said to be in circuit 20 miles and Mutians 160. Oliaros Paros with a towne 38 miles from Delos of great name for the white marble there which at first men called Pactia but afterwards Minois From it seuen miles and a halfe is Naxus 18 miles from Delos with a towne which they called Strongyle afterwards Dia within a while Dionysias of the plentifull vines and others Sicily the lesse and Callipolis It reacheth in circuit 75 miles and is halfe as long again as Paros And thus far verily they obserue note for the Cyclades the rest that follow for the Sporades And these they be Helenum Phocussa Phaecasia Schinussa Phalegandros and 17 miles from Naxos Icaros which gaue name to the sea lying out as far in length with two towns for the third is lost before-time it was called Dolichum Macris and Ichtyoessa It is scituate Northeast from Delos 50 miles and from Samos it is distant 35 miles Between Euboea and Andros there is a frith 12 miles ouer From it to Gerestum is 112 miles and a halfe and then no order forward can be kept the rest therefore shall be set downe huddle by heapes Ios from Naxus 24 miles venerable for the sepulchre of Homer it is in length 25 miles and in former time called Phaenice Odia Letandros Gyaros with a town 12 miles about It is from Aneros 62 miles From thence to Syrnus 80 miles Cynethussa Telos famous for costly ointment Callimachus calls it Agathussa Donysa Pathmos in circuit 30 miles Corasiae Lebinthus Leros Cynara Sycinus which before-time was Oenoe Heratia the same that Onus Casus otherwise Astrabe Cimolus alias Echinussa Delos with a towne which Aristides nameth Byblis Aristotle Zephyria Callimachus Himallis Heraclides Syphnus and Acytos and this of all the Islands is the roundest After it Machia Hypere sometime Patage or after some Platage now Amorgos Potyaegos Phyle Thera when it first appeared it was called Calliste From it afterwards was Therasia plucked and between those twain soone after arose Automate the same that Hiera and Thia which in our daies appeared new out of the water neere Hiera Ios is from Thera 25 miles Then follow Lea Ascania Anaphe Hippuris Hippurissusa Astipalaea of free estate in compasse 88 miles it is from Cadiscus a promontory of Creta 125 miles From it is Platea distant 60 miles And from thence Camina 38 miles then Azibnitha Lanise Tragia Pharmacusa Techidia Chalcia Calydna in which are the townes Coos and Olymna From which to Carpathus which gaue the name to the Carpathian sea is 25 miles and so to Rhodes with a Southerne winde From Carpathus to Casos 7 miles from Casos to Samonium a promontorie of Crete 30 miles Moreouer in the Euboike Euripe at the first entrance wel-neere of it are the foure Islands Petaliae and at the end thereof Atalante Cyclades and Sporades confined and enclosed on the East with the Icarian sea coasts of Asia on the West with the Myrtoan coasts of Attica Northward with the Aegaean sea and South with the Creticke and Carthaginian seas and take vp in length two hundred myles The gulfe Pegasicus hath before it Eutychia Cicynethus and Scyrus aboue said but the vtmost of all the Cyclades and Sporades Gerontia Scadira Thermeusis Irrhesia Solinnia Eudemia Nea which is consecrate vnto Minerua Athos before it hath foure Peparethus with a town somtime called Euonos 9 miles off Scyathus 5 miles and Iulios with a town 88 miles off The same is from Mastusia in Corinthos 75 miles is it self in circuit 72 miles Watered it is with the riuer Ilissus from thence to Lemnos 22 and is from Athos 87. in compasse it containeth 22 miles and a halfe Townes it hath Hephaestia and Marina into the Market place wherof the mountain Athos casteth a shadow in the hottest season of sommer Thassos a free State is from it fiue miles in times past it was called Aeria or Aethria From thence Abdera in the continent is 20 miles Athos 62 the Isle Samo-Thrace as much being a free priuiledged state and lying before Hebrus From Imbrus 32 miles from Lemnus 22 miles and a halfe from the coast of Thracia 28 miles in circuit it is 32 miles and hath the rising of the hill Saoces for the space of ten miles and of all the rest is fullest of hauens and harbors Callimachus calleth it by the old name Dardania Betwixt Cherrhonesus and Samo-Thrace is Halomesus about 15 miles from either of them beyond lieth Gethrone Lamponia Alopeconesus not farre from Coelos an hauen of Cherrhonesus and some other of no name or regard In this sea let vs rehearse also the desart and vnpeopled Isles such as we can finde names for to wit Desticos Larnos Cyssicos Carbrusa Celathusa Scylla Draconon Arconesus Diethusa Scapos Capheris Mesate Aeantion Phaterunesos Pateria Calete Neriphus and Polendus The fourth of those great seas in Europe beginning at Hellespont endeth in the mouth of Moeotis But briefly we are to describe the forme of the whole sea to the end the parts may be sooner and more easily known The vast and wide Ocean lying before Asia and driuen out from Europe in that long coast of Chersonesus breaketh into the maine with a small and narrow issue and by a Firth of 7 stadia as hath been said diuideth Europe from Asia The first streights they call Hellespontus this way Xerxes the King made a bridge vpon ships and so led his armie ouer From thence there is extended a small Euripus or arme of the sea for 86 miles space to Priapus a city of Asia wheras Alexander the great passed ouer From that place the sea grows wide and broad and again gathereth into a streight the largenesse thereof is called Propontis the streights Bosphorus halfe a mile ouer and that way Darius the father of Xerxes made a bridge ouer and transported his forces The whole length of this from Hellespont is 239 miles From thence the huge main sea called Pontus Euxinus and in times past Axenus takes vp the space between lands far dissite and remote asunder and with a great winding and turning of the shores bendeth back into certain horns and lieth out-stretched from them on both sides resembling euidently a Scythian bow In the very mids of this bending it ioineth close to the mouth of the lake Moeotis and that mouth is called Cimmerius Bosphorus 2 miles and a halfe broad But between the two Bosphori Thracius and Cimmerius there is a direct strait course between as Polybius saith of 500 miles Now the whole circuit of all this sea as Varro and all the old writers for the most part do witnesse is 2150 miles Nepos Cornelius addes thereto 350 miles more Artemidorus maketh it 2919 miles Agrippa 2360 miles Mutianus 2865 miles In like sort some haue determined and defined the measure on Europe side to be 4078 miles and a halfe others 1172 miles M. Varro taketh his measure in this manner from the mouth of Pontus to
