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A20049 The history of trauayle in the VVest and East Indies, and other countreys lying eyther way, towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccaes As Moscouia, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Ægypte, Ethiopia, Guinea, China in Cathayo, and Giapan: vvith a discourse of the Northwest passage. Gathered in parte, and done into Englyshe by Richarde Eden. Newly set in order, augmented, and finished by Richarde VVilles.; De orbe novo. Decade 1-3. English Anghiera, Pietro Martire d', 1457-1526.; Eden, Richard, 1521?-1576.; Willes, Richard, fl. 1558-1573. 1577 (1577) STC 649; ESTC S122069 800,204 966

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Date trees and diuers other of the Ilande fruites so plentifullye that as they sayled along by the shore oftentymes the braunches thereof laden with flowres and fruites hong so ouer theyr heades that they might plucke them with theyr handes also that the fruitfulnes of this ground is eyther equall with the soyle of Isabella or better In Isabella he lefte only certayne sicke men and shippe wryghtes whom he had appoynted to make certayne carauels the residue of his men he conueighed to the south to saynt Dominickes towre After he had buylded this fortresse leauyng therin a garryson of .xx. men he with the remanent of his souldiers prepared them selues to searche the inner partes of the West syde of the Ilande hytherto knowen onely by name Therefore about .xxx. leagues that is fourescore and tenne myles from the fortresse he chaunced on the ryuer Naiba whiche we sayde to defende from the mountaynes of Cibaua ryght towarde the south by the myddest of the ilande When he had ouerpassed this ryuer with a companye of armed men diuyded into .xxv. decurions that is tenne in a company with theyr capitaynes he sent two decurions to the regions of those kynges in whose landes were the great woodds of brasile trees Inclyning towarde the lefte hande they founde the wooddes entred into them and felled the high and precious trees which were to that day vntouched Eche of the decurions filled certayne of the ilande houses with the trunkes of brasile there to be reserued vntil the shippes came which should cary them away But the Lieutenaunt directing his iourney towarde the right hande not farre from the bankes of y e riuer of Naiba founde a certaine kyng whose name was Beuchius Anacauchoa encamped against thinhabitantes of the prouince of Naiba to subdue them vnder his dominion as he had done many other kings of the iland borderers vnto him The palace of this great king is called Xaragua is situate toward the West ende of the ilande distant from the ryuer of Naiba .xxx. leagues All the prynces which dwell betwene the West ende his palace are ditionaries vnto him All that region from Naiba to the furthest marches of the west is vtterly without golde although it be full of mountaynes When the kyng had espied our men laying a part his weapons geuyng signes of peace he spake gentelly to them vncerteyne whether it were of humanitie or feare and demaunded of them what they woulde haue The Lieuetenaunt aunsweared That he should paye tribute to the Admirall his brother in the name of the Christian kyng of Spayne To whom he sayde Howe can you requyre that of me whereas neuer a region vnder my dominion bringeth forth golde For he had heard that there was a strange nation entred into the ilande whiche made great search for golde But he supposed that they desyred some other thyng The lieutenaunt answeared agayne God forbydde that we shoulde enioyne any man to paye such tribute as he myght not easely forbeare or such as were not engendered or growing in the region but we vnderstande that your regions bryng foorth great plentie of Gossampine cotton and hempe with such other wherof we desyre you to geue vs parte When he heard these woordes he promysed with cherefull countenaunce to geue hym as much of these thynges as he woulde requyre Thus dismissing his army and sending messengers before he him selfe accompanied the Lieutenaunt and brought him to his palace being distant as we haue sayde .xxx. leagues In al this tracte they passed through the iurisdiction of other princes beyng vnder his dominion Of the whiche some gaue them hempe of no lesse goodnes to make tackelinges for shyppes then our wood Other some brought bread and some gossamppne cotton And so euery of them payde trybute with suche commodities as theyr countreys brought foorth At the length they came to the kinges mansion place of Xaragua Before they entered into the palace a great multitude of the kynges seruauntes subiectes resorted to the court honorably after their maner to receyue their kyng Beuchius Anacauchoa with the strangers which he brought with him to see the magnificence of his court But now shal you heare howe they were intertained Among other triumphes and syghtes two are especially to be noted Fyrst there mette them a company of .xxx. women beyng al the kynges wyues and concubines bearyng in theyr handes branches of date trees singyng and daunsyng they were all naked sauyng that theyr pryuie partes were couered with breeches of gossampine cotton but the virgins hauyng theyr heare hangyng downe about their shoulders tyed about the forehead with a fyllet were vtterly naked They affirme that theyr faces breastes pappes handes and other partes of theyr bodyes were exceedyng smothe and well proportioned but somwhat inclynyng to a louely broune They supposed that they had seene those most beutyfull Dryades or the natyue nymphes or fayres of the fountaynes whereof the antiques spake so muche The braunches of date trees which they bore in theyr right handes when they daunced they delyuered to the Lieuetenaunt with lowe curtesy and smylyng countenaunce Thus enteryng into the kynges house they founde a delycate supper prepared for them after theyr maner When they were well refreshed with meate the nyght drawyng on they were brought by the kynges officers euery man to his lodgyng according to his degree in certayne of theyr houses about the pallaice where they rested them in hangyng beddes after the maner of the countrey wherof we haue spoken more largely in an other place The day folowyng they brought our men to their common hall into the whiche they come togeather as often as they make any notable games or triumphes as we haue sayde before Here after many daunsynges synginges maskinges runnynges wrestlyngs and other trying of mastryes sodaynly there appeared in a large plaine neere vnto the hal two great armies of men of warre whiche the kyng for his pastyme had caused to be prepared as the Spaniardes vse the playe with reedes which they call Iuga de Canias As the armies drewe neere togeather they assayled the one the other as fiersely as if mortall enimies with theyr baners spleade should fight for theyr goodes theyr landes theyr lyues theyr libertie theyr countrey theyr wyues theyr children so that within the momente of an houre foure men were slayne and many wounded The battayle also shoulde haue contynued longer yf the kyng had not at the request of our men caused them to ceasse The thyrde day the Lieuetenant counsaylyng the kyng to sowe more plentie of gossampine vppon the bankes neere vnto the waters syde that they myght the better paye theyr trybute pryuately accordyng to the multitude of theyr houses he prepayred to Isabella to vysite the sycke men whiche he had lefte there and also to see howe his woorkes went forwarde In the tyme of his absence .xxx. of his men were consumed with diuerse diseases Wherefore
not a litle fearyng lest they should lose the trade of Spices yf the Spanyardes should once put in theyr foote Whereupon the kyng immediatly made supplication to the Emperour not to set forward any shippes vntyll it were determined to whether of them those Ilandes shoulde belong and that he would not so much endomage hym as to cause hym to lose the trade of Spyces which was so cominodious and profitable to hym and finally to auoide the occasion of murder and bloodshed whiche were lyke to ensue therof yf the Spanyardes and Portugales shippes shoulde meete togeather The Emperour although he knewe that al this was but to make delayes and prolongyng of tyme yet was he glad to haue it tryed by iustice for the better iustification of his cause and ryght In fine both parties were agreed to appoynt learned men Cosmographers and Pilottes whiche shoulde determine the controuersie betweene them promisyng on both parties to abyde and stande to the sentence determination made by those persons appoynted and sworne to iudge indifferently The Repartition and diuision of the Indies and newe world betweene the Spaniardes and the Portugales THis matter concernyng the trade of Spices and the new worlde of the Indies by reason of the great ryches therof was of great importaunce and very difficult to be limitted and drawen forth by lines By reason wherof it was necessary and conuenient to seeke wyse and worshipfull men experte in Nauigations in Cosmographie and the Mathematical sciences The Emperour for his syde chose and named for Iudges of the possession the Licentiate Acuna one of the kynges counsayle also the Licentiate Barrientos of the counsayl of the orders the licentiate Petro Manuel Auditor of the courte of the Chauncerie in Valladolith For Iudges of the propertie he chose Don Fernando Colono the sonne of Christopher Colonus Also Doctor Sancho Salaya Peter Ruiz of Villegas Fryer Thomas Duran Simon of Alcazaua and Iohn Sebastian of Cano. His aduocate and Atturney he made the licentiate Iohn Rodriguez of Pisa and for his fyscall Doctour Ribera and his Secretarie Barthalome Ruiz of Castaneda He also appoynted that Sebastian Cabote Steuen Gomes Nunnio Gracia Diego Riuero beyng all experte Pilottes and cunnyng in makyng cardes for the sea should bee present and bryng foorth theyr Globes and Mappes with other instrumentes necessarie to declare the situation of the Ilandes of the Malucas about the which was al the contention strife But order was taken that they should shew theyr myndes on neyther syde nor enter into the company of the other but when they were called All these and dyuers other went togeather to a towne called Badaioz and as many Portugales came to Elbes or rather more For they brought with them two Fiscalles and two Aduocates The principall of them was the licentiate Antonie de Asseuedo Diego Lopes of Sequeyra the Clarke of the weyghtes and rece●ptes who had before been gouernour in India Also Peralfonso of Melo Clarke Simon of Tauira with dyuers other whose names I knowe not Before they mette togeather the one parte remaynyng at Badaioz and the other in Elbes there was muche adoe among them before they coulde agree vppon the place where they should meete and who should speake fyrst For the Portugales doe greatly weygh such circumstances At the laste they concluded to meete togeather at Caya a litle ryuer which diuideth Castile from Portugale standyng in the myd way betweene Badaioz and Elbes And when they were assembled togeather one day at Badaioz and an other day at Elbes and saluted the one the other both parties were sworne that they should proceede and speake accordyng to truth iustice and equitie The Portugales refused Simon de Alcazaua bycause he was a Portugale and Fryer Thomas Duran bycause he had sometyme ben Preacher to theyr Kyng So that Simon was by consent put out of the company in whose roome was placed maister Antonie of Alcaraz Yet fell they not to reasonyng the matter vntyll the Fryer was put out They were many dayes in beholdyng Globes Mappes and Cardes of the sea and hearyng what myght be sayde both sydes alleagyng for the ryght whiche they pretended But the Portugales standyng in vayne contention sayde very angerly The Ilandes of Maluca wherevppon theyr meetyng and reasonyng was at that present fell on theyr parte and was of theyr conquest and that they both had been there and had them in theyr possession before Iohn Sebastian had euer seene them Lykewyse that the lyne should be drawen from the Iland of Bonauista or the Ilande called de la Sal whiche are the most Easterly Ilandes from Cabouerde and not from the Ilande of Santanton or sainct Antonie which lyeth towarde the Weste and are lxxxx leagues the one from the other All this was no more but to contend and the other of the Malucas is vntrue But they that haue a naughtie matter must set it foorth with woordes and brabbelyng Here they founde howe greatly they were deceyued in that they demaunded that the lyne should be drawen three hundred threescore and tenne leagues more to the West from the Ilandes of Cabouerde as appeareth hereafter and not one hundred accordyng to the assignement of the Popes Bull. The Spanyardes on the contrary parte affyrmed and made demonstration that not only the Ilandes of Lurney Gilolo Zubut and Tidore with the other Ilandes of the Malucas but as well Samatra Malacha and a great parte of China should belong to the Castilians and that those countreys fell on theyr syde and on the parte of theyr conquest Also that Magallanes and Iohn Sebastian were the first Christian men that founde them and obteyned them for the Emperour as the letters and presentes of Almanzor doe testifie And although the Portugales had been there fyrst yet went they thyther after the donation of the Pope neyther got they any ryght or iuste tytle thereby For although they shoulde drawe the lyne by Buena Vista what inconuenience should folow therof sith as well by the one way as the other the Ilandes of the Malucas muste parteyne to the Castilians yea and moreouer the Ilandes of Cabouerde shoulde also parteyne to the Castilians forsomuche as drawyng the lyne by Buena Vista the Ilandes of the Malucas doe remayne within the lyne on the Emperours syde They continued in these controuersies for the space of two monethes without any resolution or end made For the Portugales prolonged and put of the matter fleeyng from the sentence with cauillations and colde reasons to the ende that they myght dissolue that assembly without any conclusion or determination for so it stoode them vpon The Castilians which were the Iudges of the propertie drue a lyne in the great globe three hundred and .70 leagues from sainct Antonies Ilande lying by Weste Cabo Verde accordyng to the intreatie and determination which was agreed vppon betweene the Catholyke Princes
serpentes but suche as are without hurt Likewise wilde geese turtle doues and duckes muche greater then ours and as white as swannes with heades of purple colour Also Popiniayes of the whiche some are greene some yelowe some lyke them of India with yelowe rynges about theyr neckes as Plinie describeth them Of these they brought fourtie with them of moste lyuely and dilectable colours hauyng theyr feathers entermingled with greene yelowe and purple whiche varietie delyghteth the sense not a litle Thus muche thought I good to speake of Popyniayes ryght noble prince specially to this intent that albeit the opinion of Christophorus Colonus who affyrmeth these ilandes to be part of India doth not in all poyntes agree with the iudgement of auncient wryters as touchyng the bygnesse of the Sphere and compasse of the Globe as concernyng the nauigable portion of the same being vnder vs yet the Popiniayes and many other thynges brought from thence doo declare that these Ilandes sauour somewhat of India eyther beyng neare vnto it or els of the same nature forasmuche as Aristole also about the ende of his booke de Caelo Mundo and likewyse Seneca ▪ with diuers other aucthours not ignoraunt in Cosmographie do taffirme that India is no long tracte by sea distant from Spaine by the west Ocean for the soyle of these ilandes bryngeth foorth Mastyx Aloes and sundry other sweete gummes and spyces as doth India Cotton also of the Gossampine tree as in India in the countrey of the people called Seres The languages of all the nations of these ilandes may well be wrytten with our Latine letters For they cal heauen Turei A house Boa Golde Cauni A good man Taino Nothing Mayani Al other words of theyr language they pronounce as plainly as we do the Latine tongue In these ilandes they founde no trees knowen vnto them but Pine apple trees and Date trees and those of marueylous heyght and exceedyng harde by reason of the great moystnesse and fatnesse of the grounde with continual and temperate heate of the sunne whiche endureth so al the whole yere They playnely affirme the ilande of Hispaniola to be the moste fruitefull lande that the heauen compasseth about as shall more largely appeare hereafter in the particuler description of the same which we entende to set foorth when we shal be better instructed Thus makyng a league of frendshyp with the king and leauing with hym .xxxviii. men to searche the ilande he depar●ed to Spayne takyng with hym tenne of the inhabitauntes to learne the Spanishe tongue to the intent to vse them afterward for interpretours Colonus therfore at his returne was honourably receiued of the kyng and queene who caused hym to syt in theyr presence whiche is a token of great loue and honour among the Spanyardes He was also made Admiral of the Ocean and his brother gouernour of the ilande Toward the second voyage he was furnished with .xvii. ships wherof three were great caractes of a thousande tunne .xii. were of that sort which the Spaniards cal Carauelas without deckes and two other of the same sorte somewhat bygger and more apt to beare deckes by reason of the greatnesse of theyr mastes He had also a thousande and two hundred armed footemen well appoynted among which were many artificers as smythes Carpenters myners and suche other certayne