monlie vse to out bid another And whilest our countrie commodities are commonlie bought and sold at our priuate houses I neuer looke to see this enormitie redressed or the markets well furnished I could saie more but this is euen inough more peraduenture than I shall be well thanked for yet true it is though some thinke it no trespasse This moreouer is to be lamented that one generall measure is not in vse throughout all England but euerie market towne hath in maner a seuerall bushell and the lesser it be the more sellers it draweth to resort vnto the same Such also is the couetousnesse of manie clearkes of the market that in taking view of measures they will alwaie so prouide that one and the same bushell shall be either too big or too little at their next comming and yet not depart without a fee at the first so that what by their mending at one time and empairing the same at another the countrie is greatlie charged and few iust measures to be had in anie stéed It is oft found likewise that diuerse vnconscionable dealers haue one measure to sell by another to buie withall the like is also in weights and yet all sealed and bronded Wherefore it were verie good that these two were reduced vnto one standard that is one bushell one pound one quarter one hundred one tale one number so should things in time fall into better order and fewer causes of contention be mooued in this land Of the complaint of such poore tenants as paie rent corne vnto their landlords I speake not who are often dealt withall very hardlie For beside that in the measuring of ten quarters for the most part they lose one through the iniquitie of the bushell such is the gréedinesse of the appointed receiuers thereof fault is found also with the goodnesse and cleannesse of the graine Wherby some péece of monie must néeds passe vnto their purses to stop their mouths withall or else my lord will not like of the corne Thou art worthie to loose thy lease c. Or if it be cheaper in the market than the rate allowed for it is in their rents then must they paie monie and no corne which is no small extremitie And thereby we may see how each one of vs indeuoureth to fléece and eat vp another Another thing there is in our markets worthie to be looked vnto and that is the recariage of graine from the same into losts and sollars of which before I gaue some intimation wherefore if it were ordered that euerie
altogither passe ouer this chapter without the rehersall of something although the whole summe of that which I haue to saie be nothing indeed if the performance of a full discourse hereof be anie thing hardlie required Of fishes therefore as I find fiue sorts the flat the round the long the legged and shelled so the flat are diuided into the smooth scaled and tailed Of the first are the plaice the but the turbut birt floke or sea flounder dorreie dab c. Of the second the soles c. Of the third our chaits maidens kingsons flath and thornbacke whereof the greater be for the most part either dried and carried into other countries or sodden sowsed eaten here at home whilest the lesser be fried or buttered soone after they be taken as prouision not to be kept long for feare of putrifaction Under the round kinds are commonlie comprehended lumps an vglie fish to sight and yet verie delicat in eating if it be kindlie dressed the whiting an old waiter or seruitor in the court the rochet sea breame pirle hake sea trowt gurnard haddocke cod herring pilchard sprat and such like And these are they whereof I haue best knowledge and be commonlie to be had in their times vpon our coasts Under this kind also are all the great fish conteined as the seale the dolphin the porpoise the thirlepole whale and whatsoeuer is round of bodie be it neuer so great and huge Of the long sort are congers eeles garefish and such other of that forme Finallie of the legged kind we haue not manie neither hane I seene anie more of this sort than the Polypus called in English the lobstar crafish or creuis and the crab As for the little crafishes they are not taken in the sea but plentifullie in our fresh riuers in banks and vnder stones where they kéepe themselues in most secret maner and oft by likenesse of colour with the stones among which they lie deceiue euen the skilfull takers of them except they vse great diligence Carolus Stephanus in his maison rustique doubted whether these lobstars be fish or not and in the end concludeth them to grow of the purgation of the water as dooth the frog and these also not to be eaten for that they be strong and verie hard of digestion But hereof let other determine further I might here speake of sundrie other fishes now and then taken also vpon our coasts but sith my mind is onelie to touch either all such as are vsuallie gotten or so manie of them onelie as I can wel rehearse vpon certeine knowledge I thinke it good at this time to forbeare the further intreatie of them As touching the shellie sort we haue plentie of oisters whose valure in old time for their swéetnesse was not vnknowne in Rome although Mutianus as Plinie noteth lib. 32 cap. 6. preferre the Cyzicene before them and these we haue in like maner of diuerse quantities and no lesse varietie also of our muskles and cockles We haue in like sort no small store of great whelkes scalops and perewinkles and each of them brought farre into the land from the sea coast in their seuerall seasons And albeit our oisters are generallie forborne in the foure hot moneths of the yeare that is to saie Maie Iune Iulie and August which are void of the letter R yet in some places they be continuallie eaten where they be kept in pits as I haue knowne by experience And thus much of our sea fish as a man in maner vtterlie vnacquainted with their diuersitie of kinds yet so much haue I yéelded to doo hoping hereafter to saie some what more and more orderlie of them if it shall please God that I may liue and haue leasure once againe to peruse this treatise and so make vp a perfect péece of worke of that which as you now sée is verie slenderlie attempted and begun Of sauage beasts and vermines Chap. 4. IT is none of the least blessings wherewith God hath indued this Iland that it is void of noisome beasts as lions beares tigers pardes wolfes such like by means whereof our countrimen may trauell in safetie our herds and flocks remaine for the most part abroad in the field without anie herdman or kéeper This is cheefelie spoken of the south and southwest parts of the Iland For wheras we that dwell on this side of the Twed may safelie boast of our securitie in this behalfe yet cannot the Scots doo the like in euerie point within their kingdome sith they haue greeuous woolfes and cruell foxes beside some other of like disposition continuallie conuersant among them to the generall hinderance of their husbandmen and no small damage vnto the inhabiters of those quarters The happie and fortunate want of these beasts in England is vniuersallie ascribed to the politike gouernement of king Edgar