Attilius Regulus were Consuls vpon newes brought of a sudden rising and tumult of the Gauls alone by it selfe without any forrein aids and euen them without any nations beyond Padus armed 80000 horsemen and 700000 foot In plenty of all mettal mines it giueth place to no land whatsoeuer But forbidden it is to dig any by an old act of the Senat giuing expresse order to make spare of Italy CHAP. XXI ¶ Illyricum THe Nation of the Liburnians ioineth vnto Arsia euen as farre as the riuer Titius A part thereof were the Mentores Hymani Encheleae Dudini and those whom Callimachus nameth Pucetiae Now the whole in generall is called by one name Illyricum The names of the nations are few of them eitherworthy or easie to be spoken As for the iudiciall court of Assises at Scordona the Iapides and foureteene States besides of the Liburians resort vnto Of which it grieueth me not to name the Lacinians Stulpinians Burnistes and Albonenses And in that Court these Nations following haue the libertie of Italians to wit the Alutae and Flanates of whom the sea or gulfe beareth the name Lopsi Varubarini and the Assesiates that are exempt from all tributes also of Islands the Fulsinates and Curiolae Moreouer along the borders and maritime coasts beyond Nesactum these townes Aluona Flauona Tarsatica Senia Lopsica Ortopula Vegium Argyruntum Corinium the city Aenona the riuer Pausinus Tedanium at which Iapida doth end The islands lying in that gulfe together with the townes besides those towns aboue noted Absirtium Arba Tragurium Issa Pharos beforetime Paros Crexa Gissa Portunata Again within the continent the colony Iaderon which is from Pola 160 miles From thence 30 miles off the island Colentum and 18 the mouth of the riuer Titius CHAP. XXII ¶ Liburnia THe end of Liburnia and beginning of Dalmatia is Scordona which frontier towne is 12 miles from the sea scituate vpon the said riuer Titius Then followeth the antient countrie of the Tariotes and the castle Tariota the Promontory Diomedis or as some would haue it the demy island Hyllis taking in circuit a hundred miles also Tragurium inhabited by Roman citizens well knowne for the marble there Sicum into which place Claudius late Caesar sent the old souldiers the Colony Salona 222 miles from Iadera There repaire to it for law those that are described into Decuries or tithings 382 to wit Dalmatians 22 Decunum 239 Ditions 69 and Mezaei 52 Sardiates in this tract are Burnum Mandetrium and Tribulium castles of name for the battels of the Romanes There came also forth of the islands the Issaeans Collentines Separians and Epetines Besides them certaine castles Piguntiae and Rataneum and Narona a colonie pertaining to the third Countie-court 72 miles from Salona lying hard to a riuer of the same name and 20 miles from the sea M. Varro writeth that 89 States vsed to repaire thither for justice Now these only in a manner be knowne to wit Cerauni in 33 Tithings Daorizi in 17 Destitiates in 103 Docleates in 34 Deretines in 14 Deremistes in 30 Dindari in 33 Glinditiones in 44 Melcomani in 24 Naresij in 102 Scirtari in 72 Siculote in 24 and the Vardaei who sometime wasted and forraied Italy in 20 decuries and no more Besides these there held and possessed this tract Oenei Partheni Hemasini Arthitae Armistae From the riuer Naron a hundred miles is the colony Epidaurum Townes of Roman citizens be these Rhizinium Ascrinium Butua Olchinium which beforetime was called Colchinium built by the Colchi The riuer Drilo and the towne vpon it Scodra inhabited by Roman citizens eighteen miles from the sea Ouer and besides many other towns of Greece yea strong cities out of all remembrance For in that tract were the Labeates Enderudines Sassaei Grabaei and those who properly were called Illyrij the Taulantij and Pyraei The Promontorie Nymphaeum in the coast thereof keepeth still the name also Lyssum a towne of Romane citizens a hundred miles from Epidaurum C XXIII ¶ Macedonie FRom Lissum is the prouince of Macedonie the nations there be the Partheni and on their backe side the Dassaretes Two mountaines of Candauia 79 miles from Dyrrhachium but in the borders thereof Denda a towne of Roman citizens also the Colonie Epidamnum which for that vnluckie names sake was by the Romans called Dyrrhachium The riuer Aous named of some Aeas Apollonia sometime a Colonie of the Corinthians scituate within the countrey seuen miles from the sea in the marches wherof is the famous Nymphaeum The borderers inhabiting thereby are the Amantes and Buliones But in the very edge therof the town Oricum built by the Colchi Then beginneth Epirus the mountaines Acroceraunia at which we haue bounded this sea of Europe as for Oricum it is from Salentinum a promontorie of Italy 85 miles CHAP. XXIIII ¶ Noricum BEhind the Carni and Iapides whereas the great riuer Ister runneth the Norici ioine to the Rhaeti Their towns be Virunum Celeia Teurnia Aguntum Viana Aemona Claudia Flavium Tolvense Vpon the Norici there lie fast the Lake Peiso the deserts of the Boij Howbeit now by the colonie of the late Emperor Claudius of famous memorie Salaria and the towne Scarabantia Iulia they be inhabited and peopled CHAP. XXV ¶ Pannonia THence beginneth Pannonia so fruitfull in Mast wheras the hils of the Alps waxing more mild and ciuil turning through the midst of Illyricum from the North to the South settle lower by an easie descent both on the right hand and the left That part which regardeth the Adriatick sea is called Dalmatia and Illyricum aboue-named Pannonia bendeth toward the North and is bounded by the riuer Danubius In it are these Colonies Aemonia Siscia And these riuers of speciall name and nauigable run into Danubius Draus with more violence out of the Noricke Alps and Saus out of the Carnicke Alpes more gently 115 miles between As for Draus it passeth through the Serretes Serrapilles Iasians Sandrozetes but Saus through the Colapians and Bruci And these be the chiefe States of that country Moreouer the Ariuates Azali Amantes Belgites Catari Corneates Aravisci Hercuniates Latovici Oseriates and Varciani The mount Claudius in the front whereof are the Scordisci and vpon the back the Taurisci The island in Saus Metubarris the biggest of all the riuer islands Besids notable good riuers Calapis running into Saus neere Siscia where with a double channell it maketh the island called Segestica another riuer Bacuntius running likewise into Saus at the towne Sirmium where is the State of the Sirmians and Amantines Fiue forty miles from thence Taurunum where Saus is intermingled with Danubius Higher aboue there run into it Valdanus and Vrpanus and they ywis be no base and obscure riuers CHAP. XXVI ¶ Moesia VNto Pannonia ioineth the Prouince called Moesia which extendeth along Danubius vnto Pontus It beginneth at the confluent aboue-named in it are the Dardanians Celegeri Triballi Trimachi Moesi Thranes and the Scythians bordering