horsmen also well armed Lykewyse mares sheepe heyghfers and suche other of both kindes for encrease Lykewise al kinde of pulse or grayne and corne as wheate barley rye beanes and pease and suche other aswel for foode as to sowe besyde vines plantes and seedes of suche trees fruites and hearbes as those countreyes lacke and not to be forgotten sundry kyndes of artyllerie and iron tooles as bowes arrowes crosbowes bylles hargabusses brode swoordes large targettes pykes mattockes shouelles hammers nayles sawes axes and suche other Thus beyng furnished accordyngly they set forward from the Ilandes of Gades nowe called Cales the seuenth day before the Calendes of October in the yeere of Christ .1493 and ariued at the ilandes of Canarie at the Calendes of October Of these ilandes the last is called Ferrea in whiche there is no other water that may be drunke but only that is geathered of the deawe which continually distylleth from one only tree growyng on the hyghest bancke of the ilande and falleth into a rounde trenche made with mans hande we were enfourmed of these thynges within fewe dayes after his departure What shall succeede we wyl certifie you hereafter Thus fare ye well from the courte at the Ides of Nouember .1493 The seconde booke of the first Decade to Ascanius Sphorcia Vicount Cardinal c. YOu repeate ryght honourable prince that you are desyrous to knowe what newes we haue in Spayne from the newe worlde and that those things haue greatly delyted you whiche I wrote vnto your hyghnesse of the fyrst Nauigation You shal nowe therefore receiue what hath succeeded Methymna Campi is a famous towne in high Spayne in respect from you and is in that parte of Spayne whiche is called Castella Vetus beyng distant from Gades about .xl. myles Here the courte remayned when about the .ix. of the Calendes of Apryll in this yeere of ninetie and foure there were postes sent to the king and queene certifiyng them that there were twelue shyppes come from the newe ilandes and ariued at Gades but the gouernour of the shyppes sent woorde to the kyng and queene that he had none other matter to certifie them of by the postes but only that the Admiral with fiue shyppes and fourescore and ten men remayned styll in Hispaniola to searche the secretes of the ilande and that as touchyng other matters he hym selfe would shortly make relation in theyr presence by woorde of mouth therefore the day before the Nones of Apryl he came to the Courte hym selfe What I learned of hym and other faythfull and credible men whiche came with hym from the Admirall I wil rehearse vnto you in suche order as they declared the same to me when I demaunded them take it therefore as foloweth The third day of the Ides of October departyng from Ferrea the laste of the ilandes of Canariae and from the coastes of Spayne with a Nauie of seuenteene shippes they sayled .xxi. dayes before they came to any ilande inclining of purpose more towarde the left hand then at the fyrst voyage folowing the north northeast winde and arriued fyrst at the ilandes of the Canibales or Caribes of whiche only the fame was knowen to our men Among these they chaunced fyrst vpon one so beset with trees that they coulde not see so muche as an elle space of bare earth or stonie grounde this they called Dominica because they found it on the Sunday They taried here no time because they saw it to be desart In the space of these .xxi. dayes they thynke that they sayled eyght
mountaynes be cutte it groweth agayne within the space of foure dayes hygher then wheate And forasmuche as many showres of rayne doo fall in this region whereof the ryuers and flooddes haue theyr encrease in euery of the whiche golde is founde myxt with sande in all places they iudge that the golde is dryuen from the mountaynes by the vehement course of the streames whiche fall from the same and runne into the ryuers The people of this region are geuen to idlenesse and play for suche as inhabite the mountaynes syt quakyng for colde in the Wynter season and had rather to wander vp and downe idelly then take the paynes to make them apparell where as they haue wooddes full of Gossampine cotton but suche as dwell in the valles or playnes feele no colde in Wynter When the Admirall had thus searched the beginning of the region of Cibana he repayred to Isabella for so he named the citie where leauyng the gouernaunce of the Ilande with his deputies he prepared hym selfe to search further the limittes of the Ilande of Cuba or Iohanna whiche he yet doubted to be the firme lande and distant from Hispaniola only .lxx. myles This dyd he with more speedye expedition callyng to remembraunce the kynges commaundement who wylled hym fyrst with al celeritie to ouerrunne the coastes of the new Ilandes lest any other prince shoulde in the meane time attempt to inuade the same for the kyng of Portugale affirmed that it parteyned only to him to discouer these vnknowen landes but the bishop of Rome Alexander the sixt to auoyde the cause of this dissention graunted to the kyng of Spayne by the aucthoritie of his leaden bulles that no other prince shoulde be so bolde as to make any voyages to any of these vnknowen regions lying without the precinct of a direct lyne drawen from the North to the South a hundred leagues Westwarde without the paralels of the Ilandes called Capud Viride or Cab●uerde whiche we thinke to be those that in olde tyme were called Hesperides these parteyne to the kyng of Portugale and from these his Pylotes whiche do yeerely searche newe coastes and regions directe theyr course to the East saylyng euer towarde the left hande by the backe of Aphrike and the seas of the Ethiopians neyther to this day had the Portugales at any tyme sayled Southwarde or Westwarde from the Ilandes of Cabouerde Preparing therfore three shyppes he made haste towarde the Ilande of Iobanna or Cuba whyther he came in short space and named the poynt therof where he fyrste arryued Alpha and O that is the fyrste and the last for he supposed that there had ben the ende of our East because the sonne falleth there and of the West because it ryseth there For it is apparant that Westwarde it is the beginning of India beyonde the ryuer of Ganges and Eastwarde the furthest ende of the same whiche thyng is not contrary to reason forasmuche as the Cosmographers haue left the lymittes of India beyond Ganges vndetermined where as also some were of opinion that India was not farre from the coastes of Spaine as we haue said before Within the prospect of the beginnyng of Cuba he founde a commodious hauen in the extreme angle of the Ilande of Hispaniola for in this part the Ilande receiueth a great goulfe this hauen he named Saint Nicholas porte beyng scarcely twentie leagues from Cuba As he departed from hence and sayled Westward by the South syde of Cuba the further that he went so muche the more the sea seemed to be extended in breadth and to bende towarde the South On the South syde of Cuba he founde an Ilande whiche the inhabitauntes call Iamaica this he affirmeth to be longer broder then the Iland of Scicile hauyng in it only one mountaine which on euery part beginning from the sea ryseth by litle and litle into the myddest of the Ilande and that so playnely without roughnesse that such as goe vp to the toppe of the same can scarcely perceiue that they assende This Ilande he affyrmeth to be very fruiteful and ful of people aswel in thinner partes of the same as by the shore and that the inhabitantes are of quicker wytte then in the other Ilandes and more expert Artificers and warlyke men For in many places where he woulde haue aryued they came armed against him and forbode him with threatnyng wordes but beyng ouercome they made a league of frendshyp with hym Thus departing from Iamaica he sayled toward the West with a prosperous wynde for the space of threescore and tenne dayes thynking that he had passed so farre by the compasse of the earth being vnderneath vs that he had ben neare vnto Aurea Chersonesus nowe called Malaccha in our east India beyonde the begynnyng of Persides for he playnely beleeued that he had left only two of the twelue houres of the sunne which were vnknowen to vs for the olde wryters haue left halfe the course of the sunne vntouched where as they haue but only discussed that superficial parte of the earth whiche lyeth betweene the Ilandes of Gades and the ryuer of Ganges or at the vttermost to Aurea Chersonesus In this Nauigation he chaunced on many furious seas running with a fall as it had ben the streames of floods also many whyrlepooles and shelfes with many other dangers and strayghtes by reason of the multitude of ilandes whiche lay on euery syde But not regardyng al these perylles he determined to proceede vntil he had certaine knowledge whether Cuba were an ilande or firme lande Thus he sayled forward coastyng euer by the shore toward the West for the space of CC.xxii leagues that is about a thousande and three hundred myles and gaue names to seuen hundred ilandes by the way leauyng also on the left hande as he feared not to report three thousande here and there But let vs nowe returne to suche thynges as he founde woorthy to be noted in this nauigation Saylyng therefore by the syde of Cuba and searchyng the nature of the places he espyed not farre from Alpha and O a large hauen of capacitie to harborowe many shyppes whose entraunce is bendyng beyng inclosed on both sydes with capes or poyntes whiche receiue the water this hauen is large within and of exceedyng deapth Saylyng by the shore of this porte he sawe not farre from the same two cotages couered with reedes and in many places fyre kyndled Here he sent certayne armed men out of the shyppes to the cotages where they founde neyther man nor woman but rostemeate yenough for they founde certayne spyttes of wood lying at the fyre hauyng fyshe on them about a hundred pounde weight and two serpentes of eyght foote long apeece whereat marueylyng and lookyng about if they could espye any of the inhabitauntes and that none appeared in syght for they fledde al to the mountaynes at the commyng of our men
recourse to those regions and can no lesse then declare the same albeit it may seeme incredible to some ignorant persons not knowing the power of nature to whom Plinie was perswaded that nothing was impossible We haue therefore thought it good to make this discourse by the way of argument lest on the one syde men of good learnyng and iudgement and on the other syde suche as are studious to finde occasions of quarellyng in other mens wrytynges shoulde iudge vs to be so vndiscrete lightly to geue credite to euery tale not being consonant to reason but of the force and great violence of those freshe waters whiche repulsyng the sea make so great a gulfe as we haue sayde I thynke the cause thereof to be the great multitude of floods and riuers whiche beyng geathered togeather make so great a poole and not one ryuer as they suppose And forasmuch as the mountaines are exceeding high and steepe I thinke the violence of the fall of the waters to be of suche force that this conflict betweene the waters is caused by thimpulsion of the poole that the salt water can not enter into the gulfe But here perhaps some wyll marueyle at me why I should marueyle so muche hereat speakyng vnto me scornefully after this manner Why doth he so marueyle at the great riuers of those regions Hath not Italie his Eridanus named the kyng of ryuers of the old wryters Haue not other regions also the lyke as we reade of Tanais Ganges and Danubius which are sayde so to ouercome the sea that freshe water may be drawen fourtie myles within the same These men I would satisfie with this aunswere The famous ryuer of Padus in Italie whiche they nowe call Po and was of the Greekes called Eridanus hath the great mountaynes called Alpes diuiding Fraunce Germanie and Pannonie from Italie lying at the backe therof as it were bulwarkes agger full of moysture and with a long tracte receiuyng Ticinam with innumerable other great ryuers falleth into the sea Adriatike The lyke is also to be vnderstoode of the other But these ryuers as our men were enfourmed by the kynges fall into the Ocean sea with larger and fuller channels neere hande and some there are whiche affirme this lande to be very large in other places although it be but narowe here There commeth also to my remembraunce another cause the whiche although it be of no great force yet do I entende to wryte it Perhaps therefore the length of the lande reachyng farre from the East to the West if it be narowe may be a helpe hereunto for as we reade that the ryuer Alpheus passeth through the holowe places vnder the sea from the citie of Elis in Peloponeso and breaketh forth at the fountayne or spryng Arethusa in the Iland of Sicillia so is it possible that these mountaines may haue such long caues parteynyng vnto them that they may be the receptacles of the water passing through the landes beyng farre distant and that the same waters commyng by so long a tracte may in the way be greatly encreased by the conuersion of ayre into water as we haue sayde Thus much haue I spoken freely permitting both to them which do frendly interprete other mens dooyngs and also to the malitious scorners to take the thing euen as them lysteth for hytherto I can make no further declaration hereof but when the trueth shal be better knowen I wil do my diligence to commit the same to wrytyng Nowe therfore forasmuch as we haue spoken thus muche of the breadth of this lande we entende to describe the length and fourme of the same The tenth booke of the seconde Decade of the supposed continent THat lande reacheth foorth into the sea euen as doth Italy although not lyke the legge of a man as it doth But nowe I compare a Pigmean or a dwarfe to a Giant for that part thereof whiche the Spanyardes haue ouer runne from the sayd East poynt which reacheth towarde the sea Atlantike the ende not beyng yet founde towarde the West is more then eyght tymes longer then Italie And by what reason I am moued to say eyght tymes your holynesse shall vnderstande From the tyme therefore that I fyrste determined to obeye theyr requestes who wylled me fyrst in your name to wryte these thinges in the Latine tongue I did my endeuour that al things myght come foorth with due tryal and experience whereupon I repayred to the Bishop of Burges beyng the cheefe refuge of this nauigation As we were therfore secretely togeather in one chamber we had many instruments parteining to these affaires as globes and many of those maps whiche are commonly called the shipmans cardes or cardes of the sea Of the which one was drawen by the Portugales wherunto Americus Vesputius is said to haue put to his hande beyng a man most expert in this facultie and a Florentine borne who also vnder the stipende of the Portugales had sayled towarde the South pole many degrees beyonde the Equinoctiall In this carde we founde the first front of this lande to be broder then the kynges of Vraba had perswaded our men of theyr mountaynes To another Colonus the Admiral while he yet lyued and searched those places had geuen the beginning with his owne handes whereunto Bartholomeus Colonus his brother and Lieuetenaunt had added his iudgement for he also had sayled about those coastes Of the Spanyardes lykewyse as many as thought them selues to haue anye knowledge what parteyned to measure the land the sea drewe certayne cardes in parchment as concernyng these nauigations Of all other they moste esteeme them whiche Iohannes de la Cossa the companion of Fogeda whom we sayde to be slayne of the people of Caramairi in the hauen of Carthago and another expert pylote called Andreas Moralis had set foorth And this aswel for the great experience which they both had to whom these tractes were aswel knowen as the chambers of theyr owne houses as also that they were thought to be cunninger in that part of Cosmographie which teacheth the discription and measuring of the sea Conferring therfore al these cardes togeather in euery of the whiche was drawen a lyue expressing not the myles but leagues after the maner of the Spanyardes we tooke our compasses began to measure the sea coastes after this order From that poynt or fronte whiche we sayde to be included within the lyue parteynyng to the Portugales iurisdiction beyng drawen by the paralelles of the Ilandes of Cabouerde but a hundred leagues further towarde the West whiche they haue nowe also searched on euery syde we founde three hundred leagues to the entraunce of the riuer Maragnonum and from thence to Os Draconis seuen hundred leagues but somwhat lesse by the discription of some for they doo not agree in al poyntes exquisitely The Spanyards wyl that a league conteyne foure myles by sea and but three by lande From Os Draconis
