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end_n	island_n	point_n	west_n	1,388	5	9.7281	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A61855	The perillous and most unhappy voyages of John Struys Through Italy, Greece, Lifeland, Muscovia, Tartary, Media, Persia, East-India, Japan, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia. Containing, I. Most accurate remarks and observations of the distinct qualities, religion, politie, customs, laws and properties of the inhabitants: II. A due description of the several cities, towns, forts, and places of trust, as to their site and strength, fortifications by nature, or art, &c. with other things worthy of note: and, III. An exact memorial of the most disastrous calamities which befell the author in those parts (viz) by ship-wrack, robberies, slavery, hunger, tortures, with other incommodities and hardships. To which are added 2 narrativs sent from Capt. D. Butler, relating to the taking in of Astrachan by the Cosacs. Illustrated with divers curious plates, first designed and taken from the life by the author himself. Rendered out of Nether-dutch by John Morrison·; Reysen door Moscovien, Tartarijen, Oost-Indien. English	Struys, Jan Janszoon, d. 1694.; Morrison, John, 17th cent.; Butler, David, Captain.	1684 (1684)	Wing S6019; ESTC R216963	334,708	398

four Galleys ready upon all Occasions for Defence of the Havens besides a considerable number more which they have in their Arsenal in good equippage these are often imployed as Auxiliaries for the Venetians against the Turks On the Sea-side stands a Watch-Tower on which by night they set a Beacon and just at the Entrance of the Haven stands a huge piece of Ordnance mounted upon a Carriage continually guarded with a Sentinel The Dukes Person is guarded with a Body of 500 Soldiers who with their Colonel have a place allotted them in the Palace The City is generally well built with stately Houses and magnificent Structures more especially on that side which is seated near the Sea having besides the more eminent Hostels and Public Buildings 30 fair Parish Churches of which that dedicated to St. Laurence claims the priority as Cathedral In the Church dedicated to the H. Eucharist they show'd us a Key made of an Emerald being of the unusual bignes that ●t's worth may not be computed Coming to the Church of St. Bartholomew we saw a handkercheif with which they told us our Saviour wiped the sweat from his face and as they say has done abundance of Miracles The City is very populous their Merchants rich and numerous and their Manufactury also very considerable especially in Velvets there being according to the relation given us above 8000 Looms in the Town so that considering the Magnificency of Building the Riches of her Merchants Commodiousness of Situation and Splendor of her Court and Palace may be reckoned as a Town of the first Magnitude On the 12 of April we set sail directing our course for Velez Malaga where on the 15 we arrived On the 18 we hoised sail and made for Malaga and on the 24 came to cast anchor in the Bay where almost all the Banditti were set ashoar Here we took in a hundred Pipes of Wine with candied Fruits and other Refreshments for the sick On the 29 of May we weighed Anchor and with a brisk gale of Wind reached the Straits mouth on the 2 of Iune When we were past Gibralter we steer'd our Course towards the Salt Islands which was designed for another place of Refreshment from whence we gathered that our Voyage must needs be longer than at first we thought for till then none aboard the ship unless the Officers knew whither we were bound or upon what account we were sent out On the fourth of Iune we met with 9 Turkish Men of War about the 3d. Watch in the night who Hail'd us asking from whence our ship we answered From Genua and asked them From whence they were they made answer From Argiers Our Commander hearing that unwelcome Eccho was not a little alarm'd and could have wish'd himself at a further distance however he resolves to exchange a ball or two with them by break of day and in order thereto gets all in a readiness commands every man to his Post and gave us all the courage he could by his own Example The Corsairs who although better man'd and mounted than we had no great stomach to go so early to breakfast for observing such marks of Courage in our Officers and that they were absolutely resolved to fight'um made all the sail they could and left us On the 14 we pass'd the Flemmish Islands and on the 6 of July we arrived at Boa Vista where we came to Anchor in the Bay On this Island were several of the Banditti who brought us such Provision as they had aboard we took in also ten boats of salt About this Island is such plenty of Fish that at one draught we got 1500 Corcoads and Salmon-Fry Boa Vista is one of those Islands which are called Cabo Verdo Islands having obtained that appellation from it's delectable