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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	league_n	north_n	south_n	8,995	5	11.3936	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43326	A new discovery of a vast country in America extending above four thousand miles between New France and New Mexico, with a description of the great lakes, cataracts, rivers, plants and animals : also the manners, customs, and languages of the several native Indians ... : with a continuation, giving an account of the attempts of the Sieur De la Salle upon the mines of St. Barbe, &c., the taking of Quebec by the English, with the advantages of a shorter cut to China and Japan : both parts illustrated with maps and figures and dedicated to His Majesty, K. William / by L. Hennepin ... ; to which is added several new discoveries in North-America, not publish'd in the French edition.; Nouvelle découverte d'un très grand pays situé dans l'Amérique entre le Nouveau Mexique et la mer Glaciale. English	Hennepin, Louis, 17th cent.; La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 1643-1687.; Joliet, Louis, 1645-1700.; Marquette, Jacques, 1637-1675.	1698 (1698)	Wing H1450; ESTC R6723	330,063	596

cry'd all the Night upon us to oblige by their Tears their Companions to consent to our Death This Lake is form'd by the Meschasipi and may be seven Leagues long and five broad Its Waters are almost standing the Stream being hardly perceptible in the middle We met within a League above the Lake another River call'd The River of the Wild Oxen because of the great number of those Beasts grazing upon its Banks It falls with a great Rapidity into the Meschasipi but some Leagues above its Mouth the Stream is very gentle and moderate There is an infinite number of large Tortoises in that River which are very relishing A Row of Mountains fence its Banks in some places There is another River which falls forty Leagues above this last into the Meschasipi thro' which one may go into the Superiour Lake by making a Portage from it into the River Nissipikouet which runs into the same Lake It is full of Rocks and rapid Streams We nam'd it The River of the Grave or Mausolaeum because the Savages bury'd there one of their Men who was bitten by a Rattle-Snake They us'd great Ceremonies in his Funeral which I shall describe in another place and I put upon his Corps a white Covering for which the Savages return'd me their publick Thanks and made a great Feast to which above an hundred Men were invited The Navigation of the Meschasipi is interrupted ten Leagues above this River of the Grave by a Fall of fifty or sixty Foot high which we call'd The Fall of St. Anthony of Padua whom we had taken for the Protector of our Discovery There is a Rock of a Pyramidal Figure just in the middle of the Fall of the River The Row of Mountains fencing the Banks of the Meschasipi ends at the Mouth of the River of Ouisconsin and there we likewise observ'd that that River which runs from thence to Sea almost directly North and South runs then from the Westward or the North-West The Misfortune we had of being taken Prisoners hindred us from going as far as its Source which we cou'd never learn from the Savages who told us only that about twenty or thirty Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony there is ano●her Fall near which a Nation of Savages inhabit at certain Seasons of the Year They call those Nations Tintonha that is The Inhabitants of the Meadows Eight Leagues above the Fall of St. Anthony we met with the River of the Issati or Nadouessians which is very narrow at the Mouth It comes out from the Lake of the Issati lying about seventy Leagues from its Mouth We call'd this River The River of St. Francis and it was in this Place that we were made Slaves by the Issati The Course of the Meschasipi according to our best Computation is about 800 Leagues long from Tintonha to the Sea including its Windings and Turnings which are very great and may be navigable from the Fall of St. Anthony for flat-bottom'd-Boats provided the Island were clear'd from Trees and especially from Vines which having ty'd the Trees together wou'd stop a Boat in many places The Country about the Lake Issati is a Marshy Ground wherein grows abundance of wild Oats which grow without any culture or sowing in Lakes provided they are not above three Foot deep That Corn is much like our Oats but much better and its Stalks are a great deal longer when it is ripe The Savages gather it and live thereupon several Months of the Year making a kind of Broath thereof The Savage Women are oblig'd to tie several Stalks together with White Bark of Trees to fright away the Ducks Teals or Swans which otherwise wou'd spoil it before it be ripe This Lake of Issati lies within sixty Leagues to the Westward of the Superior Lake but 't is impossible to travel by Land from one to the other unless it be in a hard Frost because of the Marshy Grounds which otherwise sink under a Man but as I have already said they may use their Canow's tho' it be very troublesome because of the many Portages and the length of the Way which by reason of the Windings of the River is about 150 Leagues The shortest Way is by the River of the Grave thro' which we went in our Return We found nothing but the Bones of the Savage we had bury'd there the Bears having pull'd out with their Paws the great Stakes the Savages had beat deep into the Ground round about the Corps which is their usual Way of burying their Dead We found near the Grave a Calumet or Pipe of War and a Pot in which the Savages had left some fat Meat of wild Oxen for the use of their dead Friend during his Voyage into the Country of Souls which sheweth that they believe their Immortality There are many other Lakes near the River Issati from which several Rivers spring The Banks of those Rivers are inhabited by the Issati the Nadoussians the Tintonha or Inhabitants of Meadows the Ouadebathon or Men of Rivers the Chongasketon or Nation of the Wolf or the Dog for Chonga signifies either of these Creatures There are also several other Nations which we include under the general Denomination of Nadoussians These Savages may bring into the Field eight or nine thousand Men They are Brave Bold great Runners and good Marksmen with their Arrows It was a Party of these Savages that took us Prisoners and carry'd us to the Issati as I am going to relate in the following Chapter CHAP. XLV The Author and his Canow-Men are taken by the Savages who after several Attempts upon their Lives carry them away with them into their Country above the River Meschasipi WE used to go to Prayers thrice a Day as I have elsewhere observ'd and my constant Request to God was That when we shou'd first meet the Savages it might happen to be by Day Their Custom is to kill as Enemies all they meet by Night to enrich themselves with their Spoils which are nothing but a Parcel of Hatchets Knives and such like Trifles which yet they value more than we do Gold or Silver They make no Scruple to assassinate even their own Allies when they think they can handsomly conceal the Murder for by such Exploits it is they hope to gain the Reputation of being great Soldiers and to pass for Men of Courage and Resolution 'T was with a great deal of Satisfaction that we survey'd the Pleasures of the River Meschasipi all along our Passage up it which had been since the First of April Nothing as yet had interrupted our Observations whither it were navigable above or below In our Way we kill'd seven or eight Bustards or Wild Turkeys which in these Countries increase mightily as well as all other Wild Creatures We had also plenty of Bulls Dears Castors Fish and Bears-Flesh which last we kill'd as they were swimming over the River And here I cannot forbear seriously reflecting on that secret Pleasure and Satisfaction

