The Inhabitants of a Right Spheare in respect of the heauens haue the same accidents These accidents are chiefly foure 1 They inioy a perpetuall Equinoctiall hauing their dayes and nights alwayes equall the one to the other because the Sunne neuer swaruing from his Eclipticke hath his course equally diuided by the Horizon 2 With them all the starres equally set and rise because all the Parallels wherein the starres make their Diurnall Reuolution are equally cut of the Horizon 3 To them the Sunne is twice in the yeere verticall that is directly ouer their heads and twice againein the yeere Solstitiall The former in the first degrees of Aries and Libra the latter in the first degrees of Cancer and Capricorne which diuerse propositions of the Sunne some later Geographers haue tearmed foure Solstices two higher and two lower 4 Hence comes it to passe that they yeerely enioy two winters and two Summers likewise two springs and two Autumnes Their Summer when the Sunne is to them verticall their winter when it is seated in either of the Tropicks Their Spring and Autumnes while the Sunne is passing through the middle spaces betwixt both 5 The people inhabiting an Oblique Spheare are such whose Horizon is oblique The proprieties belonging vnto them are either Generall or Speciall 6 The Generall are such as agree to all those which inhabit an oblique Spheare 1 All the Inhabitants of an oblique Spheare agree in two proprieties These two proprieties wherein they agree are these 1 To all the Inhabitants without the Equatour vnder what Parallell soeuer the dayes are equall to the nights only twice in a yeere to wit either in the beginning of the Spring or the beginning of the Autumne At other times either the dayes increase aboue the nights as in the Summer or grow lesser as in the winter 2 To these inhabitants some stars are perpetually seene as such which are neere the Pole to which they incline some are neuer seene as such as are farthest off from the said Pole some rise and set which are those which are in the middle space betwixt both which are sometimes visible and sometime lie hid 7 The speciall Accidents of an Oblique Horizon are such as agree to speciall places in the same Spheare 1 The Inhabitants of an Oblique Spheare of fiue sorts inioying so many correspondent properties The first sort are of those whose Zenith is betwixt the Equator and one of the Tropickes euen vnto the 23. Degrees 30. Scruples of eleuation of the Pole In such a sort towards the North betwixt the Line and the Tropicke of Cancer are placed the inhabitants of Zeilan the extreame part of the East Indies Hispaniola Guinea Nubia with some part of Arabia foelix and all other places betwixt the Equatour and the Tropicke of Cancer in the Torride Zone Towards the South in the same Latitude are placed the Brasilians the Peruuians the Iauans with many others The Accidents which happen vnto these Nations are these 1. They may see all the starres except a few which are neere the Pole 2. Their dayes and nights are somewhat vnequall so that their longest day or longest night is not alway of the same quantity 3. Twice in the yeare they haue the Sunne-verticall but without the Equatour 4. They haue two Summers and two Winters but not equally tempered 5. The length of their longest day reacheth to 13. ½ houres The second sort are such as inhabite vnder the Tropicke it selfe whose eleuation of the Pole is equall to the greatest declination of the Sunne which is 23. degrees 30 Scruples Vnder the Tropicke of Cancer is placed a great part of Arabia foelix East India the Southerne parts of China the higher parts of Egypt and Siene Vnder the Tropicke of Capricorne are placed the people of Monomotapa and Madagascar with other places The accidents belonging vnto them are these 1. To them appeare all the starres comprehended in one of the circles but none of the other As for example to those inhabiting the Tropicke of Cancer the starres included within the Articke Circle alwayes appeare but neuer those which are in the Antarcticke likewise to those which dwell vnder the Tropicke of Capricorne all the starres appeare which are contained within the Antarticke Circle but none of those included within the Articke Circle 2. By how much neerer the Sunne approacheth to their Zenith or Verticall point by so much are their dayes lengthened and by how much farther it goes off by so much are they shortned so that they inioy then their longest day when the Sunne directly passeth by their Zenith 3. To them the Sunne is verticall but once in the yeere to wit to those vnder the Tropicke of Cancer when the Sunne enters into the signe as to the other when it toucheth the first Degree of Capricorne 4. They haue but one Summer and one Winter throughout the yeere The third sort are such inhabitants as dwell in one of the temperate Zones betwixt the Tropicke and the Polar Circles from 24. Degrees of eleuation to 66. Degrees 30. Scruples Such inhabitants towards the North are as wee haue shewed almost all the inhabitants of Europe Asia maior and part of Africa as on the other side towards the South the Chylienses the farthermost Africans and those that dwell neere the straits of Magellane Their properties are chiefly these 1. Many starres are by them alwayes seene and many neuer appeare 2. Their dayes notably differ in inequality 3. The sunne neuer arriues at their Zenith but is alwayes on the South of those which inhabite betwixt the Tropicke of Cancer and the Articke Circle and alwayes on the North side of such as dwell in the opposite temperate Zone 4. They haue in the yeere but one Summer and Winter but by reason of the diuersity of places much vnequall for where the eleuation of the Pole is greater the winter is much harder but where it is lesser it is more temperate The fourth kinde of inhabitants are those which reside vnder the Polar Circle which is their Zenith where the temperate Zone endes and the cold beginnes where the eleuation of the Pole is beyond 66. Degrees 30. Minutes in which Tract lies Noua Zembla with many other Ilands not yet well discouered in the North and perhaps as many more vnder the Antarticke Circle towards the South lesse knowne than the other The accidents belonging to them are these 1. Those which inhabite vnder the Arcticke Circle see all the starres included within the Tropicke of Cancer but neuer those within the Tropicke of Capricorne Likewise those which liue vnder the Antarcticke Circle see all the starres within the Tropicke of Capricorne but neuer those within the other Tropicke of Cancer 2. Their longest day at Midsummer is 24. houres their night then being but a moment likewise their longest night as at Mid-winter is but 24. houres their day passing not a moment 3. The Center of the Sunne euery yeere twice toucheth at their Horizons 4. The
Moone and Starres with their true motions periods and limits were shewed to the sight in such sort as if it were naturall whereof Claudian the Poët elegantly wrote in these Verses Claudian in Epigrammat Iupiter in paruo cùm cerneret aethera vitro Risit ad Superos talia dicta dedit Huccine mortalis progressa potentia curae Iam meus infragili â—uditur orbe labor Iura poli rerumque fidem legésque Deorum Ecce Syracusius transtulit arte Senex Inclusus varijs famulatur spiritus astris Et viuum certis motibus vrget opus Percurrit proprium mentitus signifer annum Et simulata nouo Cynthia mense redit Iamque suum voluens audax industria mundum Gaudet humana sidera mente regi Quid falso insontem tonitru Salmonea miror Aemula naturae parua reperta manus In a small glasse when Ioue beheld the Skies He smil'd and thus vnto the gods replies Could man so far extend his studious care To mocke my labours in a brittle Spheare Heauens lawes mans wayes and Natures soueraigne right This Stage of Syracuse translates to sight A soule within on various stars attends And moues the quicke-worke vnto certaine ends A faigning Zodiacke runnes his proper yeere And a false Cynthia makes new monethes appeare And now bold Art takes on her to command And rule the Heauenly Starres with humane hand Who can admire Salmonean harmlesse