strongest places of mount Taurus Then he sent vnto Seleucus first of all to pray him to suffer to conquer certaine barbarous people thereaboutes who liued according to their owne lawes and neuer had king to th end that he might yet there with safetie end the rest of his life and exile staying at length in some place where he might be safe Secondly if that liked him not then that it woulde yet please him to vittell his men for the winter time onely in the same place where they were and not to be so hard harted vnto him as to driue him thence lacking all needefull thinges and so to put him into the mouth of his most cruell and mortall enemies But Seleucus mistrusting his demaundes sent vnto him that he shoulde winter if he thought good two monethes but no more in the contrie of CATAONIA so he gaue him the chiefest of his frendes for ostages howbeit in the meane he stopped vp all the wayes passages going from thence into SYRIA Demetrius nowe seeing him selfe kept in of all sides like a beast to be taken in the toyle he was driuen to trust to his owne strength Thereuppon he ouertanne the contry thereaboutes and as often as it was his chaunce to haue any skirmish or conflict with Seleucus he had euer the better of him and sometime also when they draue the armed cartes with sithes against him he ouercame them and put the rest to flight Then he draue them away that kept the toppe of the mountaines and had barred the passages to kepe him that he should not goe into SYRIA and so kept them him selfe In fine finding his mens hartes lift vp againe and pretily encoraged his hart also grewe so bigge that he determined to fight a battell with Seleucus and to set all at sixe and seuen So that Seleucus was at a straight with him selfe and wist now what to doe For he had returned backe the ayde which Lysimachus sent vnto him bicause he was affrayed of him and mistrusted him On thother side also he durst not fight with Demetrius alone being affrayed to venter him selfe with a desperate man and also mistrusting muche his vnconstant fortune the which hauing brought him to great extremitie raised him vp againe to great prosperitie But in the meane space Demetrius fell into a great sicknesse the which brought his bodie very weake and low and had almost vtterly ouerthrowen his affaires For his souldiers some of them yeelded them selues to his enemies and others stale away without leaue and went where they lifted Afterwardes when he had hardly recouered his health and within forty dayes space was pretily growen to strength againe with those few souldiers that remained with him he seemed to his enemies that he would goe and inuade CILICIA But then sodainly in the night without sownding any trumpet he remoued his campe and went another way and hauing passed ouer mount Amanus he spoyled all the contry vnder it as farre as the region of CYRRESTICA But Seleucus followed him and camped hard by him Thereuppon Demetrius sodainly armed his men and went out by night to assault Seleucus and to take him sleping when he mistrusted nothing So that Seleucus knew nothing of his stealing on him but late enough vntil that certaine traitors of Demetrius campe that fled before went quickly to aduertise him finding him asleepe and brought him newes of the daunger he was in Then Seleucus in a mase and feare withall got vp and sownded the alarom and as he was putting on his hose and making him ready he cryed out speaking to his friends and familliers about him we haue now a cruell and daungerous beast to deale with Demetrius on the other side perceiuing by the great sturre noyse he heard in the enemies campe that his enterprise was discouered he retyred againe with speede and the next morning by breake of day Seleucus went and offred him battell Demetrius prepared him selfe to ioyne with him and hauing giuen one of his faithfull friends the leading of one of the wings of his armie him selfe led the other and ouerthrow some of his enemies on his side But Seleucus in the middest of the battell lighted from his horse and taking his helmet from his head he tooke a target on his arme and went to the first ranckes of his armie to make him selfe knowen vnto Demetrius men perswading them to yeeld them selues vnto him and to acknowledge in the end that he had so long time deferred to giue them battell rather to saue them then to spare Demetrius Demetrius souldiers hearing him say so they did him humble reuerence and acknowledging him for their king they all yeelded vnto him Demetrius hauing sundry times before proued so many chaunges ouerthrowes of fortune thinking yet to scape this last also to passe it ouer he fled vnto the gates Amanides which are certaine straights of the mount Amanus There he founde certaine litle thicke groues where he determined to stay all night with certaine gentlemen of his house and a fewe other of his houshold seruaunts officers which had followed him meaning if he could possible to take his way towards the citie of CAVNVS to goe to that sea coast hoping to heare of his shippes there But when it was tolde him he had no vittells nor prouision left onely to serue him that day he began then to deuise some other way At length one of his famillier friends Sosigenes came vnto him that had foure hundred peeces of golde about him in his girdell So hoping that with the same money he might flie to the sea they tooke their way by night directly to the toppe of the mountaine But when they perceiued that the enemies kept watch there and that there were great store of fires hard by them they then dispaired to passe any further least they should be seene So they returned to the selfe same place from whence they came not all of them for some of them fled neither had they that remayned also any life in them as before So one among the rest tooke vpon him to say that there was no other way to scape but to put Demetrius into Seleucus hands Demetrius therewithall drew out his sword and would haue slaine him selfe but his friends about him would not suffer him but perswaded him to yeld him selfe vnto Seleucus Thereuppon he sent vnto Seleucus to tell him that he yelded him selfe vnto him Seleucus was so ioyfull of the newes that he sayd it was not Demetrius good fortune that saued him but his owne who besides many other happy good turnes she had done him gaue him yet so honorable occasion and good happe as to make the world to knowe his clemencie curtesie Thereuppon immediatly he called for his officers of houshold and commaunded them to set vp his richest pauilion and to prepare all thinges meete to receiue him honorably There was one Appolonides a gentleman in Seleucus Court who sometime
honour And as for other the only respect that made them valliant was they hoped to haue honour but touching Martius the only thing that made him to loue honour was the ioye he sawe his mother dyd take of him For he thought nothing made him so happie and honorable as that his mother might heare euery bodie praise and commend him that she might allwayes see him returne with a crowne vpon his head and that she might still embrace him with teares ronning downe her cheekes for ioye Which desire they saye Epaminondas dyd auowe and confesse to haue bene in him as to thinke him selfe a most happie and blessed man that his father and mother in their life time had seene the victorie he wanne in the plaine of LEVCTRES Now as for Epaminondas he had this good happe to haue his father and mother liuing to be partakers of his ioye and prosperitie But Martius thinking all due to his mother that had bene also due to his father if he had liued dyd not only content him selfe to reioyce and honour her but at her desire tooke a wife also by whom he had two children and yet neuer left his mothers house therefore Now he being growen to great credit authoritie in ROME for his valliantnes it fortuned there grewe sedition in the cittie bicause the Senate dyd fauour the riche against the people who dyd cōplaine of the sore oppression of vserers of whom they borowed money For those that had litle were yet spoyled of that litle they had by their creditours for lacke of abilitie to paye the vserie who offered their goodes to be solde to them that would geue most And suche as had nothing left their bodies were layed holde of and they were made their bonde men notwithstanding all the woundes and cuttes they shewed which they had receyued in many battells fighting for defence of their countrie and common wealth of the which the last warre they made was against the SABYNES wherein they fought apon the promise the riche men had made them that from thenceforth they would intreate them more gently and also vpon the worde of Marcus Valerius chief of the Senate who by authoritie of the counsell and in the behalfe of the riche sayed they should performe that they had promised But after that they had faithfully serued in this last battell of all where they ouercame their enemies seeing they were neuera whit the better not more gently intreated and that the Senate would geue no eare to them but make as though they had forgotten their former promise and suffered them to be made slaues and bonde men to their creditiours and besides to be turned out of all that euer they had they fell then euen to flat rebellion and mutine and to sturre vp daungerous tumultes within the cittie The ROMAINES enemies hearing of this rebellion dyd straight enter the territories of ROME with a maruelous great power spoyling and burning all as they came Whereupon the Senate immediatly made open proclamation by sounde of trumpet that all those which were of lawfull age to carie weapon should come and enter their names into the muster masters booke to goe to the warres but no man obeyed their commaundement Whereupon their chief magistrates and many of the Senate beganne to be of diuers opinions emong them selues For some thought it was reason they should somewhat yeld to the poore peoples request and that they should a litle qualifie the seueritie of the lawe Other held hard against that opinion and that was Martius for one For he alleaged that the creditours losing their money they had lent was not the worst thing that was thereby but that the lenitie that was fauored was a beginning of disobedience and that the prowde attempt of the communaltie was to abolish lawe and to bring all to confusion Therefore he sayed if the Senate were wise they should betimes preuent quenche this ill fauored worse ment beginning The Senate met many dayes in consultation about it but in the end they concluded nothing The poore cōmon people seeing no redresse gathered them selues one daye together one encoraging another they all forsooke the cittie encamped them selues vpon a hill called at this daye the holy hill alongest the riuer of Tyber offering no creature any hurte or violence or making any shewe of actuall rebellion sauing that they cried as they went vp and down that the riche men had driuen them out of the cittie and that all ITALIE through they should finde ayer water ground to burie them in Moreouer they sayed to dwell at ROME was nothing els but to be slaine or hurte with continuall warres and fighting for defence of the riche mens goodes The Senate being afeard of their departure dyd self vnto them certaine of the pleasauntest olde men and the most acceptable to the people among them Of those Menentius Agrippa was he who was sent for chief man of the message from the Senate He after many good persuasions and gentle requestes made to the people on the behalfe of the Senate knit vp his oration in the ende with a notable tale in this manner That on a time all the members of mans bodie dyd rebell against the bellie complaining of it that it only remained in the middest of the bodie without doing any thing neither dyd beare any labour to the maintenaunce of the rest whereas all other partes and members dyd labour paynefully was very carefull to satisfie the appetites and desiers of the bodie And so the bellie all this notwithstanding laughed at their follie and sayed It is true I first receyue all meates that norishe mans bodie but afterwardes I send it againe to the norishement of other partes of the same Euen so q he ó you my masters and cittizens of ROME the reason is a like betweene the Senate you For matters being well digested their coūsells throughly examined touching the benefit of the common wealth the Senatours are cause of the common cōmoditie that cōmeth vnto euery one of you These persuasions pacified the people conditionally that the Senate would graunte there should be yerely chosen fiue magistrates which they now call Tribuni Plebis whose office should be to defend the poore people from violence and oppression So Iunius Brutus and Sicinius Vellutus were the first Tribunes of the people that were chosen who had only bene the causers procurers of this sedition Hereupon the cittie being growen againe to good quiet and vnitie the people immediatly went to the warres shewing that they had a good will to doe better then euer they dyd and to be very willing to obey the magistrates in that they would commaund concerning the warres Martius also though it liked him nothing to see the greatnes of the people thus increased considering it was to the preiudice and imbasing of the nobilitie and also sawe that other noble Patricians were troubled as
at all that he had cared litle for the ROMAINES he wēt and fought a battell in the meane time with the DARDANIANS where he slue tēne thousād of those barbarous people brought a maruelous great spoyle awaye with him Moreouer he procured the nation of the GAVLES dwelling vpō the riuer of Danubie which they call Bastarnae mē very warlike excellēt good horsemē did practise with the ILLYRIANS also by meane of their king Gētius to make thē ioyne with him in these warres so that there ranne a rumour all about that for money he had gotten these GAVLES to come downe into ITALIE from the highe contrie of GAVLE all alongest the Adriatick sea The ROMAINES being aduertised of these newes thought the time serued not now to dispose their offices in warres any more by grace fauour vnto those that sued for them but contrariwise that they should call some noble man that were very skilfull and a wise captaine and could discretly gouerne and performe things of great charge As Paulus AEmylius a man well stepped on in yeres being three score yere olde and yet of good power by reason of the lusty young men his sonnes sonnes in lawe besides a great number of his friends and kinsefolke So all that bare great authoritie dyd altogether with one consent counsaill him to obey the people which called him to the Consulshippe At the beginning in deede he delayed the people muche that came to importune him and vtterly denied them saying he was no meete man neither to desire nor yet to take vpon him any charge Howbeit in the ende seeing the people dyd vrge it apon him by knocking continually at his gates and calling him alowde in the streetes willing him to come into the market place and perceyuing they were angrie with him bicause he refused it he was content to be persuaded And when he stoode among them that sued for the Consulshippe the people thought straight that he stoode not there so muche for desire of the office as for that he put them in hope of assured victorie and happie successe of this begonne warre so great was their loue towardes him and the good hope they had of him that they chose him Consul againe the second time Wherefore so sone as he was chosen they would not proceede to drawing of lottes according to their custome which of the two Consuls should happen to goe into MACEDON but presently with a full and whole consent of them all they gaue him the whole charge of the warres of MACEDON So being Consul now and appointed to make warre apon king Perseus all the people dyd honorably companie him home vnto his house where a litle girle a daughter of his called Tertia being yet an infant came weeping vnto her father He making muche of her asked her why she wept The poore girle aunswered colling him about the necke and kissing him Alas father wote you what our Perseus is dead She ment it by a litle whelpe so called which was her playe fellowe In good hower my girle sayed he I like the signe well Thus doth Cicero the orator reporte it in his booke of diuinations The ROMAINES had a custome at that time that suche as were elected Consuls after that they were openly proclaimed should make an oration of thanckes vnto the people for the honour and fauour they had shewed him The people then according to the custome being gathered together to heare AEmylius speake he made this oration vnto them That the first time he sued to be Consul was in respect of him selfe standing at that time in neede of suche honour now he offred him selfe the second time vnto it for the good loue he bare vnto them who stoode in nede of a generall wherefore he thought him selfe nothing bounde nor beholding vnto them now And if they dyd thincke also this warre might be better followed by any other then by him selfe he would presently with all his harte resigne the place Furthermore if they had any trust or confidence in him that they thought him a man sufficient to discharge it then that they would not speake nor medle in any matter that concerned his duetie and the office of a generall sauing only that they would be diligent without any wordes to doe whatsoeuer he commaunded and should be necessarie for the warre and seruice they tooke in hande For if euery man would be a commaunder as they had bene heretofore of those by whom they should be commaunded then the world would more laughe them to scorne in this seruice then euer before had bene accustomed These wordes made the ROMAINES very obedient to him and conceyued good hope to come being all of thē very glad that they had refused those ambitious flatterers that sued for the charge had geuē it vnto a man that durst boldly franckly tell them the troth Marke how the ROMAINES by yelding vnto reason vertue came to comand all other to make them selues the mightiest people of the world Now that Paulus AEmylius setting forward to this warre had winde at will and fayer passage to bring him at his iorneis ende I impute it to good fortune that so quickly and safely conueyed him to his campe But for the rest of his exploytes he dyd in all this warre when parte of them were performed by his owne hardines other by his wisedome and good counsell other by the diligence of his friendes in seruing him with good will other by his owne resolute constancy and corage in extremest daunger and last by his maruelous skill in determining at an instant what was to be done I cannot attribute any notable acte or worthy seruice vnto this his good fortune they talke of so much as they maye doe in other captaines doings Onles they will saye peraduenture that Perseus couetousnes and miserie was AEmilius good fortune for his miserable feare of spending money was the only cause and destruction of the whole realme of MACEDON which was in good state and hope of continuing in prosperitie For there came downe into the countrie of MACEDON at king Perseus request tenne thousand Bastarnae a horse backe and as many footemen to them who allwayes ioyned with them in battell all mercenary souldiers depending vpon paye and enterteinment of warres as men that could not plowe nor sowe nor trafficke marchandise by sea nor skill of grasing to gaine their liuing with to be shorte that had no other occupation or marchādise but to serue in the warres and to ouercome those with whom they fought Furthermore when they came to incampe lodge in the MEDICA neere to the MACEDONIANS who sawe them so goodly great men and so well trained exercised in handling all kinde of weapons so braue and lustie in wordes and threates against their enemies they beganne to plucke vp their hartes to looke bigge imagining that the ROMAINES would neuer abide them but would be afeard to looke them
vvarres His ambition notwithstanding couetous desire of rule did nothing benefit the ROMANES For the ATHENIANS sent Nicias to the warre against his will but Crassus led the ROMANES thither against their willes So that the common wealth fell into miserie by the one and the other through the common wealth was brought into miserie and yet therein there is rather cause to praise Nicias than to blame Crassus For Nicias like a wise man a Captaine of great experience could neuer so much as be brought to thinke they should conquer SICILE and therfore disswaded his contrymen from the iorney would geue no place to the vaine hope of the people of ATHENS But Crassus taking apon him to make warres with the PARTHIANS as though it had bene an easie matter to ouercome them found him selfe deceiued yet did he aspire to great thinges For as Iulius Caesar had conquered subdued to the Imperiall crowne of ROME all the contries of the West partes to say the GAVLES the GERMAINES and ENGLANDE euen so did Crassus desire to goe towardes the East partes to conquer all to the great west sea of the INDIANS and to subdue all the regions of ASIA whereunto Pompey and Lucullus aspired being both very noble personages and such as euer curteously behaued them selues to all men notwithstanding prouoked thereunto with the like desire that Crassus had For wheÌ„ the charge of the warres in the East partes was assigned to Pompey by decree order of the people the Senate vtterly misliked it and were against it all they could When newes were brought to ROME that Iulius Caesar in battell had ouerthrowen and slaine three hundred thowsand GERMAINES Cato perswading with the Senate was yet stil of this minde that Caesar should be deliuered into the handes of his enemies whom he had ouercomen for to be puâ—isned thereby to turne the sharpe reuenge and wrathe of the goddes from ROME apon him only that was the vniust breaker of the peace This notwithstaÌ„ding the people making none account of Catoes perswasions made common feastes processions fifteene dayes together and open sacrifices to the goddes with great ioy through the citie to thanke them for this famous victory How glad may we thinke would they haue bene and howe many dayes would they haue feasted and sacrificed if Crassus had wrytten from BABYLON of his victory and that he had conquered all the realmes of the MEDES of the PERSIANS of the HYRCANIAMS of SVSE and of the BACTRIANS and that he had made new gouernments and prouinces to the Empire of ROME If a man vvill needes doe vvrong and iniustice As Euripides sayth to them that can not liue in peace and be contented with their owne he must not then sticke at trifles as rasing of a castell of Scandia or of a citie of MENDA or chasing of the AEGINETES being out of their owne naturall contrie and hiding them selues like birdes without neastes in an other birdes hole but must dearely sell the wrong he doth and not lightly contemne iustice as a thing of small account For they that will commend the intent of Alexander the great in his voyage for the conquestes he made in the East and doe dispraise Crassus voyage doe not well to iudge of the beginning by the euentes and successe of the end For executing of their offices Nicias did many noble exploytes For he ouerthrew his enemies in diuers battell and had almost taken the citie of SYRACVSA and sure they can not iustely blame him for all the misfortunes that chaunced in the warre of SICILIA but partely the plague was a cause of it and partely also the enuie of those towardes him that remainde at ATHENS Where as Crassus ranne into so many errors and committed such foule partes in all his voyage that he gaue fortune no leasure to do him good so that I wonder not so much that his folly was ouercome by the power of the PARTHIANS as that it could ouercome the good fortune of the ROMANES Sithens it so falleth out theÌ„ that they both came to 〈…〉 vnfortunate end Nicias prognosticating before what thinges should happen by arte and rule of diuination and Crassus contrarily disdaining to obserue any thing sure it falleth out hard in iudgement which of them two proceeded with most safety Yet according to the best approued opinions a fault committed of feare is more excusable then of rashnes and folly to breake any auncient law or custome For their deathes Crassus end deserued least reproache For he against his will did yeelde him selfe and was neither bound nor mocked but only perswaded by his frendes and through his enemies frawde and treason most traiterously deceiued where Nicias cowardly and dishonorably hoping to saue his life trusting to the mercy of his enemies made his death more infamous THE LIFE OF Sertorius PEraduenture it is not to be maruelled at if in long proces of time fortune altering her effectes dayly these worldly euentes fall often out one like an other For whether it be that the variety of thinges are infinite fortune hath store of matter apt enough to worke to likenes or be it that worldly matters be compreheÌ„ded within determinate number of necessitie one thing must fall out like an other since they proceede from one cause tyed to the same meanes it before did vse But bicause men doe delight to compare such chaunces together as they haue seene or heard to haue happened so like as if they had bene done of purpose th one by the example of the other as that of two men being both named Attis both of them commen of noble houses th one in SYRIA and the other in ARCADIA both the one and the other were slaine with a wild bore That of two called Actaeon the one was torne a peeces by his dogges the other by his louers That of the two famous Scipioes CARTHAGINIANS were first ouercomen by the one and afterwards vtterly destroyed by the other That the citie of TROYE was first taken by Hercules for the horses that Laomedon had promised him the seconde time by Agamemnon by meanes of the great wodden horse and the third time by Charidemus by meanes of a horse that fell within the gate kept the TTROYANS that they could not shutte it in time And that of two sweete smelling plantes IOS and SMYENA two cities were named the one signifying the Violet and the other Myrre it is supposed that the Poet Homer was borne in the one and that he dyed in the other we may also adde to this example that amongest the auncient Captaines the greatest warriers and that haue done the noblest exploytes by wit and warlike stratageames had but one eye as Philip Antigonus Hanniball and Sertorius also whom we wryte of at this present Whom we may truely reporte to haue bene more chast than Philip more faithfull to his frend than Antigonus more curteous to his enemies than Hannibal and for wisdom and