caput Saxi besides the rocks head The frontier towne of Cyrenaica is called Catabathmos which is a towne and a vaile all on a sudden falling with a steepe descent To this bound from the lesse Syrtis Cyrenaica Africa lieth in length 1060 miles and in bredth for so much as is knowne 800. CHAP. VI. ¶ Lybya Maroeotis THe countrey following is named Mareotis Libya and boundeth vpon Aegypt inhabited by the Marmaridae Adyrmachidae and so forward with the Mareotae The measure of it from Catabathmos to Paretoninm is 86 miles In that tract there lyeth in the way betweene the village Apis a place renowned for the religious rites of Aegypt From it to Paraetonium are 12 miles From thence to Alexandria 200 miles the bredth thereof is 169 miles Eratosthenes hath deliuered in writing that from Cyrenae to Alexandria by land is 525 miles Agrippa saith that the length of all Africk from the Atlanticke sea together with the inferiour part of Aegypt containeth 3040 miles Polybius and Eratosthenes reputed to haue bin most exact and curious in this kinde set downe from the Ocean to great Carthage 1600 miles From thence to Canopicum the neerest mouth of Nilus they make 1630 miles Isidore reckoneth from Tingi to Canopus 3599 miles And Artemidorus forty lesse than Isiodorus CHAP. VII ¶ Islands about Africke and oueragainst Africke THese seas haue not very many Islands within them The fairest of them all is Meninx 35 miles long and 25 broad called by Eratosthenes Lotophagitis Two towns it hath Meninx on Africke side and Thoar on the other it selfe is scituate from the right hand promontorie of the lesse Syrtis 200 paces A hundred miles from it against the left hand is Cercina with a free towne of the same name in length it is 25 miles and halfe as much in bredth where it is most but toward the end not aboue fiue miles ouer To it there lieth a pretty little one toward Carthage called Cercinitis ioineth by a bridge vnto it from these almost â—…o miles lies Lopadusa six miles long Then Gaulos and Galata the earth where of killeth the Scorpion a fell creature and noisome to Africke Men say also that they wil die in Clupea ouer against which lieth Corsyra with a towne But against the gulfe of Carthage be the two Aeginori rocks more like than Islands lying most between Sicily and Sardinia There be that write how these somtime were inhabited but afterwards sunke downe and were couered CHAP. VIII ¶ The Aethyopians BVt within the inner compassc and hollow of Africke toward the South aboue the Gaetulians where the desarts come between the first people that inhabit those parts be the Libij Aegyptij and then the Leucaethiopes Aboue them are the Aethyopian nations to wit the Nigritae of whom the riuer tooke name the Gymetes Pharusi and those which now reach to the Ocean whom we spake of in the marches of Mauritania namely the Perorsi From all these it is nothing but a wildernesse Eastward till you come to the Garamantes Augylae and Troglodites according to the most true opinion of them who place 2 Aethyopiaes aboue the desarts of Africk and especially of Homer who saith that the Aethyopians are diuided 2 waies namely East and West The riuer Nyger is of the same nature that Nilus It bringeth forth Reed and Papyr breedeth the same liuing creatures and riseth or swelleth at the same seasons It springeth betweene the Tareleia Aethyopians and the Oecalicae The towne Mavin belonging to this people some haue set vpon the wildernesse as also neere vnto them the Atlantes the Aegipanes halfe wilde beasts the Blemmyi the Gamphasants Satyres Himantopodes Those Atlantes if we will beleeue it degenerate from the rites and manners of all other men For neither call they one another by any name and they look wistly vpon the Sun rising setting with most dreadful curses as being pernicious to them their fields neither dream they in their sleep as other men The Troglodites dig hollow caues and these serue them for dwelling houses they feed vpon the flesh of serpents They make a gnashing noise rather than vtter any voice so little vse haue they of speech one to another The Garamants liue out of wedlock and conuerse with their women in common The Augylae do no worship to any but to the diuels beneath The Gamphasantes bee all naked and know no Wars and sort themselues with no forrainer The Blemmyi by report haue no heads but mouth and eies both in their brest the Satyres besides their shape only haue no properties nor fashions of men The Aegipanes are shaped as you see them commonly painted The Himantopodes be some of them limber legged and tender who naturally go creeping on the ground The Pharusi sometime Persae are said to haue bin the companions of Hercules as he went to the Hesperides More of Africke worth the noting I haue not to say CHAP. IX ¶ Of Asia VNto it ioineth Asia which from the mouth of Canopus vnto the mouth of Pontus after Timosthenes 2639 miles From the coast of Pontus to that of Maeotis Eratosthenes saith is 1545 miles The whole together with Egypt vnto Tanais by Artemidorus and Isidorus taketh 8800 miles Many seas there be in it taking their names of the borderers and therefore they shall be declared together with them The next country to Africk inhabited is Aegypt lying far within-forth to the South so far as the Aethyopians who border vpon their backs The nether part thereof the riuer Nilus diuided on the right hand and the left by his clasping doth bound and limit with the mouth of Canopus from Africke with the Pelusiake from Asia and carrieth a space between of 170 miles Whereupon considering that Nilus doth so part it self some haue reckoned Aegypt among the Islands so as it maketh a triangular figure of the land And here it is that many haue called Aegypt by the name of the Greeke letter Delta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The measure of it from the channell where it is but one and from whence it beginneth first to part into skirts and sides vnto the mouth of Canopus is 146 miles and to the Pelusiak 256 the vpmost part therof bounding on Aethyopia is called Thebais Diuided it is into towneships with seueral iurisdictions which they cal Nomos to wit Ombites Phatuites Apollopolites Hermonhites Thinites Phanturites Captites Tentyrites Diospalites Antaeopolites Aphroditolites and Lycopolites The country about Pelusium these town-ships with their seueral iurisdictions Pharboetites Bubastites Sethroites Tanites The rest haue these following the Arabicke the Hammoniacke which extendeth to the Oracle of Iupiter Hammon Oxyrinchites Leontopolites Atarrabites Cynopolytes Hermopolites Xoites Mendesins Sebennites Capastites Latapolites Heliopolites Prosopites Panopolites Busirites Onuphites Sorites Ptenethu Pthemphu Naucratites Nitrites Gynaecopolites Menelaites in the country of Alexandria In like manner of Libya Mareotis Heracleopolites is in the Island of Nilus fiftie miles long wherein also is that which they