Thunder When a flight hand stirres Nature vp to wonder But this Spheare of Archimedes I take to be more then an ordinary Globe commonly vsed amongst vs as may appeare by the Poëts description so that it may rather be likened to the Spheare lately composed by Cornelius Trebelius and presented vnto King Iames. The like whereof Peter Ramus sayes he saw two at Paris yet not of glasse but of Iron the one of which Ruellius the Physician brought from the spoiles of Sicily the other of which Orontius the Mathematician recouered likewise from the Germane warres But of such kind of Globes hauing neuer yet had the happines to see any I intend no description In the meane time our common Geographicall Globes may well serue our turnes 4 In the Terrestriall Globe two things are to be considered 1 The Fabrick or Structure 2 The Vse 3 The Direction In the former is taught the composition of the Globe by resoluing of it into it's parts 1 The parts whereof the Globe is Geographically compounded are circles and pictures To explaine the true composition of the Artificiall Globe not Physically as it consists of timber and mettall but Geographically as it represents the Earth we are to consider that the parts of it are either Externall or Internall Externall I call those parts which are without the Spheare it selfe yet necessarily concurre to the constitution of it These parts are such as concurre to the making of the Stocke or Frame whereunto our Spheare is set where to let passe the footing or lower board wherein in the old Globes was engraffed a Marriners Compasse with a Needle magnetically touched very profitable for the direction of the Spheare I will onely speake of the great Timber Circle encompassing round the whole Globe because it more immediatly concernes our purpose This Circle represents the Horizon of the Naturall Spheare In the Globe it is made but one not that there is but one Horizon in the whole Earth because as we haue taught the Horizon is varyed according to the places but because it is impossible to point and marke out the Horizons for all places being infinite as the Verticall points yet may this one serue for all places because the Globe being moueable may apply all his parts to this circle This Circle representing the Horizon is diuided into three borders or Limbes whereof the first which is towards the Spheare containes all the signes with the Planets thereunto belonging euery of which is diuided into 30 Degrees which in the Timber Circle are described by set numbers and markes The second which is the middle-most and largest contaynes the Calendar with the Golden number and seuerall names of all the Feasts throughout the yeare The third and last is of the 22 Windes seruing chiefly for the vse of Marriners and may serue many wayes for a Geographer to distinguish the Coasts and points of the Earth But of these three borders distinguished in the Horizon only the last hath vse in Geography the other two are in themselues Astronomicall and placed in the Geographicall Globe rather for ornament then vse The Internall parts of the Globe are either annexed or inscribed in the face of the Spheare The Annexed part is that which represents the Meridian which is a Brasen circle For as the Externall Frame of the Globe contained the Horizon as one circle so this Meridian is set but one although it bee in it selfe various according to the places to which it serue Neither without good reason is this Circle made of brasse because it should serue for diuerse vses which require that it should bee often changed and turned to and fro which being of Timber would miscarry This Brasen Meridian meetes with the Horizon at two opposite places cutting it at right angles that the Spheare included might bee raysed and set lower as occasion requireth The Meridian circle is agayne diuided into 4 Quadrants each of which is againe diuided into 90 Degrees so that on the one side the 90th Degree must touch the Pole on the other side the first degree so that in all there will arise 360 degrees described in the Brasen Meridian Through this Brasen Meridian by the two Poles doth passe a line or wier which is called the Axell-tree of the Globe about the which the Spheare is turned the ends of which are commonly called the Poles whereof the one representing the North point is called the Pole Articke the other shewing the South is termed Antarticke To this Meridian Circle in the Globe is commonly fastned a little Brasen Circle named Cyclus horarius or the houre-circle but this rather appertaines to Astronomy then Geography and therefore wee will forbeare to describe it somewhat more vse haue wee of another Instrument fastned to the Meridian called the Quadrant of Latitude foras much as it may serue to measure the Distance betwixt any two places signed in the Globe but in so grosse an Instrument little exactnesse can bee expected Now for such matters as are inscribed in the Spheare it selfe to let passe ridiculous idle pictures vsed of Painters for ornament they are either Lines Circles drawne on the face of the Globe or else the pictures delineations of Countreyes and places marked out in visible proportions whereof the former properly appertaines to the Sphericall part of Geography the latter to the Topicall The Circular Lineaments are againe twofold either Circles necessarily appertaining to the constitution of the Globe or else Lines thereon drawne to bee considered of Marriners which we haue before called the Rhumbes But these Lines
industriously calculated as I haue here inserted to saue others a new labour of calculation The Meridians are more easily found by hanging any directory wier or needle ouer the Terrella one end of which pointing towards the North and the other towards the South will discouer the Meridian line CHAP. VIII Of the measure of the Terrestriall Globe 1 HItherto haue we handled the Terrestriall Globe primarily in such proprieties as absolutely agree vnto its nature In the second place we are to handle such as secondarily arise out of the former Here wee are to handle two chiefe points 1 The Measure 2 The Distinction 2 The measure is that by which we find out the quantity of the whole Earth Good reason haue we to cal this the Secondary part of Geography for as much as these accidents and proprieties we here consider arise altogether out of the former In the former Treatise wee haue diuided the Naturall Spheare of the Earth from the Artificiall But in this part for auoiding of tedious repetitions of the same things wee haue ioyned them together For howsoeuer the measuring and dictinctions of the Earth bee truely grounded on the nature of the earth it selfe yet can it not be well expressed and taught without the materiall Instrument we haue therefore thought good to consider the measure of the earth before wee come vnto the Distinction because it is more simple and vncompound depending on the lineaments and measure of one circle whereas the Distinction necessarily requires the coniunction and combination of diuerse circles as Meridians and Parallels compared one with the other as shall bee taught hereafter Whether the great masse of the earth can bee measured or no seemes a matter not agreed on by all Some haue held an opinion that it cannot bee measured in regard of the infinite magnitude wherewith they thought it endowed which opinion seemes deriued from some of the Platonicks who ascribing to the Earth another figure besides the Sphericall haue cast themselues vpon vncertainties and being notable to reduce the Quantity of the Earth according to their owne grounds to any certaine measure haue denied it to bee measurable But the ground of this opinion wee haue taken away before in prouing the earth to be of a true Sphericall nature and therefore circumscribed in certaine bounds apt to be measured Another conceit more absurd then the former is not only the common people whose condition might excuse their ignorance but of such as would bee esteemed learned who contend that the greatnesse of the earth cannot bee measured the onely reasons they can alleadge for themselues are 1 That a great part of the earth is