the way is very good and the Trees are but few chiefly Firrs and Oaks From the great Fall unto this Rock which is to the West of the River the two Brinks of it are so prodigious high that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the Water rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagin'd Were it not for this vast Cataract which interrupts Navigation they might sail with Barks or greater Vessels more than Four hundred and fifty Leagues crossing the Lake of Hurons and reaching even to the farther end of the Lake Illinois which two Lakes we may easily say are little Seas of fresh Water Sieur de la Salle had a design to have built a Fort at the mouth of the River Niagara and might easily have compass'd it had he known how to keep himself within bounds and to have confin'd himself there for one Year His design was to curb and keep under the Iroquois and especially the Tsonnontouans who are the most numerous People and the most given to War of all that Nation In fine such a Fort as this might easily have interrupted the Commerce betwixt these People and the English and Dutch in New-York Their custom is to carry to NewYork the Skins of Elks Beavers and several sorts of Beasts which they hunt and seek after some 2 or 300 Leagues from their own home Now they being oblig'd to pass and repass near to this mouth of the River Niagara we might easily stop them by fair means in time of Peace or by open force in time of War and thus oblige them to turn their Commerce upon Canada But having remark'd that the Iroquois were push'd on to stop the execution of this Design not so much by the English and Dutch as by the Inhabitants of Canada who for a great part endeavour'd by all means to traverse this our Discovery they contented themselves to build a House at the mouth of the River to the Eastward where the Place was naturally fortifi'd To one side of this House there is a very good Haven where Ships may safely ride nay by help of a Capstane they may easily be hall'd upon Land Besides at this Place they take an infinite quantity of white Fish Sturgeons and all other sorts of Fishes which are incomparably good and sweet insomuch that in the proper Season of Fishing they might furnish the greatest City in Europe with plenty of Fish CHAP. VIII A Description of the Lake Eri● THe Iroquois give to this Lake the Name of Erie Tejocharontiong which extends it self from East to West perhaps a hundred and forty Leagues in length But no European has ever been over it all only I and those who accompany'd me in this Discovery have view'd the greater part of it with a Vessel of Sixty Tun burden which we caus'd to be made on purpose about two Leagues above the fore-mention'd Fall of Niagara as I shall have occasion to observe more largely hereafter This Lake Erie or Tejocharontiong encloses on its Southern Bank a Tract of Land as large as the Kingdom of France It divides it self at a certain place into two Channels because of a great Island enclos'd betwixt them Thus continuing its course for fourteen Leagues it falls into the Lake Ontario or Frontenac acquiring the name of the River Niagara Betwixt the Lake Erie and Huron there is almost such another Streight thirty Leagues long which is of an equal breadth almost all over except in the middle that it enlarges it self by help of another Lake far less than any of the rest which is a of a circular Figure about six Leagues diameter according to the Observation of our Pilot. We gave it the Name of Lake St. Claire tho' the Iroquois who pass over it frequently when they are upon Warlike Designs call it Otsi Keta The Country which borders upon this most agreeable and charming Streight is a pleasant Champain Country as I shall relate afterwards All these different Rivers which are cloath'd with so many different Denominations are nothing else but the continuation of the great River St. Laurence and this Lake St. Claire is form'd by the same CHAP. IX A Description of the Lake Huron THe Lake Huron was so call'd by the People of Canada because the Savage Hurons who inhabited the adjacent Country us'd to have their Hair so burn'd that their Head resembled the Head of a Wild Boar. The Savages themselves call'd it the Lake Karegnondy Heretofore the Hurons liv'd near this Lake but they have been in a great measure destroy'd by the Iroquois The circumference of this Lake may be reckon'd to be about seven hundred Leagues and its length two hundred but the breadth is very unequal To the West of it near its mouth it surrounds several great Islands and is navigable all over Betwixt this Lake and that of the Illinois we meet with another Streight which discharges it self into this Lake being about Three Leagues long and one broad its course running West-North-West There is yet another Streight or narrow Canal towards the upper Lake that runs into this of Huron about Five Leagues broad and Fifteen Leagues long which is interrupted by several Islands and becomes narrower by degrees 'till it comes at the Fall of St. Mary This Fall is a Precipice full of Rocks over which the Water of the upper Lake which flows thither in great abundance casts it self with a most violent impetuosity Notwithstanding which a Canow may go up it on one side provided the People in it row strongly But the safer way is to carry the Canow over-land for so little space ●ogether with the Commodities that those of Canada carry thither to exchange with the Savages that live to the Northward of the upper Lake This Fall is call'd the Fall of St. Marry Missilimakinak It lies by the mouth of the upper Lake and discharges it self partly into the mouth of the Lake Illinois towards the great Bay of Puants all which shall afterwaads be more fully discours'd when I come to relate our return from Issati CHAP. X. A Description of the Lake call'd ●y the Savages Illinouack and by the French Illinois THe Lake Illinois in the Natives Language signifies the Lake of Men for the word Illinois signifies a Man of full Age in the vigour of his Strength It lies to the West of the Lake Huron toward the North and is about a Hundred and twenty or a hundred and thirty Leagues in length and Forty in breadth being in circuit about Four hundred Leagues It is call'd by the Miamis Mischigonong that is The Great Lake It extends it self from North to South and falls into the Southern-side of the Lake Huron and is distant from the upper Lake about Fifteen or Sixteen Leagues its Source lies near a River which the Iroquois call Hohio where the River Miamis discharges it self into the same Lake It is navigable all over and has-to the Westward a great Bay call'd the Bay of Puans by reason that