prospect from the Seaward and lies 7 leagues to the northward of Ilha del Sal and is reckoned to be about 20 leagues in circumference stretched out in length South-east and North-west That part which lies near the sea is all sandy and hilly ground but within altogether montanous and high land On the north end is a long Bank near half a league in length which repelleth the billows of the sea with great violence There are yet besides this several other Foords which are often the occasion of Shipwrack On the South is also another where the Rocks sometimes appear above water and points out towards the East and E. and by North. The best and safest place to come to Anchor in is at the Southwest Point where is a very commodious Road for Ships of the greatest burthen having at lest 16 or 17 fathom Water and a fine sandy ground In this Road we lay at anchor 6 days and then set sail for Majo St. Iago Fuogo and Brava which are the nearest Islands to Boa Vista The Island Majo lies about nine leagues S. S. W. or rather mo● Westerly from Boa Vista and is the smallest of all the rest being about 7 leagues round Within land are several steep hills and on the North a Plain about a league in breadth from whence reaches out a long Bank towards the North-east and another towards the West which cause impetuous Breaches of the Sea and consequently great danger for Ships that sail that way The Island is almost round in circumference having its breadth and length almost equal and is full of small Capes or Promontories which make so many Inlets The common Road belonging to this Island is on the south-South-west Coast where you have 15 and 16 fathom Water and a sandy ground having the Western point of the Island at N. and by W. and another Point at E. S. E. and the South end of St. Iago S. W. On the North side of the Island behind a litle black Cape lies a small Bay or Road for Anchorage at 5 or 6 fathom water and upon the lowest point on the East is a Village of 10 or 12 houses This Island is very rocky high and dry having litle grass upon it but what grows in the clefts of the Rocks It is also very barren of Fruit neither Lemmons nor Oranges will like there nor no other fruit whatsoever unles sigs and those by reason of the drought of the Season and Ground seldom ever come to maturity or return to profit There are in this Island some Cotton-trees and good plenty of Goats so that there are many thousands of those Hides transported yearly from hence There are also some wild Horses Kine and Asses good plenty of Fowl as Patridge Heath-hens Bustards Wild-geese and other Fowl not known with us in Europe There are also many Saltpans on this Island where the Salt by the Ground Water and the Ingress of the Sea with the help of the Sun is well concreted yet is somewhat too yellow in colour The Inhabitants are a mixt folk of Negros and others who follow Goat hunting using Wolves in stead of Dogs Some also follow the

well provided with all kinds of Ammonition and Cannon which they cast themselves There are besides these Sconces several other Fortifications and inferior Forts Seated on high Rocks and Walls proportionable to the other encompassed also with very deep Ditches which receive their Water from the Sea Corfu is also of it self very strong and divided into 3 several Wards as Spileo Urio nuovo and Spianato The high Fortifications have no Fountain Water that is good and are therefore fain to make use of Rain Water which they receive and keep in cisterns and pits like those of Amsterdam but without the Walls of Corfu is a certain fountain or Well which they call Cardacchio that affoards good Water and very clear Upon this Island stand 68 Villages and Hamlets all reasonably well peopl'd The Venetian Garrison as it then appeared by their Muster-roll consisted of 400 light Horse and 900 Infantry The Haven is very fair and covenient and comes to the middle of the Island on that side which faces the main Continent On the other side lies Butriato a noted place for Fishing On this Island is much Bottarge made which is a Dish prepared of the Roes of Sturgeon salted dried and for the longer and better preservation thereof dipt in Wax Here is also much Oil of Olives or Oleum omphacinum made and the Vine well cultivated It is also very fruitfull affoarding plenty of Oranges Lemmons Citrons c. besides Honey Wax and Salt for which Commodities this Island is very famous abroad From Corfu we set sail for Cephalonia where there is only one small City raised on a high ground at the south-South-end of the Island and well fortified but the Haven thereto belonging is large and convenient There appear the Ruins of three other Cities which are said to be dismantled upon the continual Jarrs of the Inhabitants amongst themselves and at length reduced to such a poor remnant Besides this City is a litle Fort in which they repose no small trust It is situated in the latitude of 38 degr and 29 