Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	league_n	north_n	west_n	5,773	5	10.5694	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16489	Relations of the most famous kingdomes and common-wealths thorowout the world discoursing of their situations, religions, languages, manners, customes, strengths, greatnesse, and policies. Translated out of the best Italian impression of Boterus. And since the last edition by R.I. now once againe inlarged according to moderne observation; with addition of new estates and countries. Wherein many of the oversights both of the author and translator, are amended. And unto which, a mappe of the whole world, with a table of the countries, are now newly added.; Relazioni universali. English	Botero, Giovanni, 1540-1617.; Johnson, Robert, fl. 1586-1626.	1630 (1630)	STC 3404; ESTC S106541	447,019	654

Trade with the Chinois and the Ilanders of Tidore and for their entercourse to the Moluccas and Banda they have erected certaine strong places in all of them but indeed resembling rather Factories than Castles Certainly it would amaze a man to thinke how many puissant Kings and fierce Nations are bridled and yoked by the Armes of twelve thousand Portugues for in so huge a tract of Land and Sea there neither are nor ever were a greater number inhabiting and those few not only to have discovered and conquered the Atlanticke Indian and the East-Seas but also ever since till now of late to have kept and defended the Soveraigntie thereof against all Invaders How ever their fame and fortunes at this day seeme to be eclipsed by the trading of the Dutch English Merchants they will not sticke to relate unto you how by the vertue of their Armes they tooke the kingdome of Ormus from the Vassall and Confederate of the King of Persia as also how they drowned and defeated at Diu the Navie of the Sultan of Aegypt fully furnished with Mammeluks a kinde of Souldierie no lesse famous for their valour and discipline than the Pretorian Turkish Ianizars As also that they made good the said place against the leagues of the Turkes and Guzarits In the Red-sea they have often foiled the Turkish Armada In the yeare 1552. they defeated his whole Fleet at Ormus In Taproban they affronted the Kings of Decan Cambaia Calecute and Achem Princes favoured throughly assisted with the forces of the said Emperour Yea such have beene their expeditions into Cambaia India that Ocean and along the coasts of Asia that in desert of glory and admiration they are by their owne Writers censured to be nothing inferiour to the victorious Alexander yea so much the rather to be preferred because neither in circuit nor numbers of people they were ever comparable to the Macedonian for with nineteene ships they overthrew the Aegyptian Navie farre more powerfull in number and furniture with two thousand Souldiers they forced Goa and recovered it being lost with fifteene hundred With eight hundred they won Malaca and not with many more Ormus But little need the Portugals bragge of their victories atchieved upon effeminate barbarous and naked men such as in the West-Indies would by troopes run away from one of the Spaniards horses or dogs I wonder that twelve thousand Portugals have done no more against so little resistance But let the Portugals bragge of their victories against the English and Hollanders And though there be but twelve thousand Portugals inhabiting there yet are they continually supplied from home and they make the poore Blacks and Natives of those Indies to serve them in their Gallies Warres and drudgerie Lastly the King of Spaine can command his subjects at home in Portugal yet these 〈◊〉 yeeld him but little obedience so that here the Spa●●● hath no dominion Another member of the Spanish-Dominions lieth in the New-World wherein because he hath no corrivall able to make head against him he challengeth as his owne what soever either by discoverie or conquest he attaineth unto This New-Worlds dominion is divided into Continent and Islands In the North-sea are so many Islands most of them of forty miles in compasse that their number can hardly be ascertained or knowne and some of them are rich and spacious sufficient to erect a great and stately Kingdome Of these Boriquen is three hundred miles long and threescore broad ●amaica is little lesse Cuba is three hundred long and twenty broad Hispaniola containeth a thousand and six hundred miles in compasse On the Continent he is absolute Lord say they of all that Sea-coast which watereth Florida Nova-Hispania Iucatan and all that spacious So●therly Peninsula to the Cape of California and Quivira For even so farre have the Discoveries and Navigations of this Nation pierced The coast of Nova-Hispania counting his beginning at the Towne of Santa Helena and cutting by Panama to Quivira containeth about five thousand and two hundred miles in length to which if you please to adde the upland Regions coasting towards the North you shall finde no lesse than nine thousand miles Peru beginning at Panama containeth by the Maritime coast twelve thousand and six hundred miles of which three thousand lying betweene the River Maragnon and the River of Plate and including Brasil doe acknowledge the Soveraigntie of Portugal In the Continent are many Kingdomes and Seigniores amongst which those of Mexico and Peru once most powerfull and wealthy Dominions were counted chiefe and as it were two imperiall Monarchies These Kings lived a long while in great Majestie inhabited sumptuous Palaces and maintained a mighty troope of their vessels for the guard of their persons On one quarter they inlarged their bounds and transferred their Religion and Language to the