Wherein all men obserue not the same nor make like account howbeit most men speake of Damascus and Opotos watered with the riuer Chrysorrhora Also Philadelphia renowned for the fruitfull territory about it Moreouer of Scythopolis taking name of the Scythians there planted and before-time Mysa so named of Prince or Father Bacchus by reason that his nource there was buried Also Gadara scituate on the riuer Hieromiax running euen before it Besides the aboue-named Hippos Dios. Likewise Pella enriched with the good fountains and last of all Galaza and Canatha There lie betweene and about these cities certaine Royalties called Triarchies containing euery one of them as much as an whole countrey and reduced they be as it were into seuerall countries namely Trachonitis Panias wherein standeth Caesarea with the fountain aboue-said Abiâ—a Arca Ampeloessa and Gabe CHAP. XIX ¶ Tyre and Sidon REturne now we must to the sea-coast of Phoenice A riuer runneth there called Crocodilon whereupon stood a towne in times past bearing the name Also there remain in those parts the bare reliques still of cities to wit Dorum Sycaminum the cape or promontory Carmelum and a towne vpon the hill so named but in old time called Ecbatana Neere therto Getta and Iebba the riuer Pagida or Pelus carrying chrystall glasse with his sands vpon the shore This riuer commeth out of the meere Ceudeuia from the foot of mount Carmel Neere vnto it is the city Ptolemais erected in forme of a colony by Claudius Caesar in ancient time called Are. The towne Ecdippa and the cape Album Then followes the noble citie Tyrus in old time an Island lying almost 3 quarters of a mile within the deepe sea but now by the great trauell and deuises wrought by Alexander the Great at the siege thereof ioyned to the firme ground renowmed for that out of it haue beene three other cities of ancient name to wit Leptis Vtica and that great Carthage which so long stroue with the Empire of Rome for the monarchy and dominion of al the whole world yea and Gades diuided as it were from the rest of the earth were peopled from hence But now at this day all the reputation and glory thereof stands vpon the die of purple crimson colors The compasse of it is 19 miles so ye comprise Palaetyrus within it The very towne it selfe alone taketh vp 22 stadia Neere vnto it are these townes Luhydra Sarepta and Ornython also Sydon where the faire and cleer glasses be made and which is the mother of the great citie Thebes in Boeotia CHAP. XX. ¶ The mount Libanon BEhind it beginneth the mount Libanus and for 1500 stadia reacheth as farre as to Smyrna whereas Coele-Syria takes the name Another promontory there is as big ouer-against it called Antilibanus with a vallie lying betweene which in old time ioyned to the other Libanus with a wall Being past this hill the region Decapolis sheweth it selfe to you within-forth called Decapolis and the aboue-named Tetrachies or Realmes with it and the whole largenesse that Palestine hath But in that coast and tract still along the foot of the mount Libanus there is the riuer Magoras also the colonie Berytus called Foelix Iulia. The towne Leontos the riuer Lycos also Palaebyblos i. Byblos the old Then ye come vpon the riuer Adonis and so to these townes Byblos the new Botrys Gigarta Trieris Calamos and Tripolis vnder the Tyrians Sydonians and Aradians Then meet you with Orthosia and the riuer Eleutheros Also these townes Simyra Marathos and ouer-against Aradus a towne of seuen stadia and an Island lesse than a quarter of a mile from the Continent When you are once past the countrie where the said mountaines doe end and the plaines lying betweene then beginneth the mount Bargylis and there as Phoenice endeth so begins Syria againe In which countrie are Carne Balanea Paltos and Gabale also the Promontorie whereupon standeth the free city Laodicea together with Diospolis Heraclea Charadrus and Posidium CHAP. XXI ¶ Syria Antiochena GO forward in this tract and you shall come to the cape of Syria Atiochena within-forth is seated the noble and free citie it selfe Antiochena surnamed Epidaphne through the mids whereof runneth the riuer Orontes But vpon the very cape is the free citie Seleucia named also Pieria CHAP. XXII ¶ The mount Casius ABoue the citie Seleucia there is another mountaine named Casius as well as that other which confronterh Arabia This hill is of that heigth that if a man be vpon the top of it in the darke night season at the reliefe of the fourth watch he may behold the Sunne arising So that with a little turning of his face and body hee may at one time see both day and night To get vp by the ordinary high-way to the very pitch of it a man might fetch a compas of 19 miles but climbe directly vpright it is but 4 miles In the borders of this country runs the riuer Orontes which ariseth between Libanus and Antilibanus neere to Heliopolis Then the towne Rhosos appeares and behind it the streight passages and gullets betwixt the mountaines Rhotij and Taurus which are called Portae Syriae In this tract or coast stands the town Myriandros the hill Avanus where is the towne Bomilae which separateth Cilicia from the Syrians CHAP. XXIII ¶ Coele-Syria or high Syria IT remaineth now to speake of the townes and cities in the midland parts within the firme land and to begin with Coele Syria it hath in it Apamia separated from the Nazerines tetrarchy by the riuer Marsia likewise Bambyce otherwise called Hierapolis but of the Syrians Magog There is honored the monstrous idoll of the Meermaid Atargatis called of the Greeks Decreto Also Chalcis with this addition Vpon Belus from which the region Chalcidene most fertile of all Syria taketh name Then haue you the quarter Cyrrhistica with Cirrhus Gazatae Gindarenes and Gabenes Moreouer two Tetrarchies called Granucomatae Moreouer the Hemisenes Hylates the Ituraeans country and principally those of them who are named Betarrani and the Mariammitanes The Tetrarchie or Principalitie named Mammisea the city Paradisus Pagrae Pinarites and two Seleuciae besides the aboue named one called Vpon Euphrates and the other Vpon Belus and last of all the Carditenses The rest of Syria hath these States besides those which shall be spoken of with the riuer Euphrates the Arethusians Beraeenses and Epiphanenses and Eastward the Laodicenes namely those who are entituled Vpon Libanus the Leucadians and Larissaeans besides 17 Tetrarchies reduced into the forme of realmes but their names are barbarous CHAP. XXIV ¶ Euphrates ANd here me-thinks is the fittest and meetest place to speake of Euphrates The source of it by report of them that saw it last and neerest is in Caranitis a state vnder the gouernment of Armenia the greater and those are Domitius and Corbulo who say that it springeth in the mountaine Aba But Licinius Mutianus affirmeth that it issueth from vnder the foot of the mountaine