min. and is almost of a triangular form The east-East-end faces the Cape of Ciarenzo a Promontory of Morea or Peleponessus The north-North-point Capo Guiscardo confronts with Staumara and the west-angle or Capo Sidro looks toward the main Continent of Affrica Between this angle and Ciarenza which lies to the south-South-west is a large Bay making a fit Harbour not far from the City Cephalonia called Argoftoli where a great number of Ships may very commodiously ride at anchor At the entrance of this Gulf is a small Island called Guardiana which is fortified with a little Moot or Castelet which they call Nasso They have great scarcity of fresh or spring Water in this Island which is nevertheless of a rich and fat Soil and good pasturage for Sheep which there abound It produceth also vast quantities of Grain Wine Oil Manna Wax Honey Flax and Silk besides the great plenty of Currans which is the Staple-Commoditie of the Land CHAP. VIII The Author's arrival at Sante or Xante It 's admirable Strength Villages and great Scarcity of fresh Water Their Dough for bread kneaded with Wine in stead of Water Arrival at Cerigo Situation of that Island Reliques of the Temple of Venus Arrival at Candia with it's Situation A Description of the Citie as to it's Strength Inhabitants the most eminent Buildings and Churches Climat Soil Vintage Fruits Vegetables Cattel Fowl Plenty of Silk and other Commodities as also the modern Habit and Attire of the Candians A Description of Standia The famous Fight between Lazaro Mocenigo and the Tributary Auxiliaries of Argiers Tripoli Theunis and Zoëli The Fort of Zouaschi taken in by the Proveditor Mocenigo The Turks attacque Tenedos but in vain The Turkish Armada come out of the Dardanelli The Beginning of the Ingagement The Turkish Emperour comes with an Army of 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot down to the shore where from a high Tent he sees ' the Ingagement The Turks loose their Posts and Sail off The incomparable valour of Mocenigo and Bembo who are unluckily killd by the fall of a Sail yard Their Galley blown up with 400 Men. The Loss and Gains on both sides THe Proveditor which we had aboard not willing to loose much time made but short delay at Cephalonia for he had not much time to spend according to his Order and Instructions to go to the Armade wherefore after a short aboad we set Sail and steer'd away for Xante Xante is an Island lying in the latitude of 38 degr about 13 English leagues from Cephalonia On this Island is a City conteining about 4000 Houses or rather Cottages without chimneys that they say is by reason of frequent Earthquakes of which they are in daily jeopardy but the Muniments as well in respect of Site as Strength are very considerable for the Cittadel is built upon a high Hill and what by Nature and what by Art seems to be almost inaccessible well provided also with Ordnance and Ammunition of War suitable On this Island are several Capes the most eminent whereof are Capo del Guardo on the South and Capo de Tiri on the East between which two Capes lies a Commodious Harbour called Porto de Chietto which has a good Road for Anchorage at 8 fathom Water Xante has 45 Villages and Hamlets whereof the most principal lie toward the Sea to wit St. Chietto Littachia Pigalachia Sculicado Saint Nicholo and Natte The last of these has a Harbour fit to receive 100 Galleys In the hilly part of the Island are several Convents Cloysters and Religious Houses of the Greek Church who have also a Bishop here as well as the Romanists but the Greeks exceed the Italians in number and consequently have their Religion in greater splendour You are no sooner come ashoar but you are met by a parcel of Iews who shall ask you if you have any money to change These deal in any contemptible Traffic but especially in Slaves when any Turkish Saiks or other Shipping is brought up by English French or Hollanders Xante is of a very fertile Soil and fruitfull in nothing inferiour to Cephalonia yet exceeds it in Quality and Plenty of Wine but yet scarcer of Water insomuch that the Inhabitants are sometimes constrained to knead their Dough with Wine whereof they make their Bread Here is also prepared the delicate Botarges especially in Iuly and August when the Sturgeon comes from the Archipelago The Land is very populous and all go armed so that when the Turkish Corsairs send some men ashoar to take Slaves do frequently change Fates with them and for that end the Venetians maintain 70 or 80 Horse day and night to ride about the Coast We also brought hither some new Infantry to relieve the old From Xante we sail'd to Cerigo which lies in 36 degr and 45 min. directly over against Capo Saint Angelo before the Gulf of Colochino on the other side it has