skirts of Iegnan Pecan two hundred leagues remote from Mexico and on another quarter as farre as Guatimall 300. leagues distant In these places they made the North and South Seas their bounds but Mecoican Tapcalan and Terpeacan they could never bring under their yoke Their differences with the citie of Tascala incouraged the Spaniards to invade their dominions and being entered made their victorie easie and the end fortunate this happened in the yeare 1518. This people divided into seven Tribes came into those Regions from that part of the North where of late yeares the Spaniard d●scovered a most wealthy and populous Province which at this day they call New-Mexico Besides Merchandize incredible treasures of Gold and Silver are transported out of Nova-Hispania and Peru. Of those treasures commonly Peru yeeldeth two parts and Nova-Hispania the third which is more rich in Merchandize than Mexico Amongst the rest it yeeldeth Cochinolla a commoditie of inestimable value and infinite store of Hides The Islands also afford plentie of Hides Cotton Wooll Sugar Cana-fistula Hard wax and Pearles Amongst these riches and treasures of Peru two things are wonderfull One that in the Silver-Mines which were discovered in Potosie in the yeare 1545 there is and hath beene found so huge a masse of Bullion that the fifth part which is the Kings in the space of forty yeares amounted to one hundred and eleven millions of Pezoes neither yet did two third parts pay their customarie due to his Majestie The other is the Quicksilver-Mines in Guas-valcan found in the yeare 1567. out of which the King hath received forty thousand Pezoes all charges defrayed And in truth were it not for the tribute of these Westerne Mines neither could the pride of Spaine be divulged nor the Cities of Sivil or Lisbone cum multis aliis be enriched nor the Escurial blazoned no nor life haply maintained nor the Ports frequented nor the native commodities to satisfaction of forien importation countervailed nor the Garrisons paid nor such frequent troopes of strange souldiers yearely entertained But it is a strange thing to note that whereas Nature hath

advantage yet at least it doth enable us to endure and withstand him that by drawing out the warre in length wee may make him weary of continuance and gives us benefit of time By this temporizing the Venetians being overthrowne in all places by the league of Cambray in the end became Conquerours So that as to him that hath a populous army and finds himselfe mighty and strong it is most convenient to hasten the encounter and to fight without prolonging of time for delay the overthrow of many actions can afford him no other but losse sicknesse infection scarcity famine mutinies and dissolution of forces So for him that is better furnished with money than with men it is most advantagious to prolong the warre and to stand upon the defensive for in the end his money may gaine him victory Finally although some men will not suffer money to be called the sinewes of warre because as Solon answered once to Croesus who in ostentation shewed him his gold Sir if another comes that hath better iron than you he will be master of all this gold yet notwithstanding where numbers policy valour and weapons have not either singly or altogether prevailed there hath money alone done the feat For this have Townes and Kingdomes beene bought of traitors with this purchase we either peace or victory No place is to be held impregnable whither an Asse laden with gold may get up Two great effects it workes First it levies forces suddenly and withall keeps them long together Secondly a monied enemie may fight when he will and but when he will and must needs therefore weary out his adversary and so at last endanger either to overthrow him or force him to a faire composition For want of pay Armies mutinie and will neither muster nor fight and especially the Germans But Spinola hath made great use of a secret of warre how in scarcitie of moneys to awe these mutiniers and that is by paying and contenting the horse and they shall keepe the foot in obedience But this tricke will not alwayes serve for in an Armie a man can hardly tell which is most necessary armes victuals or money this last alwayes fetches in both the other The advantage of site is of much importance for the defending or inlarging of dominion and doth chiefly consist in this that it be convenient for the making of an assault and uneasie to be againe assaulted For a Country being as it were naturally fortified hath easie meanes to make conquests and get victory to the inlargement of their owne dominions and to the overthrow of anothers Of this quality are the situations of Spaine and Araby for both these are as it were pene-Insulaes having their greatest parts incompassed with the Sea whereby they may assaile the Countries neere adjoyning and cannot without great difficulty be assaulted againe The one hath dangerous shores without harbors and is invironed with mountaines having few and secret passages the other is inclosed with sands and desarts Of like quality is Italy And among the Islands England But this advantage of situation I hold not sufficient of it selfe to effect any notable exploit for besides there is required plenty of victuals store of munition armes horses and divers other necessaries without which there is no hope to accomplish any famous expedition Moreover such a disposition and quality of the country is necessarily to be required that the aforesaid habiliments may easily be brought together and removed to places whither occasion shall command And although those which possesse the mountaines and higher places may with advantage come downe upon