who to the intent the whole countrie might once be clensed and clearelie rid of them charged the conquered Welshmen who were then pestered with these rauenous creatures aboue measure to paie him a yearelie tribute of woolfes skinnes to be gathered within the land He appointed them thereto a certeine number of three hundred with free libertie for their prince to hunt pursue them ouer all quarters of the realme as our chronicles doo report Some there be which write how Ludwall prince of Wales paid yearelie to king Edgar this tribute of thrée hundred woolfes whose carcases being brought into Lhoegres were buried at Wolfpit in Cambridgeshire and that by meanes thereof within the compasse and terme of foure yeares none of those noisome creatures were left to be heard of within Wales and England Since this time also we read not that anie woolfe hath béene séene here that hath beene bred within the bounds and limits of our countrie howbeit there haue béene diuerse brought ouer from beyond the seas for gréedinesse of gaine and to make monie onlie by the gasing and gaping of our people vpon them who couet oft to see them being strange beasts in their eies and sildome knowne as I haue said in England Lions we haue had verie manie in the north parts of Scotland and those with maines of no lesse force than they of Mauritania were sometimes reported to be but how and when they were destroied as yet I doo not read They had in like sort no lesse plentie of wild and cruell buls which the princes and their nobilitie in the frugall time of the land did hunt and follow for the triall of their manhood and by pursute either on horssebacke or foot in armor notwithstanding that manie times they were dangerouslie assailed by them But both these sauage cretures are now not heard of or at the least wise the later scarselie known in the south parts Howbeit it this I gather by their being here that our Iland was not cut from the maine by the great deluge or flood of Noah but long after otherwise the generation of those
the waie and so much are our rauens giuen to this kind of spoile that some idle and curious heads of set purpose haue manned reclaimed and vsed them in stéed of hawkes when other could not be had Some doo imagine that the rauen should be the vulture and I was almost persuaded in times past to beleeue the same but finding of late a description of the vulture which better agreeth with the forme of a second kind of eagle I fréelie surcease to be longer of that opinion for as it hath after a sort the shape colour and quantitie of an eagle so are the legs and feet more hairie and rough their sides vnder their wings better couered with thicke downe wherewith also their gorge or a part of their brest vnder their throtes is armed and not with fethers than are the like parts of the eagle and vnto which portraiture there is no member of the rauen who is also verie blacke of colour that can haue anie resemblance we haue none of them in England to my knowledge if we haue they go generallie vnder the name of eagle or erne Neither haue we the pygargus or gripe wherefore I haue no occasion to intreat further I haue séene the carren crowes so cunning also by their owne industrie of late that they haue vsed to soare ouer great riuers as the Thames for example suddenlie comming downe haue caught a small fish in their féet gone awaie withall without wetting of their wings And euen at this present the aforesaid riuer is not without some of them a thing in my opinion not a little to be wondered at We haue also ospraies which bréed with vs in parks and woods wherby the kéepers of the same doo reape in bréeding time no small commoditie for so soone almost as the yoong are hatched they tie them to the but ends or ground ends of sundrie trees where the old ones finding them doo neuer cease to bring fish vnto them which the keepers take eat from them and commonlie is such as is well fed or not of the worst sort It hath not béene my hap hitherto to see anie of these foules partlie through mine owne negligence but I heare that it hath one foot like an hawke to catch hold withall and another resembling a goose wherewith to swim but whether it be so or not so I refer the further search and triall thereof vnto some other This neuertheles is certeine that both aliue and dead yea euen hir verie oile is a deadlie terrour to such fish as come within the wind of it There is no cause wherefore I should describe the cormorant amongst hawkes of which some be blacke and manie pied chiefelie about the I le of Elie where they are taken for the night rauen except I should call him a water hawke But sith such dealing is not conuenient let vs now sée what may be said of our venemous wormes and how manie kinds we haue of them within our realme and countrie Of venemous beasts Chap. 6. IF I should go about to make anie long discourse of venemous beasts or wormes bred in England I should attempt more than occasion it selfe would readilie offer sith we haue verie few worms but no beasts at all that are thought by their naturall qualities to be either venemous or hurtfull First of all therefore we haue the adder in our old Saxon toong called an atter which some men doo not rashlie take to be the viper Certes if it be so then is it not the viper author of the death of hir parents as some histories affirme and thereto Encelius a late writer in his De re metallica lib. 3. cap. 38. where he maketh mention of a she adder which he saw in Sala whose wombe as he saith was eaten out after a like fashion hir yoong ones lieng by hir in the sunne shine as if they had béene earth worms Neuerthelesse as he nameth them Viperas so he calleth the male Echis and the female Echidna concluding in the end that Echis is the same serpent which his countrimen to this daie call Ein atter as I haue also noted before out of a Saxon dictionarie For my part I am persuaded that the slaughter of their parents is either not true at all or not alwaies although I doubt not but that nature hath right well prouided to inhibit their superfluous increase by some meanes or other and so much the rather am I led herevnto for that I gather by Nicander that of all venemous worms the viper onelie bringeth out hir yoong aliue and therefore is called in Latine Vipera quasi viuipara but of hir owne death he dooth not to my remembrance saie any thing It is testified also by other in other words to the like sense that Echis id est vipera sola exserpentibus non ouased animalia parit And it may well be for I remember that I haue read in Philostratus De vita Appollonij how he saw a viper licking hir yoong I did see an adder once my selfe that laie as I thought sléeping on a moule-hill out of whose mouth came eleuen yoong adders of twelue or thirtéene inches in length a péece which plaied to and fro in the grasse one with another till some of them espied me So soone therefore as they saw my face they ran againe into the mouth of their dam whome I killed and then found each of them shrowded in