sued to be discharged This was the effect of Tiberius purgation Now his friendes perceiuing the threats the riche and noble men gaue out against him they wished him for the safetie of his person to make sure to be Tribune againe the next yeare Whereuppon he began to flatter the common people againe afresh by new lawes which he preferred by the which he tooke away the time and number of yeares prescribed when euery citizen of ROME was bound to goe to the warres being called and his name billed He made it lawfull also for men to appeale from sentence of the Iudges vnto the people and thrust in also amongst the Senators which then had absolute authoritie to iudge among them selues a like number of the ROMANE Knightes and by this meanes sought to weaken and imbase the authority of the Senate increasing also the power of the people more of malice then any reason or for any iustice or benefit to the common wealth Furthermore when it came to the gathering of the voyces of the people for the confirmacion of his new lawes finding that his enemies were the stronger in the assembly bicause all the people were not yet come together he fell a quarrelling with his brethren the Tribunes alwayes to winne time and yet in the end brake vp the assembly commaunding them to returne the next morning There he would be the first man in the market place apparelled all in blacke his face be blubbered with teares looking heauely vpon the matter praying the people assembled to haue compassion vpon him saying that he was affrayed least his enemies would come in the night and ouerthrow his house to kill him Thereupon the people were so moued withall that many of them came and brought their tentes and lay about his house to watche it At the breake of the day the keeper of the chickins by signes of the which they doe diuine of thinges to come brought them vnto him and cast them downe meate before them None of them would come out of the cage but one only and yet with much a doe shaking the cage and when it came out it would eate no meate but only lift vp her left wing and put forth her legge and so ranne into the cage againe This signe made Tiberius remember an other he had had before He had a maruelous fayer helmet and very riche which he ware in the warres vnder it were crept two snakes vnwares to any and layed egges and hatched them This made Tiberius wonder the more bicause of the ill signes of the chickins notwithstanding he went out of his house when he heard that the people were assembled in the Capitoll but as he went out he hit his foote such a blow against a stone at the thresshold of the dore that he brake the nayle of his great toe which fell in suche a bleeding that it bled through his shooe Againe he had not gone farre but he saw vpon the toppe of a house on his left hand a couple of rauens fighting together and notwithstanding that there past a great number of people by yet a stone which one of these rauens cast from them came fell hard at Tiberius foote The fall thereof staied the stowtest man he had about him But Blossius the Philosopher of Cumes that did accōpany him told him it were a great shame for him and enough to kill the harts of all his followers that Tiberius being the sonne of Gracchus and nephew of Scipio the AFRICAN and the chiefe man besides of all the peoples side for feare of a rauen should not obey his citizens that called him and how that his enemies and ill willers would not make a laughing sporte of it but would plainly tell the people that this was a tricke of a tyran that raigned in dede and that for pride and disdaine did abuse the peoples good wills Furthermore diuers messengers came vnto him and sayd that his frends that were in the Capitoll sent to pray him to make hast for all went well with him When he came thither he was honorably receiued for the people seeing him comming cried out for ioy to welcome him and when he was gotten vp to his seate they shewed them selues both carefull and louing towardes him looking warely that none came neere him but such as they knew well While Mutius beganne againe to call the tribes of the people to geue their voyces he could not procede according to the accustomed order in the like case for the great noyse the hindmost people made thrusting forward and being driuen backe and one mingling with an other In the meane time Flauius Flaccus one of the Senators got vp into a place where all the people might see him and when he saw that his voyce coulde not be heard of Tiberius he made a signe with his hande that he had some matter of great importance to tell him Tiberius straight bad them make a lane through the prease So with much a doe Flauius came at length vnto him and tolde him that the riche men in open Senate when they could not frame the Consull to their wills determined them selues to come and kill him hauing a great number of their frendes and bondmen armed for the purpose Tiberius immediatly declared this conspiracy vnto his frends and followers who straight girte their long gownes vnto them and brake the sergeaunst iauelins which they caried in their handes to make roome among the people and tooke the tronchions of the same to resist those that would set apon them The people also that stoode furdest of marueled at it and asked what the matter was Tiberius by a signe to tell them the daunger he was in layed both his bands on his head bicause they coulde not heare his voyce for the great noyse they made His enemies seeing the signe he gaue ranne presently to the Senate crying out that Tiberius required a royall bande or diadeame of the people and that it was an euident signe bicause they sawe him clappe his handes apon his head This tale troubled all the companie Whereupon Nasica besought the Consul chiefe of the Senate to help the common wealth and to take away this tyran The Consul gently aunswered againe that he would vse no force neither put any citizen to death but lawfully condemned as also he would not receiue Tiberius nor protect him if the people by his perswasion or commaundement should commit any acte contrarie to the law Nasica then rising in anger sith the matter is so sayd he that the Consull regardeth not the common wealth all you then that will defende the authoritie of the law follow me Thereupon he cast the skirt of his gowne ouer his head went straight to the Capitoll They that followed him also tooke their gownes and wrapt them about their armes and layed at as many as they might to make them geue way and yet very few of the people durst meete with such states as
to make vnto them the which if it would please them to graunt him he woulde thinke they did him a maruelous pleasure and if they denied him also he cared not muche Then euerie man thought it was the Consulshippe he ment to aske and that he woulde sue to be Tribune and Consul together But when the day came to choose the Consuls euery man looking attentiuely what he would doe they marueled when they sawe him come downe the fielde of Mars and brought Caius Fannius with his frends to further his sute for the Consulshippe Therein he serued Fannius turne for he was presently chosen Consul and Caius Gracchus was the seconde time chosen Tribune againe not of his owne sute but by the good will of the people Caius perceiuing that the Senators were his open enemies and that Fannius the Consul was but a slacke frende vnto him he began againe to currie fauor with the common people and to preferre new lawes setting forth the lawe of the Colonies that they should send of the poore citizens to replenishe the cities of TARENTVM and CAPVA that they should graunt all the Latines the freedom of ROME The Senate perceiuing his power grew great and that in the end he would be so strong that they coulde not withstande him they deuised a new and straunge way to plucke the peoples good will from him in graunting them things not altogether very honest There was one of the Tribunes a brother in office with Caius called Liuius Drusus a man noblely borne and as well brought vp as any other ROMANE who for wealth and eloquence was not inferior to the greatest men of estimacion in ROME The chiefest Senators went vnto him and perswaded him to take parte with them against Caius not to vse any force or violence against the people to withstand them in any thing but contrarily to graunt them those things which were more honestie for them to deny them with their ill will. Liuius offering to pleasure the Senate with his authority preferred lawes neither honorable nor profitable to the cōmon wealth were to no other ende but contending with Caius who should most flatter the people of them two as plaiers do in their cōmon plaies to shew the people pastime Wherby the Senate shewed that they did not so much mislike Caius doings as for the desire they had to ouerthrow him his great credit with the people For where Caius preferred but the replenishing of the two cities and desired to send the honestest citizens thither they obiected against him that he did corrupt the common people On the other side also they fauored Drusus who preferred a law that they should replenish twelue Colonies should send to euery one of them three thowsande of the poorest citizens And where they hated Caius for that he had charged the poore citizens with an annual rent for the lands that were deuided vnto them Liuius in contrary maner did please them by disburdening them of that rent payment letting thē haue the lands scotfree Furthermore also where Caius did anger the people bicause he gaue all the Latines the fredom of ROME to geue their voyces in choosing of Magistrates as freely as the naturall ROMANES when Drusus on thother side had preferred a law that thencefoorth no ROMANE should whip any souldier of the Latines with rods to the warres they liked the law past it Liuius also in euery law he put forth said in all his orations that he did it by the counsell of the Senate who were very carefull for the profit of the people and this was all the good he did in his office vnto the cōmon wealth For by his meanes the people were better pleased with the Senate where they did before hate all the noble men of the Senate Liuius tooke away that malice when the people saw that all that he propounded was for the preferment benefit of the common wealth with the consent furtheraunce of the Senate The only thing also that perswaded the people to thinke that Drusus ment vprightly that he only respected the profit of the common people was that he neuer preferred any law for him selfe or for his owne benefit For in the restoring of these Colonies which he preferred he alwaies sent other Commissioners gaue them the charge of it and would neuer finger any money him selfe where Caius tooke apon him the charge care of all things himselfe specially of the greatest matters Rubrius also an other Tribune hauing preferred a law for the reedifying replenishing of CARTHAGE againe with people the which Scipio had rased and destroyed it was Caius happe to be appointed one of the Commissioners for it Whereupon he tooke shippe sailed into AFRIKE Drusus in the meane time taking occasion of his absence did as much as might be to seeke the fauor of the common people and specially by accusing Fuluius who was one of the best frends Caius had whom they had also chosen Commissioner with him for the diuision of these landes among the citizens whom they sent to replenish these Colonies This Fuluius was a seditious man therefore maruelously hated of the Senate withall suspected also of them that tooke parte with the people that he secretly practised to make their confederats of ITALIE to rebell But yet they had no euident proofe of it to iustifie it against him more then that which he himselfe did verifie bicause he semed to be offended with the peace quietnes they enioyed And this was one of the chiefest causes of Caius ouerthrow bicause that Fuluius was partely hated for his sake For when Scipio AFRICAN was found dead one morning in his house without any manifest cause how he should come to his death so sodainly sauing that there appeared certaine blinde markes of stripes on his body that had bene geuen him as we haue declared at large in his life the most parte of the suspicion of his death was layed to Fuluius being his mortall enemy bicause the same day they had bene at great wordes together in the pulpit for orations So was Caius Gracchus also partly suspected for it Howsoeuer it was such a horrible murder as this of so famous worthy a man as any was in ROME was yet notwitstanding neuer reuenged neither any inquirie made of it bicause the common people would not suffer the accusacion to goe forward fearing least Caius would be found in fault if the matter should go forward But this was a great while before Now Caius at that time being in AFRICK about the reedifying and replenishing of the city of CARTHAGE againe the which he named IVNONIA the voice goeth that he had many ill signes tokens appeared vnto him For the staffe of his ensigne was broken with a vehemēt blast of wind with the force of the ensigne bearer that held it fast on thother side There came a flaw of winde also
any treason Euen so thought Lycurgus that such a buylt house would neuer receyue curiositie or daintines For no man is so maddely disposed or simple witted as to bring into so poore and meane houses bedsteades with siluer seete imbrodered couerlettes or counterpoyntes of purple silke neither yet plate of golde nor of siluer nor suche other like costly furniture and finenes as those things require to wayte vpon them bicause the beddes must be aunswerable to the meanenes of the house the furnitures of the beddes must be surelike to the same and all other householde stuffe dyet meate and drincke agreable to the rest Hereof proceeded that which Leontychidas the first King of that name sayed once who supping on a time in the cittie of CORINTHE and seeing the roofe of the hall where he satte sumptuously embowed and carued he asked straight if the trees dyd growe carued so in that countrie The third lawe was he dyd forbyd them to make warre often with one enemie lest the enemie forced to take often armes in hande might in the ende growe experter and vallianter then they For this cause king Agesilaus was greatly blamed who was a longe time after For by making often warres with the countrie of BOâ—OTIA he made the THEBANS in the ende as expert and valliant souldiers as the LACEDAEMONIANS Whereupon Antalcidar seeing him hurte one daye sayed vnto him The THEBANS haue nobely rewarded thee for their learning sith thou hast made them expert soldiers vnwilling to learne the discipline of warre These be the lawes Lycurgus selfe called Retra and signifie as muche as Oracles that the god Apollo had discouered to him Nowe the education of children he esteemed the chiefest and greatest matter that a reformer of lawes should establishe Therefore beginning a farre of he first considered the state of mariage and the generation of children For Aristotle sayeth that Lycurgus dyd attempt to reforme women and dyd soone geue it ouer againe bicause he could doe no good therein by reason of the great libertie they had taken by the absence of their husbands in the warres compelled often so to be abroade and that they dyd leaue them mistresses of their house and at their returne dyd honour them so muche and make of them so beyonde measure with calling them ladyes and mistresses Howbeit this is true that he had an eye to the rule and order of their life aswell as he had of mens and so reason dyd require First of all he willed that the maydens should harden their bodyes with exercise of running wrestling throwe the barre and casting the darte to the ende that the fruite wherewith they might be afterwardes conceyued taking norishement of a stronge and lustie bodye should shoote out and spread the better and that they by gathering strength thus by exercises should more easely awaye with the paynes of childe bearing And to take awaye from them their womanishe dayntines and fines he brought vp a custome for young maydes and boyes to goe as it were a precession and to daunce naked at solemne feastes and sacrifices and to singe certaine songes of their owne making in the presence and sight of young men To whom by the waye they gaue many times prety mockes of purpose as pleasauntly hitting them home for things wherein before they had forgotten their dueties and sometimes also in their songe for their vertues wittes or manners they praysed them which had deserued it By this meanes they dyd set young mens hartes a fire to striue to winne most prayse and honour For who so was praysed of them for a valliant man or whose worthy actes were songe by them he thereby was incoraged to doe the better another time and the pretie girdes and quippes they gaue to others was of no lesse force then the sharpest wordes and admonitions that otherwise could be geuen them This tooke place the rather bicause it was done in the presence of the Kings the Senatours all the rest of the cittizens which came thither to see these sportes And though the maydes dyd shewe them selues thus naked openly yet was there no dishonesty seene nor offred but all this sporte was full of playe and toyes without any youthfull parte or wantonnes and rather caried a shewe of demurenes and a desire to haue their best made bodyes seene and spyed Moreouer it somewhat lifted vp their hartes and made them noblier minded by geuing them to vnderstand that it was no lesse comely for them in their kynde and exercises to carie the bell then it was for men in their games and exercises to carie the price Hereof it came that the women of LACEDAEMON were so bolde to saye and thincke of them selues that which Gorgona the wife of king Leonidas one daye aunswered being in talke with a straunge woman that sayed to her There be no women in the worlde that commaund their husbands but you wiues of LACEDAEMON Whereto the Queene straight replyed so be there no women but we which bringe forth men Furthermore these playes sportes and daunses the maydes dyd naked before younge men were prouocations to drawe and allure the young men to marye not as persuaded by geometricall reasons as sayeth Plato but brought to it by liking and of very loue Those which would not marye he made infamous by lawe For it was not lawfull for suche to be present where these open games and pastimes were shewed naked Furthermore the officers of the cittie compelled suche as would not marye euen in the hardest time of the winter to enuironne the place of these sportes and to goe vp and downe starcke naked and to singe a certaine songe made for the purpose against them which was that iustely were they punished bicause that lawe they disobeyed Moreouer when suche were olde they had not the honour and reuerence done them which old maried men vsually receiued Therefore there was no man that misliked or reproued that which was spoken to Dercillidas albeit otherwise he was a noble captaine For comming into a presence there was a young man which would not vowchesafe to rise doe him reuerence nor to geue him place for to sit downe worthtly q he bicause thou hast not gotten a sonne who maye doe so muche for me in time to come Those which were desirous to marie any were driuen to take them awaye by force whom they would marie not litle younge wenches I meane which were not of age to be maried but lustie strong maides of age to beare children And when one of them was stolen awaye in this sorte she that was priuie thereto and meane to make the mariage came and shaued the heares of her head that was maried then she put her into mans apparell gaue her all things sute like to the same and layed her vpon a matteresse all alone without light or candell After this was done the bridegroome being neither droncke nor finelier apparrelled then he was wonte
actes to haue their death extolled for worthines So he imagined that his death would be the perfection and crowne of his felicitie after he had made and ordeined so many good and notable lawes for the honour and benefit of his countrie and should be as a seale of confirmation of his lawe and the continuall preseruitour of his cittie considering all his cittizens had sworne to keepe them all inuiolably vntill he were returned He was not deceaued of his hope for his cittie was the chiefest of the worlde in glorie and honour of gouernment by the space of fiue hundred yeres For so long his cittie kept his lawes without any chaunge or alteration by any of the Kings successours vntill king Agis the sonne of Archidamus beganne to reigne For the creation of the Ephores did not breake not discontinewe any of the lawes of Lycurgus but reduced them rather to a more straight and strickt order although it seemed at the first that the Ephores were ordeined for the maintenaunce defence of the libertie of the people whereas in deede they did also strengthen the authoritie of the Kings and Senate Nowe in the raigne of king Agis gold and siluer beganne first to creepe in againe to the cittie of SPARTA by meanes of Lysander With money there came in straight couetousnes and gredines to get and gather And although Lysander was not desirous to get it nor would be corrupted for any money yet he brought riches and couetousnes into the countrie and filled the same with all finenes by bringing in great store of golde and siluer from the warres directly against the lawes and ordinaunces of Lycurgus The which so long as they were in force and vse it appered that the gouernment of SPARTA seemed not to be a pollicy or common weale but rather a certaine holy place order of religion And euen as the Poets fayne the Hercules went through the world with his clubbe and lyons skynne punishing cruell robbers and vnnaturall tyrannes so in like case with a litle scrowe of parchement and a poore cape did the SPARTANS commaund and geue lawes to all the rest of GRECE euen with their good liking and consent And they chased the tyrannes awaye which vsurped tyrannicall power ouer any of their citties and did decide all controuersies and oftentimes pacified their seditions without sending out one souldier but only a simple poore ambassadour At whose commaundement the people presently assembled like the bees which gather together about their King so soone as they spye him they did then so greatly reuerence the good gouernment iustice of the SPARTANS Therefore I can but wonder much at those which saye the cittie of LACEDAEMON could obey well but not commaunde and for proofe they alleage wordes of king Theopompus who aunswered one which sayd that SPARTA was mainteined bicause the Kings could commaund well Naye the rather sayd he bicause the cittizens can obey well For men commonly disdaine to obey those which are not wise in commaunding So that the faithfull obedience of the subiectes dependeth much vpon the sufficient commaundement of the wise prince For he that directeth well must needes be well obeyed For like as the arte of a good rider is to make his horse gentle and ready at commaundement euen so the chiefest pointe belonging to a prince is to teach his subiects to obey Wherefore the LACEDAEMONIANS procured that not onely other people did willingly obey them but also desired to be ruled and commaunded by them For they asked them neither shippes nor money nor yet did send them any number of men of warre to compell them but onely they sent one cittizen of SPARTA to gouerne them to whom all the other people submitted them selues and were holpen by him in their necessitie as fearing and reuerencing him In this wise the SICILIANS were holpen by Gysippus the CHALCIDIANS by Brasidas and all the GRECIANS inhabiting ASIA by Lysander Callicratidas and by Agesilaus who were called the reformers and directers of princes peoples and Kings vnto whom they were sent here and there but euer they had their eye vpon the cittie of SPARTA as vpon the most perfect patterne to order mans life by and to gouerne a common weale after To this effect tended the mery worde spoken in iest by Stratonâ—â—eâ—â— Who said he did order the ATHENIANS to tend their sacrifices and the ELIANS to tende their games and if they made any faulte therein the LACEDAEMONIANS should be well whipped That was merely spoken and in a iesting manner But Antisthenes the philosopher and one of Socrates scholers seeing the THEBANS growen very hawtie glorious after that they had conquered the LACEDAEMONIANS in the iorney of LEVCTRES me thinketh sayed he these THEBANS here doe like the schoole boyes which bragge and reioyce when they haue a litle beaten their master But this was not Lycurgus meaning to haue his cittie to commaunde many But he thought the felicitie of a cittie as of a priuate man consisted chiefly in the exercise of vertue and in the vnitie of the inhabitants thereof He framed his common wealth to this ende that his cittizens should be nobly minded content with their owne and temperate in their doings that thereby they might mainteine and keepe them selues long in safetie The self same intention had Plato Diogenes and Zenon in setting forth their bookes which they wrote of the gouernment of common weales and so had likewise many other great and learned men which haue written of the same matter Howbeit they only left behinde them wordes and written bookes but Lycurgus contrariwise left no written bookes nor pamplets but stablished and left behinde him a royall forme of gouernment which no man euer before had inuented nor neuer after could be followed He hath made them plainely see a whole cittie liue together and gouerne it selfe philosophically according to the true rules and preceptes of perfect wisdome which imagined that true wisedome was a thing hanging in the ayer and could not visible be seene in the worlde Whereby he hath worthily excelled in glorie all those which euer tooke vpon them to write or stablishe the gouernment of a common weale And therefore sayeth Aristotle that after his death they did him lesse honour in LACEDAEMONIA then he had deserued albeit they did him all the honour they possibly could deuise And yet they buylt a temple for him and made solemne sacrifice to him euery yere as vnto a god More they saye that when the ashes of his bodie were brought to SPARTA there fell straight lightning vpon his tumbe where they were put which they had not often seene to happen to other men of name after their decease sauing only to the poet Eurâ—pides who dying in MACEDONIA was buried neere the cittie of ARETHVSA The which is some manifest argument for suche as loue the Poet to laye against those which somewhat depraue him seing this signe came to him after his death