into the lake are these From the North syde Guanicabon From the Southe Xaccoei from the East Guannabo And from the West Occoa They saye that these ryuers are great and continuall and that besyde these there are .xx. other small ryuers whiche fall into this Caspium Also on the North syde within a furlong of the lake there are aboue twoo hundreth springes occupying lykewyse about a furlong in circuite the water wherof is colde in sommer freshe also and holsome to be drunke These sprynges make a ryuer that can not bee waded ouer which neare at hande ioynyng with the other falleth into the lake Here must we staye a whyle The kyng of this region founde his wyfe praying in a Chapell buylded by the Christians within the precincte of his dominion and requyred her company to satisfie his fleshely lust His wyfe reproued him and put him in remembraunce to haue respecte to the holy place The wordes which she spake to him were these Teitoca Teitoca which is as muche to say as be quyet be quyet Techeta cynato guamechyna That is God will be greatly angry Guamechyna signifyeth God Techeta greatly Cynato angrye But the husbande halyng her by the arme sayde Guaibba that is goe Cynato macabuca guamechyna That is What is that to me if God be angry And with these wordes as he profered her violence sodeinly he became dumme and lame Yet by this myracle being stryken with repentaunce he euer after ledde a relygious lyfe insomuche that from thencefoorth he would neuer suffer the Chapell to bee swepte or decked with any other mans hande By the same myracle many of thinhabitauntes and all the Christians being moued resorted deuoutly to the Chapell They take it in good parte that the kyng suffered the reuenge of that reproche Let vs now returne to Caspium That salte lake is tossed with stormes and tempestes and oftentymes drowneth small shyppes or fyssher boates and swaloweth them vp with the maryners In so muche that it hath not been hearde of that any man drowned by shyppewracke euer plunged vp againe or was caste on the shore as commonly chaunceth of the dead bodyes of suche as are drowned in the sea These tempestes are the daintie banquets of the Tiburones This Caspium is called Hagueigabon In the myddest hereof lyeth an Iland named Guarizacca to the which they resort when they go a fishyng but it is now cultured There is in the same playne an other lake next vnto this whose water is myxte of salt and fresh and is therfore neyther apt to be drunke nor yet to be refused in vrgent necessitie This conteyneth in length twentie and fyue myles and in breadth eyght myles in some places also niene or ten It receyueth many ryuers which haue no passage out of the same but are swalowed vp as in the other Water spryngeth out of the sea into this also but in no great quantitie which is the cause that it is so commyxt In the same prouince towards the west syde there is an other lake of freshe water not farre distaunt from Caspius this the inhabitauntes call Iainagua The same salte lake hath on the North syde thereof an other named Guaccaa this is but lytle as not past three or foure myles in breadth and one in length the water of this may well be drunke On the South syde of the salt lake there lyeth an other named Babbareo of three myles in length and in maner rounde The water of this is freshe as of the two other This lake because it hath no passage out nor yet any swalowyng gulfes conueyeth the superfluous waters to the sea if it be encreased with y e streames which fal sometymes more abundantly from the mountaynes this is in the region of Xamana in the prouince of Bainoa There is an other called Guaniba lying betwene the East and the South neere vnto the syde of Caspius this is ten myles in length and almost round There are furthermore many other small standyng pooles or lakes disparsed here and there in the Iland whiche I wyll let passe lest I shoulde be tedious in remaynyng to long in one thyng I wyll therefore make an ende with this addition that in all these great plentie of fyshe and foule is nouryshed All these lakes lye in a large playne the whiche from the East reacheth into the West a hundreth and twentie miles being of breadth .xviii. miles where it is narowest and .xxv. where it is largest Lookyng toward the West it hath collaterally on the left hande the mountaines of Daiguani and on the ryght hande the mountaines of Gaigua so called of the name of y e vale it selfe At the rootes of the mountaynes of Caigua towarde the North syde there lyeth an other vale much longer and larger then that before named For it conteineth in length almost two hundreth myles and in breadth thirtie where it is largest and about .xx. where it is narowest This vale in some parte thereof is called Maguana in an other place Iguaniu and els where Hathathiei And forasmuch as we haue here made mention of this parte of the vale named Hathathiei we will somewhat digresse from the discourse of this description and entreate of a thing so straunge and marueilous that the lyke hath not been hearde of So it is therefore that the kyng of this region named Caramatexius taketh great pleasure in fyshing Into his nettes chaunced a young fyshe of the kynde of those huge monsters of the sea which thinhabitours call Manati not founde I suppose in our seas nor knowne to our men before this tyme. This fyshe is foure footed and in shape lyke vnto a Tortoyse although shee be not couered with a shell but with scales and those of such hardnesse couched in such order that no arrow can hurte her Her scales are beset defended with a thousande knobbes her backe is playne and her head vtterly lyke the head of an Oxe She lyueth both in the water on the lande shee is slowe of mouyng of condition meeke gentle associable and louing to mankynde and of a marueilous sense or memorie as are the Elephant and the Delphyn The kyng norished this fysh certeine dayes at home with the bread of the countrey made of the roote of Iucca Panycke with such other rootes as men are accustomed to eate For when shee was yet but young hee cast her into a poole or lake neare vnto his palace there to be fed with hande This lake also receiueth waters and casteth not the same foorth againe It was in tyme paste called Guaurabo but is now called the lake of Manati after the name of this fyshe which wandered safely in the same for the space of .xxv. yeeres and grewe exceeding byg Whatsoeuer is written of the Delphines of Baian or Arion are muche inferior to the dooinges of this fyshe whiche for her gentle nature they named Matum that
the recordation of such pleasaunt thynges And yet do not such thinges as are sauerie engender tediousnesse so that a pretious matter be adiourned with a pretious vesture A breefe rehearsal of the contentes of the bookes of the fyrst Decade and so folowyng of all the other Decades Folio 8. IN the fyrst booke is declared howe Christophorus Colonus otherwyse called Columbus persuaded Fernando and Elizabeth princes of Spayne to further his attempt in searchyng newe and vnknowen landes in the West Ocean Also of the .vii. Ilandes of Canaria by whom they were found and conquered Howe Colonus founde the Ilandes of Hispaniola and Cuba and of the fierce people called Canibales or Caribes which are accustomed to eate mans fleshe Of the rootes called Ages Iucca and the grayne Maizìum whereof the people of the Ilandes made theyr bread Of the golde found in the sandes of ryuers of the Serpents which are without hurt also of turtle doues ducks popingaies Of Mastix and Aloe with dyuers fruites and trees vnknowen to vs and of the fruitefulnesse of the Ilande of Hispaniola which the Spanyardes call Spagnuola Of the seconde viage of Colonus into these regions and howe he was furnished with .xvii. shyppes and a thousande and two hundred souldiers with all kynde of artillarie artificers and grayne to sowe and of the tree from the which water droppeth continually into a trenche made by mans hande The contentes of the seconde booke Fol. 12. HOwe Colonus departing from the Ilandes of Canarie sayled viii hundred twentie leagues in .xxi. daies came to Dominica an Iland of the Canibales of the fragrant sauoure of spices whiche proceded from the Ilandes Of the Ilandes of Galanta or Galana and Guadalupea and of the trees which beare that kynd of cotton which the Italians call Bombasine and the Spanyardes Algadon Of dyuers kyndes of Popingiayes and of the Ilande of Matinino or Madanino beyng inhabited onely with women also of dyuers other fruitefull Ilandes and of a conflicte whiche the Spanyardes had with the Canibales Of certayne Ilandes in the whiche are seene the mynes of metals and precious stones and of the fruitfull and populous Iland called Burichena or Boriquen or Insula S. Iohannis Howe all the Admirals men whiche at his fyrst viage he left in Hispaniola were slaine in his absence by the rebellion of Guaccanarillus kyng of the region of Xamana and of the free kynde of lyfe whiche they leade that haue not the vse of money Of the seuen maydens which swam three miles in the sea and of the maner of geathering of gold in the sands of riuers The contentes of the thyrd booke Fol. 17. A Particuler discription of the Iland of Hispaniola whiche Colonus thynketh to be Ophir from whence kyng Salomon had his great ryches of golde Of the marueylous fruitfulnesse of Hispaniola and of the suger canes growyng there Of the golden regions of Cipanga or Cibaua of the ryuers in whose sandes is founde great plentie of golde Of certayne graynes of gold of exceeding great quantitie Of wilde vines of plesaunt taste and of grasse which in foure dayes groweth as hygh as wheate Of the Ilande of Iohanna or Cuba being the end of the East and the West and of the fruitfull populous Iland of Iamaica How the Admirall thought that he had sayled about the lowest Hemisphere or half circle of the earth and of a secrete of Astronomie touching the same matter Howe the Admirall gaue names to seuen hundred Ilandes and passed by three thousand vnnamed Of certaine serpentes like vnto Crocodiles of eight foote long whose flesh is delicate to be eaten and of certayne trees whiche beare Gourdes Of the riuer whose water is very hotte and of the huntyng fyshe which taketh other fyshes Of great abundaunce of Tortoyses as bygge as targets and of a fruitfull mountayne well inhabited Of dogges of deformed shape and dumbe and of white and thicke water Of woods of Date trees and Pyneapple trees and of certayne people apparelled lyke whyte fryers Of certaine trees which beare spices and of Cranes of exceedyng bygnesse Of stocke doues of more pleasaunt taste then partriches An oration of a barbarous gouernour as touching the immortalitie of the soule Also of the rewarde of vertue and punishment of vice A similitude of the golden worlde and of prouision without care Howe the Admirall fell sicke by reason of to muche watcheyng and of a sedi●ion whiche rose among the Spaniardes in the Ilande of Hispaniola The Contentes of the fourth booke Fol. 25. HOw the Kynges of the Ilande of Hispaniola were by the Spaniardes mysbehauiour prouoked to rebellion and howe the Admirall sent for them Howe kyng Counaboa the Lorde of the house of gold that is of the mountaines of Cibaua conspired the Admirals death and how he with his familie were taken prisoners Of a great famine that chaunced in the Ilande of Hispaniola and howe the Admirall builded certayne fortresses Of a peece of rude gold wayghing twentie vnces and of the myne of the rich metall called Elestrum Of the mountayne in the whiche is founde great plentie of Amber and Orpement and of the woodes of Brasyle trees Howe the inhabitantes are put to theyr tribute and how the nature of y e Region disposeth the maners of the people How the brother of kyng Caunaboa came agaynst the Admirall with an armie of fyue thousand naked men and howe he was taken and his armie put to flyght Of the fruitfull vale Magona in the sandes of whose ryuers is founde great plentie of golde and of certayne whirlewindes and tempests How the Admirall sent foorth his brother Bartholomeus Colonus with an armie of men to searche the golde mynes and of the Fosses which he founde to haue been dygged in old tyme. The Contentes of the .v. booke Fol. 27. for 29. HOwe the Lieuetenaunt builded a fortresse in the golde mines and prepared instrumentes for the purging and finyng of the golde Howe certayne shyppes laden with vittayles came from Spayne And howe the Lieuetenaunt sent the kynges whiche rebelled with three hundred captiues into Spayne Howe the Liefetenaunt remoued his habitation and buylded a fortresse whiche he called saint Dominickes towre also howe he passed ouer the ryuer Naiba and entred into the wooddes of Brasyle trees Howe the great kyng Beuchius Anacauchoa frendelye entertayned the Lieuetenaunt and brought hym to his pallace where the kynges wyues and concubines receyued hym honorably with pompes and triumphes Of the fortresses whiche were erected in Hispaniola and howe the Lieuetenaunt exacted tribute of the kynges whiche rebelled agayne Howe the Lieuetenaunt set vppon the kynges vnwares in the nyght season and tooke .xiiii. of them prysoners Howe kyng Guarionexius captayne of the conspiracie was pardoned and howe he persuaded the people to obedience Howe kyng Beuchius Anacauchoa sent messengers to the Lieuetenaunt to repayre to his pallace where he founde .xxxii. kyngs redy with theyr tributes And howe the queene Anacaona entysed hym
Priuilegio Kyng of Portugale Algarbs Lorde of Guinea of the cōquest nauigation and trafike into Ethiopia Arabia Persia India The first part the first Decad● The second Decade The third Decade The fourth Decade The seconde part The thyrde part The fourth part A harde begynyng The Pylot that fyrst founde the Indies Mina Colon was not much learned Colon conferred with learned men Kyng Henry the seuenth Barnarde knewe not all thynges The conquest of Granada The archb●shop of Toledo The colour of the East Indians The coloure of the west Indians Gods wysedome power is seene in his workes Thyle is Islande The largenesse of the Ocean vnknowen to this day Cardinal Ascanius The warres at Granatum agaynst the Moores Italy disquieted with warres The sequeles of warre Kyng Frederike Spayne subdued from the Moores The kyngdome of Naples The temperatnesse of the Equinoctiall vnknowen to the olde wryters Continent or fyrme lande as bygge as three Europes Riches are the instruments of conquestes The reward● of vertue The Ilandes of the West Ocean Christophorus Colonus India The fyrst voyage of Colonus The Ilandes of Canarie Gades or Calsmals A league what it conteyneth by sea The fortunate Ilandes Capo Verde The .vii. Ilandes of Canarie Betanchor a Frenche man subdued the Ilandes of Canarie c. Alphonsus Lugo Colonus men rebel agaynst hym Fayre woordes and promises Hispaniola Iohanna Nightingales syng in Nouember The Ilande of Ophir The Ilandes of Antilia A shypwracke The people of the Ilande Naked people Expert swymmers Gold for earth and glasse Many kynges Religious and humane people Canoas Monoxyla They haue no iron Canibales or Caribes Anth●opophagi The crueltie of the Canibales Ages Rootes in the steede of meate Iucca Bread of rootes In hearbe of strange nature Maizium Golde in estimation Golde in the sandes of riuers Serpentes without venime Turtle doues Duckes Popiniayes Plini These Ilandes are part of India The Indians are Antipodes to the Spanyardes Aristotle Seneca India not farre from Spayne Mastyx Aloe Gossampine cotton or bombase Seres The language of these Indians Trees fruites vnknowē to vs Fat and moyst grounde Heate continual temperate The fruitefulnesse of Hispaniola The seconde voyage of Colonus Corne seedes to sowe Tooles and artyllerie Water droppyng from a tree continuallye Methymna Campi Castella Vetus Gades The Iland● of Ferrea Ilandes of the Canibales The Ilande of Dominica Lysartes The Ilande of Galanta The Iland of Guadalupea Villages of .xx. or .xxx. houses The buildyng of theyr houses Gossampine cotton Bombase Hangyng beddes Images Fine cookerie Arrowheades of bones The mount Guadalupus Carucueria Popiniayes bygger then Phesantes The Canibales driuē to flyght Matinino an Ilande of women The Ilandes of Mons Serratus Huntyng for men Sancta Maria Rotunda Sanctus Martinus Sancta Maria Antiqua Insula crucis an Ilande of the Canibales The Canibales are expert Archers Arrowes in●ected with ●enime A conflict with the Canibales The fiercenesse terrible countenance of the Canibales Methymna Campi Innumerable Ilandes The mynes of mettals precious stones The sea called Archipelagus Insula S. Iohannes or Buchena Death for death ●he moun●●ynes are col●er then the ●●aynes ●rom Domi●●ca to Hispa●●ola fiue hun●●ed leagues ●he Spaniar●s left in the ●ande are ●yne ●yng Guacca●●rillus re●●leth Two images of golde Libertie and idlenesse A happie kinde of lyfe Superfluitie Many haue to much and none yenough The golden worde Naked men troubled with ambition Geue place The Admirall sendeth for the kyng No horses in the Ilandes A tyme for all ●ynges A desperate aduenture of a woman Cloelia of Rome Guaccanarillus is sought Melchior Popyngiayes and byrdes Taini Haukes belles A large house Reedes of sundry colours Caccius Hoiedus and Gorualanus Gold in riuers ●allyng from mountaynes The manner of gathering gold Graynes of golde A masse of rude gold weyghing ix ounces Caunaboa ▪ kyng of the house of golde Holsome water and plentie of fyshe The day and nyght of equall length in December Byrdes breede in December The eleuation of the pole The starres are called guardens of the pole The Equinoctial line A chappell and priestes Marchantes Syrophenicians The Cinamome tree Xiloaloes or Lignum Aloes Hispaniola Ophir whither Solomons shyps sayled for Golde Isabella A token of marueilous fruitefulnesse Hearbes greene al the whole yeere Suger reedes Plantes and vines Corne grayne ripe twyse a yeere The region of Cipanga or Cibana Golde The golden region of Cibana The vale of Cibana Golde for haukes bels Graynes and pibble stones of golde They passe not for golde in that it is golde onely but. c. Stones of golde as big as the head of a childe Spices Wilde vines of plesaunte taste Fruitful mountaynes Golde in the lande of ryuers falling from the mountaynes Libertie and idlenes The mountaynes are colde The ilande of Cuba Least any other prince c. Discention betweene the Portiugales and Spaniardes The ilandes of cobouerde or Hesperides The Portugales v●ages The ende of the easte and weste Note India not far from Spaine Sainte Nicolas porte The iland of Iamaica Quicke witted people The compassing of the earth Aurea Chersonesus or Malaccha A secreate of Astronomie The riuer of Ganges Daungerous streightes by reason of many Ilandes A large hauen Rosted fishe and serpents of viii foote longe Crocodiles of Egipte The kinges fishers Serpentes esteemed for delicate mea●● Blossomes fruites both at one time Trees which beare gourds A multitude of Ilandes Hotte water A straunge kinde of fisshing Abundance of Tortoyses Fisher men The fishe Guaicanum Humane people A mountayne fruitfull and well inhabited Dogges of strange shape and dumme white and thicke water Wooddes of ●ate trees Men appare●●d like white ●●yers ●pparelled ●en Natiue vines Trees bearyng spices sweete fruites Diuers languages in the Ilande of Cuba Pearles in shelfyshes The sea entangled with Ilandes A multitude of great Tortoyses A gulfe of white water The humanitie of a reuerende olde gouernour An oration of the naked gouernour Theyr opinion of the soule of man Desyre of gold founde that which religion coulde not ●ynde Virtus post nummos c. The lande as common as ▪ the sunne and water Simple dyet Hispaniola The Canibales Sickenesse of to much Watching Easte India The Spaniardes rebell in the Admirals absence The kinges of the ilande rebell The Spaniardes misbehauiour A iust reuenge Capitayne Hoieda Caunaboa conspireth the Admirals death Famine in the ilande of hispaniola The hunger of golde causeth greate famine The tower of conception Electrum is a metall naturally mixt of one portion of golde an other of siluer being of propertie to bewraye poyson and was therfore in olde time in greater estimation then golde The mine of Electrum An other kinde of amber is taken out of greate whale fishes Orpement o● oker Wooddes of brasile trees Licentiusnes of to much libertie And this only geathered and not dygged out of the bodye of the mine The nature of the region disposeth the maner of