a distinct cell or pannicle in hir bellie much like vnto a soft white iellie which maketh me to be of the opinion that our adder is the viper indéed The colour of their skin is for the most part like rustie iron or iron graie but such as be verie old resemble a ruddie blew as once in the yeare to wit in Aprill or about the beginning of Maie they cast their old skins whereby as it is thought their age reneweth so their stinging bringeth death without present remedie be at hand the wounded neuer ceasing to swell neither the venem to worke till the skin of the one breake and the other ascend vpward to the hart where it finisheth the naturall effect except the iuico of dragons in Latine called Dracunculus minor he spéedilie ministred and dronke in strong ale or else some other medicine taken of like force that may counteruaile and ouercome the venem of the same The length of them is most commonlie two foot and somwhat more but seldome dooth it extend vnto two foot six inches except it be in some rare and monsterous one whereas our snakes are much longer and séene sometimes to surmount a yard or thrée foot although their poison be nothing so grieuous and deadlie as the others Our adders lie in winter vnder stones as Aristotle also saith of the viper Lib. 8. cap. 15. and in holes of the earth rotten stubs of trees and amongst the dead leaues but in the heat of the summer they come abroad and lie
faile in the time of Richard de la Wich bishop of Chichester and that afterwards by his intercession it was restored to the profit of the old course such is the superstition of the people in remembrance whereof or peraduenture for the zeale which the Wich men and salters did beare vnto Richard de la Wich their countriman they vsed of late times on his daie which commeth once in the yeare to hang this salt spring or well about with tapistrie and to haue sundrie games drinkings and foolish reuels at it But to procéed There be a great number of salt cotes about this well wherein the salt water is sodden in leads and brought to the perfection of pure white salt The other two salt springs be on the left side of the riuer a pretie waie lower than the first and as I found at the verie end of the towne At these also be diuerse fornaces to make salt but the profit and plentie of these two are nothing comparable to the gaine that riseth by the greatest I asked of a salter how manie fornaces they had at all the three springs and he numbred them to eightéene score that is thrée hundred and sixtie saieng how euerie one of them paied yearelie six shillings and eight pence to the king The truth is that of old they had liberties giuen vnto them for thrée hundred fornaces or more and therevpon they giue a fee farme or Vectigal of one hundred pounds yearelie Certes the pension is as it was but the number of fornaces is now increased to foure hundred There was of late search made for another salt spring there abouts by the meanes of one Newport a gentleman dwelling at the Wich and the place where it was appéereth as dooth also the wood and timber which was set about it to kéepe vp the earth from falling into the same But this pit was not since occupied whether it were for lacke of plentie of the salt spring or for letting or hindering of the profit of the other three Me thinke that if wood and sale of salt would serue they might dig and find more salt springs about the Wich than thrée but there is somewhat else in the wind For I heard that of late yeares a salt spring was found in an other quarter of Worcestershire but it grew to be without anie vse sith the Wich men haue such a priuilege that they alone in those quarters shall haue the making of salt The pits be so set about with gutters that the salt water is easilie turned to euerie mans house and at Mantwich verie manie troughs go ouer the riuer for the commoditie of such as dwell on the other side of the same They séeth also their salt water in fornaces of lead and lade out the salt some in cases of wicker through which the water draineth and the salt remaineth There be also two or thrée but verie little salt springs at Dertwitch in a low bottome where salt is sometime made Of late also a mile from Cumbremere abbaie a peece of an hill did sinke and in the same pit rose a spring of salt water where the abbat began to make salt but the men of the citie compounded with the abbat couent that there should be none made there whereby the pit was suffered to go to losse And although it yéelded salt water still of it selfe yet it was spoiled at the last and filled vp with filth The Wich men vse the cōmoditie of their salt springs in drawing and decocting the water of them onlie by six moneths in the yeare that is from Midsummer to Christmas as I gesse to mainteine the price of salt or for sauing of wood which I thinke to be their principall reason For making of salt is a great and notable destruction of wood and shall be greater hereafter except some prouision be made for the better increase of firing The lacke of wood also is alreadie perceiued in places néere the Wich for whereas they vsed to buie and take their wood neere vnto their occupiengs those woonted springs are now decaied and they be inforced to seeke their wood so far as Worcester towne and all the parts about Brenisgraue Alchirch and Alcester I asked a salter how much wood he supposed yearelie to be spent at these fornaces and he answered that by estimation there was consumed about six thousand load and it was round pole wood for the most which is easie to be cleft and handsomelie riuen in péeces The people that are about the fornace are verie ill coloured and the iust rate of euerie fornace is to make foure loads of salt yearelie and to euerie load goeth fiue or six quarters as they make their accounts If the fornace men make more in one fornace than foure loads it is as it is said imploied to their owne auaile And thus much hath Leland left in memorie of our white salt who in an other booke not now in my hands hath touched the making also of baie salt in some part of our countrie But sith that booke is deliuered againe to the owner the tractation of baie salt can not be framed in anie order bicause my memorie will not serue to shew the true maner and the place It shall suffice therfore to haue giuen such notice of it to the end the reader may know that aswell the baie as white are wrought and made in England and more white also vpon the west coast toward Scotland in Essex and else where out of the salt water betwéene Wire and Cokermouth which commonlie is of like price with our wheat Finallie hauing thus intermedled our artificiall salt with our minerals let vs giue ouer and go in hand with such mettals as are growing here in England Of our accompt of time hir parts Chap. 14. AS Libra is As or Assis to the Romans for their weight and the foot in standard measure so in our accompt of the parts of time we take the daie consisting of foure and twentie houres to be the greatest of the least and least of the greatest whereby we keepe our reckoning for of the houre to saie the truth the most ancient Romans Greeks nor Hebrues had anie vse sith they reckoned by watches and whereof also Censorinus cap. 19. sheweth a reason wherefore they were neglected For my part I doo not sée anie great difference vsed in the obseruation of time hir parts betwéene our owne any other forren nation wherfore I shall not néed to stand long on this matter Howbeit to the end our exact order herein shall appéere vnto all men I will set downe some short rehearsall thereof and that in so briefe manner as vnto me is possible As for our astronomicall practises I meane not to meddle with them sith their course is vniformelie obserued ouer all Our common order therefore is to begin at the minut which conteineth part of an houre as at the smallest part of time knowne vnto the people notwithstanding that in