vnaccessible by reason of steepe rocks high mountaines spacious and thicke woods moorish fogges and such like impediments 2 That the parts of it are for the most part vneuen and subiect to no regular figure without the which no measure can bee exact The first cauill is of no moment because whereas wee affirme that the Earth by man may be measured we hold it not necessary that it should be trauersed ouer by iourneyes or voyages For as much as to the finding out of the Quantity of the whole Terrestriall Spheare it may seeme sufficient to know the measure and proportion of any little part in respect of the Heauens As for example what number of Miles Leagues or Furlongs answer to any degree or degrees in the Heauens wherfore we suppose the Earth to be measured ouer not with our feet but with our wits which may by Mathematicall rules be taught to march forward where our legges fayle vs The second obiection only proues thus much that the Earth partaking of so many vnequall parts and irregular formes cannot in the measuring admit of so much exactnesse as if it were endowed with one vniforme face yet it is exact enough to contenta Cosmographer who measureth not by feet and inches but by leagues and miles in which wee little regard such a needlesse curiosity 1 The common measure by which the quantity of the Earth is knowne are Miles and Furlongs Here is to be noted that such instruments as serue for measuring are of two sorts either greater or lesser the smaller are of diuerse sorts as a Graine Inch Foot Pearch Pole and such like Some of these howsoeuer sometime vsefull in Topographie can haue little or no vse at all in the vast greatnesse of the whole Earth Wherefore the Geographer seldome descends so low but takes notice of greater measures such as are Miles Furlongs where we may obserue by the way that the vsuall measuring amongst the Grecians was by Stadia or furlongs amongst many of the Latines by miles vnder which we also cōprehend Leagues these miles are diuersly varied according to the diuersity of Countries so that in some places they are esteemed longer in other shorter which differences may be learned out of this ensuing Table The instruments of measuring the Earth are 1 Furlong containing 125 Geometicall paces or 625 feet 2 Mile which is either 1 Proper containing 8 Furlongs or 1000 paces 2 Improper which is either 1 League which is either 2 German mile which is either the 1 Old containing 12 Furlongs 2 Newer containing 16 Furlongs 3 Common of 24 Furlongs 1 Common which is 32 Furlongs or foure Italian miles 2 Greatest containing 5000 paces which is called the Suenian or Heluetian mile Howsoeuer this Distinction of miles may be many wayes profitable especially in the Topographicall part yet shall wee seldome make vse of any other then the common Germane mile or the common Italian mile To which as the most knowne the rest may easily be reduced 3 The obiect here proposed to bee measured is the Spheare of the Earth The Dimensions according to which it is measured are either Simple or Compound 4 The simple is twofold either the Perimeter or the Diameter The Perimeter otherwise called the circumference is a great circle measuring the Earth round about 5 The Inuention of the Perimeter of the Earth depends on these following Propositions 1 If two or more circles bee drawne about the same Center and from the Center to the Circumference be drawne two right lines The Arches of all the Circles comprehended within the said right lines will bee like and proportionall one to the other This Proposition being meerely Geometricall is taken here as a ground without farther demonstration whereof if any man doubt hee may haue recourse to Clauius Commentaries vpon Iohannes de Sacrobosco This principle granted will beget these two Consectaries 1 As one degree is to the number of correspondent miles or furlongs so all degrees of the circles to the number of miles or Furlongs measuring the quantity of the Perimeter of the Earth 2 Wherefore one degree or portion of the Circle being knowne by his number of miles or furlongs the whole Circumference may be found out The reason of this consequence euery Arithmetician can easily shew out of the Golden Rule The chiefe point then
beleeue no lesse and can speake no more except I should vrge the beating of the great Atlanticke Ocean vpon our Westerne shoares which may in some sort qualifie the excesse of heat incident to the Easterne tract which may produce some degrees of Temperature But here also wee shall perhaps meet with crosse instances which will stirre vp more doubt thâ—n satisfaction CHAP. IV. Of the manner of Expression and Description of Regions 1 HAuing treated of the generall Adiuncts of places wee are next to handle the manner of describing a Region which proposeth vnto vs two points â— the finding out the Position of two places one in regard of the other 2 The Translation of such places so found out into the Globe or Charte 2 The former depends on the inuention of the Angle of Position by some Dioptricke Instrument This manner of description of a particular Region seemes very necessary for a Geographer which euery Mechanician may soone learne and practice Many instruments haue beene deuised by curious Artificers for this purpose whose vse hath beene set out largely by later writers as by Gemma Frisius Diggs Hopton and others to whom my reader may haue recourse because I hold it not my taske in this subiect to describe the Instruments themselues but briefly to shew the ground and vse of them which these propositions shall expresse 1 Diuerse places obserued at two or more Stations by some Dioptricke Instrument the situation of two places one in regard of the other may bee found out and expressed in a Plaine This may sensibly bee shewed in the Figure following to expresse which the more plainely wee will set downe these Rules 1 Let there bee drawne in some Chart or plaine platforme a right line which wee must accompt to bee our Meridian because it shall afterward serue for that purpose This right line shall be AB whose two ends A and B shall bee taken for the North and South 2 You must choose out of some high place as a Towre or Mountaine from whence you may behold such cities townes castles and other such notable places whereof you desire to know the situation and bearing of the one to the other This High place is called the First Station where you must place the plaine before prepared in such sort as it may Astronomically and truely agree with the true Meridian of the place whose inuention we haue taught in the first Booke and so respect the foure Cardinall coasts to wit East West North and South Vpon this place seated in such a manner of situation fasten your Dioptricke instrument that it may bee turned about the point A on euery side at pleasure in such sort as the sight may be directed to euery one of the adiacent places First then remouing it from A direct your sight to F and draw the line AF of indefinite length likewise your Instrument being directed to G draw the line AG infinitely which by this meanes will also hit the place E Let B also bee imagined a certaine place as a City or Castle situate in the very Meridian it selfe which wee find already drawne to our hands In like sort ought wee to proceede with the other places C and D and as many as we please This performed you must remoue your selfe with your Instrument and Plaine to some one of these places thus fore-marked out as for example vnto D which is called the second station and there as in the former ascending vp some high place the Plaine being first fitted and placed Astronomically take the distance AD of any length whatsoeuer for to the greatnesse of this Distance shall all the rest bee proportionall Hence so place your Dioptricke Instrument at the place D that it may bee turned round and directed to all those places formerly obserued In this sort leuelling your sight to the place or castle F draw the line DF so directing your sight to the rest you may draw the lines DCG DEDB c. Now by the points of Intersections of these lines as in F G E C B c. are to bee described and delineated out the