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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68246	His Maiesties gracious letter to the Earle of South-Hampton, treasurer, and to the Councell and Company of Virginia heere commanding the present setting vp of silke works, and planting of vines in Virginia. And the letter of the treasurer, Councell, and Company, to the gouernour and Councell of State there, for the strict execution of his Maiesties royall commands herein. Also a treatise of the art of making silke ... Together with instructions how to plant and dresse vines, and to make wine, and how to dry raisins, figs, and other fruits ... Set foorth for the benefit of the two renowned and most hopefull sisters, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. By Iohn Bonoeil Frenchman, seruant in these imployments to his most excellent Maiesty of Great Brittaine, France, Ireland, Virginia, and the Summer-Ilands. Published by authority.	Bonoeil, John.; Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of, 1573-1624.; England and Wales. Sovereign (1603-1625 : James I).; Virginia Company of London.; Counseil for Virginia (England and Wales)	1622 (1622)	STC 14378; ESTC S109109	46,285	96

inside to take out and giue meate to the Wormes Item it will bee conuenient to make either in the midst of the house or against the walles as they shall iudge the fittest a certaine frame of wood with boords or little Tables one stage or story still aboue another euery one of which stages of tables or shelues must be distant from another one foote and a halfe or thereabouts and in euery frame there may bee fiue or sixe stories or roomes of shelues according to the height of the roofe of the house all of one distance one from the other And as touching the breadth of the said tables or shelues of these frames they must be foure foote broad those shall be set in the middle of the house But such as shall bee set against the wall must haue but three foote breadth because they cannot serue reach leaues to the Wormes that shall be laid vpon them but on the one side It is to be noted that the bords or shelues that are to be put in such frames are to be of Firre or of other wood that hath no strong and ill smell or else let them bee made of Reeds or best of all of Indian Mats to serue in stead of shelues of wood for these are the fittest of all other because they keepe the Wormes more dry and fresh in hot weather by reason of the wind that blowes thorow them These Mats may haue crosse Ioices of boord to support them or else Cord put thorow the bored holes of the sides of the frame as bedcords in a bedsted but if the Tables or Stages be made of boords then they are to be very thinne to the end they may not receiue too much moystnesse from the Wormes The frame must be made very firme and strong lest if it fall it kill all your Wormes and you lose your labour which hath happened to some Touching the length of the said Frames they may bee according to the length of the boords you haue but if the boords happen to bee very long then they must be vnderpropt with some piece of wood in the middle Men mayset vp such Frames in little houses as well as in great houses but lesse according to the bignesse of the house Also they may take away such Frames once a yeere namely after that the Wormes haue spun their silke and so for that time the house may serue for some other vse prouided alwaies they dresse nor take no Tobacco there for it is exceeding contrary and mortall to the Wormes euen the very breath of one that hath taken it breathing vpon them will certainely kill them Likewise care must be had once euery yeere when you set vp the said Frames and Tables to wash them well and to rub them with sweete smelling hearbes as with Rosemary Time Fennell or such like 6. The time when Silke-wormes are to be hatched out of their seeds or egges FIrst of all when the Spring time is come and you see that the Mulbery trees thrust forth great buds and their leaues begin to shew forth themsel●●s then must you take the Silk-wormes seede according to the quantity of leaues and the roome of the house that you haue to feede them in and put the said seed within a new box or in a cleane linnen cloth and keepe the seede reasonable warme either within your pocket or otherwise After foure or fiue daies you shall visit it very often and as soone as you see some Wormes hatched then must you put the seed in a bigger box if the former be too little but let it be very cleane and care must be had that the said seede be no thicker in the box then halfe an inch thick After that you must take a piece of cleane paper of the roundnesse or compasse of the box and fill it with holes as big as the tag of a point can make and lay that round paper ouer the seed in the box then set Mulbery leaues the yongest and tendrest leaues you can get ouer the said paper that the Wormes may passe thorow the holes and feede on the leaues Also care must