Fishing trade and find great plenty of Cyprins Dorades and other Fish St. Iago is the greatest and chief of the Cabo Verdo Islands being about 12 leagues in length lying South-East and North-west The South-east Cape thereof hath the Road of the Island Majo on the West and W. and by N. about 5 leagues distant The high Land of St. Iago lies from the Road of Majo directly West but the middle thereof South-west from Boa Vista or rather more Westerly and from the Salt Island S. W. and by S. about 25 Leagues From the South-west Angle the coast stretches it self forth 2 leagues South-west where there is a small Hamlet called Praye situated in a commodious place between two Hills and environed with 2 Rivers which running into the Sea do make two handsom Bays one whereof is called Porto de Praye and has room enough to contain an hundred Ships which may safely ride at Anchor without damnifying each other having 14 fathom water and shot-free from Land as also the benefit of a small Island which breaks off the wind Sailing past Porto de Praye before you come at the Town is a Cape or small Promontory which the Portugeezes call Capo de Tubarao On the West whereof is another Bay called Porto de Ribeirra Corea which also is very fitly seated between two Hills and a River that runs through the midle rising from a fountain about 2 leagues from thence and disgorging it self into the Sea by a mouth about a Bow-shot in breadth In the North is also another Haven called St. Mary On the Island St. Iago are yet two Towns of note whereof the one is called St. Thomas very well seated the other St. Iago or St. Iames which is built upon a rising Ground This is the Metropolis of all the Towns of these Islands where is also the Residence and Palace of their Bishop Towards the West on an Angle of the Island is a Fortress two leagues from Porto de Praye where Ships come to anchor and North-west from this Angle another Haven known by the name of Porto de Canisos This Island is very fertile and abounds with fruit of several kinds as on each side the Rio de Corea grow great plenty of Cocos Oranges Citrons other Fruit-trees as also some Cedars Besides this it affoards good store of Rice Maïs and other grain as also Cattel both for work and slaughter Ilha del Fuogo or The Isle of Fire probably has that name from one of it's Mountains which continually sends forthflames by some intestin Fire It lies in 14 degr 20 min. Northerly Latitude and 12 leagues from the South-west point of St. Iago North-west on the West-side is a Bay and a small castle seated at the foot of a hill but the violent course of the stream renders the haven unapt to receive any Shipping Those that would enter the Bay must steer their course to the North of this Island and so about About 4 leagues South-west of Ilha del Fuogo lies Ilha del Brava that is VVild or Desert Island with two or three small Islands on the North thereof On the West-side is a Creek very convenient for such as have occasion to take in water but the best haven is on the South-east side where it is 15 fathom deep and a Ship of the greatest burthen may come to anchor close to the Kay Above this Harbour is a Hermitage and a Village very well peopled This Island is also fruitfull enough having good store of figs Mulberrys Water-Melons and Indian wheat but far inferiour to Mayo and St Iago for cattel The Air of these Islands is generally unwholsom so that the inhabitants are very subject to Feavers Aches and Fluxes These Islands lying between the Aequator and the Tropic of Cancer affoard the People two Summers every year the Sun passing twice directly over their heads When the sun enters into Cancer which is in the end of Iune the season is very intemperate with Storms Winds Thunder and Lightning continuing so till the midle of October the● the Portugueezes call the Rain moneths They have certain tokens whereby they know when this Season approaches as high Southe●ly Winds which blow along the Coast and the Salt which begin to dissolve with the Billows rolling out of the Sea On the 14 we left the Salt Islands and set sail for Sierra Liones and made land on the 2d of August hearing at a great distance the Wind roaring from the Mountains which by the reason of their Concavity do make a great buzzing when it blows hard that perhaps has given them the name of Sierra Liones or Lioness Mountai● A litle before the evening we came with our Boat close to the shore where we heard a most terrible Noise occasioned by an impetuou● and continual beating of the billows through the cleft of a Rock which was so loud that we could hardly hear one another spea● Sierra Liones takes it's beginning from Cabo de Virgin and stretches● self so far out as Cabo Tagrin or Lede which is also by some call● Cabo de Sierra Liones lying in 8 Degr. and 13 Min. Northerly Latitude and by reason of it's height is easily distinguished from that Continent which lies to the Northward of this Promontory the more because it reaches further Seaward The South and South and by E. part of this Land lies toward the Sea and is high and hilly but the land