but couetousnesse neuer consider that the same might with more safetie be performed by skill and learning And therfore seeing there be so many thousand poore sailers that hazard themselues on the seas I will treat of the winds more curiously and exquisitly than perhaps beseemes the present worke that is begun CHAP. XLVII ¶ Many sorts of Windes MEn in old time obserued foure Windes only according to so many quarters of the world and therefore Homer nameth no more a blockish reason this was as soone after it was iudged The Age ensuing added eight more and they were on the other side in their conceit too subtill and concise The Modern sailers of late daies found out a meane betweene both and they put vnto that short number of the first foure windes and no more which they tooke out of the later Therefore euery quarter of the Heauen hath two windes a piece From the equinoctiall Sunne-rising bloweth the East-winde Sub-solanus from the rising thereof in the Mid-winter the South-east Vulturnus The former of these twaine the Greekes call Apeliotes and the later Eurus From the Mid-day riseth the South winde and from the Sun-setting in Mid-winter the South-west Africus They also name these two Notus and Libs From the Equinoctiall going down of the Sun the West winde Fauonius commeth but from that in Summer season the North-west Corus And by the same Greekes they are termed Zephyrus and Argestes From the North waine or pole Ar cticke bloweth the North winde Septentrio betweene which and the Sun rising in Summer is the North-east winde Aquilo named Aparctias and Boreas by the Greekes A greater reckoning than this for number is brought in by some who haue thrust in foure more betweene namely Thracias betweene the North and the Summer setting of the Sunne in like manner Caecias in the midst betweene the North-east Aquilo and that of the Sun rising in the Equinoctiall Sub-solanus Also after the Sun-rising in Sommer Phoenicias in the middest betweene the South-east and the South Last of all betweene the South and the South-west Lybonotus iust in the middest compounded of them both namely betweene the Noonestead and the Sunsetting in Winter But here they could not lay a straw and see to make an end For others haue set one more yet called Mese betweene the North-east winde Borias and Caecias also Euronotus betweene the South and the south-Southwest winds Besides all these there be some winds appropriate and peculiar to euery nation which passe not beyond one certaine tract and region as namely Scyros among the Athenians declining a little from Argestes a winde vnknowne to other parts of Greece In some other place it is more aloft and the same then is called Olympias as comming from the high hill Olimpus But the vsuall and customable manner of speech vnderstandeth by all these names Argestes only Some call Caecias by the name of Hellespontias and giue the same winds in sundry places diuers names In the prouince likewise of Narbone the most notorious winde is Circius and for violence inferiour to none driuing directly before it very often the current at Ostia into the Ligurian sea The same wind is not only vnknown in all other climats of the heauen but reacheth not so much as to Vienna a citie in the same prouince As great boisterous a wind as he is otherwise yet a restraint he hath before he come thither and is kept within few bounds by the opposition of a meane and small hill Fabianus also auouches that the South winds enter not so far as into Aegypt Whereby the law of Nature sheweth it selfe plainely that euen windes haue their times and limits appointed To proceed then the Spring openeth the sea for sailers in the beginning whereof the West winds mitigate the Winter weather at what time as the Sun is in the 25 degree of Aquarius and that is the sixt day before the Ides of February And this order holdeth in manner with all other winds that I will set downe one after another so that in euery leape yeare ye anticipate and reckon one day sooner and then againe keep the same rule throughout all the foure yeares following Some call Fauonius which beginneth to blow about the 7 day before the Calends of March by the name of Chelidonius vpon the sight of the first Swallows but many name it Orinthias comming the 71 day after the shortest day in winter by occasion of the comming of birds which wind bloweth for nine dayes Opposite vnto Fauonius is the VVind which we called Sub-solanus Vnto this VVind is attributed the rising of the Vergiliae or seuen stars in as many degrees of Taurus six daies before the Ides of May which time is a southerly constitution and to this Winde the North is contrarie Moreouer in the hottest season of the Sommer the Dog-star ariseth at what time as the Sun entreth into the first degree of Leo which commonly is the 15 day before the Calends of August Before the rising of this star for eight daies space or thereabout the Northeast winds are aloft which the Greekes call Prodromi i. forerunners And two daies after it is risen the same winds hold still more stiffely and blow for the space of fortie daies which they name Etesiae The Suns heate redoubled by the hotnesse of that star is thought to be asswaged by them and no winds are more constant nor keep their set times better than they Next after them come the Southerne winds againe which are vsually vp vntill the star Arcturus riseth and that is nine daies before the Aequinoctiall in Autumne With it entereth Corus and thus Corus beginneth the Autumne And to this Vulturnus is contrarie After that Aequinoctiall about 44 daies the Virgiliae go downe and begin winter which season vsually falleth vpon the third day before the Ides of Nouember This is the winter Northeast wind which is far vnlike to that in Sommer opposit and contrary to Africus Now a seuen night before the Mid-winter day and as much after the sea is allaied and calme for the sitting and hatching of the birds Halciones whereupon these daies tooke the name Alcionis the time behind plaieth the part of Winter And yet these boisterous seasons full of tempests shut not vp the sea for pyrats and rouers at the first forced men with present perill of death to run headlong vpon their death and to hazard themselues in Winter seas but now a daies couetousnesse causeth men to do the like The coldest winds of all other be those which we said to blow from the North-pole and together with them their neighbor Corus These winds do both allay and still all others and also scatter and driue away clouds Moist winds are Africus and especially the South wind of Italy called Auster Men report also that Caecias in Pontus gathereth draweth to it selfe clouds Corus and Vulturnus are dry but onely in the end when they giue ouer The Northeast and the North engender snow