be had that when you shall see the leaues couered with little and blackish Wormes you must draw them out of the boxe with the whole leaues with the poynt of a pin or such like thing and lay them in sheetes of great and strong paper turning vp all the edges of the said paper about an inch or more for the better containing of the Wormes and easier remoouing them or in a bigger boxe the leaues with the Wormes vpon it close by one another and assoone as you haue taken away both leaues and Wormes put in new fresh leaues the youngest and tenderest vpon the said seed and so doe still till all the Wormes be hatched for sometimes it will be seuen or eyght dayes till they all can be hatched Then put together all such as were hatched in two or three dayes without mingling them with those that are bigger or lesser and giue them fresh leaues once a day Also care must be had that while the Wormes come forth of the seed to keepe it in reasonable warmth either neere the fire or betweene two pillowes which are for that end to be warmed often yet in a meane lest you spoile all with too much heate By this figure is shewed the order to ranke the tables on the scaffolds for to lay the leaues on to feede the wormes there By this figure is shewed the manner to place the rods betweene the tables for the Wormes to clime vp 〈…〉 d spinne their silke By this figure is shewed the fashion of the Engine how to wind oft the silke from the cods with the furnaces and cawtherns for that purpose By this figure is shewed the portraits of the cods and the Butterflies comne forth of them to engender and lay their egs vpon blacke Serge Chamblet Tammey or such like stuffes as hath been said 7. How to enlarge the Silkewormes and cleanse them from ordure as they grow WHen you perceiue the Wormes begin to wax in bignesse and therefore presse one another too much about a quarter of an houre or thereabouts after that you haue giuen them fresh leaues you shall take out the said leaues againe together with all the Wormes from the said paper or box and shall set them in a larger place and if there remaine any Wormes vpon the old leaues then must you set fresh leaues in a smal quantity to the end the Wormes may gather themselues vpon them to be taken out as we haue said which when they haue done you may cast out the old leaues and their ordure and this must be done twice a weeke or thereabouts It is to bee noted that in hot countries the Wormes doe eate but seuen or eight weekes at most in a whole yeere and the foure first weekes after they bee hatched they require but very small attendance Also it is to be noted that the Wormes before

there were store of hands as in a very short time it would serue all Christendome What an honour and wealth it would be to this Kingdome of England all men may iudge 2. The manner how to prepare the places wherein Silkewormes are to be nourished CErtaine yea and many Authors haue written that such places are neither to be too neere the earth nor too neere the tiles neither too low nor too high to whom I confesse this is good for such men as haue choyce of places but there are many poore folkes that are not able to get housing with all commodities and fitnes and I haue seene by experience in the Countrey of Languedock Prouence and in Seuenes and in the Countrey of Auignon and in some part of Italy certaine poore folkes which dwell out of Townes which haue but one house vpon an earthen floore and in it but one roome where at one end they haue their bed and at the other they dresse their meate which notwithstanding nourish Silkewormes in it in the season of the yeere at which time they prepare and set forth a corner of the said cottage to the same effect according to the quantity of the leaues which they haue And oftentimes they pay for the leaues of a great Mulbery tree sixe or eyght shillings the yeere yea and many times the Wormes thriue better in them then in great Chambers with other men I meane for the little quantity of Wormes which such poore people haue Moreouer I haue obserued that the Silke-wormes doe loue and affect the ayre that comes from the dry sweet earth prouided that care be had when the weather is cold or moist to make some fire in such roomes either of wood or of coales that are not of any strong smell 3. Of the building of houses to nourish Silkewormes in THose that will build with small charges houses in Virginia wherein to feed Wormes after the manner as is practised in Messina in Sicilie in which countrey there is some store of Mulbery trees within the Woods it is a thing which may easily bee done also in Virginia because there are likewise great numbers of Mulbery trees there within the Woods and the Countrey hot and all things for this purpose most fitting This to doe then they must chuse a place in a good ayre and neere the Mulbery trees and there build a long house in forme of a Bowling Alley couered ouer but a little higher and somewhat larger They must couer it well