discomfited by reason that one of their chiefest capteins called Gothlois disdaining to be at the appointment of Nathaliod got him vp to the next hill with the next battell which he led leauing the other Britains in all the danger which they séeing began by by to flée There died no great number of the Britains except those that were killed in the fight for Occa mistrusting what Gothlois meant by his withdrawing aside would not suffer the Saxons to follow the chase but in the night following Gothlois got him awaie and rested not till he was out of danger Occa then perceiuing himslefe to haue the vpper hand sent an herald vnto king Uter with a certeine message threatning destruction to him and to his people if he refused to doo that which he should appoint Uter perceiuing what disloialtie rested in the harts of his owne subiects agréed that the matter might be committed to eight graue and wise courrestors foure Britains and foure Saxons which might haue full power to make an end of all controuersies and variances depending betwixt the two nations Occa was likewise contented therewith wherevpon were named on either part foure persons of such wisedome knowledge and experience as were thought meetest for the ordering of such a weightie matter So that by the arbitrement award and doome of those eight persons authorised thereto a league was concluded vpon certeine articles of agreement amongst the which the chiefest was that the Saxons from thencefoorth should quietlie inioy all that part of Britaine which lieth fore against the Almaine seas the same to be called euer after Engistlaund and all the residue should remaine to the Britains as their owne rightfull and ancient inheritance Thus far Hector Boetius But now to returne vnto Uter according to that we find in the British histories and to procéed after our owne historians we find that when he had vanquished the Saxons and taken their two chiefeteins prisoners in processe of time he fell in loue with a verie beautifull ladie called Igwarne or Igerna wife to one Gorolus or Gorlois duke of Cornewall the which duke he slue at length neere to his owne castell called Diuulioc in Cornewell to the end that he might inioy the said ladie whome he afterwards maried and begot on hir that noble knight Arthur and a daughter named Amie or Anna Occa and Osca escaping also out of prison assembled eftsoones a poer of Saxons and made warre against the Britains whereof Uter hauing aduertisement prepared to resist them and finallie went himselfe in person against them and at saint Albans as some write gaue them battell and slue them both in the field By that which Polydor Virgil writeth it should séeme that Germane the bishop of Auxerre came into Britaine in the daies of this Uter by whose presence the Britains had victorie against the Saxons as before ye haue heard after which victorie both rested from troubling either other for a time The Saxons as it were astonied with that present miracle the Britains not following their good successe shortlie after fell at discord amongst themselues which finallie brought them to vtter decaie as after shall appeare But the Saxons desirous to spoile the Britains of the whole possession of that part of the Ile which they held whereas they accounted the cities and townes of small strength to be defended they got them to an high mounteine called Badon hill which Polydor supposeth to be Blackamore that lieth néere to the water of Theise which diuideth the bishoprike of Durham from Yorkeshire hauing at the mouth thereof an hauen méet to receiue such ships as come out of Germanie from whence the Saxons looked for aid hauing alreadie sent thither for the same The Britains being thereof aduertised made hast towards the place and besieged it on euerie side They also laie the sea coasts full of souldiers to kéepe such of the enimies from landing as should come out of Germanie The Saxons kept themselues for a certeine space aloft vpon the high ground but in the end constreined through want of vittels they came downe with their armie in order of battell to the next plaines and offering to fight the battell was anon begun which continued from the morning till far in the day with such slaughter that the earth on euerie side flowed with bloud but the Saxons susteined the greater losse their capteins Occa and Osca being both slaine so that the Britains might séeme quite deliuered of all danger of those enimies but the fatall destinie could not be auoided as hereafter may appeare And thus was the slaughter made of the Saxons at Badon hill whereof Gyldas maketh mention and chanced the same yeare that he was borne which was in the 44 yeare after the first comming of the Saxons into this land the yeare of Grace 492 15 indiction About the same time Uter departed out of this life saith Polydor so that this account agréeth nothing with the common account of those authors whome Fabian and other haue followed For either we must presuppose that Uter reigned before the time appointed to him by the said authors either else that the siege of Badon hill was before he began to reigne as it should séeme in déed by that which Wil. Malmesburie writeth thereof as hereafter shall be also shewed Finallie according to the agréement of the English writers Uter Pendragon died by poison when he had gouerned this land by the full terme of 16 years was after buried by his brother Aurelius at Stoneheng otherwise called Chorea Gigantum leauing his sonne Arthur to succéed him ¶ Here ye must note that the Scotish chronicles declare that in all the warres for the more part wherein the Britains obteined victorie against the Saxons the Scots aided them in the same warres and so likewise did the Picts but the same chronicles doo not onelie varie from the British writers in account of yeares but also in the order of things doone as in the same chronicles more plainelie may appeare namelie in the discourse of the accidents which chanced during the reigne of this Uter For whereas the British histories as ye haue heard attribute great praise vnto the same Uter for his victories atchiued against the Saxons and their king Occa whome he slue in battell and obteined a great victorie the Scotish writers make other report affirming in deed that by the presence of bishop Germane he obteined victorie in one battell against them but shortlie after the Britains fought againe with the Saxons and were discomfited although Occa in following the chase ouer rashlie chanced to be slaine after whose deceasse the Saxons ordeined his sonne named also Occa to succéed in his place who to make himselfe strong against all his enimies sent into Germanie for one Colgerne the which with a great power of Dutchmen came ouer into this our Britaine and conquered by Occas appointment the countrie of Northumberland situate