said notable land-markes as Townes Castles Promontories and such like Betwixt these places if any man desire to know the distance in miles hee may know it by finding out any one of these Distances for one being knowne the rest will also bee exactly knowne as for example wee will imagine the Distance AD to containe 10 miles wherefore let the line AD bee diuided into 10 equall parts then with your compasse examine how many such parts are contained in the Distance AF for so many miles will bee likewise in it contained as for example according to this supposition wee shall find it 5 parts wherefore the castle or city F will be 5 miles distant from the city A. Hee that desires more particularly to acquaint himselfe with the vse and diuerse manners of descriptions of Regions deriued from this one ground Let him haue recourse to diuerse Authors who haue particularly laboured in this subiect amongst which our two Englishmen Digges and Hopton deserue not the least praise whereof the later out of these principles hath framed a curious instrument which hee calls his Topographicall-Glasse whose vse hee hath perspicuously and exactly taught in diuerse pleasant conclusions too large for the scope of my methode to insert 2 At one Station by opticall obseruation the situation of one place in respect of the other may bee found out This may bee shewed out of an opticall experiment both pleasant and admirable The ground is expressed in this proposition The light traiected by a narrow hole into a darke place will represent in any Table or white paper within whatsoeuer is without directly opposed vnto it For demonstration of which proposition wee must take as granted of the perspectiâ—e Authours That the visuall Image or species will passe by a right line through any little hole and will bee terminated in any point of the Medium Now that it should more perspicuously bee seene in a darke place then in the light The cause is assigned to bee because the light of the Sunne is taken away or much diminished which otherwise would hide and shadow the species of the thing which is presented to the sight as wee see by experience the greater light of the Sun to obscure the Starres which neuerthelesse from the darke bottome of a deepe Well or Mine will shew themselues at mid-day Neuerthelesse wee must obserue by the way that this representation of any thing to the sight by this Image impressed in this sort in a wall or paper will shew it selfe so as the parts will bee seene inuersed or as wee may say turned on the contrary side as the higher lower the lower higher the right-side to the left and the left to the right which we may declare by an ocular demonstration in this figure heere inserted Let vs imagine a Triangular platforme of land whereof we desire to know the situation
retaine in it selfe the vertue of the Load-stone yet by reason of the liquefaction is altogether languishing and as it were buried but vpon touch of a Load-stone is stirred vp to his former vigour for the magnet insinuats his Incorporeall influence into the iron and so rectifies and animates that force which was almost dead 2 The magneticall Coiton is strongest of all in the Poles This may easily bee demonstrated by an experiment for if the iron needle which is proposed to bee Attracted and the Poles and Center be placed in the same right line then this Coition will be to a perpendicular as in A and B to wit the Poles in the Diagramme but in the middle space they will obliquely respect and point and by how much farther off from the Pole it is by so much is this vertue weaker but in the Equator it selfe it becomes meerely parallell without any inclination at all To know in what proportion this force is increased or weakened we must put another ground That the force of this coition is increased proportionally as the chords of a circle for by how much the least chorde in a circle differs from the Diameter so much the forces Attractiue differ from themselues For sith the Attraction is a Coition of one body with another and magneticall bodies are carried by a conuertible nature it comes to passe that a line drawne from one Pole to another in the diameter directly meetes with the body but in other places lesse so that the lesse it is conuerted to the body the lesse and weaker will bee the coition 3 So much bee spoken of the magneticall Coition It followes that wee speake of Magneticall Direction which is a naturall conuersion and conformity of the magneticall bodies to the Poles of the Earth It is manifest that a magneticall body so seated that it can moue without any impediment will turne it selfe in such wise that the one Pole of it will respect the North Pole of the Earth the other the South which motion wee call Direction This we may plainely see in a Marriners compasse whose Lilly alwayes respects the North point If a compasse bee wanting the same may bee shewed in a little corken-boate which being put in the water with a load-stone in it will so turne and conuert it selfe that the Poles of the Load-stone will at length point out the Poles of the Terrestriall Globe The manner how shall be disclosed in these Theoremes 1 The South part of the Load-stone turnes to the North and the North part to the South To confirme this assertion some haue produced this experiment Let there bee cut out of a rocke of Load-stone a Magnet of reasonable quantity Let the two poles both North and South bee marked out in the Load-stone the manner of which wee shall perhaps teach hereafter then let it be put in a corken little boat on the water so that it may freely float hither thither It will be euident that that part which in the rocke or Mine pointed Northward will respect the South and contrarywise the South part will respect the North as wee may see in this figure Let the Magnet as it is continuated with the Mine or Globe of the Earth be AB so that A shall be in the North pole B the South-Pole Let this Load-stone be cut out of this rocke or Mine placed on the water in a little timber boat which shall be CD we shall find that this little dish or boat will turne it selfe so long vntill the Northpart A be turned to the Southpart B and on the other part the Southpart B be conuerted to the Northpart A and this coÌ„formity would the whole rock of Load-stone claime if it were diuided and separated from the Globe of the Earth The reason why the magnet in the boat on the water turneth windeth and seateth it selfe to a contrary motion to that it primarily receiued whiles it was ioyned to the bowels of the Earth and vnited to the body of the great Magnet is because euery part of a Load-stone being separated from the whole whereof it is a part becomes of it selfe a perfect compleat magneticall body as we may say a little Earth hauing all the properties of the great Globe as Poles Meridians Aequators c. And therefore according to the nature of magneticall vnion spoken of in our next Theoreme will in no wise endure to settle it selfe as it did before but deemes it a thing more naturall and of more perfection to turne his aspect a contrary way to that which he inioyed at his first constitution Here may we note a great errour of Gemma Frisius who in his corollary vpon the 15 Chap. of his Cosmographicall Comment on P. Appian affirmes that the Needle magnetically effected would on this side the Aequator respect the North-pole but being past the Line would straight-way turne about and point to the Southpole An errour as Mr Hues saith vnworthy so great a Mathematician But Gemma Frisius in some â—ort may be excused for as much as the grounds of magneticall Philosophy were in his time either not discouered or most vnperfectly knowne and the vncertaine relations of Nauigators were reputed the best Arguments and how easie a matter it is for a Trauailer in this sort to deceiue a Scholler who out of his reading and experience can shew nothing to the contrary let euery man iudge 2 This contrary motion here spoken of is the iust confluxe and conformity of such bodies to magneticall vnion This is demonstrated by Gilbert in this manner Let the whole magneticall body be CD then C will turne to the North of the Earth B and D vnto the South part A. Let this magnet bee cut in twaine by the middle line or Aequator and the point E will tend to A and the part F will direct it selfe to B for as in the whole so in the parts diuided nature desires the vnion of these bodies The end E willingly accords with F but E will not willingly ioyne it selfe with D nor F with C for then it would haue C against its nature to moue toward A the South or D in B which is the South Separate the stone in the place of diuision and turne C to D and they will conueniently agree and accord For D will turne it selfe to the South as before and C to the North and E and F ioynt parts in the minerall or rocke will now bee most sundred For these magneticall parts concurre and meet together not by any affinity of matter but receiue all their motion and inclination from the forme so that the limits whether ioynt or diuided are directed magnetically to the Poles of the Earth in the same manner as in the diuided body 3 If any part Southward of the magneticall body bee torne away or diminished so much shall bee also diminished of the North-part and contrariwise if any part bee taken away in the North-part so much shall the vertue of the