either with tiles plankes or other things against the heate and raine for the preseruation of the Wormes And the sides of the walles must be well closed either with plaster plankes or other matter In these walles make many windowes on both the sides of the house let the windowes be of wood to open and shut and to giue ayre to the Wormes whensoeuer they need it and for as much as the South winde is hurtfull to the Wormes those windowes must be shut carefully on that side when the winde blowes there these windowes may be couered with paper which windowes may be set on and taken off the hinges when neede is Furthermore some must watch that neither Rats Mice Birds nor Poultry come there for they will eate vp the Wormes Likewise the Pissemires sometimes hurt them much and therefore care must bee had to marke the places on which side they come and there sowe saw-dust of Oake wood Ashes or Lyme or else rub the walles whereby they passe with chalke or with the oyle of Iuniper or any other kinde of oyle on the outside of the house onely for on the inside of the house oyle would be hurtfull to the Wormes beware also that the paper of the windowes bee not oyled 4. Touching the erecting and building vp of Hot-houses or Ouens SVch men as are prouided of fit houses as aforesaid for the said Wormes may build in them Hot-houses as they make in such countries wherein they nourish great numbers of Silkewormes They must build of these Hot-houses at both the ends of the house if it bee great and spacious but if the house be little one will bee enough And it must bee built in this forme following First a hole must be made in the house wall wherein you will build your Hot-house or Ouen and therein build vp as it were an Ouen after the manner of the Countrey Ouens The Ouens mouth must be at the outside of the house with a little Chimney to it and the backe of the Ouen within the inside of the house Then must you haue earthen pots like Flower pots without holes in the bottomes and scarce so big as they which must be made purposely so as they may be able to abide the fire These pots must be placed with a distant proportion of space betweene pot and pot and so build them in within the vault of the said Ouen with bricke and clay the mouth of the said pots must stand out at the backe of the Ouen and looke into the inside of the house but the bottomes of the pots must stand and looke towards the fire within the inside of the Ouen and in this manner must the pots be incorporate within the Ouen After this done you may make fire in the Ouen when neede shall bee for the pots being hot will thereby cast a heate out and warme all the house and the smoke gets out at the chimney of the Ouens mouth at the outside of the house Item it will be good to put into these pots certaine branches of Rosemary or Tyme Roses or other sweet smels for that is a meane to keepe the house in a temperate and reasonable heate as need and occasion requireth Besides those sweet smels are very agreeable and pleasing to the Wormes These Ouens or Stoues will bee very vsefull in Virginia principally in those Silkeworme-houses which shall be built amongst the Woods where store of Mulbery trees grow for these places being more cold shady and moist then others where the sunne comes freely by this meanes they may heate dry temper and well qualifie the ayre there as they please and make the place thereby euery way well agreeing to the Silkewormes In these wooddy places also you shall do well to cut downe all other trees that grow neere to the Mulbery trees and ouer-shade them and also to prune off the boughs of the Mulbery trees that grow too thicke that so the Sun may come fairely to the trees and leaues for the bettering of the food for the Silkewormes 5. Of the greatnesse of the Houses MEn may build them as great or as little as they please albeit the larger still the more commodious howsoeuer it will be well to make a partition in one end of the house and to boord that corner so parted with boords to coole the leaues in it as soone as they are gathered and to make a dore on the outside to goe in thereat to lay in the leaues and the other dore on the

they come to their perfection haue foure sicknesses naturall to them as wee will shew 8. Touching their first sicknesse EIght or ten daies after that you shall see the Wormes heads growne bigge and white it is a signe that they enter into their first sicknesse and mewing or changing their first skin Then shall you see them hide themselues vnder the leaues without eating of them Then must you giue them but a few leaues namely to feed these among them that be not sicke and those onely for you are to know that their sicknesse comes not to them all and euerie one at once and the same time Two or three daies after that you shall see them come from vnder the leaues of a grayish colour and creeping vpon the leaues that are freshly set on Then must you shift them to another place and cleanse them as we