which had happened before to a most well beloued man of the goddes Some laye Lycurgus died in the cittie of CIRRHA But Apollothemis sayeth he died in ELIDA Timaeus and Aristoxenus write he ended his dayes in CRETA And Aristoxenus sayeth further that those of the I le of CRETA doe shewe his graue in the place which they call Pergami◠by the broade highe wayes side He left one onely begotten sonne named Antiorus who died without issue so that his house and name fayled with him But his neere kinsemen and famillier friendes did set vp a company or brotherhood in memorie of him which continued a long time and the dayes wherein they assembled were called the Lycurgides There is another Aristocrates the sonne of Hipparchus who sayeth that he being dead in CRETA his friendes burned his bodie and afterwardes threwe his ashes into the sea according as he had prayed and requested them For he feared that if any parte of him should at any time haue bene brought to SPARTA the inhabitans would haue sayed he was returned againe and thereby would haue thought them selues discharged of their othe and might haue lawfully altered the lawes which he had appointed And this is the discourse and ende of Lycurgus life The end of Lycurgus life THE LIFE OF Numa Pompilius THE Historiographers differ maruelously of the time in which Numa Pompilius raigned King albeit some will deriue from him many noble houses descēded in ROME For one Clodius who wrote the booke intituled the table of time affirmeth that the auncient registers of the cittie of ROME were lost when it was taken and sacked by the GAVLES and that those which are extant at this daye be not true but were only made by men desirous to gratifie some which haue thrust in auncient houses and families of the first ROMAINES that concerne nothing them whom they ment to represent On the other side although the common opinion be that Numa was as familier friend and scholler of Pythagoras the philosopher yet some saye he was neuer learned nor had any knowledge at all in the Greeke tongue And yet mainteining that it is possible enough that he was so well borne and had suche perfection in all kind of vertue that he neuer neded any master though he had neded they had rather attribute the honour of the instructing of this King vnto some other foreane person that was more excellent then Pythagoras Other saye that Phythagoras the philosopher was long time after the raigne of Numa well nighe fiue ages after him How beit other saye there was another Pythagoras borne in SPARTA who hauing wonne the pryse of running at the games Olympicall in the sixtenth Olympiade the third yere of Numaes raigne did come into ITALIE where he kept much about Numa did assist helpe him in the gouerning ordering of his Realme By meanes whereof there be many customes yet of the LACONIANS mingled with the ROMAINES which this second Pythagoras was sayed to haue taught him Neuertheles his not confessed that Numa was borne of the SABYNES which they saye are descended from the LACEDAEMONIANS So it falleth out very hard to agree certainly of the time when Numa was and chiefly for suche as will followe the rolle or table of those which from Olympiades to Olympiades haue wonne the pryses of games Olympicall considering the rolle or table that they haue at this present was very lately published by one Hippias an Elian who deliuereth no reason or argument of necessitie why it should be taken for an vndoubted trothe which he in that sorte hath gathered Yet we will not leaue to put in writing those things worthie of memorie which we could gather by any meanes of king Numa beginning at that place which we thought to be meetest It was nowe sithence ROME was buylt seuen and thirtie yeres for so long time raigned Romulus when Romulus the fifte of the moneth of Iuly which they call the Nones of the goates made a solemne sacrifice without the cittie neere to a certaine place commonly called the goate marshe As all the whole Senate with the most parte of the people were present at this sacrifice sodainely there rose in the ayer a very great tempest and a maruelous darcke thicke clowde which fell on the earthe with suche boysterous windes stormes lightnings and thunder that the poore common people being affrayed of so fore a tempest dispersed them selues sodainely running here and there for succour and therewithall king Romulus vanished awaye in suche sorte that he was neuer after seene aliue not dead This brought the Senatours and noble men whom they called Patricians into great suspition And there ranne a fowle tale among the common people howe they had a long time borne very impaciently to be subiects to a King bicause them selues would haue had and taken vpon them some soueraine authoritie and that for this cause they had killed king Romulus Adding somewhat more vnto it howe a litle before he had vsed them more roughely and commaūded them more straightly then he was wont or accustomed Neuertheles they found the meanes to quenche all these bruites and murmurings by doing diuine honour and sacrifice vnto him as one not dead but passed to a better life To confirme this one of the noblest men among them called Proclus came in and by othe affirmed before all the people that he sawe Romulus ascending vp into heauen armed at all peces and that he heard a voyce saye from thenceforth call him Quirinus This being thus appeased there sprange vp another trouble to knowe whom they should choose in his place For the straungers which were come then from other places to dwell in ROME were not yet throughly ioyned to the naturall borne ROMAINES in so muche as the common people dyd not only wauer and stagger vp and down in opinion but the Senatours also that were many of diuers nations did enter into a suspition one of another These things notwithstāding they all agreed in this that of necessitie they must choose a King howbeit in the rest they differed much not only whom they should choose but also of what nation he should be For those which were the first founders and buylders of the cittie of ROME with Romulus could in no wise abide norsuffer that the SABYNES to whom they had diuided parte of their landes and a moytie of their cittie should attempt and presume to commaund them whom they dyd receyue and associate into their company and felowshippe The SABYNES alledged on thother side for them a good reason and such as caried great probabilitie Which was that neuer sence the death of their king Tatius they neither had in any thing disobeyed nor disquieted king Romulus but had suffered him to raigne peaceably and therefore Romulus being nowe deceased reason would that the newe King should be chosen of their nation And that albeit the ROMAINES had receyued them into their cittie they could
of maydes which both the one and the other ordeined doth agree with the rest of their education For Lycurgus would not that they should be maried till they were of good yeres and women growen to the ende that they knowing the company of man at such time as nature requireth it should be a beginning of their pleasure and loue and not of griefe and hate when she should be compelled vnto it before time agreable by nature and bicause their bodies also should be more stronge and able to beare children and to indure the mothers painefull throwes and trauell in childe bearing considering they are maried to no other ende but to beare children But the ROMAINES to the contrarie doe marye them at twelue yeres of age and vnder saying that by this meanes their bodies manners be wholy theirs which doe marye them being assured that no body els could touch them By this reason it is manifest that the one is more naturall to make them strong to beare children the other more morall to geue them the forme manner of conditiōs which a man would haue them to kepe all their life time Moreouer touching orders for educatiō of childrē that they should be brought vp instructed taught vnder the selfe same masters gouernours which should haue an eye to make them drincke eate playe and exercise them selues honestly and orderly together Numa made no more prouision for the same then the least maker of lawes that euer was and nothing in comparison of Lycurgus For Numa left the parents at libertie to vse their discretion according vnto their couetousnes or necessitie to cause their children to be brought vp as they thought good whether they would put them to be labourers carpinters founders or minstrells As if they should not frame the manners of children and facion them from their cradell all to one ende but should be as it were like passengers in one shippe which being there some for one busines other for another purpose but all to diuers endes doe neuer medle one with another but in a rough storme or tempest when euery man is affrayed of his owne life For otherwise no man careth but for him selfe And other makers of lawes also are to be borne withall if any thing hath scaped them through ignoraunce or some time through lacke of sufficient power and authoritie But a wise philosopher hauing receyued a realme of people newly gathered together which dyd contrary him in nothing whereto should he most plye his studie and indeuour but to cause children to be well brought vp and to make young men exercise them selues to the ende they should not differ in manners nor that they should be troublesome by their diuers manner of bringing vp but that they should all agree together for that they had bene trained from their childhood vnto one selfe trade and facioned vnder one selfe patterne of vertue That good education besides other commodities dyd also serue to preserue Lycurgus lawes For the feare of their othe which they had made had bene of small effect if he had not through institution and education as it were dyed in wolle the manners of children and had not made them from their nources brestes in manner sucke the Iuice and loue of his lawes and ciuill ordinaunces And this was of suche force that for the space of fiue hundred yeres more Lycurgus chieflawes and ordinaunces remained in full perfection as a deepe woded dye which went to the bottome and pearced into the tender wolle Contrariwise that which was Numaes chief ende and purpose to continew ROME in peace and amitie dyed by and by with him For he was no soner dead but they opened both the gates of the temple of Ianus which he so carefully had kept shut all his reigne as if in deede he had kept in warres there vnder locke and keye and they filled all ITALIE with murder and bloude this his godly holy and iust gouernment which his Realme enioyed all his time did not last long after bicause it had not the bonde of education and the discipline of children which should mainteine it Why maye a man saye to me here hath not ROME excelled still and preuailed more more in cheualrie This question requireth a long aunswer and specially vnto such men as place felicitie in riches in possessions in the greatnes of empire rather then in the quiet safety peace concorde of a common weale and in clemency and iustice ioyned with contentation Neuertheless howsoeuer it was that maketh for Lycurgus also that the ROMAINES after they had chaūged the state which they had of Numa dyd so maruelously increase growe mightie and that the LACEDAEMONIANS to the contrarie so soone as they beganne to breake Lycurgus lawes being of great authoritie and swaye fell afterwards to be of small accompt So that hauing lost the soueraintie commaundemēt ouer GRECE they stoode in great hazarde also to be ouerthrowen for euer But in trothe it was some diuine thing in Numa that he being a meere straunger the ROMAINES dyd seeke him to make him King and that he could so chaunge all and rule a whole cittie as he lifted not yet ioyned together without neede of any force or violence as it was in Lycurgus to be assisted with the best of the citty in resisting the cōmons of LACEDAEMON but he could neuer otherwise haue kept them in peace made them loue together but by his only wisdom iustice The ende of Numa Pompilius life THE LIFE OF Solon DIDYMVS the Grammarian in a litle booke that he wrote dedicated vnto Asclepiades touching the tables of the lawes of Solon alleageth the wordes of one Philocles in which he speaketh against the common opinion of those that haue written that Solons father was called Euphorion For all other writers agree that he was the sonne of Execestides a man but reasonably to liue although otherwise he was of the noblest and most auncient house of the cittie of ATHENS For of his fathers side he was descended of king Codrus and for his mother Heraclides Ponticus writeth she was cosin germaine vnto Pisistratus mother For this cause euen from the beginning there was great friendshippe betwene them partely for their kinred and partely also for the curtesie and beawtie of Pisistratus with whom it is reported Solon on a time was in loue Afterwards they fortuned to fall at iarre one with the other about matter of state and gouernment yet this square bred no violent inconuenience betwene them but they reserued in their hartes still their auncient amitie which continued the memorie of their loue as a great fire doth a burning flame That Solon was no stayed man to withstand beawtie nor any great doer to preuaile in loue it is manifest to all aswell by other poeticall writings that he hath made as by a lawe of his owne wherein he dyd forbid bondmen to perfume them selues or
with expounding of the same by them Those which shal be founde attained and conuicted of any matter that hath bene heard before the counsaill of the Areopagites the Ephetes or the gouernours of the cittie when this lawe shall come forth shall stand condemned still and all other shal be pardoned restored and set at libertie Howsoeuer it is sure that was his intent and meaning Furthermore amongest the rest of his lawes one of them in deede was of his owne deuise for the like was neuer stablished els where And it is that lawe that pronounceth him defamed and vnhonest who in a ciuill vprore among the cittizens sitteth still a looker on and a neawter and taketh parte with neither side Whereby his minde was as it should appeare that priuate men should not be only carefull to put them selues their causes in safety nor yet should be careles for others mens matters or thincke it a vertue not to medle with the miseries and misfortunes of their countrie but from the beginning of euery sedition that they should ioyne with those that take the iustest cause in hande and rather to hazarde them selues with such then to tarie looking without putting themselues in daunger which of the two should haue the victorie There is another lawe also which at the first sight me thinketh is very vnhonest and fond That if any man according to the lawe hath matched with a riche heire inheritour and of him selfe is impotent and vnable to doe the office of a husband she maye lawfully lye with any whom she liketh of her husbands nearest kinsemen Howbeit some affirme that it is a wise made lawe for those which knowing themselues vnmeete to entertaine wedlocke will for couetousnes of landes marye with riche heires and possessioners and minde to abuse poore gentlewomen vnder the colour of lawe and will thincke to force and restraine nature For seeing the lawe suffereth an inheritour or possessioner thus ill bestowed at her pleasure to be bolde with any of her husbands kynne men will either leaue to purchase such mariages or if they be so careles that they will nedes marye it shal be to their extreme shame and ignominie and so shall they deseruedly paye for their greedy couetousnes And the lawe is well made also bicause the wise hath not scope to all her husbands kynsemen but vnto one choyce man whom she liketh best of his house to the ende that the children that shal be borne shal be at the least of her husbands bloude and kynred This also confirmeth the same that such a newe maryed wife should be shut vp with her husband and eate a quince with him and that he also which maryeth such an inheritour should of duety see her thryse a moneth at the least For although he get no children of her yet it is an honour the husband doth to his wife arguing that he taketh her for an honest woman that he loueth her and that he esteemeth of her Besides it taketh awaye many mislikings and displeasures which oftentimes happen in such cases and keepeth loue and good will waking that it dyenot vtterly betweene them Furthermore he tooke awaye all ioynters and dowries in other mariages and willed that the wiues should bring their husbands but three gownes only with some other litle moueables of small value and without any other thing as it were vtterly forbidding that they should buye their husbands or that they should make marchaundise of mariages as of other trades to gaine but would that man and woman should marye together for issue for pleasure and for loue but in no case for money And for proofe hereof Dionysius the tyranne of SICILE one daye aunswered his mother which would needes be maried to a young man of SYRACVSA in this sorte I haue power saieth he to breake the lawes of SYRACVSA by hauing the Kingdome but to force the law of nature or to make mariage without the reasonable compasse of age that passeth my reache and power So is it not tolerable and much lesse allowable also that such disorder should be in well ordered citties that such vncomely and vnfit mariages should be made betweene coples of so vnequall yeres considering there is no meete nor necessary ende of such matches A wise gouernour of a cittie or a iudge and reformer of lawes and manners might well saye to an olde man that should marye with a young mayde as the Poet sayeth of Philoctetes Ah seely vvretche hovv trymme a man arte thou at these young yeres for to be maryed novve And finding a young man in an olde riche womans house getting his liuing by riding of her errants and waxing fat as they saye the partridge doth by treading of the hennes he maye take him from thence to bestowe him on some young mayde that shall haue neede of a husband And thus much for this matter But they greatly commend another lawe of Solons which forbiddeth to speake ill of the dead For it is a good and godly thing to thinke that they ought not to touche the dead no more than to touche holy things and men should take great heede to offende those that are departed out of this world besides it is a token of wisedome and ciuillitie to beware of immortall enemies He commaunded also in the selfe same lawe that no man should speake ill of the liuing specially in Churches during diuine seruice or in counsaill chamber of the cittie nor in the Theaters whilest games were a playing vpon payne of three siluer Drachmes to be payed to him that was iniured two to the common treasurie For he thought it to much shameles boldnes in no place to keepe in ones choller and moreouer that such lacked ciuillitie and good manners and yet altogether to suppresse and smother it he knewe it was not only a harde matter but to some natures vnpossible And he that maketh lawes must haue regarde to the common possibilitie of men if he will punishe litle with profitable example and not much without some profit So was he maruelously well thought of for the lawe that he made touching willes and testaments For before men might not lawfully make their heires whom they would but the goodes came to the childrē or kynred of the testatour But he leauing it at libertie to dispose their goods where they thought good so they had no children of their owne dyd therein preferre friendship before kynred and good will and fauour before necessitie and constrainte and so made euery one lorde and master of his owne goodes Yet he dyd not simply and a like allowe all sortes of giftes howsoeuer they were made but those only which were made by men of sound memorie or by those whose wittes fayled them not by extreme sicknes or through drincks medicines poysonings charmes or other such violence and extraordinarie meanes neither yet through the intisements and persuasions of women As thincking very wisely there was no difference at all
their voyces also there in deede are they most bounde and subiect bicause they doe but obaye the rich in all they doe commaund But yet in this acte there is a thinge more wonderfull and worthie to be noted That commonly discharging of dettes was wont to breede great tumultes and seditions in common weales And Solon hauing vsed it is a very good time as the phisitian ventring a daungerous medecine dyd appease the sedition already begonne and did vtterly quenche through his glorie and the common opinion they had of his wisdome and vertue all the infamie and accusation that might haue growen of that acte As for their first entrie into the gouernment Solons beginning was farre more noble For he went before and followed not another and him selfe alone without any others helpe dyd put in execution the best and more parte of all his notable and goodly lawes Yet was Publicolaes ende and death much more glorious and happie For Solon before he dyed sawe all his comon wealthe ouerthrowen but Publicolaes common weale continued whole as he left it vntill the broyle of ciuill warres beganne againe among them Solon after he had made his lawes and written them in wodden tables leauing them without defence of any man went his waye immediatly out of the cittie of ATHENS Publicola abiding continually in ROME gouerning the state dyd throughly stablishe confirme the lawes he made Furthermore Solon hauing wisely forseene Pisistratus practises aspiring to make him selfe King he could neuer let him for all that but was himselfe ouercome and oppressed with they tyrannie he sawe stablished in his owne sight and in dispight of him Where Publicola ouerthrewe and dyd put downe a mightie Kingdome that had continued of long time and was throughly stablished his vertue and desire being equall with Solons hauing had besides fortune fauorable and sufficient power to execute his vertuous and well disposed minde But as for warres and marshall deedes there is no comparison to be made betweene them For Daimachus Plataian doth not attribute the warres of the MEGARIANS vnto Solon as we haue written it where Publicola being generall of an armie and fighting himselfe in persone hath wonne many great battels And as for matters of peace and ciuill gouernment Solon neuer durst present him self openly to persuade the enterprise of SALAMINA but vnder a counterfeat madnes and as a soole to make sporte Where Publicola taking his aduenture from the beginning shewed him selfe without dissimulation an open enemie to Tarquine and afterwardes he reuealed all the whole conspiracie And when he had bene the only cause and autor of punishing the traitours he dyd not only driue out of ROME the tyrannes selues in persone but tooke from them also all hope of returne againe Who hauing allwayes thus nobly valiantly behaued him self without shrinking backe or flying from ought that required force a manly corage or open resistaunce dyd yet shewe him selfe discreete where wisedome was requisite or reason and persuasion needefull As when he conningly wanne king Porsena who was a dredfull enemie vnto him and inuincible by force whom he handled in such good sorte that he made him his friend Peraduenture some might stand in this and saye that Solon recouered the I le of SALAMINA vnto the ATHENIANS which they would haue lost Publicola to the contrarie restored the lands vnto Porsena againe which the ROMAINES had conquered before within the countrie of THVSCAN But the times in which these things were done are allwayes to be considered of For a wise gouernour of a Realme and politicke man doth gouerne diuersely according to the occasions offred taking euery thing in his time wherein he will deale And many times in letting goe one thing he saueth the whole and in losing a litle he gayneth much As Publicola dyd who losing a litle pece of another mans countrie which they had vsurped saued by that meanes all that was assuredly his owne And whereas the ROMAINES thought he should doe very much for them to saue their cittie only he got them moreouer all the goodes that were in their enemies cāpe which dyd besiege them And in making his enemie iudge of his quarrell he wāne the victorie winning that moreouer which he would gladly haue geuen to haue ouercome and haue sentence passe of his side For the King their enemie dyd not only make peace with them but dyd also leaue them all his furniture prouision and munition for the warres euen for the vertue manhood and iustice which the great wisedome of this Consul persuaded Porsena to beleeue to be in all the other ROMAINES The end of Publicolaes life THE LIFE OF Themistocles THEMISTOCLES parentage dyd litle aduaunce his glorie for his father Neocles was of small reputation in ATHENS being of the hundred of Phrear tribe of Leontis of his mother an allien or straunger as these verses doe witnesse Abrotonon I am yborne in Thracia and yet this highe good happe I haue that into Grecia I haue brought forth a sonne Themistocles by name the glorie of the Greekishe bloods and man of greatest fame Howbeit Phanias writeth that his mother was not a THRACIAN but borne in the countrie of CARIA and they doe not call her Abrotonon but Euterpé And Neanthes sayeth furthermore that she was of HALICARNASSVS the chiefest cittie of all the Realme of CARIA For which cause when the straungers dyd assemble at Cynosargos a place of exercise without the gate dedicated to Hercules which was not a right god but noted an alien in that his mother was a mortall woman Themistocles persuaded diuers youthes of the most honourable houses to goe down with him to annointe them selues at Cynosargos conningly thereby taking away the differēce betwene the right alien sorte But setting a parte all these circumstaunces he was no doubt allied vnto the house of the Lycomedians for Themistocles caused the chappell of this familie which is in the village of PHLYES being once burnt by the barbarous people to be buylt vp againe at his owne charges and as Simonides sayeth he dyd set in forth and enriche it with pictures Moreouer euery man doth confesse it that euen from his childhood they dyd perceyue he was geuen to be very whotte headed sturring wise and of good spirite and enterprising of him selfe to doe great things and borne to rule weighty causes For at such dayes and howers as he was taken from his booke and had leaue to playe he neuer played nor would neuer be idle as other children were but they allwayes founde him conning some oration without booke or making it alone by him selfe and the ground of his matter was euer comonly either to defend or accuse some of his companions Whereupon his schoolemaster obseruing him ofte sayed vnto him suer some great matter hangeth ouer thy head my boye for it cannot be chosen but that one daye thou shalt doe some notable good thing or some extreme mischief Therefore when they went about to