touch'd with the Admiration of any thing they cannot comprehend cry'd aloud Otchitagon Gannoron that is Bare-Feet what ye are about to undertake is of great Importance They added That their most valiant Adventures had much ado to extricate themselves out of the hands of those barbarous Nations we were going to visit It is certain that the Iroquois had a most tender Respect for the Franciscan Monks having observ'd them to live all in common with out reserving any particular Possessions The Food of the Iroquois is in common among ' em The ancientest Women in the House distributes about to the other Persons in the Family according to their Age. When they sit at their Meals they give freely to eat unto all that come into their Houses for they would rather chuse to fast for a whole Day than suffer any one to go from their Houses without offering them a share of all they had The Sieur de la Salle arriv'd at the Fort some time after me God preserv'd him as he did me from the infinite Dangers he was expos'd to in this great Voyage betwixt Quebec and the Fort having pass'd the long Precipice mention'd last and several other most rapid Currents in his way thither The same Year he sent off Fifteen of our Boat-men who were to go before us They made as if they had been going in their Canow towards the Illinois and the other Neighbouring Nations that border upon the River call'd by the Illinois Meschasipi that is a great River which Name it has in the Map All this was only to secure to us a good Correspondence with the Savages and to prepare for us in that Country some Provisions and other Necessaries for going about this Discovery But there being among them some villainous Fellows they stopp'd in the upper Lake at Missilimakinak and diverted themselves with the Savages that live to the Northward of that Lake lavishing and squandering away the best of the Commodities they had taken with 'em instead of providing such Things as were needful for building a Ship which we necessarily wanted for passing from Lake to Lake to the River Meschasipi CHAP. XIV A Description of my second Imbarkment at Fort Frontenac in a Brigantine upon the Lake Ontario or Frontenac THat same very Year on the Eighteenth of November I took leave of our Monks at Fort Frontenac and after our mutual Embraces and Expressions of Brotherly and Christian Charity I embark'd in a Brigantine of about Ten Tuns The Winds and the Cold of the Autumn were then very violent insomuch that our Crew was afraid to go into so little a Vessel This oblig'd us and the Sieur de la Motte our Commander to direct our course Northwards to shelter our selves under the Coast against the North-West Wind which otherwise would have forc'd us upon the Southern Coast of ●he Lake This Voyage prov'd very difficult and dangerous because of the unseasonable time the Winter being near at hand On the 26th we were in great danger about Two large Leagues off the Land where we were oblig'd to lie at an Anchor all that Night at Sixty Fathom Water and above but at length the Wind turning North-East we set out and arriv'd safely at the further end of the Lake Ontario call'd by the Iroquois Skannadario We came pretty near to one of their Villages call'd Taiaiagon lying about Seventy Leagues from Fort Frontenac or Katarockouy We barter'd some Indian Corn with the Iroquois who could not admire us enough and came frequently to see us on board our Brigantine which for our greater security we had brought to an Anchor into a River tho' before we could get in we run aground three times which oblig'd us to put Fourteen Men into Canows and cast the Balast of our Ship over-board to get her off again That River falls into the Lake but for fear of being frozen up therein we were forc'd to cut the Ice with Axes and other Instruments The Wind turning then contrary we were oblig'd to tarry there till the 15th of December 1678. that we sail'd from the Northern Coast to the Southern where the River Niagara runs into the Lake but could not reach it that Day tho' it is but Fifteen or Sixteen Leagues distant and therefore cast Anchor within Five Leagues of the Shore where we had very bad Weather all the Night long On the 6th being St. Nicholas's Day we got into the fine River Niagara into which never any such Ship as ours enter'd before We sung there Te Deun● and other Prayers to return our Thanks to God Almighty for our prosperous Voyage The Iroquois Tsonnontouans inhabiting the little Village situated at the mouth of the River took above Three hundred White Fishes bigger than Carps which are the best relishing as well as the wholesomest Fish in the World They presented us with all those Fishes imputing their Good Luck to our Arrival They were much surpriz'd at our Ship which they call'd the great wooden Canow On the 7th we went in a Canow two Leagues up the River to look for a convenient Place for Building but not being able to get the Canow farther up because the Current was too rapid for us to master we went over-land about three Leagues higher tho' we found no Land fit for culture We lay that Night near a River which comes from the Westward within a League above the great Fall of Niagara which as we have already said is the greatest in the World The Snow was then a Foot deep and we were oblig'd to dig it up to make room for our Fire The next Day we return'd the same way we came and saw great Numbers of Wild-Goats and Wild Turkey-Cocks and on the 11th we said the first Mass that ever was said in that Country The Carpenters and the rest of the Crew were set to work but Monsieur de la Motte who had the Direction of them being not able to endure the F●tigues of so laborious a Life gave over his Design and return'd to Canada having about two hundred Leagues to travel The 12th 13th and 14th the Wind was not favourable enough to sail up the River as far at the rapid Current above mention'd where we had resolv'd to build some Houses Whosoever considers our Map will easily see that this New Enterprize of building a Fort and some Houses on the River Niagara besides the Fort of Frontenac was like to give Jealousie to the Iroquois and even to the English who live in this Neighbourhood and have a great Commerce with them Therefore to prevent the ill Consequences of it it was thought fit to send an Embassie to the Iroquois as it will be mention'd in the next Chapter The 15th I was desir'd to sit at the Helm of our Brigantine while three of our Men hall'd the same from the Shore with a Rope and at last we brought her up and moor'd her to the Shore with a Halser near a Rock of a prodigious heighth lying by