haue said Also you are to note that vntill such time as the Wormes haue passed their third sicknesse you are to lay vnder them vpon the tables or shelues leaues of broad coorse cleane paper and twice a day giue them new and fresh greene leaues to feed on laying the smooth sides of the leaues vpward and that side of the leafe which is full of veines and strings downe-ward for the Worme comes vp to the vpper part of the leafe alwaies to feed and it feeds best and with most ease vpon the smoothest side of the leafe being the tenderest You must also teare the leafe in the middle or in more pieces that the Worme may the more readily and easily creepe thorow it to get vpon the top of it which will be more needfull in Virginia because of the broadnesse of the leaues there 9. Their second Sicknesse EIght daies after or thereabouts the said Wormes being waxen whiter and bigger by the one halfe they begin to enter into their second sicknesse naturall to them Then may you see them againe hidden vnder the leaues Then are you to gouerne them as we haue said before and as they grow bigger to shift them from time to time into new cleane fresh and more spacious places 10. The third naturall sicknesse of Silke-wormes EIght or ten daies more after that you shall see them waxe bigger yet by the one halfe remayning vnder the leaues as aforesaid then enter they into their sicknesse and alteration of their skin Then must you giue them but a few leaues as we said before and keepe the roome where they are reasonably warme during their said sicknesse for it is the most dangerous of all the rest for there somtimes some of the Wormes grow very yellow and yeeld a watrish matter out from them which is a certaine signe of their death and they are so contagious then vnto others that if then they be not picked from the rest and throwne away they will likewise infect them Then must you change their place as afore into a larger and more spacious according as they increase in number and bignesse of body Then may you take them very gingerly softly with all the leaues with your fingers ends very cleane But haue speciall care that you haue touched no Tobacco and if you haue taken any beware you breathe not neere vpon them for this and other strong sents are a pest vnto the Wormes After their third sicknesse giue them fresh leaues three times a day And you must first let the said leaues be cooled an houre or more for that is better before you giue them to the Silke-wormes When the leaues are too fresh they surfet and feed so greedily as to burst themselues Beware you gather the leaues not wet that is to say after the raine or after the dew but you must gather them drie take heed you giue them not wet to the Wormes for that will spoile them therefore you shall doe well if you feare a Raynie season to gather in faire w●ather as many leaues as may serue you a day or two for being kept in a coole place not moist as in a drie Soller or such like and the leaues something spred abroad and often turned that they heate not after this sicknesse you may set your Wormes vpon the shelues without paper if you will 11. Their fourth naturall sicknesse EIght or ten daies more after that more or lesse the Wormes enter into their fourth sicknesse Now are they waxen far bigger of body then euer before Then must you gouerne and attend them as we haue before described And then you must prouide more places according to the quantity of the Wormes you haue And from time to time shift them into fresh and neate places more ample and large yet so as they may be reasonably neere one to another And then giue them as many leaues as they will eate tearing them in the middle 12. What prouision of branches must be made to cause Silkewormes to spin their silke SEuen or eight daies before the Wormes be readie to spin you must make prouision of branches of trees of the smallest firmest that can be gotten as Birchin boughes Heath or Hather Broome cuttings of Vines or any flexible and bending tough branches they must not be vsed greene but drie for feare the moistnesse of the greene branches hurt the Wormes And mingle with these boughes certaine sweet hearbes as Rosemary Time or Lauender because the Silkewormes loue greatly aromaticall smels but not sents that are strong and vnpleasant 13. The time when to cause Wormes to spinne and how you are to set and dresse vp boughes TEn or twelue dayes after the Wormes shall haue attayned to their full bignesse of body according to their course of nature then shall you see some of them runne vpon the greene fresh Mulbery leaues without eating any of them If then you perceiue them to be very bright and cleere in their belly and necke that is a signe and token they are ready to spinne Then are you to prepare and set vp your boughs and branches and set them in rancks vpon the stories of shelues or tables vpright standing the bigger end resting vpon the lowest shelfe and the small end of the said boughes resting against