teache him any thing only to checke his nature or to facion him with good manner and ciuilitie or to studie any matter for pleasure or honest pastime he would slowly and carelesly learne of them But if they deliuered him any matter of wit and things of weight concerning state they sawe he would beate at it maruelously and would vnderstande more then any could of his age and cariage trusting altogether to his naturall mother with This was the cause that being mocked afterwardes by some that had studied humanitie and other liberall sciences he was driuen for reuenge and his owne defence to aunswer with great and stowte wordes saying that in deede he could no skill to tune a harpe nor a violl nor to playe of a psalterion but if they dyd put a cittie into his handes that was of small name weake and litle he knewe wayes enough how to make it noble stronge and great Neuertheles Stesimbrotus writeth how he went to Anaxagoras schoole and that vnder Melissus he studied naturall philosophie But herein he was greatly deceaued for that he tooke no great hede vnto the time For Melissus was captaine of the SAMIANS against Pericles at what time he dyd laye seige vnto the cittie of SAMOS Now this is true Pericles was much younger then Themistocles and Anaxagoras dwelt with Pericles in his owne house Therefore we haue better reason and occasion to beleeue those that write Themistocles dyd determine to followe Mnesiphilus Phreari◠For he was no professed Orator nor naturall philosopher as they termed it in that time but made profession of that which then they called wisedome Which was no other thing but a certen knowledge to handle great causes and an indeuour to haue a good wit and iudgment in matters of state and gouernment which profession beginning in Solon dyd continue and was taken vp from man to man as a secte of philosophie But those that came sithence haue mingled it with arte of speache and by litle and litle haue translated the exercise of deedes vnto bare and curious wordes whereupon they were called Sophisters as who would saye counterfeate wise men Nothwithstanding when Themistocles beganne to medle with the gouernment of the common weale he followed much Mnesiphilus In the first parte of his youth his hehauiour and doings were very light and vnconstant as one caried awaye with a rashe head and without any order or discretion by reason whereof his manners conditions seemed maruelously to chaunge and oftimes fell into very ill fauored euents as him self dyd afterwards confesse by saying that a ragged colte oftimes proues a good horse specially if he be well ridden and broken as he should be Other tales which some will seeme to adde to this are in my opinion but fables As that his father dyd disinherite him and that his mother for very care and sorowe she tooke to see the lewde life of her sonne dyd kill her self For there are that write to the contrary that his father being desirous to take him from dealing in gouernment dyd goe and shewe him all alongest the sea shore the shippewracks and ribbes of olde gallyes cast here and there whereof no reckoning was made and sayed to him thus the people vse their gouernours when they can serue no lenger Howsoeuer it was it is most true that Themistocles earnestly gaue himself to state and was sodainely taken with desire of glorie For euen at his first entrie bicause he would set foote before the prowdest he stoode at pyke against the greatest and mightiest persones that bare the swaye and gouernment and specially against Aristides Lysimachus sonne who euer encountered him and was still his aduersarie opposite Yet it seemeth the euil will he conceyued toward him came of a very light cause For they both loued Stesilaus that was borne in the cittie of TEOS as Ariston the philosopher writeth And after this iealousie was kindled betweene them they allwayes tooke contrary parte once against another not only in their priuate likings but also in the gouernment of the cōmon weale Yet I am persuaded that the difference of their manners conditions did much encrease the grudge and discorde betwext them For Aristides being by nature a very good man a iust dealer honest of life and one that in all his doings would neuer flatter the people nor serue his owne glorie but rather to the contrary would doe would saye counsaill allwayes for the most benefit cōmoditie of the commō weale was oftentimes enforced to resist Themistocles disapoint his ambition being euer busilie mouing the people to take some new matter in hande For they reporte of him that he was so inslamed with desire of glorie to enterprise great matters that being but a very yoōg man at the battell of Marathon where there was no talke but of the worthines of captaine Miltiades that had wonne the battell he was found many times solitarilie there alone deuising with him self besides they saye he could then take no rest in the night neither would goe to playes in the daye time nor would keepe companie with those whom he was accustomed to be familiar withall before Furthermore he would tell them that woūdred to see him so in his muses and chaunged and asked him what he ayled that Miltiades victorie would not let him sleepe bicause other thought this ouerthrow at MARATHON would haue made an end of all warres Howbeit Themistocles was of a contrary opinion and that it was but a beginning of greater troubles Therefore he daylie studied howe to preuent them and how to see to the safetie of GREECE before occasion offered he did exercise his cittie in seats of warre foreseeing what should followe after Wherefore where the cittizēs of ATHENS before dyd vse to deuide among them selues the reuenue of their mines of siluer which were in a parte of ATTICA called LAVRION he alone was the first that durst speake to the people persuade them that from thenceforth they should cease that distribution among them selues employe the money of the same in making of gallyes to make warres against the AEGINETES For their warres of all GREECE were most cruell bicause they were lords of the sea had so great a nūber of shippes This persuasion drue the citizens more easely to Themistocles minde than the threatning them with king Darius or the Persians would haue done who were farre from them not feared that they would come neere vnto them So this oportunitie taken of the hatred iealousie betwene the ATHENIANS the AEGINETES made the people to agree of the said money to make an hundred gallyes with which they fought against king Xerxes did ouercome him by sea Now after this good beginning successe he wanne the cittizēs by degrees to bende their force to sea declaring vnto them howe by lande they were scant able to make heade against their equalles whereas by their
to be strong by sea was it that dyd mainteine the authoritie of the popular state And that contrariwise they which liue by the labour and toyle of the earthe doe more willingly like the gouernment of Nobilitie Themistocles called to minde another matter also of greater importance to make the cittie of ATHENS of a greater power by sea For after the retire of Xerxes and that all the fleete and nauie of the GRAECIANS wintered in the hauen of PAGASES he sayed one daye in an open assembly of the people that he had thought of a thing which would be very profitable and beneficiall for them but it was not to be tolde openly The people willed him then to imparte it to Aristides and if he thought it good they would execute it speedely Themistocles then tolde Aristides the thing he had considered of was to burne the Arcenal where the GRAECIANS nauy laye and to set on fire all their shippes Aristides hearing his purpose returned to the people and tolde them howe nothing could be more profitable but with all more vniust then that which Themistocles had deuised The ATHENIANS then willed Aristides it should be let alone altogether Furthermore when the LACEDAEMONIANS had exhibited their petition to the counsell of the Amphictyons that is the generall counsaill of all the states of GRAECE assembled howe the townes and citties of GRAECE which had not bene parties with the GRAECIANS to the league against the barbarous people should be put of wholy from this counsaill Themistocles dowting of the ARGIVES the THESSALIANS and the THEBANS also should by this meanes be exempted that the LACEDAEMONIANS would be then the greater number in voyces and by this meanes might doe what they would in this counsell he spake so consideratly for the citties which they would haue thus discharged that he made the petitioners in the assembly vtterly to chaunge their opinion Declaring howe there were but one and thirtie citties comprised only the league and yet that some of them were very weake and small and howe it were no reason that reiecting all the rest of GRECE the greatest authoritie of this counsaill should fall into the handes of two or three of the chiefest citties alone For this cause chiefly the LACEDAEMONIANS dyd euer beare him extreme hatred and dyd set vp Cimon all they could to be allwayes aduersary opposite vnto him and as it were to bearde him in all matters of state and the gouernment of ATHENS They procured him besides the ill will and displeasure of all the friendes and confederates of the ATHENIANS for that he went sayling still to and fro alongest the Iles exacting money of the inhabitants of the same And this is to be knowen by the matter propounded by him to the ANDRIANS of whom he would haue had money and by the aunswer they made him as Herodotus writeth Which was howe he had brought them two mightie goddes Loue and Force And they aunswered him againe that they also had two great goddesses which kept them from geuing of him any money Pouertie and Impossibilitie And to make this good also Timocreon the Rhodian poet galled him to the quicke when he sharpely taunted him for calling many home againe for money that were banished and howe for couetousnes of money he had betrayed and forsaken his hoste and friende The verses wherein this matter is mentioned are to this effecte VVho list commend vvorthy Pausanias Xanthippus or good Leotychides yet shall I seeme but light thereof to passe compared vvith valliant Aristides For yet vvas naye the like in Athens tovvne nor neuer shall come none of like renovvne Themistocles by right and due deserte is hated of Latons for his lyes and for he bare a traitrous vvicked harte vvho like a vvretche nigard did deuise for small revvardes his host Timocreon to holde out of his countrie Ialison He tooke for bribe vniustly yet therevvhile of redy coyne three talents fayre and bright revoking such as pleased him from exile and banishing full many a vvorthy vvight Or putting them to death vvithout cause tolde he gate thereby great heapes of coyne and golde But in the ende ôright revvarde for such this bribing vvretch vvas forced for to holde a tipling bovvthe most like a clovvne or fâ—â—â—he at holy feastes and pastimes manifold vvhich vvere amongest the people in those dayes Istmiciane folke dyd vse the like allvvayes And there he serued his gests vvith cold meat still vvhilest they that tasted of his cookerie gan vvishe that they to ease their vveary vvill had neuer liued to see the treccherie of false Themistocles and that he might no longer liue vvhich vvrought them such despight After this he dyd more openly blase him to the worlde when he was banished and condemned in a songe that had beginning thus O Muse let these my verses be disperst throughout all Grace since they deserue no lesse and since the truthe vvhich is in them rehearst deserueth fame vvhom no man should suppresse They saye the cause was why this Timocreon was banished the friendshippe which he had with the Barbarous people and for geuing them intelligence Whereof Themistocles was one that iudicially condemned him Wherefore when Themistocles him selfe was accused afterwards of the same faulte Timocreon then made these verses following against him Timocreon vvas not vvithout his pheere vvhich did conferre vvith Medes priuely Since others mo the selfe same blame might beare mo foxes lurke in dennes as vvell as I. Besides these verses Themistocles owne citizens for the ill will they bare him were contented to heare him ill spoken of Therefore while he fought wayes to redresse all this he was driuen to vse such meane which more increased their hatred toward him For in his orations to the people he dyd ofte remember them of the good seruice he had done them and perceyuing howe they were offended withall he was driuen to saye Why are ye weary so ofte to receyue good by one man Many of them were very angry with him also when he surnamed Diana in the dedication of her temple he made vnto her Aristobule as much to saye as the good counseller meaning thereby howe he had geuen graue and wise counsell both vnto his cittie and to all the rest of the GRECIANS He built this temple also neere his house in a place called Melita where the hangemen doe cast the dead bodies of those that were executed and throwe the ragges and halters endes of those that were hanged or otherwise put to death by lawe There was also in our dayes in the temple of Diana Aristobule a litle image of Themistocles which shewed plainely that he was not only wise and of a noble minde but also of a great maiestie and countenaunce in face In the ende the ATHENIANS banished him ATHENS for fiue yere bicause they would plucke downe his ouergreat corage and authoritie as they dyd vse to serue those whose greatnes they thought to be more then common equalitie
fortuned in the ende to taste of the wine which was first brought out of ITALIE vnto them Which drinke they found so good and were so delited with it that sodainely they armed themselues and taking their wiues and children with them they went directly towards the ALPES to goe seeke out the country that brought forth such fruite iudging all other countries in respect of that to be but wilde and barren It is sayed that the first man which brought wine vnto them and that dyd procure them to passe into ITALIE was a noble man of THVSCAN called Arron and otherwise of no ill disposed nature howbeit he was subiect to this misfortune following He was tutor vnto an orphan childe the richest that was at that time in all the countrie of THVSCAN and of complexion was wonderfull fayer he was called Lucumo This orphan was brought vp in Arrons house of a childe and though he was growen to mans state yet he would not goe from him fayning he was so well and to his liking But in deede the cause was that he loued his maistres Arrons wife whom secretly he had enioyed a long time and she him that made him like his continuance there Howbeit in the ende loue hauing so possessed them both that neither parte could withdrawe from other much lesse culler that they had long enioyed the young man stole her away from him and kept her still by force Arron put him in sute but he preuayled not for Lucumo ouerweyed him with friends money giftes and charges But he tooke it so greuously that he left his country and hauing heard talke of the GAVLES he went vnto them and was their guide to bring them into ITALIE So they conquered at their first coming all that country which the THVSCANS helde in olde time beginning at the foote of the mountaines and stretched out in length from one sea vnto the other which enuironneth ITALIE as the names them selues doe witnesse For they call yet that sea which looketh vnto the northe the Adriatick sea by reason of a cittie built sometime by the THVSCANS which was called Adria The other which lieth directly ouer against the South is called the THVSCAN sea All that countrie is well planted with trees hath goodly pleasaunt pastures for beastes and cattell to feede in is notably watered with goodly ronning riuers There was also at that time eighteene fayer great citties in that country all of them very strong and well seated aswell for to enriche the inhabitants thereof by traffike as to make them to liue delicately for pleasure All these citties the GAVLES had wonne and had expulsed the THVSCANS but this was done long time before Now the GAVLES being further entred into THVSCAN dyd besiege the cittie of CLVSIVM Thereupon the CLVSIANS seeking ayde of the ROMAINES besought them they would send letters and ambassadours vnto these barbarous people in their fauour They sent vnto them three of the best and most honorable persones of the cittie all three of the house of the Fabians The GAVLES receyued them very curteously bicause of the name of ROME and leauing to assaulte the cittie they gaue them audience The ROMAINE ambassadours dyd aske them what iniurie the CLVSIANS had done vnto them that they came to make warres with them Brennus king of the GAVLES hearing this question smiled and aunswered them thus The CLVSIANS doe vs wrong in this they being but fewe people together not able to occupie much lande doe notwithstanding possesse much and will let vs haue no parte with them that are straungers and out of our country and stande in neede of seate and habitation The like wrong was offered vnto you ROMAINES in old time by those of ALBA by the FIDENATES and the ARDEATES and not long sithence by the VEIANS the CAPENATES and partly by the FALISCES and the VOLSCES against whom ye haue taken doe take armes at all times And as ofte as they will let ye haue no parte of their goods ye imprison their persones robbe and spoyle their goodes and distroye their citties And in doing this ye doe them no wrong at all but followe the oldest lawe that is in the worlde which euer leaueth vnto the stronger that which the weaker can not keepe and enioye Beginning with the goddes ending with beastes the which haue this propertie in nature that the bigger and stronger haue euer the vauntage of the weaker and lesser Therefore leaue your pittie to see the CLVSIANS besieged least you teache vs GAVLES to take compassion also of those you haue oppressed By this aunswer the ROMAINES knewe very wel there was no waye to make peace with king Brennus Wherefore they entred into the cittie of CLVSIVM and incoraged the inhabitants to salye out with them vpon these barbarous people either bicause they had a desire to proue the valliantnes of the GAVLES or els to shewe their owne corage and manhoode So the cittizens went out and skirmished with them harde by the walles in the which one of the Fabians called Quintus Fabius Ambustus being excellently well horsed and putting spurres to him dyd set vpon a goodly bigge personage of the GAVLES that had aduaunced him selfe farre before all the troupe of his companions He was not knowen at the first encounter as well for the sodaine meeting and skirmishing together as for that his glistering armour dimmed the eyes of the enemies But after he had slaine the GAVLE and came to strippe him Brennus then knewe him and protested against him calling the goddes to witnesse howe he had broken the lawe of armes that coming as an ambassadour he had taken vpon him the forme of an enemie Hereupon Brennus forthwith left skirmishing and raising the seige from CLVSIVM marched with his army vnto ROME gates And to the ende the ROMAINES might knowe that the GAVLES were not well pleased for the iniurie they had receyued to haue an honest culler to beginne warres with the ROMAINES he sent an Herauld before to ROME to demaunde liuerie of the man that had offended him that he might punish him accordingly In the meane time he him selfe came marching after by small iourneys to receyue their aunswer The Senate hereupon assembled many of the Senatours blamed the rashnes of the Fabians but most of all the priestes called Faciales For they followed it very earnestly as a matter that concerned religion the honour of the godds declaring how the Senate in discharge of all the residue of the cittie of the offence cōmitted should laye the whole waight and burden of it vpon him alone that only had done the facte Numa Pompilius the iustest and most peaceable of all the kings of ROME that had bene was he that first erected the colledge of these Faciales and dyd ordeine that they should be the keepers of peace and the iudges to heare and allowe all the causes for the which they should iustely beginne any warres Neuertheles the
he had sayed doing lesse hurte to Cimon then any other of his accusers How is Idomeneus to be credited nowe who accuseth Pericles that he had caused the orator Ephialtes to be slaine by treason that was his friende and dyd alwayes counsell him and take his parte in all kinde of gouernment of the common weale only for the iealousie and enuie he dyd beare to his glorie I can but muse why Idomeneus should speake so slaunderously against Pericles vnles it were that his melancholy humour procured suche violent speache who though peraduenture he was not altogether blameles yet he was euer nobly-minded and had a naturall desire of honour in which kinde of men such furious cruell passions are seldome seene to breede But this orator Ephialtes being cruell to those that tooke parte with the Nobilitie bicause he would spare nor pardone no man for any offence whatsoeuer committed against the peoples authoritie but dyd followe and persecute them with all rigour to the vttermost his enemies layed waite for him by meanes of one Aristodicus TANAGRIAN and they killed him by treason as Aristotle writeth In the meane time Cimon dyed in the I le of CYPRVS being generall of the armie of the ATHENIANS by sea Wherefore those that tooke parte with the Nobilitie seeing Pericles was nowe growen very great and that he went before all other citizens of ATHENS thincking it good to haue some one to sticke on their side against him and to lessen thereby somewhat his authoritie that he might not come to rule all as he would they raised vp against him one Thucydides of the towne of ALODECIA a graue wise man and father in lawe to Cimon This Thucydides had lesse skill of warres then Cimon but vnderstoode more in ciuill gouernment then he for that he remained most parte of his time within the cittie where continually inuaying against Pericles in his pulpit for orations to the people in shorte time he had stirred vp a like companie against the faction of Pericles For he kept the gentlemen and richer sorte which they call Nobilitie from mingling with the common people as they were before when through the multitude of the commnons their estate and dignitie was abscured and troden vnderfoote Moreouer he dyd separate them from the people and dyd assemble them all as it were into one bodie who came to be of equall power with the other faction and dyd put as a man will saye a counterpease into the ballance For at the beginning there was but a litle secret grudge only betwene these two factions as an artificiall flower set in the blade of a sworde which made those shewe a litle that dyd leane vnto the people and the other also somwhat that fauored the Nobilitie But the contention betwene these two persones was as a deepe cut which deuided the cittie wholy in two factions of the which the one was called the Nobilitie and the other the communaltie Therefore Pericles geuing yet more libertie vnto the people dyd all things that might be to please them ordeining continuall playes and games in the cittie many feastes banckets and open pastimes to entertaine the commons with suche honest pleasures and deuises and besides all this he sent yerely an armie of three score gallyes vnto the warres into the which he put a great number of poore cittizens that tooke paye of the state for nine moneths of the yere and thereby they dyd learne together and practise to be good sea men Furthermore he sent into the countrie of CHERRONESVS a thousand free men of the cittie to dwell there and to deuide the landes amongest them fiue hundred also into the I le of NAXOS into the I le of ANDROS two hundred fiftie into THRACIA a thousand to dwell with the BISALTES other also into ITALIE when the cittie of SYBARIS was built againe which afterwardes was surnamed the cittie of the THVRIANS All this he dyd to ryd the cittie of a number of idle people who through idlenes beganne to be curious and to desire chaunge of things as also to prouide for the necessitie of the poore townes men that had nothing For placing the naturall citizens of ATHENS neere vnto their subiects and friendes they serued as a garrison to keepe them vnder and dyd suppresse them also from attempting any alteration or chaunge But that which deliteth most and is the greatest ornament vnto the cittie of ATHENS which maketh straungers most to wonder and which alone doth bring sufficient testimonie to confirme that which is reported of the auncient power riches and great wealthe of GRECE to be true and not false are the stately and sumptuous buildings which Pericles made to be built in the cittie of ATHENS For it is the only acte of all other Pericles dyd and which made his enemies most to spight him and which they most accused him for crying out vpon him in all counsailles assemblies that the people of ATHENS were opēly defamed for carying awaye the ready money of all GRECE which was left in the I le of DELOS to be safely kept there And although they could with good honestie haue excused this facte saying that Pericles had taken it from them for feare of the barbarous people to the ende to laye it vp in a more stronger place where it should be in better safetie yet was this to ouer-great an iniurie offered vnto all the rest of GRECE and to manifest a token of tyrannie also to beholde before their eyes howe we doe employe the money which they were inforced to gather for the maintenaunce of the warres against the barbarous people in gilding building and setting forth our cittie like a glorious woman all to be gawded with golde and precious stones and howe we doe make images and build vp temples of wonderfull infinite charge Pericles replied to the contrarie and declared vnto the ATHENIANS that they were not bounde to make any accompt of this money vnto their friendes and allies considering that they fought for their safety that they kept the barbarous people farre from GRECE without troubling them to set out any one man horse or shippe of theirs the money only excepted which is no more theirs that payed it then theirs that receyued it so they bestowe it to that vse they receyued it for And their cittie being already very well furnished and prouided of all things necessary for the warres it was good reason they should employe and bestowe the surplus of the treasure in things which in time to come and being throughly finished would make their fame eternall Moreouer he sayed that whilest they continue building they should be presently riche by reason of the diuersitie of workes of all sortes and other things which they should haue neede of and to compasse these things the better and to set them in hande all manner of artificers and worke men that would labour should be set a worke So should all the townes men
done vpon a brauery and certaine lustines as hauing layed a wager with his companions he would doe it and for no malice or quarrell that he bare the man This light parte was straight ouer all the cittie and euery one that heard it sayed it was lewdly done But Alcibiades the next morning went to his house and knocking at his gate was let in so he stripping him selfe before him deliuered him his bodie to be whipped and punished at his pleasure Hipponicus pardoned him and was friends with him and gaue him his daughter Hipparete afterwards in mariage Howbeit some saye it was not Hipponicus that gaue her to him but Callias sonne with tenne talēts of gold with her Afterwards at the birth of his first child he had by her he asked tenne talents more saying they were promised him vpon the contract if his wife had children But Callias fearing least this was an occasiō sought of him to lye in wayte to kill him for his goodes declared openly to the people that he made him his heire generall if he dyed without heires speciall of his bodie This gētlewoman Hipparete being an honest true wife to Alcibiades misliking her husband dyd so muche misuse her as to entertaine common light strumpers aswell cittizens as straungers she went abroad one day to her brothers house and tolde him of it Alcibiades passed not for it and made no further reckoning of the matter but only bad his wife if she would present her cause of diuorse before the iudge So she went thither her selfe to sue the diuorce betwene them according to the lawe but Alcibiades being there also tooke her by the hande caried her through the market place home to his house and no man durst medle betwene them to take her from him And so she continued with him all the dayes of her life which was not long after for she dyed when Alcibiades was in his iorney he made to EPHESVS This force Alcibiades vsed was not thought altogether vnlawfull nor vnciuill bicause it seemeth that the lawe was grounded vpon this cause that the wife which would be diuorced from her husband should goe her selfe openly before the iudge to put vp her complainte to the ende that by this meanes the husband might come to speake with his wife and seeke to staye her if he could Alcibiades had a maruelous fayer great dogge that cost him three score and tenne minas and he cut of his taile that was his chief beawtie When his friendes reproued him and tolde him how euery man blamed him for it he fell a laughing and tolde them he had that he sought For sayeth he I would haue the ATHENIANS rather prate vpon that then they should saye worse of me Moreouer it is sayed the first time that Alcibiades spake openly in the common weale and beganne to deale in matters was vpon a gifte of money he gaue to the people and not of any pretence or former purpose he had to doe it One daye as he came through the market place hearing the people very lowde he asked what the matter was they tolde him it was about money certen men had geuen to the people Then Alcibiades went to them and gaue them money out of his owne purse The people were so glad at that as they fell to showting and clapping of their handes in token of thankfullnes and him selfe was so glad for companie that he forgat a quayle he had vnder his gowne which was so afeard of the noyse that she tooke her flight away The people seeing the quayle made a greater noyse then before and many rose out of their places to runne after her so that in the ende it was taken vp by a master of a shippe called Antiochus who brought him the quayle againe and for that cause Alcibiades dyd loue him euer after Now albeit the nobilitie of his house his goodes his worthines the great number of his kinsemen friends made his waye open to take vpon him gouernment in the common weale Yet the only waye he desired to winne the fauour of the common people by was the grace of his eloquence To proue he was eloquent all the Comicall poets doe testifie it and besides them Demosthenes the prince of orators also doth saye in an oration he made against Midias that Alcibiades aboue all other qualities he had was most eloquent And if we maye beleeue Theophrastus the greatest searcher of antiquities best historiographer aboue any other philosopher he hath written that Alcibiades had as good a witte to deuise and consider what he would saye as any man that was in his time Howbeit somtimes studying what he should saye as also to deliuer good wordes not hauing them very readilie at his tongues ende he many times tooke breath by the waye and paused in the middest of his tale not speaking a worde vntil he had called it to minde that he would saye His charge was great and muche spoken of also for keeping of ronning horses at games not only bicause they were the best swiftest but for the number of coches he had besides For neuer priuate persone no nor any prince that euer sent seuen so well appointed coches in all furniture vnto the games Olympicall as he dyd nor that at one course hath borne awaye the first the second and the fourth prise as Thucydides sayeth or as Euripides reporteth the third For in that game he excelled all men in honour and name that euer striued for victorie therein For Euripides pronounced his praise in a songe he made of him as followeth O sonne of Clinias I vvill resounde thy praise for thou art bold in martiall dedes and ouercommest allvvayes Thy victories therevvith doe farre exceede the rest that euer vvere in Greece ygot therefore I compt them best For at thOlympike games thou hast vvith chariots vvonne the first price seconde thirde and all vvhich there in race vvere ronne VVith praise and litle payne thy head hath tvvise bene crovvnde vvith oliue boughes for victorie and tvvise by trumpets sounde The heraulds haue proclaimed thee victor by thy name aboue all those vvhich ranne vvith thee in hope to get the game Howbeit the good affection diuers citties did beare him contending which should gratifie him best dyd muche increase his fame and honour For the EPHESIANS dyd set vp a tente for him very sumptuously and richely furnished Those of the cittie of CHIO furnished him with prouinder for his horse and gaue him muttons besides and other beastes to sacrifice withall They of LESBOS also sent him in wine and other prouision for vittells to helpe him to defraye the great charges he was at in keeping open house feeding such a nūber of mouthes daylie Yet the spite they dyd beare him or rather his breache of promise which he often made with this magnificence and state he shewed gaue the people more cause to speake of him then before For they saye