yet was not discouraged or despaired of the hope of his good aduenture which he afterwarde founde This doone he tooke shyppyng at Lisburne and came to Palos of Moguer where he communed with Martin Alonso Pinzon an expert Pilot who offered hym selfe vnto hym After this disclosyng the whole secretes of his mynd to Iohn Perez of Marchena a fryer of thorder of saint Frances in Rabida well learned in Cosmographie and declaryng vnto hym howe by folowyng the course of the Sunne by a temperate voyage rych and great landes myght be founde the fryer greatly commended his interpryse and gaue him counsayle to breake the matter to the Duke of Medina Sidonia Don Enrique of Guzman a great lorde and very rych and also to Don Luis of Cerda the Duke of Medina Celi who at that time had great prouision of shyps wel furnyshed in his hauen of Santa Maria. But whereas both these Dukes tooke the matter for a dreame and as a thyng deuised of an Italian deceyuer who as they thought had before with lyke pretence deluded the kynges of Englande and Portugale the fryer gaue hym courage to go to the courte of the Catholyke princes Don Ferdinando and lady Isabell princes of Castyle affyrmyng that they woulde be ioyful of suche newes And for his better furtherance herein wrote ●etters by hym to fryer Ferdinando of Talauera the queenes confessor Christopher Colon therefore repayred to the courte of the Catholyke princes in the yeere .1486 and delyuered vnto theyr handes the petition of his request as concernyng the discoueryng of the new Indies But they beyng more careful and applying al theyr mynde howe they myght dryue the Moores out of the kyngdome of Granada whiche greate enterprise they had alredy taken in hande dyd lyttle or nothyng esteeme the matter But Colon not thus discouraged founde the meanes to declare his sute to suche as had sometymes priuate communication with the kyng Yet because he was a straunger and went but in simple apparell nor otherwyse credited then by the letter of a gray frier they beleeued hym not neyther gaue eare to his woordes whereby he was greatly tormented in his imagination Onely Alonso of Quintanilia the kynges chiefe auditour gaue hym meate and drynke at his owne charges and hearde gladly such thynges as he declared of the landes not then founde desyryng hym in the meane tyme to be content with that poore enterteynment and not to despayre of his enterpryse puttyng hym also in good conforte that he should at one tyme or other come to the speache of the Catholyke princes And thus shortly after by the meanes of Alonso of Quintanilia Colon was brought to the presence and audience of the Cardinall Don Pero Gonzales of Mendoza archbishop of Toledo a man of great reuenues and authoritie with the kyng and queene who brought hym before them after that he well perceiued and examined his intent And by this meanes was his sute hearde of the Catholyke princes who also redde the booke of his memorials whiche he presented vnto them And although at the fyrst they tooke it for vayne and false that he promysed neuerthelesse they put hym in good hope that he shoulde be well dispatched when they had fynyshed the warres of Granada whiche they had nowe in hande With which answere Colon began to reuyue his spirites with hope to be better esteemed and more fauorably to be hearde among the gentelmen noble men of the courte who before tooke hym onely for a craftie felowe and deceyuer and was nothyng dismayde or discouraged when soeuer he debated the matter with them although many iudged hym phantasticall as is the maner of ignorant men to cal all suche as attempt any thyng beyonde theyr reache and the compasse of theyr knowledge thynkyng the worlde to be no bygger then the cagies wherein they are brought vp and lyue But to returne to Colon. So hotte and vrgente was the siege of Granada that they presentely graunted hym his demaunde to seeke the newe landes and to bryng from thence golde syluer pearles precious stones spices and suche other ryche thynges They gaue hym also the tenth part of all the reuenues and customes due vnto the kyng of all such landes as he shoulde discouer not doyng preiudice in any thyng to the kyng of Portugale The particulars of this agreement were made in the towne called Sancta Fe and the priuiledge of the rewarde in Granada the .xxx. daye of Apryll the same yeere that the citie was woonne And whereas the sayde Catholyke princes had not mony presently to dispatch Colon Luis of S. Angel the kynges secretary of accomtes lent them syxe Quentes of Maraz whiche in a grosse summe make .xvi. thousande ducades In the scutcheon of armes geuen to Columbus by Don Ferdinando and queene Isabella these verses were written Por Castella y por Leon. Nueuo mondo hallo Colon. For Castile and for Leon. A newe worlde founde was by Colon. VVhy they were called Indies SOme thynke that the people of the newe world were called Indians bycause they are of the colour of the east Indians And although as it semmeth to me they dyffer much in colour and fashions yet is it true that of India they were called Indians India is properly called that great prouince of Asia in the whiche great Alexander kepte his warres and was so named of the ryuer Indus and is diuided into many kyngdomes confinyng with the same From this great India called the East India came great companyes of men as wrytteth Herodotus and inhabited that part of Ethiopia that lyeth betweene the sea Bermeia otherwyse called the red sea or y e gulfe of Arabia and the ryuer of Nilus all whiche regions that great Christian prince Prester Iohn doth nowe possesse The said Indians preuayled so muche that they vtterly chaunged the customes and name of that lande and called it India by reason whereof Ethiopia also hath of long tyme ben called India And hereupon came it that Aristotle Seneca and certayne other olde authours sayd that India was not farre from Spayne After this also of later dayes our west India was so called of the sayde India of Prester Iohn where the Portugales had theyr trade For the Pilot of the Carauell that was fyrst dryuen by forcible wynde to an vnknowen lande in the west Ocean called the same India because the Portugales so called such landes as they had lately discouered eastward Christophor Colon also after the sayd Pilot called the west landes by the same name Albeit some that take Colonus for an expert Cosmographer thynke that he so named them of the East India as to be the furthest and vnknowen ende thereof reachyng into the West vnder the other hemispherie or halfe globe of the earth beneath vs affirming that when he fyrste attempted to discouer the Indies he went chiefly to seeke the ryche Ilande of Cipango whiche falleth on the part of great China or Cathay as wryteth Marcus Paulus Venetus and other And that he shoulde
affirme the continent of these regions with the Ilandes about the same to be thryse as bygge as al Europe beside those landes that the Portugales haue founde southwarde whiche are also exceedyng large Therfore doubtlesse Spayne hath deserued great prayse in these our dayes in that it hath made knowen vnto vs so many thousandes of Antipodes whiche lay hid before and vnknowen to our forefathers and hath thereby ministred so large matter to wryte of to suche learned wyttes as are desyrous to set foorth knowledge to the commoditie of men to whom I opened a way when I geathered these things rudelye togeather as you see the whiche neuerthelesse I truste you wil take in good part aswell for that I can not adourne my rudenesse with better vesture as also that I neuer toke penne in hande to wryte lyke an hystoriographer but only by epistles scribeled in haste to satisfie them from whose commaundementes I myght not drawe backe my foote But nowe I haue digressed yenough let vs nowe therefore returne to Hispaniola Our men haue founde by experience that the bread of the Ilande is of smal strength to suche as haue ben vsed to our bread made of wheate and that theyr strengthes were muche decayed by vsyng of the same wherefore the kyng hath of late commaunded that wheate shoulde be sowen there in diuers places and at sundry tymes of the yeere It groweth into holow reedes with few eares but those very bygge and fruitefull They fynde the lyke softnesse and delicatenesse to be in hearbes whiche growe there to the height of corne Neat or cattel become of bygger stature and exceedyng fat but theyr fleshe is more vnsauerie and theyr bones as they say eyther without marow or the same to be very wateryshe but of hogges and swyne they affirme the contrary that they are more wholsome and of better taste by reason of certayne wylde fruites whiche they eate beyng of much better nourishment then maste There is almost none other kynde of fleshe commonly solde in the market The multitude of hogges are exceedyngly encreased and become wylde as soone as they are out of the swyneheardes keepyng They haue suche plentie of beastes and foules that they shal hereafter haue no neede to haue any brought from other places The increase of al beastes grow bigger then the broode they came of by reason of the ranknes of the pasture although theyr feeding be only of grasse without eyther barley or other grayne But we haue sayd yenough of Hispaniola They haue nowe founde that Cuba which of long tyme they thought to haue ben firme lande for the great length thereof is an Ilande yet is it no maruayle that the inhabitants them selues tolde our men when they searched the length therof that it was without ende For this nation beyng naked and content with a lytle and with the limittes of theyr owne countrey is not greatly curious to knowe what theyr neyghbours doo or the largenesse of theyr dominion nor yet knewe they yf there were any other thyng vnder heauen besyde that whiche they walked on with theyr feete Cuha is from the East into the West muche longer then Hispaniola and in breadth from the North to the South muche lesse then they supposed at the fyrst for it is very narowe in respect of the length and is for the most part very fruitefull and pleasaunt Eastwarde not farre from Hispaniola there lyeth an Iland lesse then Hispaniola more then by the halfe whiche our men called Sancti Iohannis beyng in manner square in this they founde exceedyng ryche golde mynes but beyng nowe occupyed in the golde mynes of Hispaniola they haue not yet sent labourers into the Iland But the plentie and reuenue of golde of al other regions geue place to Hispaniola where they geue them selues in manner to none other thyng then to geather golde of whiche worke this order is appointed To euery such wittie and skilful man as is put in trust to be a surueyour or ouerseer of these workes there is assigned one or more kings of the Iland with their subiects These kings accordyng to theyr league come with theyr people at certayne tymes of the yeere and resort euery of them to the golde myne to the whiche he is assigned where they haue al manner of dygging or mining tooles delyuered them and euery king with his men haue a certayne rewarde alowed them for theyr labour For when they depart from the mynes to sowyng of corne and other tyllage wherunto they are addict at certaine other tymes lest theyr foode should faile them they receiue for their labour one a ierkin or a dublet another a shyrt another a cloke or a cap for they nowe take pleasure in these thyngs and goe no more naked as they were woont to doo And thus they vse the helpe and labour of the inhabitauntes both for the tyllage of theyr ground and in theyr golde mynes as though they were theyr seruantes or bondemen They beare this yoke of seruitude with an euyll wyl but yet they beare it they cal these hyred labourers Anaborias yet the kyng dooth not suffer that they shoulde be vsed as bondemen and only at his pleasure they are set at libertie or appoynted to worke At suche tyme as they are called togeather of theyr kynges to woorke as souldiers or pyoners are assembled of theyr centurions many of them stele away to the mountaynes and wooddes where they lye lurkyng beyng content for that tyme to lyue with wylde fruites rather then take the paynes to labour They are docible and apte to learne and haue nowe vtterly forgotten they re olde superstitions They beleue godly and beare well in memory such thynges as they haue learned of our ●ayth Theyr kyngs children are brought vp with the chiefest of our men and are instructed in letters and good maners When they are growen to mans age they sende them home to theyr countreyes to be example to other and especially to gouerne the people yf theyr fathers be dead that they may the better set forth the Christian religion and keepe theyr subiectes in loue and obedience By reason wherof they come now by faire meanes gentel perswasions to the mines which lye in two regions of the ilande about thyrtie myles dystaunt from the cytie of Dominica wherof the on is called Sancti Christophori and the other beyng distant aboute fourscore and tenne myles is called Cibaua not farre from the cheefe hauen called Portus Regalis These regions are very large in the which in many places here and there are founde somtyme euen in the vpper crust of the earth and somtyme among the stones certayne rounde pieces or plates of golde sometime of smale quantytie and in some places of great wayght in so much that there hath byn founde rounde pieces of three hundred pounde weyght and one of three thousande three hundred and tenne pounde weyght the whiche as you harde was sent