be of all four-footed beasts there is not a better remedy than to seeth a goat all whole in the very skin and a land toad together Also it is said that a fox will not touch any cockes hens or such like pullen that haue eaten before the dried liuer of a Reinard nor those hens which a cock hauing a collar about his necke of a Fox skin hath troden The like effects are reported of a weazils gall as also that kine and oxen both in the Isle Cyprus when they are troubled with the belly ach cure themselues with eating the excrements of a man that the cleyes of kine and oxens feet will not weare to the quick nor be surbated if their horns before were anointed with tar That wolues wil not come into any lordship or territory if one of them be taken and when the legs are broken be let bloud with a knife by little and little so as the same may be shed about the limits or bounds of the said field as he is drawne along and then the body be buried in the very place where they began first to dragge him Others take the plough-share from the plough wherewith the first furrow was made that yeare in the field and put it in the fire burning vpon the common hearth of the house and there let it lie vntill it be quite consumed and look how long this is in doing so long shal the wolfe do no harm to any liuing creature within that territorie or lordship Thus much by way of digression now it is time to return to the discourse of those liuing creatures which be raunged in their seuerall kinds and such as are neither tame nor sauage THE TVVENTY NINTH BOOK OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS CHAP. I. ¶ The Originall of Physicke When Physitians began to visit the sicke in their houses When came vp first The manner of curing diseases by outward application of Ointments and by frications Of Chrysippus and Erasistratus Of the Empirick practise of Physicke Of Herophilus and other famous Physitians How many times the order of Physick hath bin changed Who was the first professâ—…d Physitian in Rome and when he began to practise What opinion or conceit the antient Romanes had of Physitians Finally the imperfections and defaults in this art of Physicke THe admirable nature of a number of medicines as wel those which I haue already shewed as those which remain as yet to be handled forceth me to write yet more of Physicke and to sound to the very depth and bottome albeit I know full well that there is not a Latine writer who hath trauelled hitherto in this argument and am not ignorant how ticklish and dangerous a point it is at first to set abroch any new matters especially such whereby a man is sure to reape but small thanks and in deliuerie whereof is to make account of a world of difficulties But forasmuch as it is very like that those who are well acquainted with this study will muse how it is come about that the remedies drawn from simples so easie to be found and so accommodat to maladies are cast behind and grown out of vse in the practise of physick it cannot be but withall they must maruell much and think it a great indignity that no science and profession in the world hath had lesse solidity in it and bin more vnconstant yea and how it daily changeth still notwithstanding there is not any other more profitable and gainfull than it But to enter into the discourse thereof First and formost the inuention of this Art hath been fathered vpon the gods such I mean as are canonized gods in heauen yea and euen at this day we haue recourse stil vnto diuine Oracles for many medicines Moreouer the fabulous tales deuised by Poets haue giuen a greater name and reputation thereto in regard of the offence committed by Aesculapius in raising prince Hippolytus again to life for which bold part of his Iupiter being highly displeased smote him dead with lightning And yet for al this Antiquity hath not staid there but made relation of others who were reuiued by the means of the said Aesculapius or his art which during the Trojan war whereof the fame and bruit is more certain grew into much request and estimation and yet in those daies there was no other part of Physicke professed and practised but Chirurgery and that in the cure of wounds only But in the age insuing and for many a yeare after wonderful it is in what obscurity this noble science lay dead and as it were buried in darknesse and obliuion euen vntill the famous Peloponesiacke war for then arose Hippocrates who reuiued and set on foot againe the antient practise of Aesculapius so long forelet and being borne in Coos a renowned and wealthie Island altogether deuote and consecrated to Aesculapius he made an extract of al the receits which were found written in the temple of the said god for the maner was in that Island that whosoeuer were cured and deliuered of any disease registred there vpon record the experiments of medicines whereby they had remedie to the end that afterward they might haue help again by the same in like cases therupon as our countreyman Varro is persuaded after that the said temple was burned hee professed that course of Physick which is called Clinice Wherby Physitians found such sweetnes that afterwards there was no measure nor end of fees insomuch as Prodicus a disciple of Hippocrates and borne in Silymbria erecting that kind of practise in Physicke which is called Iatraliptice opened by that meanes the way to inrich euen those who vnder Physitians were employed in rubbing and annointing mens bodies yea and brought gaine to other base and seruile ministers atending vpon their cures After them came Chrysippus in place who through his much babble and pratling wherewith he was well furnished altered the Theoricke and speculatiue Physicke of Hippocrates and Prodicus with all their principles whom succeeded Erasistratus Aristotles sisters son and he chaunged also many of Chrysippus his rules and receits notwithstanding he was a scholler of his and brought vp vnder him This Erasistratus for curing king Antiochus receiued of his sonne Ptolomaeus king after him one hundred talents which to beginne withall I note by the way that you may see how euen in those daies Physitians were well rewarded for their pains and skill But in processe of time one Acro a citizen of Agrigentum in Sicilie much commended by the authority of Empedocles the famous naturall Philosopher began in that Island to institute another faction and sect of Physitians who grounding altogether their worke and operation vpon experience called themselues Empiriques Thus there beeing diuers schooles of Physick the professors in euery one of them entred into contention and variance some siding this way and others taking the contrary vntill at length Herophilus entred the