the plaine and low countries and by reason of the craggednesse and hard passages of their country can hardly be assaulted againe yet have not such people done any thing which may worthily commend them For the mountaines be ordinarily long and narrow or at the least much broken and divided amongst themselves which must needs hinder the speedy drawing together and uniting of their forces and necessaries againe are they unprovided of victuals and of all other things requisite of the warres and therefore altogether unable to continue in action So that they warre rather after the manner of robbers and theeves than of true souldiers It may also be added that the mountaine-men cannot live any long time without intercourse and traffike with the men of the plaine Countrey And therefore if upon any attempt they doe not prevaile at the first brunt their best course will bee to capitulate with their enemies and to returne home againe although with losse as did the Helvetii at the overthrow of Mount S. Claud. So wee may see that the Englishmen which inhabit a plaine and plentifull soile have alwayes prevailed against the Scots and Welshmen who upon presumptions of their naturall situations have divers times molested them For the plaine Country by reason of the fruitfulnesse doth minister all things requisite for warre and to defray charges conveniencie to joyne forces and being gotten together able long time to maintaine them Whereas on the contrary the Mountaines by reason of their barrennesse afford no provision for a long journey nor are any way able to beare the charge of any notable enterprise Wherupon it doth proceed that small Islands having the foresaid qualities of situation have never attained any great Soveraignty because the advantages of the Land are farre greater than those of the Sea Moreover their command cannot be great unlesse it be enlarged by meanes of the firme Land for Islands hold the same proportion with the Continent that the part doth with the whole Besides they be for the most part long and narrow as Candy Cyprus Spagniola Cuba S. Laurence and Sumatra and therefore cannot readily bring their forces together Neither will I sticke to say that Islands if not strong in shipping as England and the Netherlands although they may with advantage come forth and assaile others are not withstanding as it were Cities without wals laid open to the spoile of all Invaders As it happened to Sicil being assailed by the Athenians and the Lacedemonians and afterwards by the Carthaginians and the Romans But the Provinces of the firme Land being for the most part of a proportion more round and square have their forces continually neere together and to be speedily united and therefore more ready and apt for opposition Yet to small purpose are all these aforesaid advantages if opportunity give not aid thereunto This opportunity is a meeting and concurring of divers cadences which at one instant doe make a matter very easie and at another time being overslipped it will be impossible or at least very hard to bring to like facility Wherefore amongst many and divers I will here note the most principall The first groweth by the basenesse and negligence of the neighbour Princes arising either by reason of a naturall jealousie defect and dulnesse or of too long a peace So Caesar possest himselfe of Italy and of the Common-wealth being ready

The English by reason of their great puissance have of late builded the fairest ships of the World for that onely trade and therein as now seated a hopefull and peaceable Factorie The Roman Empire or Germanie THis Empire in its greatest glory viz. in the dayes of Trajan stretched from the Irish Ocean and beyond from the Atlantik to the Persian Gulfe and from Catnes in Scotland to the River Albis and beyond to the Danubie It began first to decline by the civill warres of Galba Otho and Vttellius for in those times the Legions of Britanie were transported into the Continent Holland and the bordering Countries revolted and immediately after the Sarazens finding the Frontiers of the Empire without Garrisons passed over Danubius The Alani won the Streights of the Caspian Hils the Persians endevoured to get them a name and reputation the Goths wandered thorowout Moesia and Macedonia the French-men entred Gallia But Constantine the Emperour restored it to the former glory made an end of civill Warre and tamed the barbarous and cruell Nations and had hee not committed two great faults this Empire might long have flourished The first was the translating of the Imperiall Seat from Rome to Constantinople which action weakened the West and overthrew the Empire as Plants removed out of their naturall soile and transported into Regions contrary in temperature and aire retaine small vigour of their radicall vertue as also because the manly and martiall people of Europe if they should rebell could not be reduced to obedience by the power of the effeminate Asians whom or none the Emperours of Constantinople must of necessity make use of by reason of their situation In which regard the Roman Senate would never consent that the people should leave Rome and dwell at Veij a Citie farre more pleasant and more commodious than Rome especially after the sacking thereof by the French-men The second fault of Constantine was the division of the Empire to his children Anno Dom. 341. By this division of one Empire he made three and withall a memorable diminution of his authoritie and forces For when his sonnes fell to civill dissention they consumed one another so cruelly that the Empire resembled a bloudlesse yea a livelesse body And though sometime under some one Prince it stood on foot