any seruice and that Lamachus also though he were a valliant man of his handes yet he lacked honour and authoritie in the armie bicause he was but a meane man borne and poore besides Now Alcibiades for a farewell disapointed the ATHENIANS of winning the cittie of MESSINA for they hauing intelligence by certaine priuate persones within the cittie that it would yeld vp into their handes Alcibiades knowing them very well by their names bewrayed them vnto those that were the SYRACVSANS friendes whereupon all this practise was broken vtterly Afterwards when he came to the cittie of THVRIES so sone as he had landed he went and hid him selfe incontinently in suche sorte that such as sought for him could not finde him Yet there was one that knewe him where he was and sayed Why how now Alcibiades darest thou not trust the iustice of thy countrie Yes very well q he and it were in another matter but my life standing vpon it I would not trust mine own mother fearing least negligeÌ„tly she should put in the blacke beane where she should cast in the white For by the first condemnation of death was signified and by the other pardone of life But afterwards hearing that the ATHENIANS for malice had condemned him to death well q he they shall knowe I am yet aliue Now the manner of his accusation and inditement framed against him was found written in this sorte Thessalus the sonne of Cimon of the village of LACIADES hath accused and doth accuse Alcibiades the sonne of Clinias of the village of SCAMBONIDES to haue offended against the goddesses Ceres Proserpina counterfeating in mockery their holy mysteries shewing them to his familliar friends in his house him selfe apparrelled and arrayed in a long vestemeÌ„t or cope like vnto the vestemeÌ„t the priest weareth when he sheweth these holy sacred mysteries naming him selfe the priest Polytion the torche bearer and Theodorus of the village of PHYGEA the verger the other lookers on brethern and fellowe scorners with them all done in manifest conteÌ„pt derision of holy ceremonies and mysteries of the Eumolpides the religious priests ministers of the sacred teÌ„ple of the cittie of ELâ—VSIN So Alcibiades for his conteÌ„pt not appearing was condeÌ„ned and his goodes confiscate Besides this condemnation they decreed also that all the religious priestes women should baÌ„ne accurse him But hereunto aunswered one of the Nunnes called Theano the daughter of Menon of the village of AGRAVLA saying that she was professed religious to praye and to blesse not to curse and banne After this most grieuous sentence and condemnation passed against him Alcibiades departed out of the cittie of THVRIES went into the countrie of PELOPONNESVS where he continued a good season in the citie of ARGOS But in the ende fearing his enemies and hauing no hope to returne againe to his owne countrie with any safety he sent vnto SPARTA to haue safe conduct and licence of the LACEDAEMONIANS that he might come and dwell in their countrie promising them he would doe them more good being now their friend then he euer dyd them hurte while he was their enemie The LACEDAEMONIANS graunted his request receyued him very willingly into their cittie where euen vpon his first comming he dyd three things The first was That the LACEDAEMONIANS by his persuasion procurement dyd determine speedily to send ayde to the SYRACVSANS whom they had long before delayed so they sent Gylippus their captaine to ouerthrowe the ATHENIANS armie which they had sent thither The secoÌ„d thing he did for them was That he made them of GREECE to beginne warre apon the ATHENIANS The third greatest matter of importance was That he dyd counsell them to fortifie the cittie of DECELEA which was within the territories of ATTICA selfe which consumed and brought the power of the ATHENIANS lower then any other thing whatsoeuer he could haue done And if he were welcome well esteemed in SPARTA for the seruice he dyd to the coÌ„mon wealth muche more he wanne the loue good willes of priuate men for that he liued after the LACONIAN manner So as they that sawe his skinne scraped to the fleshe sawe him washe him selfe in cold water howe he dyd eate browne bread suppe of their blacke brothe would haue doubted or to saye better neuer haue beleeued that suche a man had euer kept cooke in his house nor that he euer had seene so muche as a perfuming panne or had touched clothe of tissue made at MILETVM For among other qualities properties he had wherof he was full this as they saye was one whereby he most robbed mens hartes that he could frame altogether with their manners and factions of life transforming him selfe more easely to all manner of shapes then the camelion For it is reported that the Camelion cannot take white culler but Alcibiades could put apon him any maners customes or facions of what nation soeuer could followe exercise counterfeate them when he would as well the good as the bad For in SPARTA he was very paynefull in continuall exercise he liued sparingly with litle led a straight life In IONIA to the coÌ„trary there he liued daintely superfluously gaue him self to all mirthe pleasure In THRACIA he dranke euer or was allwayes a horse backe If he came to Tissaphernes lieutenaunt of the mightie king of PERSIA he farre exceeded the magnificence of PERSIA in pompe sumptuousnes And these things notwithstanding neuer altered his naturall condition from one facion to another neither dyd his manners to saye truely receyue all sortes of chaunges But bicause peraduenture if he had shewed his naturall disposition he might in diuers places where he came haue offended those whose companie he kept he dyd with such a viser cloke disguise him selfe to fit their manners whom he companied with by transforming him selfe into their naturall countenaunce As he that had seene him when he was at SPARTA to haue looked apon the outward man would haue sayed as the common prouerbe sayeth It is not the sonne of Achilles but Achilles selfe Euen so it is euen he whom Lycurgus brought vp But he that had inwardly seene his naturall doings and good will in deede lye naked before him would haue sayed contrarilie as they saye commonly in another language This vvoman is no chaungeling For he entertained Queene Timaea King Agis wife of SPARTA so well in his absence he being abroade in the warres that he got her with childe she her selfe denied it not For she being brought a bed of a sonne who was named Leotychides openly to the world called him by that name but when she was amongest her familliars very friends she called him sofetly Alcibiades she was so farre in loue with him And Alcibiades ieasting out the matter sayed he had done it for no hurte nor for any lust of fleshe to satisfie his desire but
treasure of golde and siluer he sent him worde that he should not faile the next night following to come vnto the peere by the temple of Ceres with his wife his children and seruauntes where in deede was no possibilitie to take shipping but the next night following he hoysed saile and got him awaye It was a pittiefull thing that Perseus was driuen to doe and suffer at that time For he came downe in the night by ropes out of a litle straight windowe vpon the walles and not only him self but his wife and litle babes who neuer knewe before what flying and hardnes ment And yet he fetched a more grieuous bitter sighe when one tolde him on the peere that he sawe Oroandes the CRETAN vnder saile in the mayne seas Then daye beginning to breake and seeing him selfe voyde of all hope he ranne with his wife for life to the wall to recouer the sanctuarie again before the ROMAINES that sawe him could ouertake him And as for his children he had geuen them him selfe into the hands of one Ion whom before he had maruelously loued and who then dyd traiterously betraye him for he deliuered his children vnto the ROMAINES Which parte was one of the chiefest causes that draue him as a beast that will followe her litle ones being taken from her to yeld him selfe into their hands that had his children Now he had a speciall confidence in Scipio Nasica and therefore he asked for him when he came to yeld him selfe but it was aunswered him that he was not there Then he beganne to lament his hard and miserable fortune euery waye And in the ende considering howe necessitie enforced him he yelded him self into the hands of Cneus Octauius wherein he shewed plainely that he had another vice in him more vnmanly and vile then auarice that was a fainte harte and feare to dye But hereby he depriued him self of others pittie compassion towards him being that only thing which fortune cannot denie and take from the afflicted and specially from them that haue a noble harte For he made request they would bring him vnto the generall AEmylius who rose from his chayer when he sawe him come and went to mete him with his friends the water standing in his eyes to mete a great King by fortune of warre and by the will of the goddes fallen into that most lamentable facte But he to the contrarie vnmanly and shamefully behaued him selfe For he fell downe at his feete and embraced his knees and vttered suche vncomely speache and vile requestes as AEmylius selfe could not abide to heare them but knitting his browes against him being hartely offended he spake thus vnto him Alas poore mā why doest thou discharge fortune of this faulte where thou mightest iustly charge and accuse her to thy discharge doing things for the which euery one iudgeth thou hast deserued thy present miserie art vnworthie also of thy former honour why dost thou defame my victorie blemish the glory of my doings shewing thy self so base a mā as my honour is not great to ouercome so vnworthie an enemie The ROMAINES haue euer esteemed magnanimitie euen in their greatest enemies but dastardlines though it be fortunate yet is it hated of euery bodie Notwithstanding he tooke him vp and taking him by the hande gaue him into the custodie of AElius Tubero Then AEmylius went into his tent caried his sonnes sonnes in law with him other men of qualitie and specially the younger sorte And being set downe he continued a great space very pensiue with him self not speaking a word in so much as all the standers by wondered much at the matter In the ende he beganne to enter into discourse talke of fortune the vnconstancy of these wordly things sayed vnto them Is there any man liuing my friends who hauing fortune at will should therefore boast and glorie in the prosperitie of his doings for that he hath cōquered a contrie cittie or Realme not rather to feare the vnconstancie of fortune who laying before our eyes all those those that professe armes at this present so notable an example of the cōmon frayeltie of men doth plainely teache vs to thincke that there is nothing cōstant or perdurable in this world For when is it that men maye thinke them selues assured considering that when they haue ouercome others then are they driuen to mistrust fortune most to mingle feare mistrust with ioye of victorie if they will wisely consider the cōmon course of fatall destenie that altereth daylie somtime fauoring one otherwhile throwing down another you see that in an howers space we haue trodē vnder our feete the house of Alexander the great who hath bene the mightiest most redouted prince of the world You see a King that not lōg since was folowed accōpanied with many thousand souldiers of horsemen footemen brought at this present into such miserable extremitie that he is inforced to receiue his meate drinke daylie at the hands of his enemies Should we haue any better hope then that fortune will allwayes fauour our doings more thē she doth his now at this present no out of doubt Therefore digesting this matter well you young men I saye be not to bragge nor foolish prowde of this conquest noble victorie but thinke what maye happē hereafter marking to what end fortune will turne the enuie of this our present prosperitie Such were AEmylius words to these young men as it is reported bridling by these such like persuasions the lusty brauery of this youth euen as with the bit bridle of reason Afterwardes he put his armie into garrisons to refreshe them and went him selfe in persone in the meane time to visite GRAECE making it an honorable progresse and also a commendable For as he passed through their citties he releued the people reformed the gouernment of their state and euer gaue them some gifte or present Vnto some he gaue corne which king Perseus had gathered for the warres and vnto other he gaue oyles meeting with so great store of prouision that he rather lacked people to geue it vnto to receyue it at his handes then wanting to geue there was so much As he passed by the cittie of DELPHES he sawe there a great piller foure square of white stone which they had set vp to put king Perseus image of gold vpon it Whereupon he commaunded them to set vp his in that place saying it was reason the conquered should geue place vnto the conquerours And being in the cittie of OLYMPIA visiting the temple of Iupiter Olympian he spake this openly which euer since hath bene remembred that Phidias had rightly made Iupiter as Homer had described him Afterwardes when the tenne ambassadours were arriued that were sent from ROME to establish with him the realme of MACEDON he redeliuered the MACEDONIANS their countrie and townes againe to liue at libertie according to
for the warres and troubles that were in GRAECE that he might more easely turne all ouer to the CARTHAGINIANS and vse them as his friendes to ayde him against the SYRACVSANS or the tyrante Dionysius And that this was his full purpose and intent it appeared plainely sone after Now when their ambassadours arriued at CORINTHE had deliuered their message the CORINTHIANS who had euer bene carefull to defend such citties as had sought vnto them specially SYRACVSA very willingly determined in counsaill to send them ayde and the rather for that they were in good peace at that time hauing warres with none of the GRAECIANS So their only staye rested vpon choosing of a generall to leade their armie Now as the magistrates and gouernours of the cittie were naming suche cittizens as willingly offred their seruice desirous to aduaunce them selues there stept vp a meane commoner who named Timoleon Timodemus sonne a man that vntill that time was neuer called on for seruice neither looked for any suche prefarment And truely it is to be thought it was the secret working of the gods that directed the thought of this meane commoner to name Timoleon whose election fortune fauored very much and ioyned to his valliantnes and vertue maruelous good successe in all his doings afterwardes This Timoleon was borne of noble parents both by father and mother his father was called Timodemus and his mother Demareta He was naturally inclined to loue his countrie and common weale and was allwayes gentle and curteous to all men sauing that he mortally hated tyrantes and wicked men Furthermore nature had framed his bodie apt for warres and for paynes he was wise in his grenest youth in all things he tooke in hande and in his age he shewed him selfe very valliant He had an elder brother called Timophanes who was nothing like to him in condition for he was a rashe harebraynd man had a greedy desire to reigne being put into his head by a companie of meane men that bare him in hande they were his friendes and by certen souldiers gathered together which he had allwayes about him And bicause he was very hotte and forward in warres his cittizens tooke him for a noble captaine a man of good seruice and therefore oftentimes they gaue him charge of men And therein Timoleon dyd helpe him muche to hide his faulte he committed or at the least made them seeme lesse lighter then they were still increasing that small good gifte that nature brought forth in him As in a battell the CORINTHIANS had against the ARGIVES and the CLEONEIANS Timoleon serued as a priuate souldier amongest the footemen and Timophanes his brother hauing charge of horsemen was in great daunger of being cast away if present helpe had not bene For his horse being hurte threwe him on the grounde in the middest of his enemies Whereupon parte of those that were about him were affrayed and dispersed them selues here and there and those that remained with him being fewe in number and hauing many enemies to fight withall dyd hardly withstand their force and charge But his brother Timoleon seeing him in suche instant daunger a farre of ranne with all speede possible to helpe him and clapping his target before his brother Timophanes that laye on the grounde receyuing many woundes on his bodie with sworde and arrowes with great difficultie he repulsed the enemies and saued his owne and his brothers life Now the CORINTHIANS fearing the like matter to come that before had happened vnto them which was to lose their cittie through default of their friends helpe they resolued in counsell to entertaine in paye continually foure hundred souldiers that were straungers whom they assigned ouer to Timophanes charge Who abandoning all honestie and regarde of the trust reposed in him dyd presently practise all the wayes he could to make him selfe lorde of the cittie and hauing put diuers of the chiefest cittizens to death without order of lawe in the ende he openly proclaimed him selfe king Timoleon being very sorie for this and taking his brothers wickednes would be the very highe waye to his fall and destruction sought first to winne him with all the good words and persuasion he could to moue him to leaue his ambitious desire to reigne and to salue as neere as might be his harde dealing with the cittizens Timophanes set light by his brothers persuasions and would geue no eare vnto them Thereupon Timoleon then went vnto one AEschylus his friend and brother vnto Timophanes wife and to one Satyrus a soothesayer as Theopompus the historiographer calleth him and Ephorus calleth him Orthagoras with whom he came againe another time vnto his brother and they three comming to him instantly besought him to beleeue good counsell and to leaue the Kingdome Timophanes at the first dyd but laughe them to scorne and sported at their persuasions but afterwards he waxed warme and grew into great choller with them Timoleon seeing that went a litle a to side and couering his face fell a weeping and in the meane season the other two drawing out their swordes slue Timophanes in the place This murder was straight blowen abroade through the cittie and the better sorte did greatly commend the noble minde and hate Timoleon bare against the tyrante considering that he being of a gentle nature and louing to his kinne dyd notwithstanding regard the benefit of his countrie before the naturall affection to his brother and preferred duety and iustice before nature and kinred For before he had saued his brothers life fighting for defence of his countrie and now in seeking to make him selfe King and to rule the same he made him to be slaine Suche then as misliked popular gouernment and libertie and allwayes followed the Nobilitie they set a good face of the matter as though they had bene glad of the tyrantes death Yet still reprouing Timoleon for the horrible murder he had committed against his brother declaring howe detestable it was both to the gods and men they so handled him that it grieued him to the harte he had done it But when it was told him that his mother tooke it maruelous euill and that she pronounced horrible curses against him and gaue out terrible wordes of him he went vnto her in hope to comfort her howbeit she could neuer abide to see him but allwayes shut her doore against him Then he being wounded to the harte with sorowe tooke a conceit sodainly to kill him selfe by absteining from meate but his friends would neuer forsake him in this despaire and vrged him so farre by intreaty and persuasion that they compelled him to eate Thereupon he resolued thenceforth to giue him self ouer to a solitarie life in the countrie secluding him selfe from all companie and dealings so as at the beginning he dyd not only refuse to repaire vnto the cittie and all accesse of companie but wandring vp and downe in most solitarie places consumed him selfe and his time
the Senate by the next Censors and many iudge that he was worthy of this infamy for that he was periured in iudgement or bicause he was so subiect and geuen to his pleasure Caius Herennius was also called for a witnesse against Marius but he did alleage for his excuse that the law and custome did dispense with the Patrone to be a witnesse against his follower client and he was quit by the iudges For the ROMAINES alwayes call those Patrons who take the protection of meaner then them selues into their handes saying that Marius predecessors and Marius him selfe had euer bene followers of the house of the HERENNIANS The iudges receiued his aunswere and allowed thereof But Marius spake against it alleaging that since he had receiued this honor to beare office in the common wealth he was now growen from this base condicion to be any more a follower of any man the which was not true in all For euery office of a Magistrate doth not exempt him that hath the office nor yet his posterity to be vnder the patronage of an other nor doth discharge him from the duety of honoring them but of necessity he must be a Magistrate which the law doth permit to sit in the crooked chayer called Curulis that is to say caried vppon a charet through the city But notwithstanding that at the first hearing of this cause Marius had but ill successe and that the iudges were against him all they could yet in the ende for all that at the last hearing of his matter Marius contrary to all mens opinions was discharged bicause the iudges opinions with and against him fell to be of like number He vsed him selfe very orderly in his office of Praetorshippe and after his yeare was out when it came to deuide the prouinces by lot SPAINE fell vnto him which is beyond the riuer of Baetis where it is reported that he skowred all the contrie thereabouts of theeues and robbers which notwithstanding was yet very cruell and sauage for the rude barbarous and vnciuill manner and facion of life of the inhabitantes there For the SPANYARDS were of opinion euen at that time that it was a goodly thinge to liue apon thefte and robbery At this returne to ROME out of SPAYNE desiring to deale in matters of the common wealth he saw that he had neither eloquence nor riches which were the two meanes by the which those that were at that time in credit and authority did cary the people euen as they would Notwithstanding they made great accompt of his constancy and noble minde they found in him of his great paynes and trauell he tooke continually and of the simplicity of his life which were causes to bring him to honor and preferment insomuch as he maried very highly For he maried Iulia that was of the noble house of the Caesars and aunte vnto Iulius Caesar who afterwardes came to be the chiefest man of all the ROMAINES and who by reason of that allyance betwene them seemed in some thinges to followe Marius as we haue wrytten in his life Marius was a man of great temperaunce and pacience as may be iudged by an acte he did puttinge him selfe into the handes of surgeons For his shanckes and legges were full of great swollen veynes and being angrie bicause it was no pleasaunt thinge to beholde he determined to put him selfe into the handes of surgeons to be cured And first laying out one of his legges to the surgeon to worke vpon he would not be bound as others are in the like case but paciently abode all the extreame paines a man must of necessity feele being cut without sturring groning or sighing still keeping his countenaunce and sayed neuer a word But when the surgeon had done with his first legge and would haue gone to the other he would not geue it him nay sayd he I see the cure is not worth the paine I must abide Afterwardes Caecilius Metellus the Consull being appointed to go into AFRICKE to make warre with king Iugurthe tooke Marius with him for one of his Lietenauntes Marius being there seeing notable good seruice to be done and good occasion to shew his manhoode was not of minde in this voyage to increase Metellus honor and reputacion as other Lieutenauntes did and thought that it was not Metellus that called him forth for his Lieutenaunt but fortune her selfe that presented him a fit occasion to raise him to greatnes and as it were did lead him by the hand into a goodly field to put him to the proofe of that he coulde doe And for this cause therefore he endeuored him selfe to shew all the possible proofes of valliantnesse and honor he could For the warres being great continually there he neuer for feare refused any attempt or seruice how daungerous or painfull so euer it were neither disdained to take any seruice in hand were it neuer so litle but exceeding all other his fellowes and companions in wisedome and foresight in that which was to be done and striuing with the meanest souldiers in liuing hardly and painefully wanne the goodwill and fauor of euery man For to say truely it is a great comforte refreshing to souldiers that labor to haue companiōs that labor willingly with them For they thinke that their company laboring with them doth in manner take away the compulsion and necessity Furthermore it pleaseth the ROMAINE souldier maruelously to see the Generall eate openly of the same bread he eateth or that he lyeth on a hard bed as he doth or that him selfe is the first man to set his hande to any worke when a trenche is to be cast or their campe to be fortified For they doe not so much esteeme the Captaines that honor and reward them as they doe those that in daungerous attempts labor and venture their liues with them And further they do farre better loue them that take paines with them then those that suffer them to liue idlely by them Marius performing all this and winning thereby the loue and goodwills of his souldiers he straight filled all LIBYA and the city of ROME with his glory so that he was in euery manns mouth For they that were in the campe in AFRICKE wrote vnto them that were at ROME that they should neuer see the ende of these warres against this barbarous king if they gaue not the charge vnto Marius and chose him Consull These thinges misliked Metellus very much but specially the misfortune that came apon Turpilius did maruelously trouble him which fell out in this sorte Turpilius was Metellus frende yea he and all his parentes had followed Metellus in this warre being master of the workes in his campe Metellus made him gouernor ouer the city of VACCA a goodly great city and he vsing the inhabitantes of the same very gently and curteously mistrusted nothing till he was fallen into the handes of his enemies through their treason For they had brought king