92 3 It is probable that the sea is carried some-where from East to West and some-where from North to South contrariwise 98 4 Of the violent motion of the sea caused by windes 101 5 To some certaine places at certaine times belong certaine winds 102 6 The violence of the winds makes the sea sometimes in some places transcend his ordinary bounds 103 CHAP. VII Of the Depth Situation and Termination of the sea 1 The ordinary depth of the sea is commonly answerable to the ordinary height of the maine land aboue the water and the Whirlepooles extraordinary depths answer to the height of the mountaines aboue the ordinary height of the Earth 104 2 The superficies of the sea is some-where higher then the superficies of the Earth some-where lower 109 3 The sea in respect of the Earth is higher in one place then another 111 4 The Water is so diuided from the dry-land that the quantity of water is greater in the Southerne Hemispheare of land in the Northerne 115 5 The whole Globe of the Earth is enuironed round with sea betwixt East and West 116 6 It is probable that the Earth is enuirnoed round with water from North to South Of the North-west passage 117 CHAP. VIII OfSea Trafficke and Merchandice 1 Nauigation first taught by Almighty God was afterwards seconded by the industrie of famous men in all ages 132 2 Nauigation is very necessary as well for the increase of knowledge as riches 135 CHAP. IX Of Pedography Riuers Lakes and Fountaines in the Earth 1 All Riuers haue their originall from the sea the mother of riuers 142 2 All Riuers and Fountaines were not from the beginning 155 3 Many riuers are for a great space of land swallowed vp of the Earth whereof some after a certaine distance rise againe 156 4 Riuers for the most part rise out of great mountaines and at last by diuerse or one Inlet are disburthened into the sea 157 5 Diuerse Fountaines are endowed with diuerse admirable vertues and operations 159 6 Places neere great Riuers and Lakes are most commodious for Habitation 162 7 Of Lakes and their causes 162 8 It is probable that some Lakes haue some secret intercourse with the sea vnder ground 163 CHAP. X. Of Mountaines Vallyes plaine-Regions woody and champion Countreyes 1 Mountaines Vallyes and Plaines were created in the beginning and few made by the violence of the Deluge 165 2 The perpendicular height of the highest mountaines seldome exceeds 10 furlongs 169 3 The ordinary height of the land aboue the sea in diuerse places is more then the hight of the highest mountaines aboue the ordinary face of the Earth 171 4 Mountaines Countreyes are commonly colder then plaine 172 5 Mountaines since the beginning of the world haue still decreased in their quantity and so will vnto the end 174 6 Of Woods and their nature 178 7 Woods are not so frequent or great as in ancient times 179 8 Places moderately situate towards the North or South-pole abound more in woods then neere the Equatour 180 CHAP. XI Of Ilands and Continents 1 It is probable that Ilands were not from the first beginning but were afterwards made by violence of the water 184 2 Peninsula's by violence of the sea fretting through the Istmus haue oftentimes turned into Ilands and contrariwise Peninsalas by diminution of the sea made of Ilands 189 CHAP. XII Of Inundations and Earth-quakes 1 No vniuersall Inundation of the Earth can be naturall the other may depend from naturall causes 193 2 Particular alterations haue happened to the bonds of Countries by particular Inundations 195 3 Certaine Regions by reason of great Riuers are subiect to certaine anniuersary Inundations 197 4 Regions extreame cold or extreame hot are not so subiect to Earth-quakes as places of a middle temper 201 5 Hollow and spongie places are more subiect to Earthquakes then solide and compacted Soiles 202 6 Ilands are more often troubled with earth-quakes then the continent 203 CHAP. XIII Of the Originall of Inhabitants 1 All Nations had their first originall from one stocke whence afterwards they became diuided 206 2 The first inhabitants of the Earth were planted in Paradise and thence translated to the places adioyning 208 3 The first plantation of Inhabitants immediately after the Deluge beganne in the East 213 CHAP. XIV Of the disposition of Inhabitants in respect of the site 1 The people of the Northerne Hemispheare as well in Riches and Magnificence as valour science and ciuill gouernment far surpasse the people of the south Hemispheare 221 2 The extreame Inhabitants toward the pole are in complexion hot and moist Those towards the Equatour cold and drye those of the middle partaking of a middle temper 226 3 The extreame Inhabitants towards the poles are naturally enclined to Mechanicall works and martiall endeuours the extreame towards the Equatour to workes of Religion and Contemplation The middle to lawes and ciuility 232 4 The people of the extreame Regions towards the poles in Martiall prowesse haue commonly proued stronger then those neerer the Equatour but the middle people more prouident then either in the establishment and preseruation of commonwealths 236 5 The extreame Regions in Manners Actions and Customes are cleane opposite the one to the other The middle partake a mixture of both 239 6 The people of the Easterne Hemispheare in science Religion Ciuility and Magnificence and almost in euery thing els are farre superiour to the Inhabitants of the Westerne 250 7 The Westerne people haue beene obserued to be more happy and able in Martiall discipline the Easterne in witty contemplation and contemplatiue sciences 252 8 The Easterne part of the Westerne Hemispheare was peopled before the Westerne 255 CHAP. XV. Of the Diuersity of dispositions in regard of the Soile 1 Mountaine-people are for the most part more stout warlike and generous then those of plaine Countries yet lesse tractable to gouernment 256 2 Windy Regions produce men of wild and instable dispositions But quiet Regions more constant and curteous 273 CHAP. XVI Of the dispositions of Inhabitants according to their originall and education 1 Colonies translated from one Region into another farre remote retaine a long time their first disposition though by little little they decline and suffer alteration 278 2 The mixture of Colonies begets the same Nation a greater disparity and variety of the Nations amongst themselues 278 3 Education hath a great force in the alteration of Naturall dispositions yet so as by accident remitted they soone returne to their proper Temper  4 By Discipline Nations become more Wise and Politicke in the preseruation of states yet lesse stout and couragious 283 The Analysis of the second Booke Generall which of a place generally taken without any speciall diuision handles the Adiuncts and proprieties these agree to a place in respect of the Earth it selfe which are Internall or Externall Common or Magneticall whereof Chapter 2. Heauens which are Generall or Speciall Chapt. 3.