againe yet it remained alwayes subject to division and parted into two Empires the East and the West untill the comming of Odoacer King of the Herules and Turingi into Italy with a mightie Hoast by which invasion Augustulus suffered such irrecoverable losses that in extreme despaire hee was forced to cast himselfe into the protection of the East Empire This happened in the yeare of our Lord 476. And about this time the Hunnes passed Danubius Alaricus King of the Gothes tooke Rome the Vandals first spoiled Andaluzia afterwards Africke the Alans wonne Portugal the Gothes conquered the greater part of Spaine the Saxons Britanie the Burgundians Provence Anno 556. Iustinian restored it somewhat to a better State driving the Vandals out of Africke and the Gothes out of Italy by his Captaines But this faire weather lasted not long for in the yeare 713. the Armes and Heresies of the Mahumetans began to vex the East Empire and shortly after the Sa●●● zons wasted Syria Aegypt the Archipelago Africke Sie● and Spaine In the yeare 735. they vanquished Narbon Avignon Tolouse Burdeaux and the bordering Regions Thus by little and little began the Westerne Empire to droope and as it were to draw towards his last age As for the Easterne it stood so weake and tottering that with all the force it had it was scarce able to defend Constantinople against the Armes of the Sarazens much lesse to minister aid to the Westerne Provinces But in the yeare of our Lord 800. Charles the Great King of France obtained the Title of the Westerne Empire and in some sort mitigated the fury of these barbarous Nations And thus the Westerne Empire stood then divided That Naples and Sipont East-ward with Sicil should belong to the Greek Empire Bononia should remaine to the Lumbards the Venetians were Neuters the Popedome free the rest Charles should possesse Blondus saith that the Empresse Irene gave the first counsell to this division which afterwards was confirmed by Nicephorus For before Charles his time there was one forme of Government and the Laws Magistracies and ordinances which were enacted for the well-fare of one Empire tended to the good and honour of both as to the members of one body and if one Emperour died without issue the whole Empire remained to the survivour But when Charles the great was chosen Emperour of the West there was no more regard taken of the East Empire neither the Emperour of the East had to doe with the West nor the West with the East The Empire of the West continued in this line above one hundred yeares and failed in Arnolph the last of that house In the yeare 1453. Mahumet Prince of the Turkes tooke Constantinople and utterly extinguished the succession of the Easterne Empire And as for the West viz. Italy the Emperour hath no more to doe therein than hath a pilgrime who is admitted to visit the wonders of our Lady of Loretto For in the yeare of Christ. 1002. all claime of inheritance rejected the Creation of the Emperour was granted to the free election of seven Princes termed Electors The reason why the Empire became elective which had so long continued hereditary in the House of Charles was because Otho the third left no issue male After whom the Westerne Empire was marvellously curtailed and diminished nothing being left but Germanie and a part of Italy The Pope held Romagnia the Venetians lived free possessing great Dominions joyned to their State the Normans taking Naples and Sicil from the Greekes held them in Fee of the Church first under Clement the Antipope then under Nicholas the second and his successours who for their private gaine ratified the former grant of Clement Antipope In Tuscane and Lumbardie partly by the quarrels betweene Henry the fourth Henry the fifth Fredericke the first and Fredericke the second with the Roman Bishops partly by reason of the valour of the Inhabitants the Emperour reaped more labour than honour more losse than profit And therefore Rodulphus terrified with the misfortunes and crosses of his predecessours had no great minde to travell into Italy but sold them their liberties for a small matter They of Luques paid ten thousand crownes the Florentines but six thousand And so every State by little and little forsaking the Emperour no part of Italy remained but the bare Title The Dukes of Millaine and so every other state usurped what they could catch without leave asking only they desired their investiture of the Empire But Francis after the conquest therof did little regard this investiture saying That hee was able to keepe it by the same meanes that hee had got it The Princes beyond the Mountaines also withdrew their

superiour to the Duke of Saxonie But for provision of warre excepting powder whereof there is some store very meanly furnished and for many respects not loved of his neighbour Princes This Prince as the Palatine is also of the Order of England The rest of the Princes of Germanie as the Duke of Michelburg the Lantgrave of Hesse the Marquesse of Baden the Marquesse of Ansbach or any other whatsoever being in all respects much inferiour to these already named need not to be brought into competition with the Dukedome of Saxonie which makes the case more lamentable that so mighty a Princedome having beene many yeares wholly united in Maurice Augustus and Christianus should now by the ill ordered custome of Germanie be distracted and divided into parts and likely in time to be more disunited by subdividing it againe to future Issues Endlesse it were to write of all the Princes of Germanie which be about forty in all besides seven Archbishops and seven and forty Bishops all men of great power and possessions The Imperiall Cities be also Seigniories