In this meane while bishop Wilfride being dead one Acca that was his chapline was made bishop of Hexham The said Wilfride had béene bishop by the space of 45 yéeres but he liued a long time in exile For first being archbishop of Yorke and exercising his iurisdiction ouer all the north parts he was after banished by king Egbert and againe restored to the sée of Hexham in the second yeere of king Alfride and within fiue yéeres after eftsoones banished by the same Alfride and the second time restored by his successor king Osredzin the fourth yéere of whose reigne being the yéere after the incarnation of our Sauiour 709 he departed this life and was buried at Rippon Moreouer after Iohn the archbishop of Yorke had resigned one Wilfride surnamed the second was made archbishop of that sée which Wilfride was chapline to the said Iohn and gouerned that sée by the space of fiftéene yéeres and then died About the yéere of our Lord 710 that abbat Adrian which came into this land with Theodore the archbishop of Canturburie as before ye haue heard departed this life about 39 yeeres after his comming thither Also Inas the king of Westsaxons about the 20 yeere of his reigne diuided the prouince of the Westsaxons into two bishops sées whereas before they had but one Daniell was ordeined to gouerne the one of those sees being placed at Winchester hauing vnder him Sussex Southerie and Hamshire And Aldhelme was appointed to Shireburne hauing vnder him Barkeshire Wiltshire Sommersetshire Dorsetshire Deuonshire and Cornwall This Aldhelme was a learned man and was first made abbat of Malmesburie in the yéere of our Lord 675 by Eleutherius then bishop of the Westsaxons by whose diligence that abbeie was greatlie aduanced being afore that time founded by one Medulfe a Scotish man but of so small reuenues afore Aldhelms time that the moonks were scarse able to liue thereon Also the same Aldhelme was a great furtherer vnto king Inas in the building of Glastenburie Ethelard the coosen of king Inas to whome the same Inas resigned his kingdome began to gouerne the Westsaxons in the yéere of our Lord 728 or rather 27 which was in the 11 yéere of the emperor Leo Isaurus in the second yeere of Theodorus king of France and about the 8 or 9 yéere of Mordacke king of the Scots In the first yéere of Ethelards reigne he was disquieted with ciuill warre which one Oswald a noble man descended of the roiall bloud of the Westsaxon kings procured against him but in the end when he perceiued that the kings power was too strong for him he fled out of the countrie leauing it thereby in rest In the yéere 729 in the moneth of Ianuarie there appeered two comets or blasing starres verie terrible to behold the one rising in the morning before the rising of the sunne and the other after the setting thereof so that the one came before the breake of the day and the other before the closing of the night stretching foorth their flerie brands toward the north and they appeered thus euerie morning and euening for the space of a fortnight togither mâ—nacing as it were some great destruction or common mishap to follow The Saxacens shortlie after entred France and were ouerthrowne Finallie when king Ethelard had reigned the terme of fouretéene yeeres currant he departed this life NOw when Wichtred king of Kent had gouerned the Kentishmen by the space of 33 yéeres with great commendation for the good orders which he caused to be obserued amongst them as well concerning matters ecclesiasticall as temporall he departed this life leauing behind him thrée sonnes who successiuelie reigned as heires to him one after another that is to say Edbert 23 yéeres Ethelbert 11 yeeres currant and Alrike 34 yéeres the which three princes following the steps of their father in the obseruance of politike orders commendable lawes vsed for the more part their fathers good lucke and fortune except that in Ethelberts time the citie of Canturburie was burned by casuall fire and Alrike lost a battell against them of Mercia whereby the glorie of their times was somewhat blemished for so it came to passe that whatsoeuer chanced euill was kept still in memorie and the good haps that came forward were soone forgotten and put out of remembrance In the yéere of our Lord 731 Betrwald archbishop of Canturburie departed this life in the fift ides of Ianuarie after he had gouerned that see by the space of 27 yéeres 6 moneths and 14 daies in â—hose place the same yéere one Tacwine was ordeined archbishop that before was a priest in the monasterie of Bruidon within the prouince of Mercia He was consecrated in the citie of Canturburie by the reuerend fathers Daniell bishop of Winchester Ingwald bishop of London Aldwin bishop of Lichfield and Aldwulfe bishop of Rochester the tenth day of Iune being sundaie ¶ As touching the state of the English church for ecclesiasticall gouernours certeine it is that the same was as hereafter followeth The prouince of Canturburie was gouerned touching the ecclesiasticall state by archbishop Tacwine and bishop Aldwulfe The prouince of the Eastsaxons by bishop Ingwald The prouince of Eastangles by bishop Eadbertus and Hadulacus the one kéeping his see at Elsham and the other at Dunwich The prouince of the Westsaxons was gouerned by the foresaid Daniell and by Forthere who succéeded next after Aldhelme in the sée of Shereburne This Forthere in the yéere of our Lord 738 left his bishoprike and went to Rome in companie of the quéene of the Westsaxons Many as well kings as bishops noble and vnnoble priests and laiemen togither with women vsed to make such iournies thither in those daies The prouince of Mercia was ruled by the foresaid Aldwine bishop of Lichfield and one bishop Walstod holding his sée at Herford gouerned those people that inhabited beyond the riuer of Sauerne toward the west The prouince of Wiccies that is Worcester one Wilfride gouerned The Southsaxons and the I le of Wight were vnder the bishop of Winchester In the prouince of the Northumbers were foure bishops that is to say Wilfride archbishop of Yorke Edilwald bishop of Lindifferne Acca bishop of Hexham and Pecthelmus bishop of Whiterne otherwise called Candida Casa he was the first that gouerned that church after the same was made a bishops sée And thus stood the state of the English church for ecclesiasticall gouernors in that season And as for temporall gouernement king Ceolvulfe had the souereigne dominion ouer all the Northumbers but all the prouinces on the southside of Humber with their kings and rulers were subiect vnto Edilbald or Ethelbald king of Mercia The nation of the Picts were in league with the English men and gladlie became partakers of the catholike faith and veritie of the vniuersall church Those Scots which inhabited Britaine contenting themselues with their owne bounds went