of the Cape towards the North for the most part level and marshy There are 13 Rivulets which coming from the Land run through these Mountains and so empty themselves in the Ocean and have on their banks plenty of Fruit-trees as Oranges Pome-Citrons and the like On the 3 of August we arrived in the Bay of Sierra Liones Immediately upon our arriving there the Commander sent the Shallop ashoar and such persons as he did think fit with Presents for the King which were 5 Barrs of Iron a Barrel of Brandy and another of Spanish Wine Those men that were nominated to deliver the Presents were courteously received by the King and his Court. We could not perceive any Mark of Superiority or Grandour in the Prince which might distinguish him from his Subjects no more than in Mr. Mayor of Stratford from his Worshipfull Brethren the Aldermen Yet found him much to vary from some other Soveraign Potentates who enrich themselves at the Cost and Penury of their Vassals The King and his Folk were equally insatiable and covetous for so soon as the King had received the Present he desired as much more which the Commander was content to send him that he might have the freedom to take in Water and Wood for Fewel as also to provide our selves with Oranges Lemmons and other Refreshments The Inhabitants which are called Caffers shew'd us no small Friendship for so long as our Penny lasted they never faild of a Pater noster bringing us every day good store of Fruit. When the

to himself so many Wives as he thinks fit or is capable to maintain They are also easily divorced Their men will not stick to delight themselves with the Wives of others and the Women as inclinable to that way as any in the World and are carefull to make use of every Opportunity they meet with This they esteem no sin but account it if they can do it cunningly without being catch'd in the Fact but a kind of Filching or clandestin Theft which may be expiated with some inconsiderable Present or Gift Their Young women are also great Trade● that Way and without shamefastness will render themselves prostitute to any that will but give good wages and those generall● most opplauded which come off with most Gain and if they inten● to marry will not give their Consent to their Party till they have mad● proof of his Manhood The Parents are delighted to see their Children active in imitation and yet notwithstanding this licentious sensuality be tolerated in the Action yet they will be offended at their Daughters if they utter any word without the limits of modesty When any Person comes to die the nearest Friends and Allies do bath the Corps and then adorned with Bracelets and Ear-rings and wrapt in fine cloaths is carried in a Mat to the place of burial But the Funeral Rites of Persons of the highest rank are performed with greater pomp for when one of such Quality dies he is also bathed after that manner as we have already said which done they shave him and if it be a Woman put a hood upon her head and adorn her with precious ornaments Then come in the nearest Kindred as Father Mother and others of the Consanguinity with Women Children and Slaves to bewail the Dead making a lamentable howling and yelling the tears trickling down the Cheeks Others begin by way of Elogy to recite the Prayses of the deceased Party and others to beat Drums the rest fall a dancing These Ceremonies ended one of them addresses himself to the Corps as if it were alive Asking these or the like Questions Oh my dear Friend how camest thou to die Or didst thou want for any thing Hadst not thou Cattel Gold Silver Steel and other Goods enough c. When they have deplored the Departure of their Friend and danc'd the whole day they kill a Fatling or two which is distributed among his Relations in the Evening So long as the Corps is above ground they burn light by it and when they are ready to interr him they close him in a Coffin made of the Trunk of a Tree which is fitly shut up and carried to a litle Cottage made on purpose in the midle whereof is a Grave about 6 foot deep here they lay him and set by his side a Basket of Rice a Tobacco-box an Earthen Pan a Chaffin-dish a suit of Apparrel a Girdle with what other things they conceive he shall have occasion for in such a long and tedious Journey So soon as they have done that they roll a great stone to the door of his sepulchre and sacrifice some beast or other to the Devil that they may not annoy or molest him on his way to Paradice Of all the Idolatrous Customs that I could observe among them there is some Nation or other that hath parity with them But one Barbarous and inhuman Practise they have as peculiar and proper to themselves that is making away of their own Children True it is that in most places in India and Tartary they make merchandise of their Children and that by reason of their not being in a capacity of bringing them up but never like those of Madagascar take away their lives