play a sure Game and have their Share aforehand Nor had they any greater Respect for what belong'd to me than for the Merchandise which they took from the Canow-men for they seiz'd my Brocard Chasuble and all the Ornaments of my portable Chapel except the Chalice which they durst not touch They obs●rv'd that this Vessel which was of Silver gilt cast a glittering Light so that as often as they chanc'd to look towards it they would shut their Eyes The reason was as we understood afterwards because they believ'd it to be a Spirit which would kill them I had a little Chest which I kept lock'd they made me understand by Signs that if I did not open it or break the Lock they would do it for me against some sharp Stones which they show'd me The reason why they threatned me thus was because they had not been able to open it all the way though they attempted it several times to see what was in it These People understand nothing of Locks and Keys Besides their Design was not to cumber themselves with the Box it self but only to take out the Things that were in it After I had open●d it and they saw there was little or nothing in it but Books and Papers they left it me untouch'd CHAP. LIII The Troop approaches the Village Grand Consult amongst the Savages whether they should kill us or save and adopt us for their Sons Reception which we had from them and the use they mad● of my Chasuble AFter five hard Days travel without so much as resting except a little by Night in the open Air we perceiv'd at last abundance of Women and Children coming out to meet our little Army All the Elders of the Nation were assembled upon this occasion We observ'd several Cabins near the Posts of which lay several Trusses of Straw and dry'd Weeds where these Barbarians are wont to fasten and burn the Slaves which they bring home with them from their Wars Here they order'd the Picard du Gay to sing who all the time rattled a hollow Gourd full of little round Stones which he held in his Hand I observ'd moreover that his Hair and Face were painted with different Colours and that they had fastned a Tuft of White Feathers to his Head These Ceremonies renew'd our Fears and we thought we had more reason than ever to believe that they had still a Design to put us to death Nor were our Fears groundless since these with many others are the Ceremonies which they use at the burning of their Enemies The worst was we could not make our selves be understood However after many Vows and secret Prayers which we offer'd up to God on this occasion the Barbarians at last gave us some wild Oats to eat of which I have spoke elsewhere They gave them us in great Dishes made of Birch and the Savage Women had season'd them with Bluez This is a sort of Black Grain which they dry in the Sun in the Summer and are as good as Corrans The Dutch call them Clake-besien All the while the Feast lasted which was the best Meal that we had made ever since we had been taken there was a high Dispute between Aquipaguetin and the others about the distribution they were to make of the two Canow-men and my self At last Aquipaguetin as Head of the Party carry'd it who turning from one of the Principal Captains towards me presented me to smoak in his Calumet of Peace receiving from me at the same time that which we had brought as a certain Pledge of the Union which was to be for the future 'twixt them and us After this he adopted me for his Son in the room of him that he had lost in the War Cnarhetoba and another Captain did the same by the two Canow-men This Separation was very grievous to us tho' somewhat allay'd by the Satisfaction we had to find that our Lives were safe Du Gay took me aside to confess him being sensible of the uncertain Condition his Life was in amongst so barbarous a People This oblig'd him to embrace me very heartily and to beg my Pardon for what was past having first made the same Request to God I should have been over-joy'd to have seen Michael Ako as well dispos'd However I did not omit to shew both the one and the other all the Marks of a most tender Affection In short the Savages having parted us led us away each to his own Village Our Way lay over a Morass where we march'd half way the leg in Water for a League together at the end of which we were met by five of Aquipaguetin's Wives who receiv'd me in one of the three Canow's of Bark which they had brought with them and then carry'd me a little League farther into a small Island where their Cabins were CHAP. LIV. The Authors Reception by the Relations of Aquipaguetin They make him sweat to recover him of his Fatigues The use they make of his Chasuble and other Ornaments I Arriv'd at this Place in the Month of May 1680. the Day I cannot precise●y tell for I was so harrass'd by the Savages on the way that I could not make all the little Observations which otherwise I would have done besides there is some seven or eight Hours difference between the Days and Nights of Europe and those of North America because of the Retrogradation of the Sun The Cape was always to West of us from Rochel to Quebec but to South-West from thence till we came to Meschasipi which made a considerable Variation in the Needle This Variation was occasion'd by the unconstant motion of the Needle which in certain Latitudes would encline to the North or North-East whereas in others 't would turn from the North to the North-West We never could be so well assur'd of our Computations in our long Voyages as to know exactly the way our Canow's made in a Day or what was the Variation of the Needle in each Latitude But we found there were many Minutes of Variation according to the Point the Wind was in To say the truth able Men might have lost the Memory of many Things under the same Circumstances with my self At the entry of the Captain●s Cabin who had adopted me one of the Barbarians who seem'd to be very old presented me with a great Pipe to smoak and weeping over me all the while with abundance of Tears rubb'd both my Arms and my Head This was to show how concern'd he was to see me so harass'd and fatigu'd And indeed I had often need enough of two Men to support me when I was up or raise me when I was down There was a Bears-Skin before the Fire upon which the youngest Boy of the Cabin caus'd me to lie down and then with the Grease of Wild Cats anointed my Thighs Legs and Soles of my Feet Aquipaguetin's Son who call'd me Brother had got my Brocard Chasuble and was strutting up and down with it upon his naked

Which distance indeed is not to be taken in a streight Line through the Meadows but according to the many Windings of the River Meschasipi otherwise there would be but five days Journey thence They pass'd then over the River Ouabache on the 26th of August and they had about 60 Leagues travelling up the River Meschasipi to the Mouth of the River of the Illinois About six Leagues lower than that Mouth is found to the North-West the famous River of the Massourites or Ozages which is at least as broad as the River into which it runs It is form'd by a great number of other Rivers known and navigable all over the Countries adjacent to which are inhabited by very numerous Nations as the Panimohas who have but one Head and 22 Villages the lesser whereof consists of 200 Cottages the Paneassas Panas Panelogas and Matotantes none of which are inferiour to the Panimahas Amongst them are comprehended also the Ozanges who make up seventeen Villages on the River of the same Name which loses it self into that of the Massourite Our Maps as well as those of M. de la Salle have also spread thither the Name of Ozanges The Akansas were formerly seated at the upper part of one of those Rivers which conserves yet their Name to this Day which I have also mention'd towards the middle of the way from the River Ouabache to that of the Massourites There stands the Cape of St. Anthony of Padua and those Parts are inhabited by the Savages of the Nation call'd Mansopolea At last on the 5th of September M. Cavelier a Priest of the Seminary of St. Sulpicius at Paris and Father Anastasius a Recollect Friar of Douai arriv'd at the Mouth of the Illinois River from whence they reckon to Fort Crevecoeur about 100 Leagues as I have observ'd in my First Tome All that Road is very commodious for Navigation even for big Ships A Chaovenon nam'd Turpin having perceiv'd them from his Village ran by Land to carry the News of it to M. Bellefonteine Commander of that Fort. He