the next vpper shelfe or boord to that and spread them about arching at large what you can to the end the Wormes may haue more roome and scope to make their balls or bottoms of Silke leauing a foot and a quarter distance betweene the said boughes one from another at the bigger and lower end of them And between the two sides or arches of these said boughes vpon the shelfe you are to set your Wormes and giue them fresh greene and tender leaues as much as they will eate And as you shall perceiue them to be ready to make their Silke they will be clyming vp vpon the said boughes And if you see any of them not to get vp but wander heere and there from the said branches not finding them you must take him or them with your fingers cleanely and nicely and set it at

the Wormes haue spun then aforehand you may kill the Wormes thus with the heate of the Sunne To this end then you must spread the silke bottomes in the Sun at noone-day when it is in the greatest heate vpon plankes or such like for the space of one houre turning them often After that gather them all into a heape in a linnen cloth and therewith couer them to smother the Wormes within their bottomes and continue in so doing two or three dayes And in case the Sun should bee wanting in light and heate to kill the Wormes then after you haue drawn your bread from out the Ouen or else hauing heated it to the same measure and proportion of heate all the embers of the fire first taken out you may put the bottomes into the Ouen vpon woodden boords or some such like thing and stirre them often as wee haue already said But remember that you leaue not the bottoms aboue an houre in the Ouen lest the silke burne or being too much dryed vp become vnfit to be spunne afterwards Beware also the Ouen be not too hot And if the Wormes be not dead at the first time put them in againe till they bee dead After that you must keepe the silke bottomes in a place where they may not be pressed together too hard and where Vermine cannot come And so you may keepe them till you haue time conuenient to spinne the silke Yet if you can spinne the silke before you kill the Wormes the silke will prooue much better and more easie to be spunne There is another way and better to kill the Wormes within their bottomes for such as can doe it and this they practise at Messina They haue furnaces and great Cauldrons or Coppers such as Diers vse those they fill halfe full with water then they make a fire in the furnace to heate the water Then they lay a round lid or couer of planke or boord within the Cauldron or Copper but so borne vp by the Copper that it touch not the water though it lye neere to it within three or foure fingers bredth of it which round lid or couer must be bored as full of holes as a Siue vpon this couer they lay a thin Carpet of Darnix or the like and vpon the Carpet the silke bottomes are laid which must be stirred often and the Cauldron or Copper must bee couered aboue the lid that the heate may smother the Wormes within the bottomes When the Wormes be dead take vp the bottomes and lay them in some roome where there is ayre to draw out and dry their moystnesse By this meanes the silke loseth not the colour and is as good and as easie to be spunne as if it had been spun assoone as the Wormes had made it 17. The manner how to prepare the silke bottomes that be pierced which were kept for seed how to make of them course silke and of the best and finest of that kind AS concerning such bottomes of silke as are pierced they cannot serue to make fine silke but coorse yet of that you shall make the best of that sort namely when they be rightly mannaged in this manner Take the said pierced bottomes and wash them in fresh water hauing by you a Cauldron with cleere water in it which being set on the fire and ready to boyle put sope in it and when that it boyleth and the sope is molten put the silke bottomes in it and let them boyle one quarter of an houre or thereabouts and stirre them After that take them out and wash them in clean water and dry them When they are dryed then must you beate them with a round staffe of a good bignesse vpon a stone or other thing and then they will become white and smooth as wooll After that women may spin them in this manner as followeth First of all they must pull them with their fingers one after another and open them very wide as they doe wooll when they spin it Then must they put the silke vpon the Distatfe and spin it as small and fine as they can or will Others doe card it with cards made for the purpose but then it cannot be spunne so euen As touching the refuse or drosse that must bee carded for to spin it He that will haue his said coorse silke yellow be must put the pierced bottomes in fresh water foure or fiue dayes and change the water euery day and presse the bottomes with his hands after that hee must dry them and so they may be spunne as though they had been sodden and this without losing their colour 18. How