This they are induced to by an implicit Faith being perswaded by their Priests that they are born upon unhappy days and shall be subject to great misery and afflictions so long as they live or that the Planet under which the Child is born has some bad influence upon it and having view'd the Palms of his hands and his Face make conclusion that he will be either Thief or Parricide c. Upon these and the like Occasions they deliver the Child over to a Slave which he is to carry out of the way and throw it into a Ditch or under a Thorn-hedge where the poor Infant must either die of hunger or be devoured up of Dogs or other Beasts of Prey Others there are among those Women who when they are with Child if they find themselves never so litle out of order immediamediately ascribe the cause to the ill Nature of the unborn Babe and either kill it before it come into the World or so soon as it is born bury it alive and sometimes throw it into the Water If a Woman slave chance to prove with Child by her Patron and be turned away so that she be not able to bring it up she either strangles or dispatches it before it come into the World and sometimes a white Woman having a Child by a Negro if she see it resemble the Father or have curl'd hair as also their Young-women who make themselves prostitute for Gain follow the like Course but commonly murther the Infant before it be born deeming it but a burthen to them and a hindrance of their Profession But besides all these inhuman Customs they have another no whit inferiour to those already said that when the woman dies in Child-bed the Child is thrown alive with the Mother into the Grave saying Better it is that the Child dies than to be brought up by strangers And because so many days are by them held infortunate almost half of the Children are dispatch'd which with other occasions already mentioned is undoubtedly the reason that this great happy and most fruitfull Island is not very populous where not only Polygamy is allow'd but also such freedom given to the unmarried to satisfy their lust and libidinous ends Yet certain it is that there is a Stock of people among them who are more compassionate with their Young and when they presume that the Child is so possessed do only cause a Slave to carry it away and hide it a while and soon after fetch it home again assoon as they have got it home again they Sacrifice some beast or Fowl or perhaps shut it up in a Hen-roost thinking thereby to asswage and moderate the ill temper of the childs spirit which otherwise would lead him to some unhappy end The Religion of the Madagascars is hardly worth recounting they being wholly Strangers both to Houses of Worship and also to Prayer They beleeve that there is a God who hath made both Heaven and Earth but neither adore nor serve him yet growing old or sick they make a kind of Confession to him They also beleeve that there is a Devil who is the Occasion of all evil having the power of Life and Death in his hand and that they must conserve a perpetual Peace with him by

been indowed with many Priviledges as to have their own Princes Judges and Laws as also a General of their Armie whom they themselves Elect. As also this Immunity that when a Moscovian Slave runs away from his Lord and betakes himself within their Territories they are not obliged to deliver him up unless themselvs list Of this People last mentioned was Stenko Radzin the famous Rebell born who as we have said so stoutly opposed the Emperour Alexius Michailowitz The first occasion of this Revolt as himself confessed was to revenge his Brothers death who was killed by an Eminent Personage whose name was Iurie Alexowitz Dolgeroeky in the year 1665. The Brother of Radzin was at that time in the service of the great Duke in the Polish Warrs under the command of the before mentioned Bojar Iurie Alexowitz Dolgeroeky who commanded in chief and when the Camp broke up to go into their Garrisons the young Radzin desired to be discharged with his Men having done the Emperour very good service in that last Expedition and that then there was no more occasion for their Aid but the General refused to let them go as not having any certain Intelligence that the Hostility were sent to their Winter-quarters The Cosaks were hereat greatly discontented being Volunteers and had deserved yet greater Civilities than their Request or than ever they had received from the Russians they therefore marched off silently led by their Collonel brother to this said Stenko Radzin which was so badly resented by the General that he took the Collonel and hanged him This was the sum and ground of his revolting which prompted him not only to imploy his Weapons against the Russians but aswell against the Persians In the year 1667 he began to commit many Insolencies and himself and all his crew betaking themselves to the VVolga where they took all the small Shipping they met with and plundered them