thyrde day of the Ides of Ianuary in the yeere of Christe M.D.XI. What chaunced to hym in this voyage we wyll declare in place conuenient But let vs now returne to them whiche remayned in Vraba After the dismissyng of Valdiuia beyng pricked forwarde with outragious hunger they determined to searche the inner partes of that gulfe in sundry places The extreeme angle or poynt of the same gulfe is distant from the enterance thereof about fourescore myles This angle or corner the Spaniardes call Culata Vaschus hym selfe came to this poynt with a hundred men coasting along by the gulfe with one brygandine and certayne of the boates of those regions whiche the Urabians call Vru lyke vnto them whiche thinhabitauntes of Hispaniola call Canoas From this poynt there falleth aryuer from the East into the gulfe ten times bigger then the ryuer of Dariena which also so falleth into the same Saylyng along by the ryuer about the space of thyrtie myles for they cal it niene leagues and somewhat enclynyng towarde the ryght hande Southwarde they founde certayne vyllages of thinhabitauntes the kyng whereof was called Dabaiba Our men also were certified before that Cemacchus the kyng of Dariena whom they put to flyght in the battayle fledde to this Dabaiba but at the commyng of our men Dabaiba also fledde It is thought that he was admonyshed by Cemacchus that he shoulde not abyde the brunte of our men He folowed his counsayle forsooke his villages and left all thynges desolate yet our men founde heapes of bowes and arrowes also muche housholde stuffe and many fyshyng boates But those maryshe groundes were neyther apt for sowyng of seedes or plantyng of trees by reason whereof they founde there fewe suche thynges as they desyred that is plentie of vyttualles for the inhabitauntes of this region haue no bread but such as they geat in other countreys neare about them by exchange for their fyshe onlye to serue theyr owne necessitie yet founde they in the houses of those whiche fledde golde wrought and grauen amountyng to the summe of seuen thousande of those peeces whiche we sayde to be called Castellani also certaine Canoas of the whiche they brought away two with them and great plentie of theyr houshold stuffe with certaine bundels of bowes arrowes They say that from the maryshes of that riuer there come certayne battes in the nyght season as bygge as turtle doues inuadyng men and bytyng them with a deadly wounde as some of them testifie whiche haue ben bytten of the same I mee selfe communing with Ancisus the Lieuetenant whom they reiected and among other thynges askyng hym of the venemous byting of these battes he tolde me that he hym selfe was bytten by one of them on the heele his foote lying vncouered in the nyght by reason of the heate in sommer season but that it hurte hym no more then if he had ben bitten by any other beast not venemous Other say that the byting of some of them is venemous yet that the same is healed incontinently yf it be washed with water of the sea Ancisus tolde me also that the venemous woundes made by the Canibales arrowes infected with poyson are healed by washing with water of the sea and also by cauterisyng with whot irons and that he had experience thereof in the region of Caribana where many of his men were so wounded They departed therefore from the poynt of the gulfe of Vraba not wel contented because they were not saden with victualles In this theyr returne there arose so great a tempest in that wyde gulfe that they were enforced to cast into the sea al the houshold stuffe whiche they tooke from the poore wretches whiche liued only by fyshyng The sea also swalowed vp the two boates that they tooke from them wherewith the men were lykewyse drowned The same tyme that Vaschus Nunnez attempted to searche the poynt of the gulfe towarde the south euen then by agreement dyd Rodericus Colmenaris take his voyage toward y e mountaines by the east with threescore men by the riuer of the other gulfe About fourtie myles distant from the mouth of the other ryuer for they cal it twelue leagues he founde certayne vyllages situate vpon the bankes of the ryuer whose Chiui that is kyng they cal Turui With this kyng dyd Colmenaris yet remayne when Vaschus after his returne to Dariena saylyng by the same ryuer came to hym Here refreshyng theyr whole companye with the vittuals of this Turui they departed from thence togeather Other fourtie myles from hence the ryuer encompasseth an Iland inhabited with fyshermen In this because they sawe great plentie of trees whiche beare Cassia fistula they named the Ilande Cannafistula They found in it .lx. villages of ten cotages apeece On the ryght syde of the Ilande there runneth another riuer whose chanel is of deapth sufficient to beare Brigandines This riuer they called Riuum Nigrum frō the mouth wherof about .xv miles distant they found a towne of fiue C. houses seuered whose Chebi that is kyng was called Abenamachei They al forsooke theyr houses as soone as they heard of our mens commyng but when they saw that our men pursued them they turned againe ran vpon them with desperate mindes as men driuen from their owne possessions Theyr weapons are swoords of wood long staues lyke iauelins hardened at the ende with fyre but they vse neyther bowes nor arrowes nor any other of the inhabitauntes of the West syde of the gulfe The poore naked wretches were easyly dryuen to flyght with our weapons As our men folowed them in the chase they tooke the kyng Abenamachei and certaine of his noble men A common souldier of ours whom the kyng had wounded commyng to hym when he was taken cut of his arme at one stroke with his swoorde but this was done vnawares to the captaynes The number of the Christian men whiche were here was about an hundred and fyftie the one halfe whereof the captaynes left here and they with the residue rowed vp the riuer agayne with twelue of the boates of those regions whiche they cal Vru as they of Hispaniola cal them Canoas as we haue sayde From the ryuer of Riuus Niger and the Ilande of Cannafistula for the space of threescore and ten myles leauyng both on the right hande and on the left many riuers falling into it bygger then it selfe they entred into one by the conductyng of one of the naked inhabitauntes beyng appoynted a guyde for that purpose Uppon the banke of this ryuer next vnto the mouth of the same there was a kyng called Abibeiba who because the region was ful of maryshes had his pallace buylded in the toppe of a hygh tree a new kind of buildyng and seldome seene but that lande bryngeth forth trees of such exceeding height that among theyr branches a man may frame large houses as we reade the lyke in diuers auctours howe in many regions where the Ocean
of the Sonne called Solstitia in maner equall with the Equinoctial with litle difference betwene the length of the day and the nyght throughout all the yeere For on the south syde the day ascendeth scarcely an houre in length aboue the nyght or contrarywyse But the difference is more on the north syde Yet are there some regions in the Ilande in the whiche the colde is of some force But your holynesse must vnderstande this to be incident by reason of y e obiect or neerenes of the mountaynes as we wyll more largely declare hereafter Yet is not this colde so pearsyng or sharpe that thinhabitantes are molested with snowe or bytyng frost In other places the Ilande enioyeth perpetuall spryng tyme and is fortunate with continuall sommer and haruest The trees floryshe there all the whole yeere and the medowes continue alway greene All thynges are exceedyng fortunate and growe to great perfection Howe wonderfully all garden hearbes and fruites do encrease so that within the space of syxtene dayes after the seede is sowne all hearbes of small steames as lettisse borage radish and suche other come to theyr full rypenesse and also howe hearbes of the bygger sort as Gourdes Melons Cucumbers Pompons Sitrons and such other come to theyr perfection in the space of thyrtie dayes we haue sufficiently declared elswhere Of the beastes transported out of Spayne thyther we haue sayde howe they growe to a muche greater kynde insomuch that when they fall into communication of the oxen or kyne they compare them in bygnesse to Elephantes and swyne to Mules but this somewhat by an excessiue kynde of speache We haue also made mention howe theyr swynes fleshe is more sauourye and of farre better and of more pleasaunt tast and more holsome then ours by reason that they are fedde with the fruites of Mirobalane trees and other pleasaunt and nourishing fruites of that countrey whiche growe there of them selues as do with vs Beeches Holly and Okes. Uines woulde also prosper there with marueylous encrease if they had any regarde to the plantyng thereof The lyke encrease commeth of wheate if it be sowen vpon the mountaines where the cold is of some strength but not in the same playnes by reason of to much fatnesse and ranknesse of the grounde It is in maner incredible to heare that an eare of wheate shoulde be bygger then a mans arme in the brawne and more then a spanne in length bearyng also more then a thousand graynes as they all confesse with one voyce and earnestlye affyrme the same with others Yet they say that the bread of the Iland called Cazabbi made of the roote of Iucca to be more holsome because it is of easier digestion and is cultured with lesse labour and greater encrease The residue of the tyme which they spend not in settyng and plantyng they bestowe in geathering of golde They haue nowe such plenty of foure footed beastes that Horses and oxe hydes with sheepe skynnes and goate skynnes and such other are brought from thence into Spayne so that now the daughter in many thynges helpeth and succoureth her mother Of the trees of brasyle spyces the grayne which coloureth scarlet in bright shyning red mastix gossampyne cotton the precious metall called Electrum and such other commodities of this Ilande we haue spoken sufficiently before What therfore can chaunce more happye vnto man vppon the earth then there to lyue where he neede not to be dryuen to close chaumbers with sharpe colde or fayntyng heate nor yet in winter eyther to be laden with heauy apparrel or to burne the shinnes with continual sittyng at the fyre which thynges make men olde in short tyme by resoluing the naturall heate whereof a thousand diseases ensue They also affirme the ayre to be very healthfull and the waters and ryuers to be no lesse holsome as they which haue their contynuall course through the earth of the golden mynes For there is in maner no ryuers no mountaynes and but fewe playnes that are vtterly without golde But let vs nowe at the length come to the particuler description of the inner partes of this blessed Ilande We haue before declared how it is in maner equally diuided with foure great ryuers descendyng from hygh mountaynes whereof that whiche runneth towards the East is called Iunna as that towards the West is named Attibunicus the thyrde is Nahiba or Haiba which runneth Southward the fourth is called Iache falleth toward the North. But this shypmaister hath brought an other description obserued of the inhabitauntes from the beginnyng Let vs therfore diuide the whole Iland into fiue partes callyng the regions of euery prouince by theyr olde names and finally make mention of such thyngs as are worthy memory in euery of them The beginning of the Ilande on the East syde is conteyned in the prouince named Caizcimu so named for that in theyr language Cimu signifieth the front or beginning of anye thyng After this foloweth the prouince of Huhabo and then Caihabo the fourth is Bainoa Guaccaiarima conteyneth the west corner But the last saue one Bainoa is of larger boundes then the three other Caizcimu reacheth from the fyrst front of the Iland to the ryuer Hozama which runneth by the citie of saint Dominicke But towarde the North syde it is ended at the rough mountaynes of Haiti Hubaho is encluded within the mountaynes Haiti and the ryuer Iaciga Caeiabo the thyrd prouince conteineth al that lyeth between Cubabo and Dahatio euen vnto the mouth of the ryuer of Iaceha or Iache one of the foure which diuide the Iland equally ascendeth to the mountaynes of Cibaua where the greatest plenty of gold is found out of the which also the ryuer Demahus spryngeth and ioining with the sprynges of the ryuer of Naiba beyng an other of the foure which diuideth the Iland toward the south sea falleth to an other banke of the riuer of saint Dominick Bainoa beginneth at the confines of Caiabi and reacheth euen vnto the Iland of Cahini which lyeth neare vnto the sea bankes of the North syde of the Iland where we sayde that they erected y e first colonie or habitation The prouince of Guaccaiarima occupieth the remanent toward the west this they named Guaccaiarima because it is the extreeme or vttermost part of the Iland For Iarima in theyr language signifieth the tayle or end of any thing and Gua is an article which they vse oftentimes in the names of things and especially in the names of theyr kinges as Guarionexius Guaccanarillus In the prouince of Cazium are these regions Higuei Guanama Reyre Xagua Aramana Arabo Hazoa Macorix Caiacoa Guaiagua Baguauimabo the rough mountaines of Haiti Here let vs speake somwhat of their aspirations which they vse otherwise then the Latines do It is to be noted that there is no aspiration in their vowels which hath not the effect of a consonant So
perpetual memory and letters whereby you may declare your mynde to suche as are absent And herewith desyred that the booke myght be opened vnto hym supposyng that he shoulde therein haue founde the letters of his owne countrey But when he sawe them vnlyke he sayde further that in his countrey there were cities fortified with walles and gouerned by lawes and that the people also vsed apparell but of what religion they were I dyd not learne Yet had our men knowledge both by the woordes and signes of this fugitiue that they were circumcised What nowe thynke you hereby most holy father Or what do you diuine may come hereof when tyme shall subdue all these vnder your throne Let vs nowe entermyngle certayne small thynges among these great matters I haue not thought good to pretermit that which chaunced to Iohannes Solisius who to searche the South syde of the supposed continent departed with three shyppes from the port Ioppa not farre distant from the Ilandes of Gades or Cales in the Ocean the fourth day of the Ides of September in the yeere M.D.xv. or what successe Iohannes Pontius had whom the newe gouernour Petrus Arias appoynted to vanquyshe and destroy the Caribes or Canibales deuourers of mans fleshe also to what ende the voyages of the other captaines came which were sent foorth diuers waies at the same tyme as Gonzalus Badaiocius Franciscus Bezarra and Valleius Iohannes Solicius tooke the matter in hand in an euyll houre He sayled beyond the point of saint Augustine which they cal Cabo S. Augustini toward the South side of the supposed continent beyond the Equinoctial line For as we haue said before that poynt reacheth Southwarde to the seuenth degree of the South pole called the pole Antartike He proceeded in that vyage syxe hundred leagues and found the lande from the poynt to extende so farre towarde the South beyonde the Equinoctial that he came to the thirtieth degree of y e South pole As he sayled thus forwarde hauyng nowe on his backe halfe the starres named Caput Draconis that is the Dragons head and the regions of Paria lying northwarde from hym prospectyng towarde the pole Artyke he chaunced to fall into the handes of the filthy Canibales For these craftie foxes seemed to make signes of peace when in theyr myndes they conceyued a hope of a daintie banquet espying their enimies a farre of began to swalowe theyr spettle as their mouth watered for greedines of theyr pray As vnhappy Solisius descended with as many of his company as coulde en●er into the boate of the byggest shyppe sodenly a great multitude of thinhabitantes brust foorth vppon them and ●lue them euery man with clubbes euen in the syght of theyr felowes They caried away the boate and in a moment broke it all to fytters not one escaping Theyr furie not thus satisfied they cut the slayne men in peeces euen vppon the shore where theyr felowes myght behold this horrible spectacle from the sea But they beyng stricken with feare through this example durst not come foorth of their shyppes or deuise how to reuenge the death of theyr Captayne and companyons They departed therefore from these vnfortunate coastes and by the way ladyng theyr shyppe with brasell returned home agayne with losse and heauie cheare Of these thynges I was aduertised of late by theyr owne letters What they haue els doone I shall haue more perticular knowledge heereafter Iohannes Pontius was also repulsed by the Canibales in the Iland of Guadalupea beyng one of the chiefe Ilandes of theyr habitation For when they sawe our men a farre of on the sea they lay in ambushe sodenly to inuade them when they shoulde come alande Our men sent foorth a fewe foote men and with them theyr Laundresses to washe theyr shertes and sheetes For from the Iland of Ferrea beyng one of the Ilandes of Canarie euen vnto this Iland for the space of foure thousand and two hundred myles they had seene no land where they myght fynde any fresh water forasmuche as in all this large space the Ocean is without Ilandes At theyr commyng therefore to lande the Canibales assayled them caried away the women and put the men to suche distresse that fewe of them escaped By reason whereof Pontius beyng greatly discomfited durst not inuade the Canibales fearyng theyr venomed arrowes which these naked man-hunters can direct most certaynely Thus good Pontius fayling of his purpose was fayne to geue ouer the Canibales whom being safe vnder the house roofe he threatned to vanquish and destroy Whyther he went from thence or what new thyngs he founde I haue as yet no further knowledge By these mysfortunes Solisius lost his lyfe Pontius his honour Let vs nowe speake of an other whose enterpryse came to lyke purpose the same yeere Iohannes Aiora borne in the citie of Corduba a man of noble parentage sent in steade of the Lieuetenant as we haue saide more couetous of gold then careful of his charge or desirous of prayle for well deseruing sought occasions of quarelyng agaynst the kynges and spoyled many violentlye extortyng gold of them agaynst ryght equitie and further handeled them so extremely that of frendes they became most cruel enemies insomuch that they ceassed not with desperat myndes by al meanes they coulde to slay our men openly or priuilie By reason whereof it is come to passe that where before they bartered quietly exchanging ware for ware they are nowe fayne to do all thynges by force of armes When he had thus exacted a great quantitie of golde of them as it is sayde he fled priuilye and tooke away a shyp with hym by stealth as the common rumour goeth nor yet hytherto haue we hard whyther he went or where he is arryued Some suspect that Petrus Arias the gouernour should consent to his departure because this Iohannes Aiora is brother to Gonsalus Aiora the kynges historiographer a man both learned and expert in the discipline of warre and so much the gouernours frend that these two among a fewe may be counted examples of rare amitie I my selfe also am greatly bounde vnto them both and haue long enioyed theyr frendshyp yet shall I desire them both to pardon me in declaring my phantasie heerein that in al the turmoyles and tragical affayres of the Ocean nothyng hath so muche displeased me as the couetousnesse of this man who hath so disturbed the pacifyed myndes of the kynges Nowe among these troublous chaunces let vs rehearse the variable fortune of Gonsalus Badaiocius and his felowes whose prosperous begynninges ended with vnfortunate successe Gonsalus therfore in the moneth of May in the yeere of Christ .1515 departed from Dariena with fourscore armed men directing his voyage toward the South and resting in no place vntyll he came to the region of Cerabaro which our men named Gratia Dei distaunt from Dariena about a hundred and