blacke Lions which we can ascribe to no other cause then the excesse of heat and not to any quality of the Seed or any curse inflicted on the place Moreouer it is reported by Ferdinando de Quir in his late discouery of the South Continent that hee there also found some blacke people yet can wee not imagine this Land though stretching very farre in quantity toward the Equinoctiall to come so farre or much farther then the Tropicke of Capricorne These arguments make it the more probable that the Regions situate vnder the Tropicks generally exceed more in heat then those placed in the middle of the Earth vnder the Line 2 In the other extreame Section from 60 Degrees towards the Pole the first 15 Degrees towards the Equatour are more moderately cold the other towards the Pole most immoderately cold and vnapt for conuenient Habitation That this Section of 30 Degrees comprehended betwixt the 60 Degree and the Pole is in a sort habitable is confirmed by the testimony of many Nauigatours especially the English and Hollanders who haue aduentured very farre Northward and haue there found the Earth though not so fruitfull yet furnished with some commodities and peopled with Inhabitants The first 15 Degrees towards the Equatour admit of no great exception containing in their extent Finmarke Bodia in Scandia Noua Zembla Auian Groenland with many other places indifferently discouered where they haue indeed found the aire very cold in regard of this of ours Yet not so Immoderate but that it can at all times agree with the naturall temper of the natiue Inhabitants and at least at some times of the yeere admit a passage for forraigne Nations But the other Region stretching Northward from 75 Degrees to the Pole it selfe howsoeuer it may bee probably thought habitable yet affords it no conuenient meanes and sustenance for mans life in respect of other places neither can the people of this climate inioy any good complection or Temperament of the foure qualities for as much as the cold with them is so predominant that it choaketh and almost extinguisheth the naturall hâ—at whence Hypocrates saith that they are dryed vp which is a cause of their swarty colour and dwarfish stature which assertion of his can obtaine no credit but of such Northerne people as liue neere the Pole Neuerthelesse wee shall not finde these poore Northerne Nations so destitute altogether of vitall aides but that their wants are in some sort recompensed by the benefit of nature The chiefest comforts in this kinde which wee inioy and they seeme to want are Heat and Light The defect of heat is somewhat mollified 1 By the Sunne staying so long aboue their Horizon as 6 months and by consequence impressing into the Aire a greater degree of heat 2 By the naturall custome of the Inhabitants neuer acquainted with any other temperature both which reasons wee haue formerly alleaged 3 By the industrie of the Inhabitants being taught by necessity to preserue themselues during the Winter-time in Caues Stoues and such like places heated with continuall fires the defect of which prouidence was thought to bee the ruine of Sr Hugh Willoughby intending a search of the North-east passage on the North of Lapland and Russia To recompense the defect of Light Nature hath prouided two wayes 1 In that the Sunne in his Parallell comming neerer and neerer to the Horizon giues them a long time of glimmering light both before his rising and after his setting which may serue them insteed of day 2 For that the Sunne and Starres by reason of a refraâ—tion in a vaporouâ— and foggy Horizon appeâ—reâ—â—o theâ— sometime before hee is truly risen which caused the Hollanders Noua Zombla to wonder why they should see the Sunne diuerse dayes before according to their account hee was to rise aboue their Horizon according to Astronomicall grounds which probleme had staggered all the Mathematicians of the world had not the Perspectiue science stept in to giue an answer 3 In the middle Section betwixt 30 and 60 Degrees of Latitude the first 15 are Temperately Hot the other 15 more inclined to Cold. The middle Region partakes a mixture of both extreames towit of the cold Region towards the Pole and the hot towards the Equatour whence it must needs follow that the more any parts of this Tract approach the hot Region vnder the Tropicke and Equatour the more it must partake of Heat yet this heat being mittigated by some cold by reason of the fite of the Sunne it must of necessity bee Temperate and very apt for humane habitation Also this mixture of the cold quality being more extended and increased on the other moity towards the Pole through the vicinity of the cold Region must loose much of the former heat which shall hereafter bee more confirmed out of the naturall constitution and complection of the Inhabitants bearing the true markes of externall cold and internall Heat whereof the one is strengthened by the other For the externall cold if it be not ouer predominant and too much for the internall Heat will by an Antiperistasis keepe in and condensate this heat making it more feruent and vigorous 6 The East and West Hemispheares are bounded and diuided by the Meridian passing by the Canaries and the Molucco Ilands 7 The East Hemispheare reacheth from the Canaries the Moluccoes on this side as the other on the opposite part of the Spheare Wee may here note a great difference betwixt this diuision and the former Foâ— the North and South Hemispheares being diuided by the Equatour are parted as it were by Nature it selfe and the Sunnes motion But the diuision of the Globe into East and West wee can ascribe to no other cause then mans Institution yet are the Easterne and the Westerne found to differ many wayes the discouery of which may giue great light to obseruation 1 The Easterne Hemispheare wherein we liue is euery way happier and worthier then the other Westward How farre short the Westerne Hemispheare comes of this of ours many circumstances may declare For first if we compare the Quantity of Land wee shall finde a great disparity For the Westerne Hemispheare containes in it besides the Southerne Continent wherein ourâ— also claimes a moity onely America with the Ilands thereunto adioyning whereas the other within this large circuit containes all the other parts of the Earth knowne vnto the Ancients as Europe Asia and Africke with many Ilands to them annexed Moreouer it is probably conjectured by some that America is vsually on our Mappes and Globes especially the more ancient painted and delineated out greater then indeed it is which hath beene ascribed to the fraudulent deceit of the Portugalls heretofore who to the end they might reduce the Molucco Ilands to the East Indies then their owne possession sought as well in their Mapps as relations to curtaile Asia and inlarge America in such sort as the Molucâ—o Ilands might seeme to fall within the 180 Degrees Eastward wherein they
to bee ABC from the extreame Angles of this Triangle we will suppose certaine Rayes to bee drawne through the hole D into a darke place wherein shall bee opposed to the hole D a white Table or paper which shall be NM Here will a Ray from the point designing out the Angle at A bee carried through the hole that it will point out in the Table K because all such beames according to the Opticks are right lines Likewise the Angle B will in the Table designe out the Point I also C will fall into the point H Let KH IK HI be ioyned together by right lines there will appeare the Triangle IKH wherein the top of the Triangle A will bee seene in the lowest place K Likewise the Angles of the Basis B and C will appeare in the points of the highest place HI and the right side A C will shew it selfe in the left HK as the left side will be the right in IH wherefore the side of the whole Triangle ABC will shew it selfe in the Table NM although inuersely placed according to the sides and Angles and of a various greatnesse in respect of the distance of the Table from the hole The inuention hath great vse in Astronomy in obseruing Eclipses the beginning and continuance without any hurt at all to the sight No lesse vse may it challenge in Topography in describing of Territories Citties Borrowes Castles and such like in their due symmetry and proportion To practise which the better Reusner would haue a little house built of light Timber with a Muliangle Basis in euery one of whose sides a hole should be made looking inwardly at the vertex or top but outwardly at the Basis through which the species or Image of all such things a◠are visible may haue free passage 2 The manner of translation of a Region into the chart depends from the knowledge of the Longitude and Latitude 3 The parts to bee described whereof the chart consists are either Essentiall or Accidentall The Essentiall are either the Lines as are the Meridians and Parallels or the Places to bee delineated out by Pictures The declination of both which shall be taught in these rules 1 To set downe the Meridians