by allegiance they were bound to serue and obeie By reason hereof the Danes without resistance grew into greater power amongst them whilest the inhabitants were still put in feare each day more than other and euerie late gotten victorie by the enimies by the increase of prisoners ministred occasion of some other conquest to follow Euen about the beginning of Ethelreds reigne there arriued vpon the English coasts an huge armie of the Danes vnder the conduct of two renowmed capteins Hungar and Ubbs men of maruellous strength and valiancie but both of them passing cruell of nature They lay all the winter season in 〈◊〉 compounding with them of the 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 vpon certeine conditions sparing 〈◊〉 a tune to shew their for as for quietnesse sake In the socond yéere of king Eâ—helâ—ed the said capteine came with their armies into Yorkshire finding the country vnprouided of necessarie defense bicause of the ciuill discord that reigned aniong the Northumbers the which had latelie expelled king Osbright that had the gouernement of those parts and placed one Ella in his roome howbeit now they were constreined to reuoke him home againe and sought to accord him and Ella But it was long yer that might be brought to passe notwithstanding yet at length they were mae friends by reason of this inuasion attempted by forren enimies and then raising their powers they came to Yorke where the Danes hauing wasted the countrie euen to the riuer of Tine were lodged The English host entring the citie began to fight with the Danes by reason whereof a fore battell insued betwixt them but in the end the two kings Osbright and Ella were slaine and a great number of the Northumbers what within the citie and what without lost their liues at that time the residue were constreined to take truce with the Danes This battell was fought the 21 day of Maâ—ch being in â—ent on the Friday before Palmsunday in the yere 657. ¶ Some haue written otherwise of this battell reporting that the Northumbers calling home king Osbright whome before they had banished incountred with the Danes in the field without the walles of Yorke but they were easilie beaten backe and chased into the citie the which by the Danes pursuing the victorie was set on fier and burnt togither with the king and people that were fled into it for succour How soeuer it came about certeine it is that the Danes got the victorie and now hauing subdued the Northumbers appointed one Egbert so reigne ouer them as king vnder their protection which Egbert reigned in that sort six yeares ouer those which inhabited beyond the riuer of Tine In the same yeare Adelstane bishop of Shireborne departed this life hauing gouerned that sée the terme of 50 yeares This Adelstane was a man of high wisedome and one that had borne no small rule in the kingdome of the Westsaxons as hereby it may be coniectured that when king Ethelwulfe returned from Rome he would not suffer him to be admitted king because he had doone in certeine points contrarie to the ordinances and lawes of the same kingdome wherevpon by this bishops means Ethelbald the sonne of the same king Ethelwulfe was established king and so continued till by agréement the kingdome was diuided betwixt them as before is mentioned Finallie he greatlie inriched the sée of Shireborne and yet though he was feruentlie set on couetousnesse he was neuerthelesse verie free and liberall in gifts which contrarie eâ—tremities so ill matched though in him the time wherein he liued being considered they might seeme somewhat tollerable yet simplie in truth they were vtterlie repugnant to the law of the spirit which biddeth that none should doo euill that good may come thereof Against which precept because Adelstane could not but offend in the heat of his couetousnes which is termed the root of all mischiefe though he was excéeding bountifull and large in distributing the wealth he had gréedilie gotten togither he must néeds incur reprehension But this is so much the lesse to be imputed vnto him as a fault by how much he was ignorant what by the rule of equitie and conscience was requirable in a christian man or one of his vocation Burthred king of Mercia with aid beseegeth the Danes in Notingham Basâ—reeg and Halden two Danish kings with their powers 〈◊〉 the Westsaxâ—â—â— they are incountred by 〈◊〉 earâ—e of Baâ—kâ—shire King 〈◊〉 giueth them and their cheefe guide a sore 〈◊〉 what Polydor Virgil recorder touching one 〈◊〉 king of the Danes and the warres that Ethelred had with them his death Edmuisd king of Eastangles giueth battell to the Danes he yeeldeth himselfe and for christian religion sake is by them most cruellie murthered the kingdome of the Eastangles endeth Guthran a Dane gouerneth the whole countrie K. Osbright rauisheth the wife of one Bearne a noble man a bloodie battell insueth therevpon wherein Osbright and Ella are slaine The twelft Chapter IN the yeare following that is to say in the third yéere of Ethelreds reigne he with his brother Alured went to aid Burthred king of Mercia against the two foresaid Danish capteines Hungar and Ubba the which were entred into Mercia and had woon the towne for the winter season Wherevpon the foresaid Ethelred and Burthred with their powers came to Notingham and besieged the Danes within it The Danes perceiuing themselues in danger made suite for a truce abstinence from war which they obtenred and then departed backe to Yorke where they sâ—â—urned the most part of all that yeare In the sixt yeare of king Ethelreds reigne a new armie of great force and power came into the countrie of the Westsaxons vnder two leaders or kings of the Danes Basréeg and Halden They lodged at Reding with their maine armie and within thrée daies after the earle of Berrockshire Edelwulfe fought at Englefield with two earles of those Danes vanquished them and slue the one of those earles whose name was Sidroc After this king Ethelred and his brother Alured came with a great host vnto Reading and there gaue battell vnto the armie of Danes so that an huge number of people died on both parts but the Danes had the victorie After this also king Ethelred and his brother Alured fought againe with those Danes at Aschdon where the armies on both sides were diuided into two parts so that the two Danish kings lead the one part of their armie certeine of their earles lead the other part Likewise on the English side king Ethelred was placed with one part of the host against the Danish kings and Alured with the other part was appointed to incounter with the earles Herevpon they being on both parts readie to giue battell the euening comming on caused them to deferre it till the morow And so earlie in the morning when the armies should ioine king Ethelred stated in his tent the heare diuine seruice whilest his brother vpon a