it be guilded all ouer semblably there standeth in the courtly pallace of Octauia the image of Cupid holding a thunderbolt or lightning in his hand ready to shoot but it is a question who was the maker of him And yet this is affirmed That the same Cupid was made by the liuely patterne of Alcibiades who at that age was held to be the fairest youth that the earth did beare In the same place and namely in the schoole or gallerie of learned men there be many more images highly commended and yet no man knoweth who wrought them As for example four that resemble Satyres of which one seemeth to carry on his shoulders prince Bacchus arraied like a girle in a side coat or gown another likewise beareth yong Bacchus in the same order clad in the robe of his mother Semelle the third maketh as though he would stil the one Bacchus crying like a childe the fourth offereth the other a cup of drink to allay his thirst furthermore there be two images in habit and form foeminine representing gales of wind these seem to make sail with their owne clothes As doubtfull also it is who made the images within the railed inclosure in Mars field named Septa which do represent Olympus Pan Chiron and Achilles and yet so excellent pieces they be that men esteeme them worthy to be kept safe satisfaction to be made with no lesse than their death vnder whose hands and custody they should miscarrie But to returne againe vnto Scopas he had concurrents in his time and those that thought themselues as good workmen as himselfe to wit Bryaxis Timotheus and Leochares of whom I must write jointly together because they joined all foure in the grauing and cutting of the stately monument Mausoleum This Mausoleum was the renowned tombe or sepulchre of Mausolus a petty king of Caria which the worthy lady Artemisia somtime his queene and now his widow caused to be erected for the said prince her husband who died in the second yeare of the hundredth Olympias and verily so sumptuous a thing it was so curiously wrought by these artificers especially that it is reckoned one of those matchlesse monuments which are called the seuen Wonders of the world from North to South it carrieth in length 63 foot the two fronts East and West make the bredth which is not all out so large so as the whole circuit about may containe foure hundred and eleuen foot it is raised in heigth fiue and twenty cubits and inuironed with sixe and thirty columnes on the East side Scopas did cut Bryaxes chose the North end that front which regardeth the South fell to Timotheus and Leochares engraued at the west side but Queene Artemisia who caused this rich sepulchre to be made for the honour and in the memoriall of her husband late deceased hapned her selfe to depart this life before it was fully finished howbeit these noble artificers whom she had set aworke would not giue ouer when she was dead and gone but followed on still and brought it to a finall end as making this account that it would be a glorious monument to all posterity both of themselues and also of their cunning and in truth at this day it is hard to judge by their handyworke who did best There was a fifth workman also came in to them for aboue the side wall or wing of the tombe there was a Pyramis founded which from the very battlements of the said wal was carried to the heigth of the building vnderneath it the same grew smaller still as the worke arose higher and from that heigth at euery degree which in the whole were 24 was narrowed and taken in vntill at last it ended in a pointed broch in the top whereof there is pitched a coach with foure horse swrought curiously in marble and this was the worke of Pythis for his part So that reckoning this charriot with the sharp spire the Pyramis vnder it vnto the battlements and the body of the sepulchre founded vpon the bare ground the whole worke arose to an 140 foot in heigth But to come to some particular works of Timotheus beforesaid his hand wrought that statue of Diana in marble which standeth at Rome in the chappell of Apollo scituate in mount Palatine and yet the head belonging thereto which now this image carrieth Aulanius Evander set vnto it in place of the former As touching Menestratus men haue in high admiration Hercules of his making as also Hecate which standeth in a chappell at Ephesus behinde the great temple of Diana the sextons or wardens of which chappell giue warning vnto those that come to see it that they looke not too long vpon it for dazling and hurting their eyes the lustre of the Marble is so radiant and resplendent I cannot range in a lower degree vnto these the three Charites or Graces which are to bee seen in the Basse court before the Citadell of Athens the which Socrates made I meane not that Socrates whom I reckoned among painters although some thinke he was the same man As for Myro whom I commended for a singular imageur in brasse there is in marble of his portraying and ingrauing an old woman drunken which he made for them of Smyrna a piece of worke as much esteemed and spoken of as any other And here I cannot but thinke of Pollio Asinius who as he was a man of a stirring spirit and quick conceit delighted to haue his librarie and monuments to be inriched with such antiquities as these for among them a man shall see the Centaurs carry behind them vpon their croup the Nymphs which Archesitas wrought the Muses named Thespiades of Cleomenes his cutting Oceanus and Iupiter done by the hand of Eutochus the statues on horse back resembling women called Hippiades which Stephanus wrought joint Images of Mercurie and Cupid called Hermerotes the workmanship of Tauriscus I meane not the grauer of whom I spake before but another Tauriscus of Tralleis Iupiter syrnamed Xenius or Hospitalis which came out of the hands of Pamphilus an apprentice to Praxiteles as for the braue piece of worke to wit Zetus Amphion Dirce the Bull and the bond wherewith Dirce was tied all in one entier stone which was brought from Rhodes to Rome it was done by Apollonius and Tauriscus these men made question of themselues who should be their fathers professing in plaine termes that Menocrates was taken and supposed their father but indeed Artemidorus begat them and was their father by nature in the same place among other monuments the statue of father Bacchus made by Eutychides is much commended Moreouer neare vnto the gallerie of Octauia there is the Image of Apollo wrought by Phyliscus the Rhodian and hee standeth in a chappell of his owne Item Latona Diana the nine Muâ—…es and another Apollo naked As for that Apollo who in the same temple holdeth in his hand a harp Timarchides was the workman of it but in