Iugurthe into their city vnknowing to him howbeit they did him no hurt but onely begged him of the king and let him goe his way safe And this was the cause why they accused Turpilius of treason Marius being one of his iudges in the counsell was not contented to be bitter to him him selfe but moued many of the counsell besides to be against him So that Metellus by the voyces of the people was driuen against his will to condemne him to suffer as a traitor and shortly after it was founde and proued that Turpilius was wrongfully condemned and put to death To say truely there was not one of the coūsel but were very sory with Metellus who maruelous impaciently tooke the death of the poore innocent But Marius contrarily reioyced and tooke it vpon him that he pursued his death and was not ashamed to make open vauntes that he had hanged a fury about Metellus necke to reuenge his frendes blood whom he giltlesse had caused to be put to death After that time they became mortall enemies And they say that one day Metellus to mocke him withall sayd vnto him O good man thou wilt leaue vs then and returne to ROME to sue for the Consulshippe and canst thou not be contented to tary to be Consull with my sonne Now his sonne at that time was but a boy But whatsoeuer the matter ment Marius left him not so but labored for leaue all he could possible And Metellus after he had vsed many delayes and excuses at the length gaue him leaue twelue dayes only before the day of election of the Consulls Wherefore Marius made hast and in two dayes and a night came from the campe to Vtica apon the sea side which is a maruelous way from it and there before he tooke shippe did sacrifice vnto the goddes and the Soothsayer tolde him that the goddes by the signes of his sacrifices did promise him vncredible prosperity and so great as he himselfe durst not hope after These wordes made Marius hart greater Whereupon he hoysed sayle and hauing a passing good gale of winde in the poope of the shippe passed the seaes in foure dayes and being landed rode poste to ROME When he was arriued he went to shewe him selfe vnto the people who were maruelous desirous to see him And being brought by one of the Tribunes of the people vnto the pulpit for orations after many accusations which he obiected against Metellus in the end he besought the people to choose him Consull promising that within few dayes he would either kill or take king Ingurthe prisoner Whereupon he was chosen Consull without any contradiction And so soone as he was proclaimed he beganne immediatly to leauie men of warre causing many poore men that had nothing many slaues also to be enrolled against the order of auncient custome where other Captaines before him did receiue no such maner of men and did no more suffer vnworthy men to be souldiers then they did allow of vnworthy officers in the common wealth in doing the which euery one of them that were enrolled left their goodes behinde them as a pledge or their good seruice abroade in the warres Yet this was not the matter that made Marius to be most hated but they were his stowte prowde wordes full of contempt of others that did chiefely offende the noble men in the city For he proclaimed it euery where abroade as it were that his Consullshippe was a spoyle he had gotten of the effeminate riche noble men through his valliantnes and that the wounds which he had vpon his body for seruice of the common wealth and not the monuments of the dead nor the images and statues of others were those that recommended him to the people nor weare his strength And ofttimes naming Albinus and otherwhile Bestia both noble men and of great houses who hauing bene Generalls of the ROMAINE army had very ill fortune in the contry of LIBYA he called them cowardes and simple souldiers asking them that were about him if they did not thinke that their auncesters would rather haue wished to haue left their children that came of them like vnto him selfe then such as they had bene considering that they them selues had wonne honor and glory not for that they were discended of noble blood but through their deserued vertue and valliant deedes Now Marius spake not these wordes in foolishe brauery and for vaine glory onely to purchase the ill will of the nobility for nothing but the common people being very glad to see him shame and despite the Senate and measuring alwayes the greatnes of his corage with his awty fierce wordes they egged him forward still not to spare the nobility and to reproue the great men so that he euer held with the communalty And furthermore when he was passed ouer againe into AFRICKE it spited Metellus to the hart bicause that he hauing ended all the warre that there remained almost no more to take or winne Marius should come in that sorte to take away the glory and triumphe out of his handes hauing sought to rise and increase by unthankefullnes towards him He would not come to him therefore but went an other way and left the army with Rutilius one of his Lieutenauntes to deliuer the same vnto him Howbeit the reuenge of this ingratitude lighted in the ende vpon Marius owne necke For Sylla tooke out of Marius hands the honor of ending this warre euen as Marius had taken it from Metellus But how after what sorte I will repeate it in few words bicause we haue written the particularities more at large in the life of Sylla Bocchus king of high NVMIDIA was father in law vnto king Iugurthe vnto whom he gaue no great aide whilest he made warres with the ROMAINES bicause he hated his vnfaithfullnes feared least he would make him selfe greater then he was but in the end after Iugurthe had fled and wandered vp and downe in euery place he was constrained of very necessity to cast his last hope and ancker apon him as his finall refuge and so repayre vnto him King Bocchus receiued him rather for shame bicause he durst not punish him then for any loue or goodwill he bare him and hauing him in his hands seemed openly to intreate Marius for him and secretly to wryte the contrary vnto him But in the meane time he practised treason vnder hande and sent priuely for Lucius Sylla who then was Quaestor to say high treasorer vnder Marius and of whome he had receiued certaine pleasures in those warres Sylla trusting to this barbarous king went at his sending for to him But when he was come king Bocchus repented him of his promise and altered his minde standing many dayes in doubt with him selfe howe to resolue whether he should deliuer king Iugurthe or keepe Sylla him selfe yet at the last he went on with his purpose and intended treason and deliuered king Iugurthe aliue into Syllaes
a man by their lookes might easily coniecture that they enuied him for either of them both thought them selues men sufficient and worthie to commaunde Eumenes not to aide him Howebeit Eumenes behaued him selfe very wisely For as touching their enuie he pacified that bicause he tooke not the money which he was cōmaunded to take for his owne vse for that he had no neede of it And as for their ambition and presumption disdaining to be commaunded by him though they could neither tell howe to commaunded nor obey he did reclaime them by a superstition he layed before them which was this He made them beleue that Alexander did appeare to him in his sleepe and that he shewed him a pauillion sumptuously sette out in the state and magnificence of a king in the which was a royall throne and tolde him that if they would kepe their councell place in that pauillion he would be present among them and ayde them in all their councells and conduct of their warres so that they would alwayes beginne by him He easily perswaded Antigenos and Teutamus to beleue that which he spake who would not goe to him to consult of any matters neither did he thinke it honorable for him selfe to be seene to go to other mens gates Wherefore with all their consents they incontinently set vp a goodly rich pauilion which was called Alexanders pauillion and there they kept their councells and assemblies for dispatch of all their weightiest causes After this they went towardes the hie contries and met with Peucestas on the way Eumenes very great frende who ioyned with them and other great pieres of the realme with all their power besides This did greatly strengthen the armie of the noble men of MACEDONIA as touching the number of men and their braue armors and furniture but for their owne persones bicause they had no man to commaunde them since the death of Alexander they were growen selfe willed by dissolute libertie and effeminate in their maner of life and moreouer they had gotten a tyrannicall fiercenesse nourished increased by the vanities of the barbarous people So that many of them being then together could not be quiet one with an other but shamefully flattered the old bandes of the MACEDONIAN souldiers geuing them money and making them bankets and feastes of sacrifices And thus in shorte time of a campe they brought it to be a dissolute tauerne where the noble men got the souldiers fauor that they might be chosen chieftaines of all the armie like as the common peoples voyces are bought in free cities where the people doe rule to be preferred to honorable states and offices of the common wealth Now Eumenes found straight that these pieres of the realme disdained one an other howebeit that they all feared and mistrusted him and sought but for oportunity to kill him Wherefore to preuent this he made as though he had occasion to occupie money and so borrowed a great summe of thē especially whom he knew most hated him to the end that from thenceforth they should no more distrust but trust him standing in feare to lose the money they had lent him And thereof followed a straunge thing for other mens money and goodes was the safetie of his life For where others geue money to saue their liues he by taking of money saued his owne life Now for the souldiers of the MACEDONIANS whilest they sawe they were without daunger of enemies to make them afraied they stil hong apon them that gaue them being desirous to be made Generalles and came euery morning to their vprising to waite apon them and follow them wheresoeuer they went But when Antigonus was come to campe hard by them with a great and puisant army and that their case required then a valliant Captaine and skilfull leader not the souldiers alone but all the pieres and states besides which in peace did braue it out did then willingly without motion made submit them selues vnto Eumenes to be at his commaundement For when Antigonus assaied all the wayes he could to passe ouer the riuer of Pasitigris the pieres which were layed in diuers places to let him from passing ouer heard nothing of it so that there was none but Eumenes onely that resisted him and fought with him where he slewe such a number of his men that he filled the riuer with them and tooke foure thowsande of them prisoners Againe when Eumenes was sicke these olde bandes did more plainly shew what opinion they had of him and of others to wit that they could banket them and make them good cheere at their houses yet that Eumenes onely of all other was worthiest to be their Captaine and to commaunde them For Peucestas hauing feasted them in the kingdom of PERSIA and geuen euery souldier a murton to sacrifice thought he had wonne great fauor credit among them But shortly after as the army marched against their enemies Eumenes by misfortune fell daungerously sicke therefore would needes be caried in a litter farre from the campe to be out of the noyse bicause he could talk no rest But they had not gone farre before they saw their enemies which hauing passed ouer certaine litle hills betwene them were comming downe into the valley When the souldiers sawe the glistering of the gilt armors of their enemies that glared in the sunne and the good order they marched withall in battell ray the Elephantes with the towers apon their backes and the men at armes with their purple coates apon their armors which was the apparell they wore when they went to fight with their enemies then the formest stayed apon it and cried out willing them to send for Eumenes to lead them for they would els goe no further if they had not him for their Generall And there withall they raised their pykes layed downe their shieldes at their feete calling from one to an other to stay to their priuate Captaines also and told them plainly that they would not sturre a foote from thence nor fight at all vnlesse Eumenes were among them to lead them Eumenes hearing of it came to them with great speede hastening his slaues and littermen to bring him thither and then opening his litter on euery side he held out his right hand to the souldiers and tolde them he was very glad of the good opinion they had of him The souldiers also so soone as they sawe him saluted him in the MACEDONIAN tongue and tooke vp their shieldes clapping them against their pykes with a great showre bidding their enemies come when they would they shoulde be fought withall now that their Captaine was among them Antigonus on thother side being informed by certaine prisoners which his souldiers had taken in skermish that Eumenes was fallen very sore sicke and by reason thereof was caried in a litter thought nowe he should haue no great a doe to discomfit the rest of the army and therefore made all possible speede he could to fight
him Onomarchus chuslishly aunswered him againe that the time was past nowe to shewe his corage as though he feared not death and that he should haue shewed is in the field at the battell So helpe me Iupiter quod he so haue I done and if thou beleuest not me aske them that set apon me for I neuer met with man yet more strong then my selfe Onomarchus replied againe sith now therefore thou hast found a stronger than thy selfe why then canst thou not abide his pleasure In fine when Antigonus bad resolued of his death he commaunded them to geue him no more meate and thus taking his susteaunce from him Eumenes was three dayes a dying In the meane time came such newes that sodainely the campe remoued and therefore before their departure a man was sent to Eumenes to dispatche him out of his paine Antigonus licensed his frends to take his body and burne it and then to gather his ashes and bones to send them to his wife children Eumenes being slaine in this manner the gods appointed none other iudges to reuenge the disloyalties and treason of the ANGYRASPIDES and their Captaines for betraying of Eumenes but Antigonius selfe who detestinge them as cruell murderers and periured persones to the goddes appointed thyrtius Gouernor of the prouince of ARACHOSIA to kill them euerie mothers sonne what way he coulde that none of them might euer see MACEDON againe nor the Greekishe sea THE COMPARISON OF Eumenes with Sertorius HEre haue we set downe the thinges worthie memorie of Eumenes and Sertorius Nowe to compare them together in this they were both alike that they being straungers in a straunge contrie and banished out of their owne had alwayes bene Captaines of diuers nations and chiefetaines of great and warlicke armies But this was proper to Sertorius that all those of his faction gaue him the chiefest place of authoritie as the most sufficientest man among them and worthiest to commaund where Eumenes hauing many that contended against him for the chiefe rule and conduction of the armie through his noble deedes obtained the chiefe place and authoritie in the same So that they obeyed the one desiring to be gouerned by a good Captaine for their owne safety gaue place to the other seeing them selues vnable to commaund For Sertorius being a ROMANE gouerned the SPANYARDS and LVSITANIANS and Eumenes a CHERRONESIAN the MACEDONIANS Of the which the SPANYARDS of long time had bene subiect of the Empire of ROME and the MACEDONIANS at that time had subdued all the worlde Furthermore Sertorius beinge then of great estimation for that he was a Senatour of ROME and had had charge of men of warre before came to the dignity estate to be chiefetaine of a great army Where Eumenes came with small reputacion disdained for that he was but a secretarie and when he began to come forwardes had not only lesse meanes to preferre him then Sertorius had but greater lets impedimentes also to hinder his rising and estimation For many openly stoode against him and secretly conspired his death and not as Sertorius whom no man contraried from the beginning vntill his latter ende when certaine of his companions secretly conspired against him Therefore Sertorius ende of all his daungers was to ouercome his enemies where Eumenes greatest daungers came through his victories which he wanne of his owne men through the malice of them that enuied his honor Nowe for their deedes of armes they are both in maner alike but on thother side for their conditions Eumenes naturally loued warre and contention and Sertorius imbraced peace quietnes For Eumenes that might haue liued in safety with honor if he would but haue geuen place to his betters and forsaken the warres liked better with the daunger of his life to followe martiall feates with the greatest personages of MACEDON and in the end so came to his death Sertorius contrarily being vnwilling to come in trouble was forced for the safetie of his person to take armes against them that would not let him liue in peace For had not Eumenes bene so ambitious and stowte to striue against Antigonus for the chiefest place of authoritie but could haue bene contented with the seconde Antigonus would haue bene right glad thereof where Pompey would neuer so much as suffer Sertorius to liue in rest So the one made voluntary warre onely to rule and the other against his wil was compelled to rule bicause they made warres with him Wherby it appeareth that Eumenes naturally loued warre preferring the couetous desire of a better estate aboue the safety of his life and the other as a right souldier vsed the warres only for a meane to saue his life by valiaÌ„t defence of armes Furthermore the one was slaine mistrusting no treason against him and the other looking euery hower for present death threatned him Whereof the one argued a noble minde not to mistrust them whom he thought his frendes and the other shewed a saint hart being taken when he ment to flie So Sertorius death dishonored not his life suffering that of his owne companions which his deadly foes could neuer make him suffer The other hauing no power to auoide his destinie before he was taken and hauing sought meanes to liue being in prison and captiuitie could neither paciently nor manfully abide his death For begging life at his enemies handes he gaue him his hart with his body who before had but his body in his power THE LIFE OF Agesilaus ARchidamus the sonne of Zeuxidamus hauing honorably raigned in LACEDAEMON left two sonnes behind him Agis which he begate of that noble Lady Lamprido Agesilaus a great deale younger which he had by Eupolia Melisippidas daughter So the kingdom falling by succession vnto Agis the elder the younger sonne Agesilaus remaining a priuate person was brought vp after the LACONIAN manner which was a straight kind of life but withal it taught children how to obey Wherof it is thought the Poet Simonides calleth SPARTA Damasimbrotos to wit making men ciuill for that by continuance of custome it frameth the citizens to be obedient to the lawes as much or more than any other city that euer was in the world taming them from their childhoode as they doe young coltes The law dispenseâ—â— with the heires apparant to the crowne from that straight subiection hard life but Agesilaus had that excellencie in him aboue all others of his estate that he came to the dignity and honor to commaund hauing from his youth learned to obey The which vndoutedly was the cause that he knewe better than any other king howe to please and beare with his subiectes helping his royall estate princely behauior grafted in him by nature with that curtesie and familiarity which he had attained by education At that time when he went in company with the boyes which were brought vp together Lysander fell in loue with him wondering at the modesty
hath gotten together against one man naked and vnarmed There withall he straight went forward with his companion Thermus vnto that place and they that kept the degrees opened of them selues to let him passe but they would let no other goe vp but himselfe But Cato with much a doe taking Minutius by the hand got him vp with him and when he was come vp he sate him downe betwixt Metellus and Caesar to keepe them a sonder that they should not whisper one in anothers eare Neither of them both could tell what to say to him Whereuppon the noble men that considered Catoes countenaunce and boldnes wondring to see it drew neare and by their cryes willed him not to be affrayd but encoraged one another to sticke by him that stoode for defence of their libertie So there was a seruaunt that tooke the written law in his hand and would haue red it to the people but Cato woulde not let him Then Metellus tooke it him selfe in his handes to reade it but Cato also snatched it out of his handes Metellus notwithstanding hauing it perfect without booke would needes declare the effect of it by harte But Thermus clapped his hande before his mouthe to keepe him that he shoulde not speake Metellus seeing these two men bent by all meanes to keepe this law from passing and that the people did leane on their side he beckned to his men to goe for the armed men which were at home in his house that they should come with terror and cryes to make them affrayd and so they did The people thereuppon were dispersed here and there for feare that Cato was left alone in the market place and they threwe stones at him from beneath But then Muraena who had before accused Cato for buying of the Consulshippe forsooke him not in that daunger but holding his longe gowne before him cryed out vnto them beneath that threwe at Cato to leaue So shewing him the daunger he had brought him selfe vnto holding him still by the armes he brought him into the temple of Castor and Pollux Then Metellus seing the pulpit for orations voyded and his enemies flying out of the market place he thought he had wonne the gole Whereuppon commaunding his souldiers to depart then proceeding gently he attempted to passe his lawe But his enemies that fled for feare being gathered againe together in the market place beganne a freshe to cry out against Metellus with greater boldnes and corage then before Then Metellus and his adherents being affrayd and amazed doubting that their enemies had gotten weapons and were prouided and therefore were the bolder they fled and all of them left the pulpit for orations So when Metellus and his company were gonne Cato came agayne to the pulpit for orations and greatly commended the people for the good will they had shewed and perswaded them to continue in their well doing Whereuppon the common people were then against Metellus and the Senate also being assembled gaue order that Cato should haue better ayde then he had before and that by all meanes possible they should resist Metellus lawe which onely tended to moue sedition ciuill warre in ROME For Metellus selfe he was yet vehemently bent to followe his attempt and enterprise but perceiuing that his friendes were maruelously affraide of Cato as a man whom they thought inuincible he sodainely name into the market place and assembling the people told them many reasons in his oration supposing to bringe Cato in disgrace with the people and amongest other thinges he sayd that he would withdraw him selfe out of this tyrannie all power of Catoes and his conspiracie against Pompey the which peraduenture the citie before it were long should repent for that they had shamed and defaced so noble a man After that he presently departed ROME and went into ASIA to informe Pompey of all this matter Cato on thother side was greatly estemed for his doings for that he had freed the common wealth from the great trouble of such a foolish Tribune and by ouerthrowing Metellus he had also suppressed the power of Pompey But he was yet much more commended when he was against the Senate who would haue noted Metellus of infamie and depriued him of his office the which he would not suffer them to doe The common people thought him of a curteous and gentle nature bicause he would not treade his enemie vnder his foote when he had the vpper hand of him nor be reuenged of him when he had ouercome him but wise mē iudged it otherwise that it was wisely done of him not to prouoke Pompey About this time returned Lucullus from the warre of the which it semed that Pompey had taken the honor glory from him for the ending of it was likely also to haue bene put from his honor of triumph for that Caius Memmius was his aduersary who layed many accusations against him before the people rather to please Pompey then for any malice els he had towards him But Cato both for that Lucullus was his brother in law and had maried his owne sister Seruilia as also for that he saw they did him wrong resisted this Memmius defended many accusations against him So that in the end though Memmius had labored that Cato should be depriued of his office as from a tyrannicall power yet Cato compelled Memmius at the last to leaue of his accusations and to prosecute law no more against him Thus Lucullus hauing obteined honor of triumph did embrace Catoes friendship more then before taking him for a sure bulwarcke defense against the power of Pompey the great But Pompey shortly after returning home againe with great honor from his conquests trusting that for respect of his welcome he should be denyed nothing at the peoples hands when he came home sent before vnto the Senate to pray them for his sake to deferre the election of the Consuls vntill he came to ROME that being present he might fauor Pisoes sute suing to be Consul Thereunto the most part of the Senate gaue their consent but Cato on thother side was against it not that the deferring of the time was a matter of such importance but to cut all hope from Pompey to goe about to attempt any newe deuises insomuch that he made the Senate chaunge opinion againe and Pompeys request was denied Pompey being maruelously troubled withall and perceiuing that Cato would be against him in all things if he found not some deuise to winne him he sent for his friend Munatius by his meanes to demaund Catoes two Neces of him which were mariable the eldest for him self the yoūgest for his sonne Others say also that they were not his Neces but his own daughters Munatius did Pompeys message brake the matter vnto him his wife to his sisters who maruelously desired Pompeys alliance for the greatnes and dignitie of his person But Cato making no farther delay without other deliberation as not greatly pleased