had been that attempted the first voyage the yeere before At the fyrst they were gentlye receiued and required to resort to the towne but shortly after they repented that they had bydden them and thereupon willed them to stay about a stones cast from the towne and to proceede no further When our men desired that they myght make prouision for freshe water before theyr departure they assigned them to a certayne well whiche they had left behynde them declaring further that it shoulde be lawfull for them to take water there or els no where Our men rested that nyght in the feelde adioyning to the well the whiche thyng the Barbarians suspectyng assembled an army of three thousand men and encamped not farre from them Both partes passed a way the nyght without sleepe they fearyng lest our men shoulde breake into the towne and our men lest the Barbarians shoulde inuade them sodenly on the one part with Trumpettes and on the other syde with the noyse of Tymbrels kept them styll wakyng that were disposed to sleepe At the spryng of the day the Barbarians approched to our mens campe and called for the interpretours of Cuba whose language is much agreable vnto theirs They had deuised to lyght a Torche of franckensence and to place the same betweene both the armies to the intent that yf our men dyd not depart before the Torche were consumed to stand to theyr peryll The Torche was wasted and the matter came to hand strokes They slue only one of our men with an arrowe because his Target failed him but many were wounded After this conflict our men resorted to theyr ordinaunce whiche they had planted neere vnto the wel When they had discharged certayne peeces the Barbarians fled backe into the towne and our men were of fierse and greedie courrage to haue pursued them but that Grisalua the gouernour would not suffer them From thence they proceeded to the last ende of Iucatana which they founde to reach more then two hundred myles from the East to the West Here they founde a commodious hauen and named it Portus desideratus From hence they sailed to other landes came to the region next to Iucatana Westward which they doubt whether it be an Iland or part of the fyrme lande but thinke it rather to be annext to y e continēt in this there is a gulfe whiche they suppose to be incompassed with both the landes but of this there is no certentie The inhabitauntes call this region Caluacam or otherwise Oloan. They found here also a great riuer whiche by his violent course and fall driueth freshe water two myles into the sea this they called Grisalua after the name of the gouernour The Barbarians marueylyng at the huge greatnesse and mouing of our shyps came swarmyng on the bankes of both sydes the riuer to the number of syxe thousande men armed with targettes and brest plates of golde bowes and arrowes brode swoordes of heauie wood and long iauelyns hardened at the endes with fyre Thus standyng in battayle raye to defende theyr coastes and with proude countenaunces forbyddyng our men to come alande both parties watched all that nyght in armes In the dawne of they daye our men espyed about a hundred Canoas whiche we haue sayde to bee theyr boates full of armed men Here also the language of thinterpretours of Cuba agreed well yenough with theirs When they had admitted the peace profered them by thinterpretours al the Canoas staied except one which approched towarde the shyppes A certayne ruler that was in this Canoa demaunded of our men what they sought in other mens landes They answeared Gold and that for permutation of other ware and not of gift or violently The Canoa returned and the ruler certified the king hereof who came gladly to the shippes When he had saluted the gouernor he called his chamberlaine vnto him commaundyng hym to bryng his armur and other ornamentes of gold wherewith he armed Grisalua from the toppe of the head to the sole of the foote insomuche that what so euer any man of armes armed at all partes is among vs accustomed to weare of Iron or steele when he commeth into the fielde all such kynde of furnitures made of golde and wrought with woonderfull art the kyng gaue to the gouernour He recompenced hym with vestures of sycke cloth lynnen and other of our thynges In the begynnyng of this Iucatana when they sayled to Cozumella they chaunced vpon a Canoa of fishermen to the number of niene fyshyng with hookes of golde they tooke them all prysoners One of them was knowen to this kyng who promysed the day folowyng to send the gouernour as much gold for his raunsome as the man hym selfe waighed But the gouernour denied that he could release hym without the consent of his felowes and therefore kept hym styll to proue what he coulde further knowe of hym Departyng from hence and saylyng styll westwarde they founde a great gulfe in the which three small Ilandes were situate Of these they went to the byggest But oh abhominable crueltie oh most corrupted myndes of men and diuilyshe impietie Let euery godly man close y e mouth of his stomake lest he be disturbed They offer young chyldren of both kyndes to their Idoles of marble earth Among their Idoles of marble there standeth a Lion hauyng a hole through the necke into the whiche they poure the blood of the miserable sacrifyce that it may from thence runne downe into a syncke of marble Let vs nowe declare with what ceremonies they sacrifice the blood of these poore wretches They cut not theyr throtes but open the very brestes of these seelye soules and take out theyr hartes yet pantyng with the hot blood whereof they annoynt the lippes of theyr Idoles and suffer the resydue to fall into the syncke This doone they burne the harte and bowels supposyng the smoke thereof to be acceptable to theyr goddes Of theyr Idoles one is made to the shape of a man bowyng downe his head and lookyng towarde the syncke of blood as it were acceptyng the offeryng of the slayne sacrifyce They eate the fleshe of the armes thyghes and legges especially when they sacrifice an enimie taken in the warres They founde a streame of coniealed blood as though it had runne from a boochery For this mischeuous purpose they bring these wretches from the next Ilandes They sawe also innumerable heades and trunkes of bodies thus mangled besyde many other yet remainyng whole and couered with certayne mattes Al the tractes of these regions abound with gold and pretious stodes One of our men wandryng in the Ilande chaunced to fynde two water pottes of alabaster artificially wrought and full of litle stones of dyuers colours They say also that they founde a stone of the value of two thousande Castellans of golde which the sent to the gouernour This Iland they named the Iland of sacrifice Thinhabitauntes are circumcised There
commodities that it seemeth in a maner an earthly Paradise it hath diuers kynds of beastes and yet none hurtful or of rauenyng kynde Theyr sheepe are of suche heyght that they vse them in steede of Horses some write that they are as bygge as the young Foles of Camelles and that theyr wooll is verye softe and fyne also that the Ewes bryng foorth Lambes twyse a yeere The people are wyttie and of gentle behauiour cunnyng also in artes faythfull of promise and of maners not greatly to be discommended saue only that they are ignorant of Christ who neuerthelesse is now knowen vnto them in many places as our hope is he shal be daylie more and more yf all Princes wyll herein put theyr helpyng handes to the plowe of our Lorde and send labourers into his vineyarde Of the great ryuer called Rio de la Plata that is the ryuer of siluer THis ryuer reacheth very farre in length breadth and is called Vruai in the Indian tongue Into this falleth an other riuer named Paraue The first that sayled into the riuer of Plata was Iohn Dias Solis whom the ryght noble kyng of Spaine Ferdinandus made Admirall of these seas In the ryuer lyeth an Ilande whiche Iohn Dias named Martinus Gratias because a pilot of his so called was buried there This Ilande is situate in the myddest of the ryuer and is distant from the mouth of the same about fourtie leagues As the sayde Admyrall attempted to expugne the Ilande he was sodenly oppressed and slayne of the Indians that priuylye assayled hym Wherewith neuerthelesse theyr barbarous crueltie was not satisfied vntyll they had torne hym in peeces and deuoured hym But many yeeres after the Emperours Maiestie and Kyng of Spayne Charles the fyfte sent foorth Sebastian Cabot a man of great courage skylful in Cosmographie and of no lesse experience as concernyng the Starres of the sea with commaundement to discouer and subdue the Indians of Tharsis Ophir Cipango and Coi Cathai Receyuyng therefore his commission and proceedyng forwardes on his viage he arriued by chaunce at this Ilande the cause whereof was that the principall vessell was lost by shypwracke and the men that saued theyr lyues by swymmyng were receyued into our shyppes Perceyuyng therefore that by reason of this chaunce he coulde by no meanes perfourme his viage attempted he entended to expugne the sayde Ilande and thereupon to conueygh his victuals to land to prepare his souldiers to the inuasion to plant colonies to erect fortresses by the riuers side wherby the Spaniards might be defended from the violence of the Barbarians But before he attempted this he was aduertised that the Ilande was rich in gold siluer Which thing did so encorage him that without respecte of peryl he thought best to expugne it by one meanes or other wherein his boldenesse tooke good effecte as often tymes chaunceth in great affayres Furthermore as touchyng the ryuer Sebastian Cabote made relation that he neuer sawe any comparable vnto this in breadth and deapth For whereas it falleth into the sea it conteyneth .xxv. leagues in breadth From the mouth of the ryuer Cabote sailed vp the same into the lande for the space of three hundred and fiftie leagues as he wryteth in his owne carde That it is of great deapth may hereby be consydered that many great ryuers fall into it so that the chanell can not be shalowe that conteyneth such aboundance of water and suche plentie of good and great fyshes For there is in maner no fyshe in the sea that is not founde in this ryuer Assoone as the Spanyardes were set alande they made a proofe if the soyle were fruitefull to beare corne Takyng therefore fyftie graynes of wheate and committyng the same to the earth in the moneth of September they geathered thereof two thousand and fiftie at December next folowyng wherin some being deceyued and mistakyng the thyng haue written in the steade of two thousande and fiftie fiftie thousande and two the lyke fertilitie is there of all other grayne and pulse Furthermore thinhabitauntes declared that not farre from that place there are great and hygh mountaines in the which is founde great plentie of golde and no great distance from the same to be other mountaynes no lesse fruitefull of syluer and many other thinges long to rehearse Thinhabitauntes are paynefull men and tyll the grounde diligently wherein they take great pleasure and haue therefore great plentie of bread of Maizium There are sheepe of such byggenesse that they compare them to young Camels or Asses as some say theyr wooll is very fine and nearest vnto the fynenesse of sylke There are also beastes of diuers kyndes Among men there is this difference that such as liue in the mountaynes are whyte and for the most part lyke vnto the men of our regions but they that dwell aboue the ryuer as though they tooke theyr colour thereof are blackyshe or purple of the coloure of fine Iron or Steele This also chaunceth to many of them that theyr feete and legges are lyke the legges and feete of the foule called the Oystreche Of the landes of Laborador and Baccalaos lying west and northwest from England and being part of the firme lande of the VVest Indies MAny haue traueyled to search the coaste of the lande of Laborador aswell to thintent to knowe howe farre or whyther it reacheth as also whether there be any passage by sea through the same into the sea of Sur and the Ilandes of Molucca whiche are vnder the Equinoctiall lyne thynkyng that the way thyther should greatly be shortened by this viage The Spanyardes as to whose ryght the sayde Ilandes of spices parteyne dyd fyrst seeke to fynde the same by this way The Portugales also hauyng the trade of spices in theyr handes dyd trauayle to fynde the same although hytherto neyther any suche passage is founde or the ende of that lande In the yeere a thousande and fiue hundreth Gasper Cortesreales made a viage thyther with two Carauelles but found not the streight or passage he sought At his being there he named the Ilands that lye in the mouth of y e gulfe Quadrado after his name Cortesreales lying in the fyftie degree and more brought from that land about threescore men for slaues He greatly marueyled to behold the huge quantitie of snowe Ise for the sea is there frosen exceedingly Thinhabitantes are men of good corporature although tawny lyke the Indies and laborious They paynt theyr bodyes and weare braselettes and hoopes of syluer and copper theyr apparell is made of the skynnes of Marternes dyuers other beastes whiche they weare with the heare inwarde in winter and outwarde in sommer This apparell they gyrde to theyr bodyes with gyrdels made of cotton or the fynewes of fyshes and beastes They eate fyshe more then any other thyng and especially Salmons although
procure them selues to bee most sumptuously and solempnely buryed theyr buryalles and obsequies in the citie Meaco are done after this maner About one houre before the dead body be brought foorth a great multitude of his friendes apparelled in theyr best aray go before vnto the fyre with them goe theyr kyns women and such as bee of theyr acquayntaunce clothed in whyte for that is the mournyng colour there with a chaungeable coloured vayle on theyr heades Eche woman hath with her also accordyng to her abilitie all her famely trymmed vp in whyte silke m●ccado the better sorte and wealthier women goe in litters of Caedar artificially wrought and richly dressed In the seconde place marcheth a great company of footemen sumptuously apparelled Than a far of commeth one of these Bonzii maister of the cerimonies for that superstition brauely clad in silkes golde in a large high lytter excellently wel wrought accompanied with .30 other Bonzii or thereabout wearing hattes linnen albes and fyne blacke vpper garments Than attired in ashe colour for this colour also is mourning with a long torch of pineaple sheweth the dead body the way vnto the fyre least it either stumble or ignorantly goe out of the way Welneare .200 Bonzii folow him singing the name of that deuill the which the partie deceassed chiefly did woorship by his life tyme and therwithall a very great basen is beaten euen to the place of fire in steed of a bel Than folow two great paper baskets hanged open at staues endes full of paper roses diuersly coloured such as beare them doe march but slowly shaking euer now than their staues that the aforesaid floures may fall downe by litle litle as it were droppes of rayne and be whirled about with the wynd This shoure say they is an argument that the soule of the dead man is gone to Paradyse After all this eight beardles Bonzii orderly two and two dragge after them on the ground long speares the pointes backewarde with flagges of one cubite a peece wherin the name also of that Idole is written Than he there carried te● Lanternes trimmed with the former inscription ouercast with a fine vayle and candelles burning in them Besides this two young men clothed in ashe colour beare pineaple torches not lighted of three foote length the which torches serue to kindle the fyre wherein the dead corpes is to be burnt In the same colour folow many other that weare on the crownes of their heades fayre litle threesquare blacke lethren caps tied fast vnder their chins for y t is honorable amōgst them with papers on their heads wherin the name of y e deuyll I spake of is written And to make it the more solempne after commeth a man with a table one cubite long ▪ one foote broad couered with a very fine whyte vayle in both sides wherof is written in golden letters the aforesaid name At the length by foure men is brought foorth the corpes sitting in a gorgeous ly●ter clothed in whyte hanging downe his head and holding his handes togeather lyke one that prayed to the rest of his apparell may you adde an vpper gowne of paper written full of that booke the which his God is sayd to haue made whan he liued in the world by whose helpe and merites commonly they doe thinke to bee saued The dead man his children come next after him most gallantly set foorth the yongest wherof carrieth lykewyse a pineaple torch to kyndle the fyre Last of all foloweth a great number of people in suche cannes as erst spake of Whan they are al come to the place appointed for the obsequie all the Bonzii with the whole multitude for the space of one hour beating pannes basens with great clamors cal vpon the name of that deuill the which being ended the obsequie is done in this maner In the midst of a great quadrangle rayled about hanged with course lynnen and agreeably vnto the foure partes of the world made with foure gates to goe in and out at is digged a hole in the hole is layde good store of wood whereon is raysed gallantly a waued roofe before that stande two tables furnished with diuers kyndes of meates especially dry figges Pomegranates and tartes good store but neyther fyshe nor fleshe vpon one of them standeth also a chaffre with coles and in it sweete wood to make perfumes Whan all this is ready the corde wherewith the lytter was carried is throwen by a long rope into the fyre as many as are present stryue to take the rope in their handes vsing theyr aforesayd clamors which done they goe in procession as it were rounde about the quadrangle thryse Than setting the lytter on the wood buylte vp ready for the fyre that Bonzius who than is maister of the cerimonies sayeth a verse that no bodie there vnderstandeth whyrlyng thryse about ouer his head a torche lyghted to signifie thereby that the soule of the dead man had neyther any begynnyng ne shall haue at any tyme an ende and throweth away the torche Two of the dead man his children or of his neare kynne take it vp agayne and standyng one at the East syde of the lytter the other at the West doe for honour and reuerence reache it to eche other thryse ouer the dead corpes and so cast it into the pyle of wood by and by they throwe in oyle sweete wood and other perfumes accordyngly as they haue plentie and so with a great flame bryng the corpes to ashes his chyldren in the meane whyle p●●●yng sweete wood into the Chaffer at the table with doores doe solempnely and religiously woorshyp their father as a Sainct which being done the Bonzii are payde eche one in his degree The maister of the cerimonies hath for his part fyue ducates sometimes ten sometimes .xx. the rest haue ten Iulies a peece or els a certayne number of other presentes called Caxae The meate that was ordeyned as soone as the dead corpes friendes and all the Bonzii are gone is left for such as serued at the obsequie for the poore and impotent lazares The next day returne to the place of obsequie the dead man his children his kynread and friendes who geatheryng vp his asshes bones and teeth doe put them in a gylded potte and so carry them home to be set vp in the same pot couered with cloth in the mydst of theyr houses Many Bonzii returne lykewise to these priuate funeralles and so doe they agayne the seuenth day than carry they out the asshes to bee buryed in a place appoynted laying therevppon a fouresquare stone wherein is written in great letters drawen all the length of the stone ouer the name of that deuyll the which the dead man woorshypped by his lyfe tyme. Euery day afterwarde his children resorte vnto that graue with roses and warme water that the deade corpes thirst not Nor the seuenth day onely but the seuenth moneth and yeere within theyr owne houses they renue this obsequie to