you are to gather the Mulbery leaues so as the trees may best thriue thereby and the leaues be the better IT is good for him that hath Mulbery trees that hee gather his leaues but once in two yeeres viz. if he haue 500. trees to gather the leaues of 250. one yeere keeping the other halfe for the next yeere neuerthelesse such as cannot spare the leaues may gather them in this manner that followeth Of all the principall boughes and branches of the trees you are to gather leafe after leafe leauing the stalkes behind and the ends or tips of the branches together with the younger leaues to the end that the said boughes or branches may grow so much the better And as for the little sprigs that grow within the trees if they bee in too great number and thicke or ranke you may plucke them off with their leaues As touching young Mulbery trees you are to gather the leaues onely of the principall branches as wee haue said Care must be had to keepe the leaues of the older trees till the Wormes haue passed their third and fourth sicknesse for then it is that they beget their silke and the leaues of such old Trees beget more silke then the yong ones And the Wormes eate more leaues in three or foure dayes after they are growne to their bignesse then euer they did in all their time before Now forasmuch as it sometimes falleth out in the Spring time that it raines two or three dayes together so as the leaues cannot dry by the weather In such a case while the Wormes are yet little you may cut off some branches of the Mulbery Trees and hang them vp in houses where the ayre may come to dry them and as soone as the leaues be dry you must plucke them for otherwise the branches would draw the sappe and iuyce of the leaues to them Otherwise if you gather the leaues wet you may dry them by spreading them vpon a cleane linnen cloth stirring them often and wiping them with another cleane linnen cloth till they be dry 19. Touching the Husbanding of Mulbery Trees IT is to be noted that Mulbery trees are to bee husbanded opened digged and dunged at the foote as the Oliue tree namely in such places where they grow with mayne labour of men But in such places where they grow naturally where the nature of the soyle

is such that it bringeth them foorth without so much handy labour there their fruit is better And those men that will haue some trees planted vpon their land they are to make good choice of them in Summer and marke them so as they may know them in Winter to remooue them in the due season fit to plant them in And to chuse the very best of them you are to cull out such as haue round leaues and not forked for both the fruit and the leaues of them are better then those of the other Trees These fiue and twenty yeeres I haue seene diuers Countreys where they began and afterwards found it very profitable to plant Mulbery trees about their grounds in stead of hedges where they grow so speedily that the second yeere they may begin to gather some leaues during the time that the Wormes are small forasmuch as the leaues of little trees grow sooner then they of big Trees To plant Mulbery trees in forme of a thicke hedge for to haue the first yong leaues for the Wormes new hatched you must make a ditch of a foote and a halfe deepe and as broad and therein plant your yong trees then fill the ditch with earth almost full then cut off the branches of the trees that you haue set for that will make them grow the better and place them two foot neere one another And whosoeuer will haue a double hedge of them let him make another ditch three or foure foote neere that and plant it as in the other Their Wood when they are plashed is as good to burne as any other and their Ashes better 20. How to prepare the seed of Mulbery trees to make a Nurcery WHosoeuer will make a Nurcery of the seed of Mulbery trees when the fruit is ripe let him obserue that Tree that beares the fairest and roundest leafe and of that tree let him gather so many Mulberies as will fit him for his seed which must be thus vsed First wash the Mulberyes in two or three waters pressing them with your hands and then take vp the seed that remaineth in the bottome of the water After that dry your seed in the house and keepe it till the moneth of March next comming Such men as will gaine one yeere sow it assoone as they haue gathered it without drying it And other men sow the Mulberies whole as they are in that manner that we will say 21. In what manner you are to sow the seed of Mulbery trees for a Nurcery FIrst you must dig husband and make beds of fat earth the mold being made small and wel dunged with good old dung thorowly rotten and you must make your beds foure foot or foure and a halfe broad And within the said beds you must make foure or fiue straight lines of rayes or furrowes all halfe a foot equally distant one from another and euery furrow must bee two inches deepe and foure broad And betweene euery bed you must leaue little Allies or spaces halfe a