and Parallels in a particular chart To shew the practise hereof wee will take for instance the Region of France an example familiar with our later Topographers and therefore can better warrant the description France is supposed to haue in latitude 10. degrees in longitude 16 This knowne you must proceede in this manner First through the middle of your table from head to foote let there bee drawne a perpendicular line expressing the Meridian of the world which shall bee marked with the letters EF let this line bee diuided into 10. equall parts then draw two Parallell lines whereof the one must crosse the said line about the point E with right Angles and the other Parallell must crosse it againe beneath in the point F with like Angles let the vppermost Parallell bee expressed by AB The neathermost with CD Then with your compasse take one of the 10 parts of the line EF which is one degree and set that downe apart by it selfe diuiding the same into 60 Minutes as the short line GH in the table here inserted will shew on the right hand Now you may learne by some Table or Mappe that the farthest part of France toward the North through which is drawne the Parallell AB is 52. degrees distant from the Equatour And that the South Parallell CD is distant 42 degrees Also certaine Tables in our former booke will informe you that to euery degree of the Parallell 42. delineated by AB doe answer 37 miles and that to euery degree of the Parallell CD answer 45 miles wherefore with your compasse take from the short line GH 37 partes or Minutes and with your compasse kept at the same largenesse let the Parallell AB bee diuided into 16 equall spaces correspondent to that widenesse that is to say on each side of the Meridian 8 parts at which Meridian EF you must begine your measure towards either hand both right and left marking the end of euery such space with a certaine point Moreouer for the South Parallell CD let 45 parts likewise bee taken from the short line GH and let that Parallell bee diuided into 16 spaces correspondent to that widenesse of the compasse eight spaces being set downe on each side of the Meridian EF So that wee must beginne from the Meridian EF and marke the end of euery such space with a point Then from those points wherewith each of those two Parallells AB and CD is marked Let there bee drawne a right line from point to point and those shall serue for Meridians expressing as well the longitude of the whole Region as of euery particular place therein seated In like sort as you haue diuided the Meridian EF into 10 equall parts so againe into the like number of equall parts must bee diuided each of the two vttermost Meridians on the left hand and the right marking with a point the end of euery such space and so from point to point let there bee drawne right lines cutting all the Meridians and those shall serue for Parallells and in the vttermost spaces let there bee written the numbers of Longîtude and Latitude The Longitude is supposed to beginne at the vttermost Meridian at the left hand which in both Parallells is the farthest Meridian Westward Now for as much as the most Westerly Meridian is foureteene degrees distant from the Meridian passing by the Canary Ilands from which as the first Meridian the auncients beganne their accompts you must set downe in the first place on the left hand as well ouer as vnder in the first space 15 in the second 16 in the third 17 and so orderly proceed through all the spaces till you come to 30 For the difference betwixt 14 and 30 is 16 So you haue the whole Longitude of France expressed in your Table which is 16 degrees In the like sort to expresse the Latitude hauing the degrees of Latitude marked out you must beginne at each end of the South Parallell CD and so proceed vpward in the two vttermost Meridians writing downe in the first space at the foot of the Table 43 degrees on the right hand and the left in the second space 44 in the third 45 and so vpwards along to 52 so haue you expressed the whole Latitude of France from North to South for betwixt 42 and 52 are comprehended iust 10 degrees These degrees may againe be diuided at pleasure into lesser parts as minutes according to the largenesse of your chart 2 To set downe Citties Castles Mountaines Riuers and such like speciall places in the chart The platforme of your chart being once drawne out as wee haue formerly taught in the precedent rule you may very easily set downe speciall places by obseruation of the Longitudes or Latitudes of such places either by
seene in this Figure wherein the Line CD represents vnto vs the sensible Horizon the Line AB the rationall The former is called Naturall or Physicall because it comes vnder the measure and apprehension of the sense the other Astronomicall because it is of great vse in Astronomy in the resolution of the Horizon into his parts wee ought to consider two things first the Poles of the Horizon Secondly his Periphery or circumference The Poles are commonly called Zenith or Nadir The Zenith is the Verticall point directly placed ouer our Head whereunto is opposite on the other side the Nadir directly vnder our foote and therefore may bee called the Pedall point The parts or intersections in the circumferences are designed out vnto vs by certaine lines discouering the coasts in the Terrestriall Globe These lines are called either windes or Rhumbes The windes with the Grecians were onely 8. But the latter Nauigators haue increased them to the number of 32 whereof foure were called Cardinall to wit such as are directed to the foure coastes of East West North and South The other are Collaterall being placed on each side of the Cardinall windes The Rhumbes are Lines passing by the Verticall point of any place as you may see in the Compasse going before Now because one Rhumbe answers to two coasts or windes the number of the Rhumbes is but halfe the number of the windes to wit 16. Here it is to bee noted that a Rhumbe differs from a Winde whereas a Rhumber is one line pointing out vnto vs two windes or coasts These Rhumbes as they are conceiued in the Globe were thought by Nonnus to bee the portions of greater Circles But learned Mr Hues in his booke out of vndoubted principles strongly confutes him The grounds which hee takes are these First that all Meridians of all places passe the Pole and cut the Equatour and all his parallels at right Angles Secondly If our course should bee directly any way else then towards one of the poles a new Meridian must succeed and a new Horizon Thirdly that the Iron Needle being touched with the Load-stone shewes the common section of the Meridian and the Horizon and on one side perpetually respects the North on the other the South Fourthly the same Rhumbe cuts all the Meridians atall places at equall Angles and euery where respects the like coasts in the world Fiftly that a greater circle drawne by the Verticall points if remoued from the Equatour cannot cut diuers Meridians at equall Angles Sixtly a greater circle drawne by the Verticall point of any place makes greater Angles with all other Meridians then with that from which it was first drawne whence it is necessary that the line which shall bee supposed to make Angles with diuers Meridians as the Rhumbes should bee bowed toward the Meridian I know not what would bee more said against the opinion of P. Nonnus who would haue all the Rhumbes to bee portions of greater circles To illustrate further the nature and vse of the Horizon wee will insert these Theoremes 2 The Sensible and Rationall Horizon in the Earth are much different in respect of the Firmament all one It may bee gathered out of the suppositions of Ptolomy and Alphraganus and almost all other Astronomers that no man being placed on the surface of the earth can precisely see the halfe of it For that Horizon which terminates our sight as we haue shewed is a plaine superficies euery way circularly extended in the Earth in such sort as men placed either in the Sea in a ship or in a great field or Countrey would thinke the visible part of the earth to bee plaine whose ends would seeme to touch the Heauens Whence must needs come to passe that such an Horizon cannot diuide the Spheare of the â—arth into two equall parts For so much will be found wanting as is measured betwixt that superficies which toucheth the earth and that which passeth by the Center of it equidistant from the other for this later only can diuide the earth into 2 equall parts according to Theodosius and may well bee seene in the former figure wherein are expressed both Horizons as well the visible as inuisible touching the Spheare in a point on the superficies as the Rationall passing by the Center Neuerthelesse wee must consider that the quantity intercepted betwixt these two Horizons in the Terrestriall Spheare is of little or no moment compared with the whole frame of the Heauens For sith the Heauens are so farre distant from vs it will come to passe that if two equidistant