could not believe what the Man said but they following the Savage very near entred the Fort on the 14th of September They were immediately conducted to the Chapel where the T'e Deum was sung for a Thansgiving The Canadians having put themselves in Arms with some Savages gave them a Salvo with the firing ōf their Guns M. Tonti who was design'd by M. de la Salle to Command in Crevecoeur Fort was gone to the Iroquois Countrey to endeavour to manage the Spirits of those Barbarians But these Travellers nevertheless met there with all the good Reception that was possible and M. Bellefonteine forgot nothing to express his Joy of their arrival to comfort them of their Misfortunes and to refresh them after their Fatigues We ought to confess that it is not possible for any to avoid his Destiny This notwithstanding one cannot but acknowledge that M. de la Salle's case was very fatal He did undertake that Journey with the Design to find out the Mouth of Meschasipi and he died without success in it and a little after his Death his Brother with Father Anastasius and those who accompany'● them in their Journey by means of that River do arrive into the Country of the Illinois 'T is certain however that there is a very fine Port at the Mouth of that River according to my Observation in the Year 1680. The Entry into it is very fine as it may be easily perceived Of three Branche● which do compass that Mouth I have always follow'd the middle Channel the Mouth of it is commodious and there are several Grounds fit for to build Fortresses upon out of danger of being worsted by the Waters as it was supposed heretofore The Countries about the lower parts of the River are habitable and even inhabited by several Salvage Nations which are not very far distant from it The biggest Vessels may go up the River above two Hundred Leagues from the Gulf of Mexico and so mount to the Mouth of the River of the Illiniens which River is Navigable more than an Hundred Leagues and then discharges it self into Meschasipi I had almost forgot some other Nations which are situated towards the lower end of the same River as the Pichenos Ozanbogus Tangibaos Ottonicas Movisas and several others which do easily slip out of ones Memory for want of Time and Conveniency in Travelling and of making due Observations upon the● It is very probable that Mr. d● la Salle who not finding that the Mouth of that River discharged it self into the Sea thought that the Bay of St. Lewis was but Forty or Fifty Lagues distant from the Mouth of one of its Arms at least it seem'd so in a streight Line But by misfortune he never was there and so did not find ●it out God having set Limits to all the Enterprizes of Men and Bounds to their Hearts as well as to the vast Ocean God no doubt hath permitted it so to be to the end Father Anastasius who is now Vicar of the Recollect Fryers of Cambray should make the Discovery of one Hundred and Ten Nations upon his Road instead of Mr. de la Salle's not reckoning several other wild People known to those through whom he took his Way by reason of their Trading one with another and yet are unknown at this day to the Europeans These Nations as I have observed have Horses for all sorts of Use in great Numbers and the Salvages think to have made a good Bargain when they get an Ax for an Horse Father Anastasius was departed from the Bay of St. Lewis in the Gulf of Mexico with design to fix his abode amongst the Coenesians and Establish there his Mission Father Zenobe Mambre a Recollect who remained in that Bay was to go and join him for to spread it among the Neighbouring Nations and they expected more Labourers from Europe But the fatal Death of Mr. de la Salle having obliged him to go further he doubts not but the said Father Zenobe is gon to look after him And perhaps he is now in those Countries with Father Maximus a Recollect of L'Isle in Fland●rs having left Mr. Chefdeville a Missionary of Saint Sulpitius to look after the Mission in the Port of that Bay He made choice himself of that place because there were nine or ten European Families with their Children there Moreover there are some of Mr. de la Salle's Men who have Married wild Women for the increase of their little Colony This is an Abstract of what Father Anastasius hath writ of his laborious Journey and no body knows what is become of those poor Men since Father Anastasius concealed the deplorable end of Mr. de la Salle it being his Duty as well as of Mr. Cavelier the Priest to give the first News of it to the Court and to secure by this secrecy the Effects belonging to the Deceased Mr. de la Salle in the above mention'd

Cold that in the very midst of Winter they will run naked upon the Snow and tumble in it like so many Piggs in Summer amongst the Dirt which so hardens their Skin that the greatest M●sketto Flies are not able to give 'em any disturbance Tho' the continual Exposing themselves naked to the Air even from their Births contributes extremely towards their bearing all Fatigues yet it is not the only Cause of their Skins being so insensible that being occasion'd likewise by a strong and equal Temperament of Body for our Faces and Hands are likewise always expos'd to the Air and yet they are nothing less sensible of Cold. When the Men are Hunting chiefly in the Spring time they are almost continually in the Water and altho' it be then extreamly cold yet they nevertheless come out of it with a great deal of Indifference and so return to their Huts When they are in the Field at War they will sometimes watch three or Four days together behind a Tree without Eating to have a favourable Opportunity to offend their Enemy They are indefatigable at Hunting and will run a prodigious way and at the same time exceeding swift The People of Louisiana and about the River Meschasipi exceed the Iroquois in swiftness They have no wild Cows or Bulls but what they can overtake in a Chase. The Southern Salvages likewise altho' they live in a Hot and more delicious Country are notwithstanding no less Robust or capable of Fatigue than those of the North who sleep upon the Snow with a slight Covering about 'em and without either Fire or Huts The Constitutions of the Women are no less robust than those of the Men Nay in some respects they are better and more exact for Women here serve for Porters and have that vast strength that sew Men in Europe are able to equal They carry such Burdens that three or four of our Porters would not be able to lif● I have observed in my former Part that they commonly bear two or three Hundred weight at a time not reckoning two or three Children besides which they carry about ' em Thus Loaded they will travel Four or Five Leagues together 'T is true they walk but slow yet however they never fail to perform what they Undertake The Warlike Salvages undertake Journeys of three or four Hundred Leagues as if they were no farther than from Amsterdam to Breda They never take any Provisions for their Journey Hunting supplies that which they commonly busie themselves in every Day They take only along with 'em a Knife with which they make also Bows and Arrows These Provisions would be sufficient to serve 'em for a Thousand Miles Travel if they had occasion to go so far The Salvage Women are brought to Bed without great Pain Some of them go out of their Huts into a Neighbouring Wood all alone and there bring forth their Child