of Philosophie he dedicated vnto him And some also do accuse their mother Cornelia who did twit her sonnes in the teeth that the ROMANES did yes call her Scipioes mother in law and not the mother of the GRACCHI Other say it was Spurius Posthumius a companion of Tiberius and one that contended with him in eloquence For Tiberius returning from the warres and finding him farre beyond him in fame and reputacion and well beloued of euery one he sought to excell him by attempting this noble enterprise and of so great expectacion His owne brother Caius in a certaine booke wrote that as he went to the warres of NVMANTIA passing through THVSCAN he founde the contrye in manner vnhabited and they that did followe the ploughe or keepe beastes were the moste of them slaues and barbarous people comen out of a straunge contrie Whereuppon euer after it ranne in his minde to bringe this enterprise to passe which brought great troubles to their house But in fine it was the people onely that moste set his harte afire to couet honor and that hastened his determinacion first bringing him to it by bylles sette vppe on euery wall in euery porche and vppon the tombes praying him by them to cause the poore Citizens of ROME to haue their landes restored which were belonging to the common wealth This notwithstanding he him selfe made not the lawe alone of his owne head but did it by the counsell and aduise of the chiefest men of ROME for vertue and estimation Amonge the which Craessus the high Bishoppe was one and Mutius Scaeuola the Lawyer that then was Consul and Appius Clodius his father in lawe And truely it seemeth that neuer lawe was made with greater fauor then that which he preferred against so great in iustice and auarice For those that should haue bene punished for transgressing the lawe and should haue had the landes taken from them by force which they vniustly kept against the lawe of ROME and that should also haue bene amersed for it he ordeyned that they should be payed by the common wealth to the value of the landes which they held vniustly and so should leaue them to the poore Citizens againe that had no land and lacked helpe and reliefe Now though the reformation established by this lawe was done with such great fauor the people notwithstanding were contented and would forget all that was past so that they might haue no more wronge offred them in time come But the rich men and men of great possessions hated the law 〈…〉 their auarice and for spight and selfwill which would not let them yeeld they were at dead foode with the Lawyer that had preffered the lawe and sought by all deuise they could to diswade the people from it telling them that Tiberius brought in this law Agraria againe to disturbe the common wealth and to make some alteracion in the state But they preuailed not For Tiberius defending the matter which of it selfe was good and iust with such eloquence so might haue iustified an euill cause was inuincible and no man was able to argue against him to confute him when speaking in the behalfe of the poore Citizens of ROME the people being gathered round about the pulpit for orations he told them that the wild beastes through ITALY had their dennes and caues of abode and that the men that sought and were slaine to their contrey had nothing els but ayer and light so were compelled to wander vp downe with their wiues children hauing no resting place nor house to put their heads in and that the Captaines do but mocke their souldiers when they encorage them in battel to fight valiantly for the graues the temples their owne houses their predecessors For said he of such◠number of poore Citizens as there be there can not a man of them she any auncient house be tombe of their auncestors bicause the poore men doe go to the warres be slaine for the rich mens pleasures and wealth besides they falsely cal them Lordes of the earth where they haue not a handfull of ground that is theirs These such other like wordes being vttered before all the people with such vehemency trothe did so moue the common people withall and put them in such a rage that there was no aduersarye of his able to withstand him Therefore leauing to contrary and deny the lawe by argument the rich men did put all their trust in Marcus Octauius colleague and fellow Tribune with Tiberius in office who was graue and wise young man and Tiberius very famillier friend So that the first time they came to him to oppose him against the confirmation of this lawe he prayed them to holde him excused bicause Tiberius was his very friend But in the ende being compelled vnto it through the great number of the riche men that were importunate with him the did withstands Tiberius lawe the which was enoughe to ouerthrowe it For if any one of the Tribunes speake against it though all the other passe with it he ouerthroweth it bicause they all can doe nothing if one of them be against it Tiberius being very much offended with it proceeded no further in this first fauorable law and in a rage preferred an other more gratefull to the common people as also more extreme against the riche In that law he ordeyned that whoseouer had any lande contrary to the auncient lawes of ROME that he should presently depart from them But thereuppon there fel out cōtinual brawles in the pulpit for orations against Octauius in the which though they were very earnest and vehement one against another yet there passed no fowle words from them how hot soeuer they were one with another that should shame his companion Whereby it appeareth that to be well brought vp breedeth such a stay knowledge in a man not onely in things of pleasure to make him regard his credit both in word deedes but in passion and anger also in their greatest ambition of glory Thereuppon Tiberius finding that this lawe among others touched Octauius bicause he enioyed a great deale of lande that was the common wealthes he prayed him secretly to contend no more against him promising him to giue him of his owne the value of those lands which he should be driuen to forsake although he was not very able to performe it But when he sawe Octauius would not he perswaded he them preferred a law that all Magistrats and Officers should cease their authoritie till the law were either past or reiected by voices of the people thereuppon he set his own seale vpon 〈…〉 of the example of Saturne where the cofers of the treasure lay bicause the treasorer them selues during that time should neither take out nor put in any thing 〈…〉 great pennalties to be forfited by the Praetors or any other Magistrat of authority that should breake this order Hereuppon all the Magistrates fearing this pennaltie did
him speake they leaped for ioy to see him for he had such an eloquent tongue that all the Orators besides were but children to him Hereuppon the riche men began to be affrayed againe and whispered among them selues that it behoued them to beware he came not to be Tribune It chaunced so that he was chosen Treasorer and it was his fortune to goe into the I le of SARDINIA with the Consul Orestes His enemies were glad of that and he him selfe was not sory for it For he was a martiall man and as skilfull in armes as he was oft at excellent Orator but yet he was affrayed to come into the pulpit for Orations and misliked to deale in matters of state albeit he could not altogether deny the people and his frends that prayed his furtherance For this cause therfore he was very glad of this voyage that he might absent him selfe for a time out of ROME though diuers were of opinion that he was more popular and desirous of the common peoples good will and fauor then his brother had bene before him But indeede he was cleane contrarie for it uppeared that at the first he was drawen rather against his will then of any speciall desire he had to deale in the common wealth Cicero the Orator also sayth that Caius was bent altogether to flie from office in the common wealth and to liue quietly as a priuat man But Tiberius Caius brother appeared to him in his sleepe and calling him by his name sayd vnto him brother why doest thou prolong time for thou ca stnoâ— possiblie escape For we were both predestined to one maner of life and death for procuring the benefite of the people Now when Caius arriued in SARDINIA he shewed all the proofes that might be in a valliant man and excelled all the young men of his age in hardines against his enemies in iustice to his inferiors and in loue obedience towards the Consul his Captaine but in temperance sobrietie and in painfulnes he excelled all them that were elder then he The winter by chaunce sell out very sharpe full of sickenes in SARDINIA whereupon the Consul sent vnto the cities to helpe his souldiers with some clothes but the townes sent in poste to ROME to pray the Senate they might be discharged of that burden The Senate found their allegacion reasonable whereuppon they wrote to the Consul to finde some other meanes to clothe his people The Consul coulde make no other shift for them and so the poore souldiers in the meane time smarted for it But Caius Gracchus went him selfe vnto the cities and so perswaded them that they of them selues sent to the ROMANES campe such thinges as they lacked This being caried to ROME it was thought straight it was a pretie beginning to creepe into the peoples fauor and in dede it made the Senate also affrayed In the necke of that there arriued Ambassadors of AFRICKE at ROME sent from king Micipsa who told the Senate that the king their maister for Caius Gracchus sake had sent their armie come into SARDINIA The Senators were so offended withall that they thrust the Ambassadours out of the Senate and so gaue order that other souldiers shoulde be sent in their places that were in SARDINIA and that Orestes should still remaine Consul there meaning also to continue Caius their Treasorer But when he hearde of it he straight tooke sea and returned to ROME in choller When men saw Caius returned to ROME vnlooked for he was reproued for it not onely by his enemies but by the common people also who thought his returne verie straunge before his Captaine vnder whom he was Treasorer He being accused hereof before the Censors prayed he might be heard So aunswering his accusation he so turned the peoples mindes that heard him that they all sayd he had open wrong For he told them that he had serued twelue yeares in the warres where others were enforced to remaine but ten years and that he had continued Treasorer vnder his Captaine the space of three yeares where the law gaue him libertie to returne at the end of the yeare And that he alone of all men else that had bene in the warres had caried his purse full and brought it home empty where others hauing dronke the wyne which they caried thither in vessells had afterwardes brought them home full of gold siluer Afterwards they went about to accuse him as accessarie to a conspiracie that was reuealed in the citie of FREGELLES But hauing cleared all that suspicion and being discharged he presently made sute to be Tribune wherein he had all the men of qualitie his sworne enemies On thother side also he had so great fauor of the common people that there came men out of all partes of ITALIE to be at his election that such a number of them as there was no lodging to be had for them all Furthermore the field of Mars not being large enough to hold such a multitude of people there were that gaue their voyces vpon the toppe of houses Nowe the noble men coulde no otherwise let the people of their will nor preuent Caius of his hope but where he thought to be the first Tribune he was only pronounced the fourth But when he was once possest officer he became immediatly the chiefe man bicause he was as eloquent as any man of his time And furthermore he had a large occasion of calamity offred him which made him bolde to speake bewailing the death of his brother For what matters soeuer he spake of he alwayes fell in talke of that remembring them what matters had passed laying before them the examples of their auncesterâ— who in olde time had made warre with the PHALISCES by the meanes of one Genutius Tribune of the people vnto whom they had offered iniurie who also did condemne Caius Veturius to death bicause that he onely woulde not geue a Tribune place comming through the market place Where these sayd he that standing before you in sight haue slaine my brother Tiberius with staues and haue dragged his bodie from the mount of the Capitoll all the citie ouer to throw it into the riuer and with him also haue most cruellie slaine all his frendes they coulde come by without any lawe on iustice at all And yet by an auncient custome of long time obserued in this citie of ROME when any man is accused of treason and that of duety he must appeare at the time appointed him they doe notwithstanding in the morning sende a trumpet to his house to summone him to appeare and moreouer the Iudges were not wont to condemne him before this ceremony was performed so carefull and respectiue were out predecessors where it touched the life of any ROMANE Now Caius hauing first stirred vp the people with these perswasions for he had a maruelous lowde voyce he preferred two lawes The first that he that he had once bene put out of office
all the common people fel a whistling at him to shame him withal The knights also in contrariwise made him roome amongst them with great clapping of hands in token of honor Therewith the people fell a whistling lowder then before and the knights in like manner to clapping of their handes and so grew to wordes one with another that all the Theater was straight in vprore with it Cicero vnderstanding it went thither him selfe calling the people to the temple of the goddesse Bellona he there so sharpely reproued them and therewith so perswaded them that resuming presently to the Theater they did then welcome and receiue Otho with clapping of their handes and contended with the knights which of them should doe him greatest honor But now againe the rebells of Catilines conspiracie who were pretily cooled at the first for the feare they stoode in began to be lustie againe and to gather together boldely incoraging one another to broache their practise before Pompey returned who was sayd to be on the way towards ROME with his armye But besides them those souldiers that had serued before in the warres vnder Sylla being dispersed vppe and downe ITALY but specially the best souldiers among them dwelling in the good townes of THVSCAN did stirre vp Catiline to hasten the enterprise perswading them selues that they should once againe haue goods enough at hand to spoyle and ransacke at their pleasure These souldiers hauing one Manlius to their Captaine that had borne office in the field vnder Sylla conspyred with Catilin and came to ROME to assist him in his sute who purposed once againe to demaund the Consulship being determined at the election to kill Cicero in the tumult and hurly burly The goddes also did plainly shewe by earthquakes lightning thunder and by vision of spirits that did appeare the secret practise and conspiracie besides also there fell out manifest coniectures proofes by men that came to reueale them howbeit they had not power sufficient to encownter so noble a man and of so great power as Catilin was Cicero therefore deferring the day of election called Catilin into the Senate and there did examine him of that which was reported of him Catiline supposing there were many in the Senate that had good wills to rebell and also bicause he would shewe him self ready vnto them that were of his conspiracie he gaue Cicero a gentle aunswer said thus What doe I offend sayd he if that beeing two bodies in this towne the one leane and weake and throughly rotten and hath a head and the other being great strong of power hauing no head I doe giue it one meaning vnder this darke aunswer to signifie the people Senate This aunswer being made Cicero was more affrayd then before insomuch that he put on a brigantine for the safetie of his body was accōpanied with the chiefest men of ROME and a great number of younge men besides going with him from his house vnto the fielde of Mars where the elections were made had of purpose left open his iacket lose at the choller that his brigantyne he had on might be seene thereby to let euery man that saw him know the daunger he was in Euery man misliked it when they saw it and came about him to defend him if any offered to assayle him But it so came to passe that by voyces of the people Catilin was againe reiected from the Consulship and Syllanus and Murana chosen Consuls Shortly after this election the souldiers of THVSCAN being ioyned which should haue come to Catilin and the day appoynted being at hande to broache their enterprise about midnight there came three of the chiefest men of ROME to Ciceroes house Marcus Crassus Marcus Marcellus and Scipio Metellus and knocking at his gate called his porter and bad him wake his maister presently and tell him how they three were at the gate to speake with him about a matter of importance At night after supper Crassus porter brought his maister a packet of letters deliuered him by a straunger vnknowen which were directed vnto diuers persons amonge the which one of them had no name subscribed but was onely directed vnto Crassus him self The effect of his letter was that there should be a great slaughter in ROME made by Catilin and therefore he prayed him that he would depart out of ROME to saue him selfe Crassus hauing red his owne letter would not open the rest but went forthwith vnto Cicero partly for feare of the daunger and partly also to cleere him selfe of the suspition they had of him for the friendship that was betwixt him and Catiline Cicero counselling with them what was to be done the next morning assembled the Senate very earely and carying the letters with him he did deliuer them according to their direction and commaunded they should read them out alowde All these letters euery one of them particulerly did bewray the conspiracie Furthermore Quintus Arrius a man of authoritie and that had bene Praetor tolde openly the souldiers and men of warre that were leauied in THVSCAN And it was reported also that Manlius was in the fielde with a great number of souldiers about the cities of THVSCAN gaping daily to heare newes of some chaunge at ROME All these thinges being throughly considered a decree passed by the Senate that they should referre the care of the common wealth vnto the Consuls to th end that with absolute authoritie they might as well as they could prouide for the safetie and preseruation thereof Such manner of decree and authoritie was not often seene concluded of in the Senate but in time of present feare and daunger Now Cicero hauing this absolute power he referred all forreine matters to Quintus Metellus charge and did him self take vppon him the care and gouernment of all ciuill affayres within ROME On the day time when he went vp and downe the towne he had such a trowpe of men after him that when he came through the great market place he almost filled it with his trayne that followed him Thereuppon Catiline would no lenger delay time but resolued to goe him selfe vnto Manlius where their armie lay But before he departed he had drawen into his confederacie one Martius an other called Cethegus whome he commaunded betimes in the morning to goe to Ciceroes house with short daggers to kil him pretending to come to salute him and to giue him a good morow But there was a noble woman of ROME called Fuluia who went ouer night vnto Cicero and bad him beware of that Cethegus who in deede came the next morning betimes vnto him but being denied to be let in he began to chafe and raile before the gate This made him the more to be suspected In th end Cicero comming out of his house called the Senate to the temple of Iupiter Stator as much to say a stayer which standeth at the vpper end of the holy streete as they
that praised be the goddes he should not now neede his presence to aide him After these words the one began to mistrust the other So it chaunced one day that as Demetrius went to Alexanders lodging where the feast was prepared there came one to him to tell him of an ambush that was layed for him and how they had determined to kill him when he should thinke to be merie at the banker But Demetrius was nothing abashed at the newes and only went a litle softlier not making such hast as he did before and in the meane time sent to commaunde his Captaines to arme their men and to haue them in readines and willed his gentlemen and all the rest of his officers that were about him which were a greater number by many than those of Alexanders side euery man of them to go in with him into the hall and to tarie there till he rose from the table By this meanes the men whome Alexander had appointed to assault him they durst not being affrayed of the great traine he had brought with him Furthermore Demetrius faining that he was not well at ease at that time to make merie he went immediatly out of the hall and the next morning determined to depart making him beleue that he had certaine newes brought him of great importaunce and prayed Alexander to pardon him that he could no lenger keepe him companie for that he was driuen of necessitie to depart from him and that an other time they woulde meete together with better leasure and libertie Alexander was verie glad to see that Demetrius went his way out of MACEDON not offended but of his owne good will whereuppon he brought him into THESSALY and when they were come to the citie of LARISSA they began againe to feast one an other to intrappe eche other the which offered Demetrius occasion to haue Alexander in his hand as he would wish him selfe For Alexander of purpose would not haue his gard about him fearing least thereby he should teach Demetrius also to stand vpon his gard Thus Alexander turned his practise for an other vpon him selfe for he was determined not to suffer Demetrius to scape his handes if he once againe came within daunger So Alexander being bidden to supper to Demetrius he came accordingly Demetrius rising from the borde in the middest of supper Alexander rose also being affrayed of that straunge manner and followed him foote by foote to the verie dore Then Demetrius sayd but to his warders at the gate kill him that followeth me With those wordes he went out of the dores and Alexander that followed him was slaine in the place and certaine of his gentlemen with him which came to rescue him of the which one of them as they killed him sayd that Demetrius had preuented them but one day All that night as it is no other likely was full of vprore and tumult Howbeit the next morning the MACEDONIANS being maruelously troubled affrayed of Demetrius great power when they saw that no man came to assaile them but that Demetrius in contrarie maner sent vnto them to tell them that he would speake with them and deliuer them reason for that he had done then they all began to be bolde againe and willingly gaue him audience Nowe Demetrius needed not to vse many wordes not to make any long Orations to win them vnto him for bicause they hated Antipater as a horrible manqueller and murderer of his mother and bicause they had no better man to preferre they easely chose Demetrius king of MACEDON and thereuppon brought him backe into MACEDON to take possession of the kingdom This chaunge was not misliked of the other MACEDONIANS that remained at home in their contrie for that they yet remembred the traiterous and wicked fact of Cassander against Alexander the great for which cause they vtterly hated detested all his issue posteritie And furthermore if there were any sparke of remembrance in their harts of the bounty goodnes of their grandfather Antipater Demetrius receiued the frute and benefit for his wife Philaes sake by whom he had a sonne that should succeede him in the kingdom and was a proper youth in campe with his father Demetrius hauing this great good happe and fortune comen vnto him he receiued newes also that Ptolomy had not onely raised his siege from the citie of SALAMINA where he kept his mother and children straightly besieged but further that he had done them great honor and bestowed great giftes vpon them On the other side also he was aduertised that his daughter Stratonice who had before bene maried vnto Seleucus was now maried againe vnto Antiochus the sonne of the sayd Seleucus and how that she was crowned Queene of all the barbarous nations inhabiting in the high prouinces of ASIA and that came to passe in this maner It chaunced that this young Prince Antiochus as loue ouercommeth all men became in loue with his mother in law Stratonice who alredie had a sonne by Seleucus his father She being young passing fayer he was so rauished with her that though he proued all the wayes possible to maister his furie and passion that way yet he was still the weaker So that in the end condemning him selfe to death bicause he found his desire abhominable his passion incurable his reason vtterly ouercome he resolued to kill him selfe by litle and litle with abstinence from meate and drinke and made no other reckoning to remedie his griefe faining to haue some secret inward disease in his body Yet could he not so finely cloke it but that Erasistratus the Phisitian easely found his griefe that loue not sicknes was his infirmitie howbeit it was hard for him to imagine with whom he was in loue Erasistratus being earnestly bent to finde out the partie he loued he sate by this young Prince all day long in his chamber and when any sayer young boy or wife came to see him he earnestly looked Antiochus in the face carefully obserued all the partes of the bodie and outward mouings which do commonly bewray the secret passions affections of the mind So hauing marked him diuers times that when others came to see him whatsoeuer they were he still remeined in one selfe state and that when Stratonice his mother in lawe came alone or in companie of her husband Seleucus to visite him he commonly perceiued those signes in him which Sappho wryteth to be in louers to wit that his words and speech did faile him his colour became red his eyes still rowled to and fro and then a sodaine swet would take him his pulse would beate fast and rise high and in the end that after the force and power of his hart had failed him and shewed all these signes he became like a man in an extasie traunse white as a kearcher he then gathering a true coniecture by these so manifest signes and declaracions that it was only Stratonice