three Ilands is called Muscostrom that is boyling At the flowing of the sea it is swalowed into the Caues and is blowne out agayne at the reflowing with no lesse violence then the streames of ryuers fall from mountaines This sea is nauigable vntyl it be lower then the mouthes of the rockes Such as chaunce into it out of due time are caried headlong into Whyrpooles The fragmentes of the lost shyps are seldome cast vp agayne But when they are cast vp they are so brused and fretted against the rockes that they seeme to be ouergrowne with hoare This is the power of nature passing the fabilous Simpleiades the fearful Malea with the dangerous places of Silla and Caribdis and all other miracles that nature hath wrought in any other sea hytherto knowen to man The Ilands about Norway are of such fruitful pasture that they bryng not theyr beastes into the stables before the moneth of Nouember and do in many places wynter them abrode Suecia or Suethlande SVecia is a kyngdome ryche in Golde Syluer Copper Leade Iron fruite cattayle and exceedyng increase of fyshe of the ryuers lakes and the sea and hath no lesse plentie of such wylde beastes as are taken with huntyng Towarde the West it is ended with the mountaynes of Norway from the Castel of Wardhus vnto th ende .51.63.40 Towarde the South with the line from this ende vnto the degrees 53.30.61 And from thence vnto the degrees 61.60.30 Aboue the gulfe of Suecia towarde the north with the south end of Lapponia from the castel of Wardhus vnto the ende .62.70 Towarde the East it is ended with the line from this ende vnto the degree .63.69 c. Stokholme the chiefe citie .64.61 This is the chiefe mart towne of Suecia and is strongly defended by art and nature It is situate in maryshes after the maner of Uenice and was therfore called Stokholme forasmuch as beyng placed in the water the fundation is fortified with stockes or piles The sea entreth in●o it with two armes or branches of such largenesse and depth that shyps of great burden and with maine sayles may enter by the same with theyr ful fraight This suffered of late yeeres greeuous spoile and destruction to the singular exemple of cruel hostilitie and such as the lyke hath not been lyghtly shewed to any other citie receiued by league and composion In al the tract from Stokholme to the lake aboue the ryuer of Dalekarle whiche is in the degree .56 30 63 50. are mountaynes fruiteful of good syluer copper and lead They get great ryches by the salmons and plentie of other fyshes whiche they take in certayne great lakes The dukedome of Agermannia occupieth the north syde to the confines of Laponia This tract is ful of wods in the which they hunt the beastes called Vros or Bisontes which in theyr tongue they call Elg that is wylde Asses These are of such heyght that the hyghest part of theyr backes are equal with the measure of a man holdyng vp his armes as hygh as he may reach c. Vpsalia the chiefe citie .62.62.30 here is buryed the body of saint Henricus kyng and martyr Copperdalia that is the copper valley is a Dukedome southwarde from the Dukedom of Iemptia Under this is the valyant nation of the people called Dalekarly Oplandia is a Dukedome and the nauil or myddest of Scondia The citie of Pircho on the North syde of the lake of Meler ▪ was once a great citie and able to arme .xiiii. thousande men to the warres but is nowe brought to a vyllage All the tracte of Oplandia hath mynes of Syluer Copper and Steele Of the Ilandes and rockes that lye about Suecia the myddest is .67.30.61.30 These were called of the olde writers Done the reason of which name remayneth vnto this daye For there are in these innumerable multitudes of byrdes insomuch that thinhabitauntes of the next coast sayle thyther in the moneth of May whyle the byrdes syt on theyr egges which they steale and reserue them in salt for a long tyme. Bothnia BOthnia is so named of the pretious furres of all sortes that are caryed from thence into foraigne regions For by these and theyr fyshyng they haue great commoditie Salmons of the best sort are taken in these seas are great riches among these nations Bothnia is diuided into two partes as Northbothnia South Bothnia called Ostrobothhia Northbothnia is termined with the South ende of the Lapones vnto the ende .78.30.69 Towarde the East it is termined with this ende and vnto the degree .78.30.68.20 Towarde the West with the line terminyng the East syde of Suecia And towarde the South with the residue of the gulfe of Suecia from th ende that hath degrees .63.69 Ostrobothnia towarde the East is termined from the sayde ende of the most East coast And towarde the South with a line extended by the mountaynes from this ende vnto the degree .71 66 Towarde the North and West with part of the gulfe of Suecia c. Gothia or Gothlande GOthia is by interpretation good For the holy name of God is in the Germane tongue Goth that is Good At what tyme the Gothes vpon a generall consent sent foorth theyr ofspring or sucession to seeke new seates or countreys to inhabite and when they possessed the coastes of Meotis and Asia none of the olde wryters haue made mention as farre as I know But they haue been knowen since the tyme that the Romanes dilated theyr Empire by Illirium now called Slauonie vnto the ryuer of Danubius and were also famous from the time of Cesar Dictator and Octauianus Augustus by reason of their great warres at Danubius being the vtermost bound of Thempire Neuerthelesse in that renowme what Gothia was vnder what part of heauen it was scituate or of whom the Gothes tooke their original it hath been vnknowen almost to this age This is termined toward the North with the South ende of Suetia and towarde the West with the other mountaynes of Norway whiche continue from the boundes of Suetia to the mouthes of the ryuers of Trolheta c. It hath many goodly Townes Cities Castles Mines c. The citie of Visba being in the degree .61.30.54.15 was an ancient and famous mart Towne as is Genua in Italie at this day but afterward being afflicted by y e incursions of the Pirates of the Danes and Moscouites it was left desolate There remayne to this day certayne ruines whiche testifie the auncient nobilitie In this place were the firste stations of the Gothes that possessed Meotis It is at this day of fruiteful soyle and famous by many goodly and strong Castles Monasteries There is among other a Monasterie of the order of Saint Benedict in the whiche is a librarie of about two thousande bookes of old auctors About the yeere of Christe fourescore and eyght the Gothes vnto whom resorted
Emperours and defaced the citie of Rome He answered that both the nation of the Gothes of the name of king Totila● theyr chiefe captayne was of famous memorie among them And that dyuers nations of the North regions conspired to that expedition and especially the Moscouites Also that that armie increased of the confluence of the Barbarous Liuons and wandryng Tartars But that they were all called Gothes forasmuche as the Gothes that inhabited Scondania and Iselande were the auctours of that inuasion And with these boundes are the Moscouites inclosed on euery syde whom we thynke to be those people that Ptolome called Modocas but haue doubtlesse at this day theyr name of the ryuer Mosco which runneth through the cheefe citie Mosca named also after the same This is the most famous citie in Moscouia aswell for the situation thereof beyng in maner in the myddest of the region as also for the commodious oportunitie of riuers multitude of houses and strong fence of so fayre and goodly a Castell For the citie is extended with a long tract of buildynges by the bankes of the ryuer for the space of fyue myles The houses are made all of tymber and are diuided into Parlours Chambers and Rytchyns of large roomes yet neyther of vnseemely heyght or to lowe but of decent measure and proportion For they haue great trees apt for the purpose brought from the forest of Hercinia Of the which made perfectly round lyke y e mastes of shyps and so layd one vpon an other that they ioyne at the endes in ryght angles where beyng made very fast and sure they frame theyr houses therof of meruaylous strength with smal charges and in verye short tyme. In maner all the houses haue pryuate gardens aswel for pleasure as commoditie of hearbes wherby the circuite of the dispersed citie appeareth very great Al the wardes or quarters of the citie haue their peculiar Chappels But in the cheefest and highest place therof is the Church of our Lady of ample and goodly workemanshyppe whiche Aristoteles of Bononie a man of singular knowledge and experience in Architecture builded more then threescore yeeres since At the very head of the citie a litle ryuer called Neglinia which dryueth many corne mylles entereth into the ryuer Moscus and maketh almost an Ilande in whose end is the Castel with many strong towers and bulwarkes builded very fayre by the deuice of Italian Architecturs that are the maisters of the kynges woorkes In the fieldes about the citie is an incredible multitude of Hares and Roe Buckes the which it is lawful for no man to chase or pursue with dogges or nettes except only certayne of the kyngs familiars and straunge Ambassadours to whom he geueth licence by speciall commaundement Almost three partes of the citie is inuironed with two riuers and the residue with a large Mote that receiueth plentie of water from the sayde ryuers The citie is also defended on the other syde with an other ryuer named Iausa whiche falleth also into Moscus a litle beneath the citie Furthermore Moscus runnyng towards the South falleth into the riuer Ocha or Occa muche greater then it selfe at the towne Columna and not very farre from thence Ocha it selfe encreased with other ryue●s vnladeth his streames in the famous ryuer Volga where at the place where they ioyne is situate the citie of Nouogradia the lesse so named in respect of the greater citie of that name from whence was brought the fyrst colonie of the lesse citie Volga called in olde tyme Rha hath his originall of the great marishes named the whyte Lakes These are aboue Moscouia betweene the North and the West and send foorth from them almost all the ryuers that are dispersed into diuers regions on euery syde as we see of the Alpes from whose toppes and sprynges descend the waters of whose concourse the ryuers of Rhene Po and Rodanum haue theyr encrease For these maryshes in the steade of mountaines full of sprynges minister abundant moysture forasmuche as no mountaynes are yet founde in that region by the long trauayles of men insomuche that many that haue been studious of the old Cosmographie suppose the Riphean and Hiperborean mountaines so often mentioned of the auncient wryters to be fabulous From these maryshes therfore the riuers of Duina Ocha Moscus Volga Tanais and Boristhenes haue theyr oryginall The Tartares call Volga Edel Tanais they call Don And Boristehenes is at this tyme called Neper This a litle beneath Taurica runneth into the sea Euxinus Tanais is receyued of the maryshes of Meotis at the noble Marte Towne Azoum But Volga leauyng the citie of Mosca towardes the South and runnyng with a large circuite and great Wyndynges and Creekes fyrst towardes the East then to the West and lastlye to the South falleth with a full streame into the Caspian or Hircan sea Aboue the mouth of this is a citie of the Tartars called Citrachan whiche some call Astrachan where Martes are kept by the Merchauntes of Media Armenia and Persia. On the further bancke of Volga there is a towne of the Tartars called Casan of the whiche the Horda of the Casanite Tartars tooke theyr name It is distant from the mouth of Volga and the Caspian sea .500 myles Aboue Casan .150 myles at the entraunce of the ryuer Sura Basilius that now reigneth buylded a towne called Surcium to thintent that in those desartes the marchantes and traueylers which certifie the gouernours of the marches of the doinges of the Tartars and the maners of that vnquiet nation may haue a ●afe mansion among theyr customers The Emperours of Moscouia at dyuers tymes eyther moued thereto by occasion of thinges present or for the desyre they had to nobilitate newe and obscure places haue kepte the seat of theyr court and Empyre in dyuers cities For Nouogrodia which lyeth toward the West and the Lyuon sea not many yeeres past was the head citie of Moscouia and obteyned euer the chiefe dignitie by reason of the incredible number of houses and edifies with the oportunitie of the large lake replenyshed with fyshe and also for the fame of the most auncient venerable Temple which more then foure hundred yeeres since was dedicated to Sancta Sophia Christ the sonne of God accordyng to the custome of the Emperours of Bizantium nowe called Constantinople Nouogrodia is oppressed in maner with continuall wynter and darkenesse of long nyghtes For it hath the pole Artike eleuate aboue the Horizon threescore and foure degrees and is further from the Equinoctiall then Moscouia by almost six degrees By which dyfference of heauen it is sayde that at the sommer steye of the Sunne it is burnt with continuall heate by reason of the shorte nyghtes The citie also of Volodemaria beyng more then twoo hundred myles distant from Mosca towarde the Easte had the name of the chiefe citie and kynges towne whyther