lines should bee drawne the one from the Eye the other from the Center of the Earth to the Firmament they would according to sense appeare one and the selfe-same by reason of the wonderfull distance as wee see in a long Gallery whose walls haue an equall distance the one from the other the walls will notwithstanding according to Opticall principles seeme widest where they are neerest and to close and shut vp at the ends or at least to concurre neerer much more must wee imagine this to happen in the sight if we compare the greatnesse of the Firmament with the Spheare of the Earth in whose magnitudes wee shall finde a incomparable disparity This will appeare by the Apparences for wee shall see the six signes of the Zodiacke conspicuous aboue our Horizon and the other six vnder it hid from our sight Also the Sunne and Moone when they are diametrally opposed almost at the same moment will appeare the one in the East the other in the West at least the one will rise soone vpon the setting of the other And if we beleeue Pliny the Moone was obserued to bee eclipsed in the East point the Sunne at the same time being in a sort aboue the Horizon in the West Such an Eclipse could not happen without a diametrall opposition of the two lights and therefore can the Sensible and the Rationall Horizon haue no sensible difference in respect of the Firmament 2 The sensible Horizon may be greater or lesser according to the nature and disposition of the place In this consideration wee take no notice of the difference of sights whether they be weaker or sharper but suppose an eye sufficient to kenne so farre in the Earth as the place will permit The difference then betwixt diuerse Horizons must bee sought out in the condition of the place A Sight placed on the top of a high mountaine may see much farther then one in a low valley compassed about with hills for as much as the Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon which is equall to the Rayes or Lines drawne from the extreame parts of the visible Earth are much greater The most indifferent iudgement of this Horizon may bee taken from the superficies of the Sea beyond sight of land for a man thereon sayling in a ship may perceaue the surface of the Sea as a plaine on euery side to bound the sight in a round circle
seeming together to terminate the end of the Earth and protension of the sight What the Semidiameter of this Horizon should bee hath not beene yet agreed vpon by all Erastothenes would haue it to bee 44 miles Macrobius 23. Proclus 250. Albertus Magnus 125. These differences seeme too great to admit of reconcilement yet taking into our consideration the disparity in account of miles betwixt the Moderne and Ancient Cosmographers as also betwixt the Greekes and Latines 2 the diuerse placing of the sight◠the various disposition of the places wherein they tooke their obseruations with other circumstances wee should diminish much of admiration But diuerse others whose opinion is more approued by moderne Cosmographers haue defined it to be about 63 miles The cause why this Horizon should bee so little in respect of the Rationall which passeth by the Center is the roundnesse of the earth interposed betwixt the sight and the farther parts which we haue formerly proued 3 The eye may be so placed on the Earth as it may behold the whole Hemispheare of the heauens and yet no part of the Terrestriall Spheare This may seeme a paradoxe with vulgar iudgement but it wants not a demonstration drawne from Astronomicall and Opticke principles To explaine which we must suppose out of the grounds already granted 1 That the Sensible and Rationall Horizon in respect of the Heauens ought to bee esteemed one and the selfe same by reason of the great distance and disproportion betwixt the Earth and the Firmament 2 That the eye of the beholder is in this sort supposed to bee in the Center because in this consideration the distance betwixt the superficies of the Earth and her Center is insensible 3 That the visuall Ray wherein the sight is carried is alwayes a right line Now suppose according to our former figure the Center of the eye wherein consists the sight to be in the point of the Terrestriall surface F the distance as wee said betwixt F and E the Center being insensible the eye is imagined in the center likewise the Horizons CFD and AEB for the same cause in respect of the Heauens are to bee esteemed one and the same because CA and DB haue no sensible difference It is then manifest that the eye so placed will behold in the heauenly Spheare all which is included betwixt A and B to wit the Hemispheare AGB bounded by the Rationall Horizon AEB Neuerthelesse in the Terrene Globe it can see nothing at all For either it should see onely the point F wherein it is seated or else some other point or part distant from it the former cannot bee admitted because the eye being there supposed to bee placed should according to this supposition behold it selfe which is against philosophy For granting the sense only a direct and not a reflexe operation it cannot bee imagined how it should perceiue it selfe Finally it cannot see any point in the Earth besides for then this point would either bee placed aboue the point F but this cannot bee because F being supposed in the superficies admits of no point higher in the Spheare or else vnder it but this cannot bee because CFD being a tangent line and touching the Spheare in F only there cannot according to Geometricall principles bee drawne any right line from the point F which can touch any point in the said Spheare but all will cut it and so the section cause impediment to the sight the Earth being an opacous and round body 4 From the Horizontall circle is reckoned the eleuation of the Pole in any place assigned The finding out of the eleuation of the Pole is a matter most necessary for a Cosmographer as shall appeare after where we shall speake of the Latitudes and Climates It is defined to bee an arch of the Meridian betwixt the Horizon and the Pole For the finding out of which many wayes haue beene deuised by Artificers The first is taken from the Sunne the second from the Pole-starre From the Sun it may bee performed two wayes 1 At the time of the Equinoxe 2 At any other time of the yeere At the time of the Equinoxe it may be found out by the obseruation of the Sunnes shadow at Noone-tide in this manner Let the Meridian height of the Sunne bee subtracted from the whole quadrant which is 90 degrees there will remaine the distance of the Zenith to the Equator which is equall to the eleuation of the Pole In the second place at any time of the yeere to know the eleuation of the Pole out of the Meridian height of the Sunne it is necessary out of an Ephimerides or any other way accurately to finde out the place of the Sunne in his Eclipticke for the day proposed together with his declination for the declination of the Sunne the Sunne being in the six Northerne signes subtracted from the Meridian altitude or added the Sunne being in the six Southerne signes will precisely giue the height of the Equator or which is the same the Meridian heigth of the Sun in the Equinoctiall which being once found we may worke as in the former By the Pole-starre wee may likewise find it out if wee obserue it three distinct times in the same night for three points being giuen euery Geometrician will finde out the Center which in this case must bee the Pole Many other wayes haue beene inuented by skilfull Astronomers which appertaining rather to Astronomy then Cosmography I purposely omit 24 Concerning the Horizon two things are chiefly to bee noted the Inuention and the Distinction The Inuention is considered either as it concernes the Zenith or Pole or the Plaine of the Horizon For both which we will set downe these Rules 1 The height of the Pole subtracted from the quadrant of 90 Degrees the residue will shew the Zenith or distance of the Zenith from the Pole The reason is euident because the height of the Pole together with the distance of the Pole and the Zenith make an arch which is a whole quadrant so that the height of the Pole subducted the distance will remaine as for example if wee put the eleuation of the Pole here in Oxford to be 51 ½ degrees or thereabout as hath been formerly taught Let these 51 ½ degrees bee subtracted from 90 then will remaine 38 ½ which is the true Zenith for that place 2 A line which makes right angles with a plummet perpendicularly falling on it will designe the Horizontall plaine The practise of the proposition is vsually shewed by Artificers by a certaine instrument called a Leuell which is made in a triangle forme from the vertex or head of which a line with a plummet fals on the Basis. Now when it shall bee found to be so placed that the line and plummet falling on the Basis shall make right Angles with it and cut the whole Triangle into two equall halfes wee may account the Base-line to bee the plaine of the Horizon For of this plaine such is the position