foot broad which will serue you to goe to weed or water them without treading vpon them Then are you to sowe the seed in the said furrowes and couer it an inch deepe or thereabout of the finest mould The first yeere you must take care to water it often if the weather bee dry and the earth must bee kept cleane from weeds A yeere after that you may pull vp and transplant your Mulbery trees into another ground more at large viz. two foot one from the other as ordinarily other trees are disposed of and there let them grow till they bee as bigge as a mans arme at his wrest or thereabouts And then you may transplant them into the place or ground where you will haue them continue for euer Leauing a distance the one from the other of fifteene or sixteene foote namely so as the boughes of one tree grow not within another Care must bee had that in hot Countreys these trees be set deeper into the earth then in a cold soyle for feare of burning the Rootes 1. Another Discourse how to plant the Vine how to dresse and husband it sundry wayes how to chuse the ground and the seate to that effect FIrst such as will plant Vines they are to chuse a soyle proper and conuenient for that vse If you plant it in a low ground and moyst there the Vine growes well and beares store of fruit but the Grapes neuer ripen well and therefore the wine is not good nor can it be kept long You must then make choice of a dry soyle whose aspect is toward the full South Sunne and couered or sheltered from the Noth wind if it bee possible And if you meete with rising ground as the sides of hills hanging downe they are most proper and though they bee full of little stones and grauell they are also the better for them and not the worse the wine of such places being better able to be kept long and fitter also to be carried farre First you must open the earth and dig it one foot and a halfe deepe or thereabouts And after you haue digged as much earth as you haue plants to set you must make ditches in the said ground looking towards the full South one foot and a halfe deepe and as broad and of the length that the place is of The ditches must bee three or foure foot distant one from another so after you haue selected your plants whether with roots or without as of slips or cuttings for the Vine growes aswell without root as with and that which is set without root is of the longer indurance and lasting though true it is that the first yere it will not grow so much as that which hath rootes These plants I say must bee planted three or foure foot one from another in as much distance as the ditches are one from another And the Vine plants must be planted in a straight line in forme of a Checker quadrangle-wise Heere obserue that if the plants bee without rootes you must cause them to soke in fresh water twelue or fifteene dayes ere you plant them putting the big end of the plant in the water a foot deepe But if they haue roots you must cut them off vnlesse they were pluckt vp one day or two at most before you plant them and put them in water two or three dayes He that shall plant the Vine must haue one to helpe him who shall lay the Vine in the ditch all along the said ditch of what distance he will one from the other And in planting he shall tread in the ditch letting some of the digged earth fall into the place where hee is to plant or set his Vine then shall hee take his plant and bow it one foot in the earth of the ditch or thereabouts according to the length of the plant putting the biggest end within the ditch towards the plumpe South of the Sunne-rising and with the hand raising vp the point end or top of

it setting his foot on the root and casting some mould on it halfe a foot deepe or more and treading on it that it may bee firme And hee must doe so all along the ditch vsing a line to plant them with an equall distance doing the like in and thorow all the ditches When your Vine shall bee thus planted then let fall more mould within the ditch all along yet you must not fill it vp the first yeere Also bee sure that you make that earth that is betweene two ditches slaunt on both sides And husbanding the said Vine from time to time the earth of it selfe will fall into the ditches and fill them The Vine is no sooner planted but it must bee cut not leauing vpon each branch aboue three knobs or knots which wee call eyes But the old Vine that is planted about houses to make long Vines that must not bee cut as yet for you must leaue it all the old wood or branches and one part of the last yeeres branches both must bee cut the first yeere in the beginning of the new Moone The second yeere it must bee cut at the full Moone and then leaue it but one branch the lowest and strongest leauing vpon the said branch but foure knobs or knots or thereabouts according as the Vine shall bee waxed Also you are to note that in cutting the Vine you must haue a good knife or rather a sharpe hooke as in France in such a forme as the Shoomakers knife