which they immediately wrap up in a Skin and tie at their Backs and so return home Others if their time comes at Night deliver themselves of their Children upon the Mats without the least noise Afterwards they will presently fall to their daily labour as heartily as if nothing had ail'd ' em But what is more observable is that even while they go with Child they shall not cease to carry heavy Burthens to sow Indian Wheat and Pumpkins to come and go and the like yet what is most wonderful is That for all this their Children are strong and well shap'd seldom any crooked or ill-favour'd are to be met with among them They never have any natural Defects in their Bodies which gives me Reason to believe that their Minds might be easily disposed and brought to any thing if they were well Cultivated CHAP. XX. What Salvages are Cloathed and what not THE Salvages of the Northern America as their Ancestors Report have always gone Cloath'd even before they had any Commerce with the Europeans The Men and Women generally wore drest Skins which they also continue to this Day but those who Trade with the Europeans have over and above a Course Shirt a Cloak and Cowl in one piece of Cloath which is ty'd about their middles with a Sash and which covers them down to their Knees they have also Stockins without Feet which are commonly called Spatter-lashes and wear Shoes which are made out of Drest Skins When they return from Hunting in the Spring time they are wont to Truck their Skins with the Europeans for Coats Shoes and Stockins nay some of them wear Hats in complaisance to the Christians you shall also see 'em sometimes in their Huts wrapt up in Coverlets holding the two ends in their Hands oftentunes you shall meet with 'em almost naked having only a small flip of Cloth which reaches down only to their Knees When these Barbarians go either to the Wars or Feasts they besmear all their Faces over either with Red or Black to the end they might not discover it if they should grow pale with Fear They also colour their Hair with Red and cut it in different shapes but this is practis'd more especially among the Salvages of the North. Those of the South cut their Hair quite off or rather Burn it with Stones heated red hot in the Fire oftentimes the People of the North let their Hair hang on one side wreath'd into a kind of Bracelet and cut it quite off on t'other but this is still according to every ones Fancy There are some of these Salvages that rub their Hair all over with Oil and afterwards stick Down or small Feathers on their Heads also some of them will have great ones of several Colours But there are others that rather chuse to wear Crowns of Flowers which Crowns another sort make of Birchen-Rind or drest Skins all which nevertheless are most commonly very prettily contriv'd Thus set forth they appear take 'em all together just like several of Caesar's Soldiers who were likewise Painted with different Colours They are great Admirers of themselves in this fantastical Dress The Women of the North are cloath'd much after the same Fashion with the Men except only that they have a piece of Silk made something like a Petticoat which reaches down to their Knees When they go to Feasts they set themselves off in all their best Attire dawbing their Temples Cheeks and Tips of their Chins with three several sorts of Colours The Boys go stark naked 'till they are fit for Marriage and even then when they are cloath'd you always see what Nature forbids them to shew and that for want of Shirts The little Girls don't begin to cover their Nakedness 'till about Five or Six Years of Age and then they have only a Slip of Silk that hangs from their Reins to their Knees When we go into their Huts to instruct them we always oblige them first to cover themselves This has had a kind of good Effect upon them for now they begin to have some small Sense of their

Relief but what is most strange is That these Slaves Sing in the middle of their Torments which doth not a little irritate their Barbarous Executioners An Iroquoise was telling us he had a Slave who while he was cruelly Tormented said You have no Wit you know not the way to Torment your Prisoners you are lazy Fellows and if I could catch you in my Hut I would make you suffer in another manner but that while he was speaking with so much vehemence a Salvage Woman having got a little Iron Spit made Red-hot thrust it into his Privy Parts which made him rore terribly but he said to the Woman Thou hast some Wit thou dost understand the Business And thus when a Slave dies which they have Burnt as before they Eat him and before his Death they cause some of his Blood to be boild for their Children to the end they may make them as Cruel and Inhumane as themselves Those whose Lives they spare live amongst them and serve them as Servants and Slaves but in process of time they recover their Liberty and are held in the same Esteem as if they were of their own Nation The Salvages of Louisiane who dwell along the Banks of the River Meschasipi and are situated seven or eight Hundred Leagues further than the Iroquoise as also the Issati and Nadouessans among whom I was a Slave are no less brave than the Iroquoise they make all their Neighbouring Nations tremble round about them tho' they have no other Weapons but Bows Arrows and great Clubs they are swifter of-Foot than the Iroquoise and very good Soldiers but they are not so Cruel they do not Eat their Enemies Flesh but content themselves only to Burn them They having one Day seiz'd upon an Huron who eat Human Flesh as the Iroquoise do they cut pieces of Flesh out of his Body and said do thou who lovest Human Flesh eat of thine own that thou m●yest let thy Nation know who lives at present amongst the Iroquoise that we abhor your Maxims for these People are like famish'd Dogs who eat all that comes nigh them The Iroquoise are the only-Salvages of North-America who feed upon Human Flesh tho' they do not use it save in cases extraordinary to wit when they are resolved utterly to root out a whole Nation for when they eat of Man's Flesh it 's not to satiate themselves therewith but to let their People know that they must pursue their Enemies without ever having any Thoughts of Accomodation with them and that they must rather eat them than suffer them to have any Rest that when they eat the Flesh of their Enemies 't is with an Intention to animate their Soldiers and heighten their Courage and indeed the next Day after the full Complement of the FiveCantons usualy march in order to fight their Enemies for their Rendezvous is always appointed the Day after these Feasts of Human Flesh. If the Europeans would give over supplying the Iroquoise with Fire Arms who are not now so well skill'd in the use of the Bow as in former times whereas the other Nations have been always accustom'd to them they could not fail of destroying the Iroquoise who are their common Enemies and who live Four or Five Hundred Leagues from them The first Canton of the Iroquoise is to the Southward and they are called Gagnieguez or Agniez●● they live in the Neighbourhood of New York and have three Villages where I have been the most force they can make is Five Hundred Men at Arms. The Second Division is Eastward and they are known by the Name of Onneiouts and send out about an Hundred and Fifty Solders The third is also towards the East containing the