The North winde also bringeth in haile so doth Corus The South wind is exceeding hot and troublous withall Vulturnus and Favonius be warme They also be drier than the East and generally all winds from the North and West are drier than from the South and East Of all winds the Northern is most heathfull the Southern wind is noisome and the rather when it is drie haply because that when it is moist it is the colder During the time that it bloweth liuing creatures are thought to be lesse hungry the Etesiae giue ouer ordinarily in the night arise at the third houre of the day In Spaine and Asia they blow from the East but in Pontus from the North in other quarters from the South They blow also after the Mid-winter when they be called Orinthiae but those are more milde continue fewer daies Two there be that change their nature together with their site and place the South winde in Affrick bringeth faire weather and the North wind there is cloudy All winds keep their course in order for the more part or els when one ceaseth the contrary beginneth When some are laid the next to them do arise they go about from the left hand to the right according to the Sun Of their manner and order monthly the prime or fourth day after the change of the Moone doth most commonly determine The same windes wil serue to saile contrariwise by means of setting out the sailes so as many times in the night ships in sailing run one against another The South winde raiseth greater billowes and more surging waues than the North for that the South wind ariseth below from the bottome of the Sea the other blustereth aloft and troubleth the top of the water And therfore after Southern winds earth-quakes are most hurtful The South wind in the night time is more boisterous the Northerne wind in the day The winds blowing from the East hold and continue longer than those from the West The Northern winds giue ouer commonly with an odde number which obseruation serueth to good vse in many other parts of naturall things and therfore the male winds are iudged by the odde number The Sun both raiseth and also laieth the windes At rising and setting hee causeth them to be aloft at noon-tide he represseth and keepeth them vnder in Summer time And therefore at mid-day or mid-night commonly the winds are down and lie still for both cold and heat if they be immoderate do spend and consume them Also rain doth lay the winds and most commonly from thence they are looked for to blow where clouds break and open the skie to be seen And verily Eudoxus is of opinion if wee list to obserue the least reuolutions that after the end of euery fourth yere not only all winds but other tempests and constitutions also of the weather return again to the same course as before And alwaies the Lustrum or computation of the fiue yeres beginneth at the leap yere when the Dog-star doth arise Thus much touching general winds CHAP. XLVIII ¶ Of sudden Blasts NOw wil we speake of sudden blasts which being risen as hath bin said before by exhalations of the earth and cast downe againe in the meane while appeare of many fashions enclosed within athin course of clouds newly ouercast For such as be vnconstant wandering and rushing in manner of land flouds as some men were of opinion as wee haue shewed bring forth thunder and lightening But if they come with a greater force sway and violence and withall burst and cleaue a dry cloud asunder all abroad they breed a storme which of the Greeks is called Ecnephias but if the clift or breach be not great so that the wind be constrained to turne round to roll and whirle in his discent without fire i. lightening it makes a whirle puffe or ghust called Typhon i. the storme Ecnephias aforesaid sent out with a winding violence This takes with it a piece broken out of a congealed cold cloud turning winding and rolling it round and with that weight maketh the owne fall more heauie and changeth from place to place with a vehement and sudden whirling the greatest danger and mischiefe that poore sailers haue at sea breaking not onely their crosse saile yards but also writhing and bursting in pieces the very ships and yet a small matter is the remedy for it namely the casting of vinegre out against it as it commeth which is of nature most cold The same storme beating vpon a thing is it selfe smitten backe againe with a violence and snatcheth vp whatsoeuer it meeteth in the way aloft into the skie carrying it back and swallowing it vp on high But if it breake out from a greater hole of the said cloud by it so borne down and yet not altogether so broad as the abouenamed storm Procella doth nor without a cracke they call this boisterous wind Turbo casting downe and ouerthrowing all that is next it The same if it be more hot and catching a fire as it rageth is named Prester burning and withall laying along whatsoeuer it toucheth and encountereth CHAP. XLIX ¶ Other enormious kindes of Tempests NO Typhon commeth from the North ne yet any Ecnephias with snow or while snow lieth on the ground This tempestuous winde if when it brake the cloud burned light withall hauing fire of the owne before and catched it not afterward it is very lightning and differeth from Prester as the flame from a cole of fire Againe Prester spreadeth broad with a flash and blast the other gathereth round with forcible violence Typhon moreouer or Vortex differeth from Turben in flying backe and as much as a crash from a cracke The storme Procella from them both in breadth and to speake more truly rather scattereth than breaketh the cloud There riseth also vpon the sea a darke mist resembling a monstrous beast and this is euer a terrible cloud to sailers Another likewise called a Columne or Pillar when the humour and water ingendred is so thicke and stiffe congealed that it standeth compact of it selfe Of the same sort also is that cloud which draweth water to it as it were into a long pipe CHAP. L. ¶ In what Lands Lightenings fall not IN Winter and Summer seldome are there any Lightnings and that is long of contrary causes because in Winter the aire is driuen close together and thickened with a deeper course of clouds besides all the exhalations breathing and rising out of the earth being stark congealed and frozen hard do extinguish cleane what firie vapour soeuer otherwise they receiue which is the reason that Scythia and other cold frozen quarters thereabout are free from lightenings And Aegypt likewise vpon the contrarie cause and exempt from Lightnings namely exceeding heate for the hot and dry exhalations of the earth gather into very slender thin and weake clouds But in the Spring and Autumne lightnings are more rife because in both those seasons the causes as well of Summer as