wherewith you must cut the branches very euen and very neere the old wood to the end that the Vine growing may couer the cut When you see in the moneth of May or Iune that there grow vpon your Vine many sprigs arising from tho foote of the old Wood you must plucke them off with your hand and let none grow but such as grow vpon the last yeeres branches vnles the Vine be very strong in such case you may leaue her some of such twigs to multiply her Those that will haue their Vines grow without stakes or props as they doe in Languedock and Prouence such you are to cut so short euery yeere that you leaue them but two or three knobs to the end the Vine may grow big and be strong enough at the foote The third yeere the Vine begins to pay and recompence or reward her Master for his labors then must you cut her a little longer and leaue her more branches viz. two or three in euery one and euer the lowest Obserue also that if the Vine breed much Wood then you must cut it when the Moone wayneth but if it bring forth little Wood or branches cut it in the first quarter of the Moone toward the full thereof all must be cut in December Ianuary and February 2. Another manner of planting the Vine namely such as haue no rootes FIrst of all you must digge and prepare the earth as we haue said and make it very euen then take a line and lay it along the earth where you will plant looking toward the South Sunne as we haue said You must haue a Pinne or Dibble of Iron or of Wood to make a hole therewith in the earth one foot and a quarter deepe then put the biggest end of your Vine-plant within the hole of the earth so made and if you haue dung very rotten put of it one handfull in the said hole then treade it with your foote and with the Pinne or Dibble bore the earth round about the plant to fasten it that the earth may thereby ioyne close and be combined with it then cut it as we haue said and keepe it very neate and cleane from weeds all the yeere 3. Another fashion of dressing the Vine after the manner of Italy and of Piedmont or Sauoy THe greatest part of the Vines of those Countries are planted in the open fields and grow vp vpon trees that are planted there to that end they plant one or two Vines at one Tree namely of the longest Vines they can get to the end they may grow and bee the sooner vpon the top of each tree and they cut the branches of the Trees off that bee too long that the Trees may grow round as much as may be Touching the Vine it must be cut euery yeere as we said already yet they must leaue this many more branches then are vsually left vpon other Vines And where there are no Trees planted there cut off some long and big boughes of trees or get euen whole Trees of the bignes of a mans thigh or thereabouts leauing onely vpon them the bigger end of the boughes and plant them in the earth to support and proppe vp the Vine Obserue also that they plant the said Trees or boughes ten or twelue foote distance one from another or thereabouts You must bee carefull when they be rotten to set others in their rooms Also they may till and sowe that Land with Corne not endammaging the Vine which is husbanded while they till the said Land And for as much as in Virginia there are found old Vines in the lands that the Inhabitants doe cleere for their vse they might spare the said Vines and plant by them such Trees or boughes as we said and tye the Vines vpon them to prop them vp as is said for they would bring forth much fruite the very first yeere which would be as much time gayned and labour spared Withall they might also plant of the longest Vines they could finde neere to the Trees to cause them grow vpon them both neere the houses and wayes where they would haue Trees to growe and these Vines will beare great store of Grapes though not to make so good Wine as is made of the low Vine yet good enough to bee drunke at meate I haue seene in the Low Geuanden in Languedock a Tree bearing a Vine which hath yeelded in one yeere as many Grapes as made halfe a Tunne of Wine 4. Another forme of dressing the Vine as they doe in Viuaretz and in Auuergne THey plant it as we haue said and they cut it a little longer then they doe in Languedock after that they plant stakes of wood of fiue or sixe foote long and binde three or foure of them together by their vpper ends in forme of a round Tent this they doe thus because the Vine there is stronger then in other places of France and they tye the Vine vpon them But in winter when they will cut the Vine and husband it they take away the stakes and towards the end of March they set them vp againe as they doe in France where they sticke but one stake vpright at one Vine whereto they binde it 5. Another way to dresse the Vine after the manner of the Countrey of Seuenes THere they plant the Vine as followeth First hauing prepared the soyle they make ditches as we haue told you before then plant they the Vine two foote one from the other and the first yeere they cut