little Villages of Onnontaguez or Mountaineers which is the only Eminence that is to be found among the five Cantons of the Iroquoise and they border upon the Onneiouts These Onnentagues have at least three Hundred fighting Men and they are the bravest and most valiant of all the Nation The Fourth is abour Thirty Leagues to the East belonging to the Orongouen● who are divided into three parts and can furnish out three Hundred Fighting Men equal with the other The fifth and last contains the Isonnontonans towards the furthest end of the Lake of Frontenac or Ontario who are the greatest and most considerable of all the Iroquoise Cantons and contain in three Sub-Cantons above three Hundred Men at Arms. I have taken notice in my former part of three or four Villages of the Iroquoise to the Northward of the Lake Ontario or Frontenac but for these five Cantons of the Iroquoise I make no further Description of them here I have spoken only of their Barbarity and Cruelty and that they have subdued a very large Country within about Four Hundred Years when they first began to extend their Limits and to aggrandize their Nation by the Ruin of other People the Remains of whom they made Slaves in order to increase the number of their own Troops CHAP. XXIV The Civil Government of the Iroquoise Salvages THE Councils which the Salvages generally hold concerning the management of all their Affairs ought to be look'd upon as the chief Cause of their Preservation and of the Terrour they strike into all the Nations of North America They Assemble together for the least Affair they have in agitation and argue upon the Methods they should make use of in order to attain their Ends They undertake no manner of thing rashly and their Elders who are Wise and Prudent have ●lways their Eyes intent upon the good of the Nation If a Complaint be made that any one amongst them has been guilty of Theft they very diligently look after it to find him out but if the Author of the Robbery cannot be easily discover'd or if he be not of ability to make Restitution in case they be fully convinced of the Fact they immediately redress the Wrong by some Present to the Party injur'd for his Satisfaction When they would put any one to Death for some Enormous Crime of which they are satisfi'd he is guilty they highly extol that Man whom they have made Drunk with Brandy a Liquor which these People love mightily to the ●nd that the Relations of the Criminal may not seek any Revenge and when that Man hath cut off the Head of him whom they have adjudged to be culpable the Reason they give is That he had not Sense and that Drunkenness had made him give the Blow They had formerly another way of Executing Ju●tice but they have quite disus'd it They had one Day in the Year which might be called the Feast of Fools for indeed they did nothing but play the Fool running from Cottage to Cottage and if during this Jollity they had abused any Person or stoln any thing these subtil Old Fellows would say next Day by way of Excuse throughout the whole Canton and especially in their own Village that he who had given the Blow was a Fool and

Drum which agrees pretty well with the Voices The Person who dances with the Calumet gives a Signal to one of their Warriours who takes a Bow and Arrows with an Ax from the Trophy already mention'd and fights the other who defends himself with the Calumet alone both of them dancing all the while The Fight being over he who holds the Calumet makes a Speech wherein he gives án Account of the Battels he has fought and the Prisoners he has taken and then receives a Gown or any other Present from the Chief of the Ball. He giv●s then the Calumet to another who having acted his Part gives it to another and so of all others till the Calumet returns to the Captain who presents it to the Nation invited unto that Feast as a Mark of their Friendship and a Confirmation of their Alliance I can't pretend to be so much Master of their Language as to judge of their Songs but methinks they are very witty We parted from the Illinois towards the middle of Iune about 3 a-clock and fell down the River looking for another call'd Pakitanoni which runs from the North-West into the Mississipi of which I shall speak anon As we follow'd the Banks I observ'd on a Rock a Simple which I take to be very extraordinary It s Root is like small Turnips link'd together by some Fibres of the same Root which tastes like Carrots From that Root springs a Leaf as large as one's Hand and about an Inch thick with some Spots in the middle from whence spring also some other Leaves each of them bearing five or six yellow Flowers like little Bells We found abundance of Mulberries as good and as big as ours and another Fruit which we took at first for Olives but it tastes like Orange We found another Fruit as big as an Egg and having cut it in two Pieces we found the inside was divided into sixteen eighteen and twenty small Cells or Holes and in each of them a Fruit like our Almonds which is very sweet tho' the Tree stinks Its Leaves are like our Walnut-Tree's We saw also in the Meadows a Fruit like our Filbirds The Tree which bears it has its Leaves much broader than ours and at the End of the Branches there is a kind of a Purse like a Turnbole in which the Filbirds are lock'd up Along the Rocks I have mention'd we found one very high and steep and saw two Monsters painted upon it which are so hideous that we were frighted at the first Sight and the boldest Savages dare not fix their Eyes upon them They are drawn as big as a Calf with two Horns like a Wild-Goat Their Looks are terrible tho' their Face has something of Humane Figure in it Their Eyes are Red their Beard is like that of a Tyger and their Body is cover'd with Scales Their Tail is so long that it goes o'er their Heads and then turns between their Fore-Legs under the Belly ending like a Fish-Tail There are but three Colours viz. Red Green and Black but those Monsters are so well drawn that I cannot believe that the Savages did it and the Rock whereon they are painted is so steep that it is a Wonder to me how it was possible to draw those Figures But to know to what purpose they were made is as great a Mystery Whatever it be our best Painters wou'd hardly do better As we fell down the River following the gentle Stream of the Waters and discoursing upon those Monsters we heard a great Noise of Waters and saw several Pieces of Timber and small floating Islands which were hudled down the River Pekitanoni The Waters of this River are so muddy because of the violence of its Stream that it is impossible to drink of it and they spoil the Clearness of the Mississipi and make its Navigation very dangerous in this Place This River runs from the North-West and I hope to discover in following its Channel towards its Source som● other River that discharges it self into the Mar Marvejo or the Caliphornian-Gulph The Savages told me That about six Days Journey from its Mouth there is a Meadow of thirty Leagues broad at the end whereof directly to the North-West is a small River which is near navigable for Canow's and runs to the South-West into a Lake from which springs a deep River which runs directly Westward into the Sea which certainly must be the Mar Vermejo and I hope I shall have one time or other the opportunity to undertake that Discovery to instruct those poor Nations who have been