quicklie into arâ—â—ie began to charge them againe afresh and so hauing them at that aduantage they slue them downe on euerie side The Englishmen on the other part fought sore and though their king was beaten downe among them and slaine yet were they loth to flée or giue ouer so sharpe was the battell that duke William himselfe had thrée horsses slaine vnder him that day and not without great danger of his person Some of the Englishmen got them to the height of an hill and beate backe the Normans that forced themselues to win the hill of them so that it was long yer the Normans could preuaile being oftentimes driuen downe into the botome of the vallie beneath At length the Englishmen perceiuing themselues to be ouermatched and beaten downe on euerie side and therevnto greatlie discouraged with slaughter of their king began first to giue ground and after to scatter and to run away so that well was he that might then escape by flight When they had fought the most part of all that saturday the Normans followed the chase with such eger rashnesse that a great number of them falling with their horsses and armour into a blind ditch shadowed with reed and sedges which grew therein were smouldered and pressed to death yer they could be succoured or get anie reliefe The next day the Normans fell to gathering in the spoile of the field burieng also the dead bodies of their people that were slaine at the battell giuing licence in semblable manner to the Englishmen to doo the like Of the death of Harold diuerse report diuerslie in so much that Girald Cambrensis saith that after king Harold had receiued manie wounds and lost his left eie he fled from the field vnto the citie of Westchester and liued there long after an holie life as an anchoret in the cell of S. Iames fast by S. Iohns church and there made a godlie end But the saieng of Girald Cambren in that point is not to be credited bicause of the vnlikelihood of the thing it selfe and also generall consent of other writers who affirme vniuersallie that he was killed in the battell first being striken thorough the left eie by the scull into the braine with an arrow wherevpon falling from his horsse to the ground he was slaine in that place after he had reigned nine moneths and nine daies as Floriacensis dooth report He was a man of a comelie stature and of a hawtie courage albeit that for his valiancie he was highlie renowmed and honored of all men yet through his pride and ambition he lost the harts of manie There were slaine in this battell besides king Harold and his two brethren Girth and Leofrike what on the one side and on the other aboue twentie thousand men The bodie of king Harold being found among other slaine in the field was buried at Waltham within the monasterie of the holie crosse which he before had founded and indowed to the behoofe of such canons as he had placed there with faire possessions Uerelie as some old writers haue reported there was nothing in this man to be in anie wise dispraised if his ambitious mind could haue beene staied from coueting the kingdome and that he could haue béene contented to haue liued as subiect Among other manifest proofes of his high valiancie this is remembred of him that being sent against the Welshmen as before is partlie mentioned knowing their readie nimblenesse in seruice and how with their light armed men they were accustomed to annoie and distresse those that should assaile them he likewise to match them prepared light armed men for the purpose so being furnished with such bands of nimble men and light souldiers entered vpon the mounteins of Snowdon and there remained amongst the enimies for the space of two yéeres He sore afflicted the Welsh nation tooke their kings and sent their heads vnto the king that sent him about his businesse and proceeding in such rigorous maner as might mooue the hearers to lament and pitie the case he caused all the male kind that might be met with to be miserablie slaine and so with the edge of his swoord he brought the countrie to quiet and withall made this lawe that if anie Welshman from thencefoorth should presume to passe the limits ouer Offas ditch with anie weapon about him he should lose his right hand To conclude by the valiant conduct of this chieftaine the Welshmen were them so sore brought vnder than in maner the whole nation might séeme to faile and to be almost vtterlie destroied And therefore by permission of the king of England the women of Wales ioined themselues in marriage with Englishmen Finallie héereby the bloud of the Saxons ceassed to reigne in England after they had continued possession of the same from the first comming of Hengist which was about the yéere of our Sauiour 450 or 449 vntill that present yeere of king Harolds death which chanced in the yéere 1069. So that from the beginning of Hengist his reigne vnto Harolds death are reckoned 916 yéeres or after some 617 as by the supputation of the time will easilie appeere By all the which time there reigned kings of the Saxons bloud within this land except that for the space of twentie yéeres and somewhat more the Danes had the dominion of the realme in their possession for there are reckoned from the beginning of K. Swaines reigne which was the first Dane that gouerned England vnto the last yéere of K. Hardicnute the last Dane that ruled heere 28 yéeres in which meane space Egelred recouering the kingdome reigned 2 yéeres then after him his sonne Edmund Ironside continued in the rule one yéere so that the Danes had the whole possession of the land but 25 yéeres in all Touching this alteration and others incident to this Iland read a short aduertisement annexed by waie of conclusion to this historie comprising a short summarie of the most notable conquests of this countrie one after an other by distances of times successiuelie The rule of this realme by Gods prouidence allotted to duke William his descent from Rollo the first duke of Normandie downewards to his particular linage he was base begotten vpon the bodie of Arlete duke Roberts concubine a pleasant speech of hirs to duke Robert on a time when he was to haue the vse of hir person a conclusion introductorie for the sequele of the chronicle from the said duke of Normandies coronation c with a summarie of the notable conquests of this Iland The twelfe Chapter NOw forsomuch as it pleased God by his hid and secret iudgement so to dispose the realme of England and in such wise as that the gouernance therof should fall after this maner into the hands of William duke of Normandie I haue thought good before I enter further into this historie being now come to the conquest of the realme