from an other not straggling out of order and shaking their pikes speaking neuer a word But so soone as the allarom was giuen the horsemen sodainly turned head vpon the PARTHIANS and with great cries gaue charge on them who at the first receiued their charge coragiously for they were ioined nerer thē within an arrowes shoote But when the legions also came to ioine with them showting out alowde ratling of their armors the PARTHIANS horses and them selues were so affrayed and amazed withall that they all turned taile and fled before the ROMANES could come to the sword with them Then Antonius followed thē hard in chase being in great good hope by this conflict to haue brought to end all or the most part of this warre But after that his footemen had chased them fiftie furlonges of and the horsemen also thrise as farre they found in all but thirty prisoners taken and about foure score men only slaine But this did much discorage them when they cōsidered with them selues that obtaining the victory they had slaine so few of their enemies and where they were ouercome they lost as many of their men as they had done at the ouerthrow when the cariage was taken The next morning Antonius army trussed vp their cariage and marched backe towards their campe and by the way in their returne they met at the first a fewe of the PARTHIANS then going further they met a few moe So at length when they all came together they reuiled them troubled them on euery side as freshly coragiously as if they had not bene ouerthrowen so that the ROMANES very hardly got to their campe with safety The MEDES on the other side that were besieged in their chiefe city of PHRAATA made a saly out vpon them that kept the mount which they had forced and cast against the wall of the city and draue them for feare from the mount they kept Antonius was so offended withall that he executed the Decimation For he deuided his men by ten legions and then of them he put the tenth legion to death on whom the lot fell and to the other nine he caused them to haue barley giuen them in stead of wheate Thus this warre fell out troublesome vnto both parties and the ende thereof muche more fearefull For Antonius could looke for no other of his side but famine bicause he could forrage no more nor fetche in any vittells without great losse of his men Phraortes on the other side he knew well enough that he could bring the PARTHIANS to any thing els but to lye in campe abroad in the winter Therefore he was affrayed that if the ROMANES continued their siege all winter long made warre with him still that his mē would forsake him specially bicause the time of the yere went away apace the ayer waxed clowdy cold in the equinoctiall autumne Thereupon he called to mind this deuise He gaue the chiefest of his gentlemē of the PARTHIANS charge that when they met the ROMANES out of their campe going to forrage or to water their horse or for some other prouision that they should not distresse them too muche but should suffer them to carie somewhat away and greatly commend their valliantnes and hardines for the which their king did esteeme them the more and not without cause After these first baytes and allurements they beganne by litle and litle to come neerer vnto them and to talke with them a horsebacke greatly blaming Antonius selfewill that did not geue their king Phraortes occasion to make a good peace who desired nothing more then to saue the liues of so goodly a companie of valliant men but that he was too fondly bent to abide two of the greatest and most dreadfull enemies he could haue to wit winter and famine the which they should hardly away withall though the PARTHIANS did the best they could to aide accompany them These words being oftentimes brought to Antonius they made him a litle pliant for the good hope he had of his returne but yet he woulde not sende vnto the king of PARTHIA before they had first asked these barbarous people that spake so curteously vnto his men whether they spake it of them selues or that they were their maisters words When they told them the king him selfe sayd so and did perswade them further not to feare or mistrust them then Antonius sent some of his frends vnto the king to make demaund for the deliuery of the ensignes and prisoners he had of the ROMANES since the ouerthrow of Crassus to the ende it should not appeare that if he asked nothing they shoulde thinke he were glad that he might only scape with safety out of the daunger he was in The king of PARTHIA answered him that for the ensignes prisoners he demaunded he should not breake his head about it notwithstāding that if he would presently depart without delay he might depart in peaceable maner and without daunger Wherefore Antonius after he had giuen his men some time to trusse vp their cariage he raised his campe tooke his way to depart But though he had an excellent tongue at will and very gallant to enterteine his souldiers and men of warre and that he could passingly well do it as well or better then any Captaine in his time yet being ashamed for respects he would not speake vnto them at his remouing but willed Domitius AEnobarbus to do it Many of them tooke this in very ill parte thought that he did it in disdaine of them but the most part of them presently vnderstoode the truth of it and were also ashamed Therefore they thought it their dueties to carie the like respect vnto their Captaine that their Captaine did vnto them and so they became the more obedient vnto him So Antonius was minded to returne the same way he came being a plaine barren contry without wodde But there came a souldier to him borne in the contry of the MARDIANS who by oft frequenting the PARTHIANS of long time knew their facions very wel and had also shewed him selfe very true faithfull to the ROMANES in the battell where Antonius engines of battery and cariage were taken away This man came vnto Antonius to counsell him to beware how he went that way and to make his army a pray being heauily armed vnto so great a number of horsemen all archers in the open field where they should haue nothing to let them to compasse him round about and that this was Phraortes fetch to offer him so frendly cōdicions curteous words to make him raise his siege that he might afterwards meete him as he would in the plaines howbeit that he would guide him if he thought good an other way on the right hand through woddes mountaines a farre neerer way and where he should finde great plenty of all things needefull for his army Antonius hearing what he said called his counsel together to consult vpon
one called Sophrosynè and the other Areté Of them Dionysius eldest sonne maried Sophrosynè and Areté was maried vnto his brother Thearides after whose death Dion maried her being his Nece Now when Dionysius her father fell sicke not likely to escape Dion would haue spoken with him for his children he had by his sister Aristomaché Howbeit the Phisitions about him to currie sauor with the next heire and successor of the tyrannie would neuer let him haue any time or oportunitie to speake with him For as Timaus writeth they gaue Dionysius the elder as he had commaunded them a strong opiat drinke to cast him in a sleepe and so thereby they tooke from him all his sences and ioyned death with his sleepe Notwithstanding in the first counsell and assemblie holden by his frendes to consult about the state and affaires of the younger Dionysius Dion moued matter so necessarie and profitable for that present time that by his wisedom he shewed they were all but children and by his bold and franke speach made them know that they were but slaues of the tyranny bicause they beastly and cowardly gaue suche counsell and aduise as might best please and feede the young tyrannes humor But he made them most to wonder at him when they fearing aboue all other thinges the daunger Dionysius state was in by reason of CARTHAGE he did promise them that if Dionysius would haue peace he would then goe foorthwith into AFRICKE and finde the meanes honorablie to quenche the warres or if otherwise he better liked of warre that he woulde furnishe him at his owne proper costes and charges fiftie gallies readie to rowe Dionysius wondered greatlie at the noble minde of Dion and thanked him muche for the good will he bare vnto him touching his estate But all men else taking Dions noble offer to be a reproach of their auarice and his credit and authoritie and impaire vnto theirs they presentlie vpon this liberall offer tooke occasion to accuse him not sparing any reproachefull wordes against him to moue Dionysius to be offended with him For they complayned of him and sayd that he cunninglie practised to possesse the tyrannie making him selfe strong by sea going about by his gallies to make the tyrannie fall into the handes of the children of Aristomaché his sister But the chiefest cause of all why they did malice and hate him was his straunge manner of life that he neither woulde keepe companie with them nor liue after their manner For they that from the beginning were crept in fauour and frendshippe with this younge euill brought vp tyranne by flattering of him and feeding him with vaine pleasures studied for no other thing but to enterteine him in loue matters and other vaine exercises as to riot and bancket to keepe light women companie and all suche other vile vicious pastimes and recreacions by the which the tyrannie became like iron softened by fire and seemed to be verie pleasaunt vnto the subiectes bicause the ouergreat Maiestie and seueritie thereof was somewhat milder not so muche by the bountie and goodnesse as by the follie and rechlesnes of the Lorde Thus this litle care and regarde increasing more and more still winning way with the young tyran did at length melt and breake a sunder those strong diamond chaines with the whiche Dionysius the elder made his boast that he left his Monarchie and tyrannie chained to his sonne For sometime he would be three dayes together without intermission still banketing and being dronke and all that time his Court gates were kept shut vnto graue and wise men and for all honest matters and was then full of dronkards of common playes dauncinges maskes and mommeries and full of all suche tromperie and dissolute pastimes And therefore Dion vndoubtedlie was muche enuied of them bicause he gaue him selfe to no sport nor pleasure whereupon they accused him and misnamed his vertues vices being somwhat to be resembled vnto them As in calling his grauetie pride his plainnes and boldnesse in his Oration obstinacie if he did perswade them that he accused them and bicause he would not make one in their fonde pastimes that therefore he despised them For to say truelie his manners by nature had a certeine hawtinesse of minde and seueritie and he was a sower man to be acquainted with whereby his companie was not onely troublesome but also vnplesaunt to this younger Dionysius whose eares were so fine that they could not away to heare any other thing but flatterie And furthermore diuers of his verie frendes and familiars that did like and commend his plaine manner of speache and noble minde they did yet reproue his sternenes and austere conuersation with men For it seemed vnto them that he spake too roughlie and delt ouerhardlie with them that had to doe with him and more then became a ciuill or curteous man And for proofe hereof Plato him selfe sometime wrote vnto him as if he had prophecied what shoulde happen that he should beware of obstinacie the companion of solitarinesse that bringeth a man in the ende to be forsaken of euerie one This notwithstanding they did more reuerence him at that time then any man else bicause of the state and gouernment and for that they thought him the onely man that coulde best prouide for the safetie and quietnesse of the tyrannie the which stoode then in tickle state Now Dion knew well enough that he was not so well taken and esteemed through the good will of the tyran as against his will and for the necessitie of the state and time So Dion supposing that ignoraunce and want of knowledge in Dionysius was the cause he deuised to put him into some honest trade or exercise and to teache him the liberall sciences to frame him to a ciuill life that thencefoorth he shoulde no more be affrayed of vertue and shoulde also take pleasure and delight in honest thinges For Dionysius of his owne nature was none of the worst sort of tyrans but his father fearing that if he came once to haue a feeling and conceite of him selfe or that he companied with wise and learned men he would go neere to enter into practise and put him out of his feate he euer kept him locked vp in a chamber and woulde suffer no man to speake with him Then the younger Dionysius hauing nothing else to do gaue himselfe to make litle chariots candlesticks chaires stooles and tables of wodde For his father Dionysius was so fearefull and mistrustfull of euerie bodie that he would suffer no man with a paire of barbers sissers to polle the heares of his head but caused an image maker of earth to come vnto him and with a hotte burning cole to burne his goodly bush of heare rounde about No man came into his chamber where he was with a gowne on his backe no not his owne brother nor sonne but he was driuen before he coulde come in to put of his gowne and
Emperour that they kept him not from killing him selfe for their sakes So there was not a man of them that left his body though the enemies were hard at hand but hauing honorably buryed him and prepared a great stacke of wodde they conueyed him armed to the fire of his funeralls euery man thinking him selfe happy that coulde first set his shoulders to the coffyn to helpe to cary him Others comming to it kneeled downe on their knees and kissed his wound Others tooke and kissed his handes Others that could not come neare him honored him and did reuerence him a farre of and some there were also that after the stacke of woode was set a fire slue them selues hard by the fire who had neuer receiued benefit by him that was dead at the least to any mans knowledge nether had they any occasion to be affraid of him that was Conqueror And truely me thinkes neuer king nor tyrant was so ambitiously giuen to raigne as they vehemently desired to be commaunded by Otho and to obeye him considering that their desire left them not euen after his death but was so liuely rooted in their mindes that in the ende it turned to a deadely hate vnto Vitellius But of this we will speake more hereafter in time and place Now when they had buried Othoes ashes they did set vp a tombe for him nether for magnificence of building nor forglorious epitaphe subiect vnto enuy For I haue seene his tombe in the citie of BRESSELLES a meane thing and the epitaph vpon it translated out of Latine sayeth no more but this This is the tombe of Marcus Otho He dyed being but seuen and thirty yere olde and was Emperor but three moneths there were as many famous men that commended his death as they that reproued his life For though he liued not much more honester then Nero yet he dyed farre more honorably Furthermore when Pollio one of the Captaines would haue compelled his souldiers presently to haue taken their othes to be true to Vitellius they fell out with him and vnderstanding that there were yet remayning some Senators they would not medle with them but onely troubled Verginius Rufus For they came to his dores armed and called him by his name commaunded him to take charge of them and to goe as Ambassador to intreate for them Howbeit he thought it were but a fond part of him to take charge of them that were already ouercome considering he refused it when they had ouercome and also he was affraid to goe Ambassador to the GERMAINES bicause he had compelled them to doe thinges against their willes Therefore he went out at his backe dore and saued him selfe So when the souldiers heard of it they were at length contented to be brought to be sworne vnto Vitellius and so ioyned them selues with Cecinnaes souldiers so they might be pardoned for all that was past THE LIVES OF ANNIBAL AND SCIPIO AFRICAN Translated into French by Charles de la Sluce and englished by Thomas North. Annibal IF we doe call to mind the first PVNICK warre the CARTHAGINIANS had with the ROMANES we shall find many Captaines who by the glorye of their noble deedes haue left great same and renowme vnto their posteritie Howbeit amongest all the Captaines of the CARTHAGINIANS none are found more worthy of fame and so commended of all Greeke and Latine Authors then Hamilcar Annibals father otherwise surnamed Barcha a valliant man doubtles and in his time a skilfull souldier as any was The same Hamilcar first of all made warre with the ROMANES a longer tyme in SICILIA then was looked for who had done greate hurte to his contrye and common wealthe After that also in the warres of AFRICK at what tyme the mercenarye souldiers through their rebellion did put the contrye of CARTHAGE in great daunger he did so valliantly appease the insurrection that to euery mans iudgement he was reputed the onely preseruer of his contrye Then he was sent Gouernor and Captaine into SPAYNE and caryed with him at that tyme as it is reported his sonne Annibal beeing but a younge boye where he did noble seruice In fine in the nynth yeare of his aboade there in that prouince he dyed fighting vallyantly agaynste the VETHEONS After his deathe Hasdrubal his Sonne in lawe whom the CARTHAGINIANS through the ayde friendship of the BARCINIAN faction had made generall of all their armye remayned gouernor there the space of eight yeares This Hasdrubal sent for Annibal into SPAYNE after his father Hamilcars death against the minds of the chiefe of the contrary faction to th end that as he had bene trayned from his youth in the discipline of warres in his father Hamilcars life euen so in like manner that now being come to mans state he should the better harden his body to away with the paines and daungers of the warres Now although at the first the remembraunce of his father was a great helpe vnto him to winne the loue and good will of the souldiers Yet he him selfe afterwards through his diligence and industrie so handled the matter that the olde souldiers forgetting all other Captaines they onely desired to choose him and none other for thier gouernor For they found in him all the perfections that could be wished for in a noble Captaine or generall He had a present and ready wit to giue counsell what was to be done in most greatest attempts besides he lacked nether manhood nor industry to put it in execution He had a valiant and inuincible mind euen in greatest daungers and aduersities of bodye the which are wont to staye others from performing their indeuors and duety He would watche and warde as any priuate souldier and was quicke and ready to doe any kind of seruice either like a valiant souldier or a good Captaine In this sort Annibal continued in seruice in the warres the space of three yeares vnder the conduct of Hasdrubal In that time he so wanne the hartes of all the army that immediatly after Hasdrubals death he was chosen to be Lieuetenant generall with the common consent of all the souldiers this honor was layed vpon him without contradiction of any of the CARTHAGINIANS through the friendship and good will of the BARCINIAN faction Annibal was now six and twenty yeare olde when the souldiers made him their Lieuetenant generall For at what time his father Hamilcar brought him into SPAYNE he was then but nyne yeare olde from that time vnto Hasdrubals death according to Polybius declaration it was seuenteene yeares more So he was no sooner made Lieuetenant generall of all the campe and his contry but he bent him selfe to make warre with the ROMANES hauing long before determined it For first of all he chiefly mainteyned almost a common hate of all the CARTHAGINIANS against the ROMANES bicause of the losse of SICILIA and SARDINIA Besides also he bare them a secret malice in nature as a thing inheritable from
tombe built in the market place The coÌ„parison of Timoleon and Paulus AEmylius for the vvarres The woÌ„derful continencie of AEmylius from bribes Not to take giftes commended for a singular vertue AEmylius Constancie for exceeded Timoleons To be so bold veÌ„turous is not good The aunswere of a souldierâ— to king Antigonus Diuers opinions of life death why the Greecians do punish him that casteth away his target Iphicrates comparison of an armie of men A lieutenant of an armie must be careful to saue him selfe Timotheus saying Pelopidas Marcellus lost both their liues by to much venturing Pelopidas stock liberalitie Aristotles saying of rich men Pelopidas saying for the necessitie of monie The persit frendshippe betwixt Pelopidas Epaminondas The true cause of frendshippe Agesipolis king of the Lacedaemonians Cadmea the castel of Thebes taken by Phebidas captaine of the Lacedaemonians Ismenias death Pelopidas Pherenicus and Androclidas banished from Thebes Archias and Leontidas gouerners of Thebes vnder the Lacedaemonians Androclidas slayne The thanckfulnes of the Athenians vnto the Thebans Pelopidas counsel for the libertie of the Thebans Conspiracie against the Lacedaemonians for the libertie of Thebes Charon kept promise with daunger of life Pelopidas coÌ„meth into Thebes disgised in cloynes apparel Philidas secretary to the tyrans Pelopidas daunger Archias Bishop of AtheÌ„s bewraieth the treason to Archias in a letter VVeighty matters to morrow Prou. Pelopidas killeth the tyrans The Liberty of the Thebans restored Pelopidas receiueth the Castell of Cadmea by Composition Pelopidas ouerthrewe the seigniorie of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas policy to make the Athenians fall out againe with the Lacedaemonians The Thebans exercise in armes Antalcidas saying to king Agesilaus The victory of Thebans against the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas victory of the Lacedaemonians at the battlle of Tegyra Melas ft. Latona brought to bed betwene two springes called the Palme and the Oliue Pelopidas victorie What enemies are moste terrible to be feared The first institution of the holie bande Men louing together fight desperately against their enemies Hercules Iolaus loue Platoes saying of a louer The Goddesse Harmonia Cleombrotus king of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas princely aunsweare Se what plagues folowe where iustice is denied Pelopidas dreame vision in the fieldes of Leuetrea Agesileus dreame Godly sayings concerning God. Gods prouidence and sodaine ayde The filly slaine sacrificed The battell at Leuctres The cause of the ouerthrow of the Lacedaemonians Pelopidas and Epaminondas victorie at the battaile of Leuctres Pelopidas Epaminondas iorney into Peloponesus being both gouernors of Boeotia Apenall lawe at Thebes for resigning vp of offices at the yeers end Pelopidas Epaminondas went ouer the riuer of Eurotas with 70. thousand meÌ„ The ingratitude of the Thebans toward Pelopidas and Epaminondas The Lawe Boucation Epaminondas patience Pelopidas coÌ„demneth Meneclidas a seditious orator and accuser The practise of spitefull men Our forefathers did paint and set forth their battailes Alexander the tyran of Pheres Larissa a city Philip of Macedon deliuered for ostage vnto Pelopidas Pelopidas taken prisonner by the tyran Alexander at Pharsale Pelopidas stoutnes Thebe the wife of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas sent into Thessalie with an army The brutishe cruelty of Alexander the tyran Epaminondas deliuered Pelopidas out of prison Artaxerxes king of Persia Pelopidas sent Ambassador to the king of Persia Pelopidas greatly honored of the king of Persia. Pelopidas refused the great giftes of the kinge Artaxerxes Timagoras Ambassador for the Athenians put to death for taking great giftes of the kinge of Persia Pelopidas second iourney against the tyran AlexaÌ„der of Pheres The eclipse of the sunne made the Thebans afraid Battaâ—ll geuen by the temple of Thetis vnto the tyran Alexander Pelopidas slaine The great lamentacion mourning for Pelopidas death The oration of the ThessaliaÌ„s to the Thebans The strange manner of sorowe of Alexander the great for the death of Ephestion Pelopidas happines Esops sayinge of the happines of the dead Death a blessed thing The Thebans reuenged Pelopidas death Alexander the tyran of Pheres slaine by his wife Alexander the tyran of Pheres was the first tyran that was slaine by his wife Marcellus kinred Marcellus condicions The Romaines troubled with warres Marcellus saved his brother Octacilius Marcellus chosen AEdilis and Augure Marcellus accuseth Capitolinus The Romaines had warres with the Carthaginians two twenty yeres together The warre of the Gaules Gessates mercenary Gaules A lawe to exempt ecclesiasticall persone froÌ„ the warr The Romaines did feare the warre of the Gaules Men and women buried aliue Flaminius P. Furius Consulls Newes brought to Rome of strange things seene in Romania Flaminius ouercome the Gaules in battayle The great religion of the Romaines An ordinance for publike sacrifice Marcellus Cneus Cornelius Consulls The Gaules Gessates make warres with Rome and come ouer the Alpes Acerres a city apon the riuer of Po. Clastidium a village or this side the mountaines The maner of the Romaines when they worship The combat a horsebacke betwixt Britomarus king of the Gaules and Marcellus Marcellus slue king Britomaerus as Clastidium Marcellus prayer vnto Iupiter Feretrian The Gaule ouercome by Marcellus Marcellus wanne the city of Millaine Marcellus triumphe Marcellus offeringe up of his rich spoiles The three persones that offered vp Spolia opima in Rome Romulus Cossus Marceâ—us Iupiter Feretrian why so called Spolia opima what they be Marcellus sent into Sicile with an army Posidonius wordes of Fabius Marcellus Lucius Bandius of Nola a valliant man. Marcellus gentlenes Reward made Bandius a true subiect Marcellus victorie of Hanniball at Nola. Marcellus proconsull Certaine Spanyards and Numidians are reuolted from Hannibal Marcellus the third time Consull sent into Sicile The seuerity of the Romaines to cowardly souldiers Cowardes detested of the Romaines Hippocrates generall of the Syracusans Marcellus wanne the city of the Leontines Marcellus besiegeth Syracusa Archimedes a notable mathematician Architas and Eudoxus famous Mathematicians VVhy Plato reproued Eudoxus and Architas Archimedes with an engine drew one of the greatest hackes Hieron the king had a shore The woÌ„derful force of Archimedes engines as Marcellus siege of Syrcusa Marcellus Sambuca Marcellus wondred as Archimedes engynes Archimedes profowndely learned Archimedes Siren. Archimedes demonstracion of the Cylinder Marcellus victories in Sicile Danippus a LacedaemoniaÌ„ Captaine taken prisoner Marcellus winneth Syracusa Acradina Marcellus gentlenes Rich spoyled at Syracusa Archimedes mathematiciaÌ„ slaine in his study Marcellus clemency Engyivm a city in Sicile Nicias craft Marcellus the first that brought in finenes curious tables and pictures into Rome of the spoyles of Syracusa Marcellus entreth into Rome with Ouation triumphe VVhos the Ouation triumphe is Ouation whereof it is called The sacrifices of the quiet triumphe The sacrifices of the litle triumphe Ouation The differeÌ„ces betwixt the Spartans and Romaines in their sacrifices for victorie The Syracusans accuse Marcellus Marcellus being Consull aunswered the Syracusans accusations as a