by themselves each able to make Levies of men by Sea and Land Thus much therefore for Germanie Geneva GEneva is also an Imperial City in Savoy situated at the South end of the Lake Lemanus hard by the Lake It is in circuit about two English miles reasonable strong by Nature and Art as well for that it is seated on a hill which on the West is not easily accessible as also for that it is indifferently well fortified with ravelings Bulwarkes and Platformes besides a deepe ditch The East and West parts thereof standing continually full of water The South part remaining dry continually and is well defended with Casemats the better to scoure the Curtaine it is so much the stronger for that it standeth almost in an Island having the Lake aforesaid on the North the River of Rhosne upon the West and the River of Arba upon the South being from the Towne halfe a mile and by reason of the swiftnesse of the currant and great moveable stones in the bottome which are violently carried downe the River it is not passable but with great danger The River Rhosne divideth the Towne into two parts the one is called the high Towne and the other Saint Gervais Betweene the River in passing it divideth it selfe into two branches making a little Island wherein are some few houses and seven or eight mills to grinde corne The weakest part of the Towne is upon the East-side and out of the West by Saint Gervais Church and for that it might have beene surprised from the Lake Mounsier la Nove caused a new Fort to be made in the mouth of the Lake by reason whereof that part is most secure The Towne is well peopled especially with women insomuch as they commonly say that there are three women for one man yeelding this reason that the warres have consumed their men They reckon some sixteen thousand of all sorts The Territories are small being no way above two leagues and a halfe yet by reason the soile is fruitfull being well manured it bringeth graine of all sorts and great store of Wine There is likewise plenty of pasture and feeding grounds by meanes whereof the Inhabitants are very well provided of all sorts of good flesh at a reasonable rate no want of good Butter and Cheese and for most part of wild-fowle as Partridge Quaile Phesant and Mallard in great abundance There are all manner of good fruits and especially excellent Pearmaines besides the River and the Lake afford divers sorts of fresh Fish as Pike Roch Carpe Tench c. and above all the best and biggest Carpes of Europe The commodities of the Dukes Countrey and of the Bernesi with ten or twelve miles next adjoyning are brought to this Tower by reason the Peasant can get no money in any other place which maketh the market to be well served The Towne standeth very well for trade of Merchandize and if it might have peace it would grow rich in short time for the ordinary passage to transport commodities out of Germanie to France especially to Lions and so back againe into Swizerland and Germanie is by this Towne beside all Savoy in a manner and a good part of the Countrey of the Bernesi resort hither to buy their armour apparell and other necessaries the Inhabitants being for the most part mechanicall persons making excellent good Pecces as Muskets Caleevers c. They likewise worke Satten Velvet Taffata and some quantity of Cloth though not very fine nor durable There are many good Merchants especially Italians who have great dealings some others are thought to bee worth twenty thousand crownes and in generall the Towne is reasonable rich notwithstanding their warres The ordinary Revenue of the Towne is some threescore thousand crownes which ariseth of the Gables of Merchandize flesh demaine and tithes and if there might be peace it would amount to twice or thrice so much There is reasonable provision against a siege the Towne being able to make some two thousand men and one hundred horse and furnish them with all necessaries and having the Lake open they want no provision of corne or any victuals In the Arsenall there is Armour for some two thousand men with Muskets Pikes Caleevers c. Some twelve or fourteene Peeces of Ordnance whereof there are about eight or nine Canons and Culverings plenty of small shot bullets and fire-works besides some sixty Peeces in the Bulwarkes There was in former times provision of corne for six moneths but of late yeares they have not beene so provident The people generally are marvellous resolute to defend their Towne especially against the Duke of Savoy whom they hate exceedingly and he them not only in respect of the difference of Religion but in matter of State for the Duke counteth them Rebels and pretendeth a Title to their Towne alleaging that till the yeare 1535. they were under the rule of their Bishop who was Lord both in Temporall and Spirituall matters and the Bishop acknowledged him for his chiefe Lord and d●d him homage till the yeare thirtie at which time and before the money which was coined in Geneva was stamped with the Dukes name and figure upon it Besides till the time aforesaid the Duke of Savoy might pardon offenders that were condemned and further there was no sentence of Law executed but the Dukes Officer was made acquainted therewith in whose power it was to disanull as hee liked best Likewise in the yeare 1529. when as those of Geneva had leagued themselves with Friburge the Duke disliking thereof because it was done without his privitie caused the league to be broken alleaging that the Towne of Geneva could not conclude a matter of such importance without his allowance and approbation Besides all these reasons before remembred this also is alleaged as most materiall that Duke Charles comming to Geneva with