Egfrid king of Mercia Eadbert king of Northumberland 758 Simon Dun. Hen. Hunt Edilwâ—ld king of Northumberland Simon Dun. Henr. Hunt Simon Dun. 764 Moonks licenced to drinke wine Wil. Malm. Altred began his reigne in the yeare 765 aâ— Sim. Dun. saith Hent Hunt Matt. West Ethelbert H. Hunt Iohn Cap. graue Matth. West and others Ethelbert king of Eastangles The saieng of king Ethelbert Tokens of mishap to follow The innocent mistrustfull of no euill Iohn Capgr Winnebert Sim. Dun. saith 771. Offa conquereth Eastangles Alfreda a nun Beda Matth. West H. Hunt Friswide a virgine Kinewulf Hon. Hunt 756 Simon Dun. saith 755. The Britains vanquished Kinewulfe slaine by conspirators Simon Dun. H. Hunt Eccle. hist Magd. 786 H. Hunt Legats from the pope Twentie articles which the legats had to propone Nuns concubines Curtailing of horsses 764 Sim. Dum. saith 780. Simon Dun. Ouid. lib. 2. de artam He began his reigne Anno. 779 as saith Simon Dun. and reigned â—at ten yéeres 788 Matth. West Simon Dun. 792 Sim. Dunel 800 Britricus Hen. Hunt Matt. West saith 787. Simon Dun. saith 786. Egbert banished A strange woonder Matt. West Wil. Malm. Hen. Hunt Danes Famin war signified Ran. Cest. lib. 5. cap 25. Brightrike departed this life Ethelburgâ— hir conditions and wicked nature A decrée of the kings of the Westsaxons against their wiues The end of Ethelburga Simon Dun. Wil. Malm. Kenulfe The archbishops sée restored to Canturburie The king of Kent taken prisoner Kentilfs liberalitie towards church men which was not forgotten by them in their histories Osred 788 Wil. Malâ— Matth. West Hen. Hunt Simon Dun. Duke Ardell taken and wounded 791 Holie â—ant Ardulfe 796 Walalege 799 The English â—en afflicted 〈…〉 This chanced in the yeere of our â—â—ord 790. as Simon Dun. saith The Danes inuade Northumberland The Danes vanquished This was in anno 794. as Simon Dun. saith Edelbert Lambert Egbert receiued as king of Westsaxons His linege Egbert 802 as Simon Dunel and M. W. hath noted but 801. Simon Dun. Hen. Hunt Bernulf king of Mercia A battell fought at Ellendon Egbert wan the victorie Wil. Malm. 826 Alstan 〈◊〉 of Shireborn a warrior The coÌ„quests of the Westsaxons Hent Hunt Bernulfe king of Mercia slaine Simon Dun. These men the Cornish men as is to be supposed King Egbert inuadeth Northumberland The Northumbers such mit themselues to king Egbert 〈◊〉 Northwales and the citie of Chester conquered by Egbert The name of this 〈◊〉 when 〈◊〉 changed The Danes The Englishmen discomfited by Danes Simon Dun. H. Hunt Matth. West 834 Danes and Welshmen vanquished 836 Matth. West Egbert departeth this life 837 Matth. West Wil. Malm. The end of the kingdome of Kent 827 The end of the kingdome of Essex Matt. Westm. 821 The wickednes of Quendred King Kenelm murthered Sée legendae aured fol. 〈◊〉 in the life of S. Kenelme Ceolwulfe K. of Mercia 823 Matt. Westm. 728 828 Ethelwulfus Henrie Hunt Marth West Wil. Malm. Foure especiall destructions of this land Simon Dun. Hen. Hunt The Danes sought the distruction of this land How long the persecution of the Danes lasted Will. Malmâ— Two notable bishops in Ethelwults daies Simon Dut. Hen. Hunt Danes discomfited Matth. West Englishmen put to flight They are eftsoones vanquished Carrum The Danes wan the victorrie in battell Danes are quished Simon Dun. 851 〈…〉 The Danes 〈◊〉 vanquished Danes ouercome by sea The Deuonshiremen vanquish the Danes Simon Dun. 852 Great slaughâ—â—â— Danes 〈…〉 The Saxons schoole King Ethelwulfs liberalitie to churches Will. Malmes Simon Dun. Manâ—usae The ladie Iudith Wil. Malm. 857 Onelie Westsex saith Mart. Westm. and Sim. Dunel saith that Ethelbright had Sussex also and so dooth H. Hunt Matth. Paris * De quo Sedulius in car pasch Iohn Castor Simon Dun Matt. Parker A kings son and heire a bishop Bertwolfe of Mercia Matth. West saith the daughter Ranulf Cest. Iohn Capgraue Ethelbald and Ethelbright 857 The vnlawful mariage of Ethelbald Wil. Malm. Hen. Hunt Winchester destroied by Danes Danes vanquished Ethelred 867 Foure yéeres six moneths saith Harison Wil. Malm. Ethelred fought with the Danes nine times is one yéere The kings of Mercia and Northumberland neglect their duties The Danes grow in pursance Hungâ—r and Ubbâ— Hen. Hunt King Osbright deposed and Eâ—la placed Osbright and Ella kings of Northumberland slaine It must be vpon the 10 â—alends of Aprill or else it well not concâ—rre with Palmsunday See Mat. West Yorke burnt by Danes The commendation of Adelstan bishop of Shirborne Bishop Adelstan couetous Hen. Hâ—nt Burthred king of Mercia Danes besieged in Notingham Basreeg and Halden Edelwulfe erlâ— of Barkshire fought at Englefield with the Danes The Danes wan the victorie at Reading The Danes discomfited A battell at Merton He was bishop of Shireborne as Matt. West saith Polyd. Virg. Iuarus Danes put to flight Agnerus and Hubba Winborne abbeie Agnerus Fabian 870 Edmund K. of the Eastangles Framingham castell King Edward shot to death Egleseon Wil. Malâ— Eastangles without a gouernour Guthruns Dane king of Eastangles Polychron Caxton Alured or Alfred 871. as Mat. West Sâ—â— Dunelmen doo note it Hent Hunt Sâ—â—ed persecuted by Danes Matt. Westm. The Danes obteine the victorie The Danes wintered at London 〈◊〉 Repâ—on Burthred king of Mercia 875 The Danes went into Northumberland The Danes at Cambridge 876 The Danes tooke an oth Hen. Hunt The Danes went to Excester Hent Hunt 877 Polydor. Hubba slaine The victorie doubtfull Abington The Danes and Englishmen fight néer to Abington Uncerteine victorie Thus farre Polydor. Ran. Higd. A peace agreed vpon The Danes soiourned at London Ann. 876 â—aith Simon Dâ—n 30 yéeres after this he was baptised King Alured driuen to his shifts Edlingsey A vision if it be true King 〈◊〉 disguiseth himselfe Polydor. Fabian Henâ— Hunt 87â— 878 Matth. Weâ—â— Simon Dun Athelney Edantâ—â—e This battell should séeme the same that Polydor speaketh of fought at Abingdon Polychron Iohn Pike Gurthrun or Gurmond baptised and named Adelstan is made king of Eastangle Gurmo Hen. Hunt 878 87â— Simon Dun. Matth. West Rochester besieged 885 889 London recouered out of the hands of the Danes Wil. Malm. Ethelfleda Colwolphus Limer now Rother Andredeslegia A castell built at Appledore 893 Simon Dun. At Milton Hasting the capteine of the Danes besieged He receiueth an oth Beanfield saith M. West This enterprise was atchiued by Etheldred duke of Mercia in the absence of the king as Matth. West hath noted Excester besieged Seuerne Chester taken by Danes Great famine Hen. Hunt The water of Luie now Lée Hen. Hunt The Londoners victors against the Danes Quathbridge or Wakebridge The Danish armie diuided into parts The death of king Alfred His issue Elfleda The notable saieng of Elfleda Will. Malâ—â— King Alfred his lawes Foundation of monasteâ—â—â— 895 Polydor. The vniuersitie of Oxford erected The vertuous zeale of Alured to bring his people to an honest trade of life He is persuaded by his mother to applie himselfe to learning