so long ignorant of their Creator But leaving this Digression I return to the Mississipi About 20 Leagues lower than the Pekitanoni we met another River call'd Ouabouskigo● which runs into the Mississipi in the Latitude of 36 degrees but before we arriv'd there we pass'd through a most formidable Place to the Savages who believe that a Manitoa or Devil resides in that Place to deliver such who are so bold as to come near it They had told us dreadful Stories to deter us from our Undertaking but this terrible Manitoa proves nothing but some Rocks in a turning of the River about thirty foot high against whom the Stream runs with a great violence and being beaten back by the Rocks and Island near it the Waters make a great noise and flow with a great rapidity through a narrow Canal which is certainly very dangerous to unskilful Canow-men This River Ouabouskigou comes from the Eastward the Chuoanous inhabit its Banks and are so numerous that I have been inform'd there are thirty eight Villages of that Nation situated on this River This People is much infected by the Iroquois who make a cruel War upon them without any Provocation but only bec●use they are a poor harmless Nation unacquainted with any Arms. They take them without any resistance and carry them into Slavery A little above the Mouth of the River we saw some Downs wherein our Men discover'd a good ●ron-Mine They saw several Veins of it and a Lay of about a foot thick There is also a great quantity of it adhering to the Flints some of which they broug●t into our Canow There is also a kind of fat Earth of three different Colours viz. Purple Violet and Red which turns the Water into a deep Blood-colour We found also a red Sand very heavy I put some upon my Oar which immediately became red and the Waters could not wash it away for a Fortnight together We had seen no Reeds or Canes but they begin to be so thick ●n this Place that Wild Oxen can hardly go through them They grow very high and big and their Knots are crown'd with several Leaves long and sharp the greenness whereof is incomparable We had not been troubled hitherto with Gnats but they began to be very troublesom to us a little lower in the Ouabouskigou The Savages who inhabit this Country are oblig'd to build their Huts in a different manner from the

there but came accidentally being upon some Expedition They were all Archers very proper goodly Men their Hutts were cover'd with Skins of the wild crook-back Kine which the French call Pesikieus the Spaniards Corcobades or Crook-back'd They convers'd and traffick'd very friendly with the French divers Weeks until an unhappy Accident made a great Breach M. du Salles against the Opinion of the Pilots would adventure the Fly-boat through one of the Breaches into the Lagune apprehending he had found a Chanel of sufficient depth through which he might pass to the Continent But whither the Chanel was too shallow or that they mistook it the Fly-boat was lost and the Frigate drawing little Water escap'd The Indians upon the Island sav'd some small matter of the Wreck which the French would take by force from them They offer'd in exchange Skins and such other Commodities as they had The French when they could get no more took two of their Piroques or large Canow's which being absolutely necessary for them and without which they could not possibly return to the main Land from whence they came occasion'd a Skirmish in which the French lost fifteen Men and the Indians many more M. du Salles being almost distracted not knowing how to find the Mouth of the River took the Frigate divers Boats and Pinnaces together with a hundr●d and fifty Men and Provisions for a Month and cross'd the Lagune with an intention to search the Coast till he found the Mouth of the Great River M. Beaujeu waited ten Weeks and heard no Tidings from him it being in the Heat of Summer They wanting Water and Provisions besides abundance of his Men falling sick of Fevers and Bloody-fluxes he departed for France without any News of M. du Salle who after he departed from the Ships rambled some Days in the Lagune and coasted the Main chiefly towards the West which was directly contrary to the Course he should have taken the great River being distant above one hundred Leagues to the East But many believe M. du Salle was guilty of a wilful Mistake for he perswaded his Men That since they could not find the River and were come to the Rivèr of St. Magdalen being the North-Westerly end of the Gulf which was not above two hundred Leagues from the rich Mines of Endehe Santa Barbara la Parale and others in the Province of Saceatecas where the Spaniards are few and not Warlike they could not fail of a rich and easie Booty This Proposition occasion'd a great Division amongst his Men and deadly Feuds One part were ready to comply with his Project others for returning to their Ships a third Party for searching the Continent towards the East till they found the Great River and then return and Pilot the Ship thither and pursue their Instructions of Planting and Trading From Words they came to Blows many were kill'd in the Scuffle and amongst others M. du Salle very treacherously by one of his pretended Friends Upon his Death they divided and took several Courses They that return'd to seek the Ship found it departed and were never heard of since others scatter'd some Easterly some Westerly and Northerly When I receiv'd this Account which was above three Years after this disastrous Expedition not above Six were return'd to Canada and amongst them M. de Salle's Brother So that the Providence of Almighty GOD seems to have reserv'd this Country for the English a Patent whereof was granted above Fifty Years ago to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina who have made great Discoveries therein seven hundred Miles Westerly from the Mountains which separate between it Carolina and Virginia and Six hundred Miles from North to South from the Gulf of Mexico to the great inland Lakes which are situated behind the Mountains of Carolina and Virginia Besides they have an Account of all the Coast from the Cape of Florida to the River Panuco the Northerly Bounds of the Spaniards on the Gulf of Mexico together with most of the chief Harbours Rivers and Islands thereunto appertaining and are abou● to establish a very considerable Colony on s●●e part of the great River so soon as they have agreed upon the Boundaries or Limits with the Lords Proprietors of Carolina who claim by a Patent procur'd long after that of Carolina But there being space enough for both and the Proprietors generally inclin'd to an amicable Conclusion the Success of this Undertaking is impatiently expected For considering the Benignity of the Climate the Healthfulness of the Country Fruitfulness of the Soil Ingenuity and Tractableness of the Inhabitants Variety of Productions if prudently manag'd it cannot humanely speaking fail of proving one of the most considerable Colonies on the North-Continent of America profitable to the Publick and the Undertakers POSTSCRIPT I Am inform'd a large Map or Draught of this Country is preparing together with a very particular Account of the Natives their Customs Religion Commodities and Materials for divers sorts of Manufacturers which are by the English procur'd at great Expence from other Countries FINIS * Lille New Converts * Henepin calls it Meschasipi