killed and threw over board all the Men unless they would admitt themselves into their Companie They entred also all the Towns seated near the River where they pillaged the Churches and Monasteries From hence he took his way directly for Iaik which he took in and set a strong Garrison From hence he marched toward the Caspian Sea gathering vast multitudes of discontented Persons who came upon the noise of Rebellion from all parts From the Caspian Sea he went for the VVolga by the way committing many Insolencies plundering and sinking all the small Shipping wasting and depopulating of Cities and Villages and using the People very inhumanly if they would not resolve to joyn in that Rebellion From hence he went to the City Terku and so onwards to the Bounds of Persia where he also sadly molested the Subjects of that King as well as those of the Czar The Inhabitants of a small Persian City hearing of his approaching deserted the Town and betook themselves to the Hills and Mountains without the Town where they though themselves secure from his violent and tyrannical Actions Stenko Radzin perceiving that sent out Emmissaries to see where they kept themselves with Instructions to tell them that his End was not to do any harm to their Persons or Estates but only to buy Provision for his Money and therefore willed them to return into the City The Persons who were sent did their message and the credulous Citizens came down entred their Houses and set open their shops of whom Radzin and his followers bought several Commodities and Necessaries paying them to the utmost farthing but had given a token to his Men by setting of his Cap after an unusual Manner upon which they were all on a sudden to fall upon the Towns-men and massacre them which after a most barbarous Manner they did sparing neither Man Woman nor Child The Waywode of Astrachan whose name was Ivan Simonowitz Prosorofski hearing how many places they had despoliated in the Countrey of the Medes and upon the Borders of Persia thought it high time to put himself in a Posture of Defence and suppress the growing Army of the Malecontents he in order thereto caused all the Shipping as well Merchant-men as others to be put into an equippage and dispatches Simeum Ivanowits Geboof who had then the third suffrage of Astrachan to find out the Cosacks-Rebells and give them battail This Navy consisted of 36 Stroegs and about 40000 Men. The Rebells had already 22 Stroegs with a proportionable number of Men keeping themselves about the Island Satyry Boggere which lies about the Entrance of the Wolga into the Caspian Sea where they had set up a Watch-House upon the Top of a high Hill from whence they could view the whole Countrey round about as also the Caspian Sea and the VVolga This Island lay very commodiously for their Ends being all along the Coast of a high solid Rock and had only one way to enter it So soon as the Cosacks saw the Astrachan Fleet approach they put off their Shipping and betook themselves to flight so that that Expedition was in vain Seeing now that the Cosaks kept themselves together and would not come to open batttel their were new Measures deliberated upon either by fair or foul means to suppress the Rebells It was not long before the VVaywod Prosorofski received Letters from the Czaar with a Pardon for Stenko Radzin on condition he would submit to the Emperour and for the future demean himself as a loyal subject The subtle Cosack not expecting so gracious a tender accepted of the Emperours Grace being already by Hunger and other extremities brought to such a state that he would of his own accord have requested it for they were then put to a short allowance and had taken a Persian Boes having some Horses aboard that were sent to the Czaar from the King of Persia for a present these they took killed and used very sparingly whence it may be gathered in what a mean condition they were Having thus obtained an assurance of Pardon from the Emperour they marched forward for Astrachan where they were very kindly received and congratulated by those of the Townsmen every one of them appearing in the most splendid manner he could for they had rifled many Gentlemens Houses where they found always Apparrel Jewels and other Plunder for habit and Ornament Stenko Radzi the Ringleader of that Rout could not be distinguished from the rest but by the Honour which was done him being saluted by the name of Batske Father and certainly he was a father of many impious Sons I have seen him several times upon the Stroegs and in the City he is a brave man as to his person and well proportioned in his limbs tall and streight of Body pock-pitted but only so as did rather become than disfigure him of a good conduct but withall severe and cruel as has been already instanced The Cosacks who were his Followers came dayly into Astrachan where they sold their Booty which was very rich and costly The Silk they sold for