whiche tyme there dyed about .xxi. of theyr company whom they cast into the sea And suerly if God of his infinite mercie had not preserued the residue in tyme they had all dyed of famyn In fine beyng inforced of necessitie and halfe of theyr companye dead they sayled to one of the Ilandes of Capo verde called Insula Sansti Iacobi that is sainte Iames Ilande parteynyng to the kyng of Portugale Where as soone as they arryued they sent certayne a lande in the shyppe boate for vittayles declaryng to the Portugales with all loue and fauour what necessitie they were dryuen to and what miseries and trauayles they had susteyned infourmyng them furthermore of theyr marueylous voyage and such thynges as they had seene in both the East and West India with suche other gentle woordes whereby they obteyned certayne measures of Ryse But when afterward xiii of them returned for more Ryse they were deteyned Wheruppon the rest whiche remayned in the shyppe fearyng the lyke chaunce departed with full sayles and the .vii. day of September with the helpe of God entred into the hauen of San Lucar neere vnto Siuile where dischargyng all theyr ordinaunce for ioy they wente immediatly to the great churche in theyr shiertes and barefooted with a torche before them to geue thankes to almyghty God who had brought them safe to theyr owne country and restored them to theyr wyues and chyldren As touching the ende of this voyage Transiluanus wryteth somewhat more largely as foloweth The other shyppe whiche they left behynde them to be repared returned afterwarde by the Archipelagus afore sayde and by the great sea to the coastes of the fyrme of the West India and arryued at a region of the same beyng agaynst Dariena where the South sea of Sur is separate but by a litle space of lande from the west Ocean in the which are the Ilands of Hispaniola Cuba and other Ilandes of the Spanyardes The other shyppe whiche returned into Spayne by compassyng about the whole bowle of the world by the coastes of East India and Affrike departing from the Ilande of Tidore and saylyng euer on this syde the Equinoctial dyd not fynde the cape of Cattigara being about Asia and by the description of Ptolome reachyng many degrees beyonde the Equinoctiall But hauyng sayled many dayes by the mayne sea they came to the cape of Buona Speranza and from thence to the Ilandes of Capo verde where theyr shyppe beyng soore broosed by reason of the long voyage leaked and tooke water in suche sorte that the maryners beyng nowe but fewe in number and those also weake and feeble by reason of long sickenesse hunger were not able both to drie the pompe continually and otherwyse gouerne the shyppe and were therefore of necessitie inforced to go alande at the Ilande of saint Iames to bye them certayne slaues to helpe them But beyng destitute of mony accordyng to the custome of the maryners they profered them cloues for theyr slaues The whiche thyng when it came to the eares of the Portugale that was Captayne of that Ilande he cast .xiii. of them in prison Whereby the resydue that remayned in the shyppe beyng nowe but .xviii. in number were put in such feare that they departed immediatly without rescuing theyr felowes sailed continually both by day by night by the coastes of Afrike came in fine to Spaine y t .vi. day of September in the yeere of our lorde .1522 and arryued at the port nere vnto Siuile the .xvi. moneth after they departed from the Iland of Tidore Maryners doubtlesse more woorthy to be celebrate with eternall memory then they whiche in olde tyme were called Argonauti that sayled with Iason to wyn the golden fleese in the region of Cholchis the ryuer of Phasis in the great sea of Pontus And the shyppe it selfe more worthy to be placed among the starres then that olde Argo whiche departyng out of Grecia sayled to the ende of that great sea For this our marueylous shyppe takyng her voyage from the straightes of Gibelterra and saylyng by the great Ocean towarde the South and pole Antartike and turnyng from thence to the West folowed that course so farre that passyng vnder the great circumference of the world she came into the East and from thence agayne into the West not by returnyng backewarde but styll sayling forward so compassing about the ball of the worlde vnder the whole circumference of heauen vntyll she were myraculously restored to her natiue region of Spayne and house of Siuile ¶ The debate and stryfe betweene the Spanyardes and Portugales for the Diuision of the Indies and the trade of Spyces and also for the Ilandes of Molucca which some call Malucas VVritten in the Spanishe tongue by Francisco Lopes de Gomara THe Emperours maiestie was very glad that the Malucas and Ilandes of the Spycery were discouered and that he myght passe vnto them through his owne countreys without any preiudice or hurt to the Portugales and because also that Almanzor Lusfu and Corala whiche were the lordes of the Spycerie shewed them selues to be his freendes and became tributaries to hym He also gaue certayne gyftes and rewardes to Iohn Sebastian for his great paynes and good seruice forasmuche as he craued a rewarde for the good newes that the Ilandes of the Malucas and other Ilandes rycher and greater then they were found to be in his part of those countreys which parteyned vnto hym accordyng to the Popes Bull. And hereby it came to passe that there was great contention and stryfe betweene the Spanyardes and the Portugales about the Spycery and the diuision of the Indies by reason of the returne of Iohn Sebastian and the information whiche he gaue thereof who also affirmed that the Portugales had neuer any entraunce before that tyme into those Ilandes Hereupon the counsayle for the Indies aduertised the Emperour to maynteyne his fleete for those partes and to take the trade of Spyces into his owne hande forasmuche as it was his owne of duetie aswell for that those Ilandes fell on his part as also that he had nowe found passage and way through his West Indies into those regions and finally to consyder that he shoulde thereby obteyne and geat to hym selfe great reuenues besyde the inrychyng of his subiectes and realmes and that with small cost and charge The Emperour beyng thus aduertised of the trueth tooke it for good counsayle commaunded all thynges herevnto apperteynyng to be furnyshed accordyngly In this meane tyme when kyng Iohn of Portugale had knowledge what the Emperour determined to do and the speedy haste his counsayle made for the perfourmaunce hereof and of the commyng home of Iohn Sebastian of Cane with thinformation he made what of stoutnes of mynde and what for griefe was puffed vp with anger as were also the reste of the Portugales stormyng as though they would haue plucked downe the skye with theyr handes
is the chiefe that the Catholyke fayth and Christian religion specially in this our tyme may in all places be exalted amplified and enlarged whereby the health of soules may be procured and the Barbarous nations subdued and brought to the fayth And therefore whereas by the fauour of Gods clemencie although not without equall desertes we are called to this holy seate of Peter and vnderstanding you to be true Catholyke princes as we haue euer knowen you and as your noble and woorthy factes haue declared in maner to the whole world in that with all your studie diligence and industry you haue spared no trauayles charges or peryls aduenturyng euen the shedyng of your owne blood with applying your whole myndes and endeuours herevnto as your noble expeditions achyued in recouering the kyngdom of Granata from the tyrrany of the Sarracens in these our dayes do plainly declare your factes with so great glory of the diuine name For the whiche as we thynk you worthy so ought we of our owne free wyl fauorably to graunt you al thynges whereby you may dayly with more feruent myndes to the honour of God and enlargyng the Christian Empire prosecute your deuout and laudable purpose most acceptable to the immortall God We are credibly infourmed that whereas of late you were determyned to seeke and fynde certayne Ilandes and fyrme landes farre remote and vnknowen and not heretofore founde by any other to the intent to bryng the inhabitantes of the same to honor our redeemer to professe the catholike fayth you haue hytherto been much occupied in the expugnation and recouerie of the kyngdome of Granata by reason wherof you coulde not bryng your sayde laudable purpose to the ende desyred Neuerthelesse as it hath pleased almyghtie God the foresayde kyngdome beyng recouered wyllyng to accomplishe your sayde desyre you haue not without great labour peryls charges appoynted our welbeloued sonne Christopher Colonus a man certesse wel commended as most worthy and apt for so great a matter well furnyshed with men and shippes and other necessaries to seeke by the sea where hytherto no man hath sayled suche firme landes and Ilandes farre remote and hytherto vnknowen who by Gods helpe makyng diligent searche in the Ocean sea haue founde certayne remote Ilandes firme landes whiche were not heretofore found by any other in the whiche as is sayde many nations inhabite lyuyng peaceably and goyng naked not accustomed to eate fleshe and as farre as your messengers can coniecture the nations inhabytyng the foresayd landes and Ilandes beleeue that there is one God creator in heauen and seeme apt to be brought to the imbrasyng of the catholyke fayth and to be imbued with good maners by reason wherof we may hope that yf they be well instructed they may easyly be induced to receyue the name of our sauiour Iesus Christe We are further aduertised that the forenamed Christopher hath now buylded and erected a fortresse with good munition in one of the foresayde principall Ilandes in the whiche he hath placed a garryson of certayne of the Christian men that went thyther with hym aswell to thintent to defende the same as also to searche other Ilandes and firme landes farre remote and yet vnknowen We also vnderstande that in these landes and Ilandes lately founde is great plentie of Golde and Spyces with diuers and manye other precious thynges of sundrye kyndes and qualities Therfore all thynges diligently consydered especially the amplyfying and enlargyng of the catholike fayth as i● behoueth catholike princes folowyng the examples of your noble progenitours of famous memorie whereas you are determined by the fauour of almyghtie God to subdue and bryng to the catholyke fayth thinhabitantes of the aforesayde landes and Ilandes We greatly commendyng this your godly and laudable purpose in our Lorde and desyrous to haue the same brought to a due ende and the name of our sauiour to be knowen in those partes do exhort you in our Lorde and by the receiuyng of your holy baptysme wherby you are bound to Apostolical obedience earnestly require you by the bowels of mercie of our Lord Iesu Christ that when you intende for the zeale of the Catholyke fayth to prosecute the sayde expedition to reduce the people of the forsayde landes and Ilandes to the Christian relgion you shall spare no labours at any tyme or be deterred with any peryls conceiuyng fyrme hope and confidence that the omnipotent God wyll geue good successe to your godly attemptes And that beyng auctorysed by the priuilege of the Apostolycall grace you may the more freely and boldly take vppon you thenterpryse of so great a matter we of our owne motion and not eyther at your request or at the instant petition of any other person but of our owne mere liberalitie and certayne science and by the fulnesse of Apostolycall power do geue graunt and assigne to you your heyres and successours all the fyrme landes and Ilandes found or to be foūd discouered or to be discouered toward y e west south drawing a lyne from the pole Artik to y e pole Antartike that is from the North to the South Contaynyng in this donation whatsoeuer fyrme landes or Ilandes are founde or to be founde towarde India or towarde any other part what so euer it be beyng distant from or without the foresayde line drawen a hundred leagues towarde the West and South from any of the Ilandes whiche are commonly called De los Azores and Capo verde All the Ilandes therefore and fyrme landes founde and to be founde discouered and to be discouered from the sayde line towarde the West and South such as haue not actually ben heretofore possessed by any other Christian kyng or prynce vntyll the daye of the natiuitie of our Lorde Iesu Christ laste paste from the whiche begynneth this present yeere beyng the yeere of our Lorde M. CCCC.lxxxxiii when so euer any such shal be founde by your messengers and captaynes we by the aucthoritie of almyghty GOD graunted vnto vs in saint Peter and by the office whiche we beare on the earth in the steede of Iesu Christ do for euer by the tenor of these presentes geue graunt assigne vnto you your heyres and successours the kynges of Castyle and Legion all those landes and Ilandes with theyr dominions Territories cities castels towres places and villages with all the ryght and iurisdictions thereunto parteynyng constitutyng assignyng and deputyng you your heyres and successours the lordes thereof with full and free power aucthoritie and iurisdiction Decreeyng neuerthelesse by this our donation graunt and assignation that from no Christian Prince which actually hath possessed the foresayde Ilandes and fyrme landes vnto the daye of the natiuitie of our Lord beforesayd theyr ryght obteyned to be vnderstoode hereby to be taken away or that it ought to be taken away Furthermore we commaunde you in the vertue of holy obedience as you haue promysed and as we doubte not you wyll do vppon mere deuotion and princely
ryuer Tanais Fol. 308 The way out of Moscouia to Cathayo Fol. 309 Of the Tartars Fol. 311 The nauigation by the frostye sea Fol. 315 K. Edwarde the .6 letters to the northeasterne princes by Sir Hugh wylloughbye in latine and Englyshe Fol. 318 Our Englyshe merchauntes voyage into Persia. Fol. 321 Of maister Ienkensons voyage into Persia. Fol. 322 Of the last vyage into Persia in the yeere of our lorde 1568. Fol. 324 Of the kyng of Persia his name Fol. 330. Of the Persians religione and other their fashions Fol. 325 Of the Persian Empire and the originall thereof Fol. 329 Of Persia out of M. P Uenetus Fol. 329 Of the Persian kyngdome out of Haytthon Fol. 330 Of Ormius kyngdome ioynyng vnto Persia. Fol. 331 Of the Sophi or kyng of Persia accordyng to the late writers Fol. 331 The trafique of Persia with other countreys Fol. 332 Of the Persian gulfe Fol. 332 The preuileages graunted by the Sophi to our merchauntes Fol. 332 Arthur Edwardes vyage into Persia with the continuance of the former priuileages Fol. 333 The commodities that Engglyshe merchauntes may haue by the trade into Persia. Fol. 335 The maner howe Christians become Busormen Fol. 335 Of the Bombasine or Cotton tree Fol. 336 The writyng of the Persians Fol. 336 Of two voyages made out of Englande into Guinea in Afrike Fol. 336. A briefe description of Afrike Fol. 337. The fyrst voyage to Guinea Fol. 338. Pinteado his letters patentes made hym by the kyng of Portugale his maister for his returne Fol. 341. The seconde voyage to Guinea with a more full description of Africa Ethiopia and the blacke Moores countrey Fol. 342. The Doues of the Ilande Madera Fol. 353. Of S. Thomas Ilande vnder the Equinoctiall line Fol. 353. Lewes Uertomannus nauigation into Arabia Egypte Persia Syria Ethiopia and East India Fol. 354. The contentes of the whiche voyages are these folowyng The contentes of the .vii. bookes of nauigations and voyages of Lodovicus Vartomannus to the regions of Arabia Egypte Persia Siria east India and Ethiopia The contentes of the fyrst booke The fyrst Chaptere is of the nauigation from Uenice to Alexandria in Egypte Fol. 355. Of the citie named Cayrus Alcayr Memphis or Babylon in Egypte vppon the ryuer of Nilus Cap. 2. Fol. 355. Of the cities of Beryntho Tripoli and Antioch Cap. 3. Fol. 356. Of the cities of Aman and Menin Cap. 4. Fol. 356. Of the citie of Damasco Cap. 5. Fol. 357. Of such thinges as are seene in the citie of Damasco Cap. 6. Fol. 358. Of the Mamalukes of Damasco Cap. 7. Fol. 358. The iorney from Damasco to Mecha And of the maners of the Arabians Cap. 8. Fol. 359. Of the strength and valiantnesse of the Mamalukes Cap. 9. Fol. 361. Of the cities of Sodoma and Gomorrha Cap. 10. Fol. 361. Of a mountayne inhabited with Iewes And of the citie named Medinathalhabi where Mahumet was buryed Cap. 11. Fol. 362. Of the Temple or Chapell and Sepulchre of Mahumet and his felowes Cap. 12. Fol. 362. Of the Secte of Mahumet Cap. 13. Fol. 363. The iorney to Mecha Cap. 14. Fol. 364. The fourme and situation of the citie of Mecha And why the Mahumetans resort thyther Cap. 15. Fol. 365. Of the Merchaundies of Mecha Cap. 16. Fol. 366. The pardons and Indulgenses of Mecha Cap. 17. Fol. 366. The maner of Sacrificyng in Mecha Cap. 18. Fol. 367. Of the Unicornes of the Temple of Mecha whiche are not seene in any other place Cap. 19. Fol. 368. Of dyuers thynges whiche chaunced to the autour in Mecha Cap. 20. Fol. 368. Of the red sea and why it can not be sayled in the nyght Cap. 21. Fol 370. The contentes of the secounde booke Of the citie Gezan in Arabia Foelix That is the blessed or happie Arabia Cap. 1. Fol. 371 Of certayne people named Banduin Cap. 2. Fol. 371 Of an Ilande of the red sea named Camaran Cap. 3. Fol. 371 Of the citie of Aden and theyr maners and customes towarde straungers Cap. 4. Fol. 372 Howe the women of Arabia are greatly in loue with white men Cap. 5. Fol. 373 Of the liberalitie of the queene toward the autour Cap. 6. Fol. 375 Of the cities of Lagi and Aiaz in Arabia Foelyx And of the towne of Dante Cap. 7. Fol. 375 Of Almacharan a citie of Arabia Foelyx And of the fruitefulnesse thereof Cap. 8. Fol. 375 Of Reame a citie of Arabia Foelyr And the Temperatenesse thereof Cap. 9. Fol. 376 Of Sana a citie of Arabia Foelyx Cap. 10. Fol. 376 Of Taessa Zibith and Damar great cities of Arabia Foelyx Cap. 11. Fol. 376 Of the Soltan of the forsayde cities And why he is named Sechamir Cap. 12. Fol. 377 Of Monkeys and Marmasettes and other beastes noysome to men Cap. 13. Fol. 377 Of certayne places of Ethiope Cap. 14 Fol. 377 Of the citie of Zoila in Ethiope And the great fruitefelnesse thereof And of certayne straunge beastes seene there Cap. 15. Fol. 377 Of Barbara an Ilande of Ethiope Cap. 16. Fol. 378 Of Ethiope reade more in the last nauigation in the ende of the booke The contentes of the thyrde booke Of Persia and of certayne townes and portes of Persia. Cap. 1. Fol. 378 Of the Ilande and citie of Ormus or Armusium And of an Iland of Persia where pearles are founde Cap. 2. Fol. 378 Of the citie named Eri in Corozani a region of Persia and of the ryches thereof Also of Reubarbarum Cap. 3. Fol. 379 Of a ryuer thought to be Euphrates and of Castoreum Cap. 4. Fol. 379 Of the citie of Saint Bragant bygger then Babylon And of the kyng of Persia named the Sophi Cap. 5. Fol. 380 The contentes of the fourth booke Of India and of the cities and notable thynges seene there And fyrst of the citie of Cambaia most fruitefull Cap. 1. Fol. 381 The maners of the people of Cambaia And of the Soltan of that citie Cap. 2. Fol. 381 Of the citie of Ceul and the maners of thinhabitantes Cap. 3. Fol. 382 Of Goga an Ilande of India Cap. 4. Fol. 383 Of Decham a very fayre citie of India Cap. 5. Fol. 383 Of certayne other goodly cities of India Cap. 6. Fol. 384 Of Canonor and Narsinga great cities of India Cap. 7. Fol. 384 Of the fruiteful citie of Bisinagar in the kyngdome of Narsinga Cap. 8. Fol. 384 Of the Docilitie agilitie and wytte of Elephantes Cap. 9. Fol. 385 Of the ingendryng of Elephantes And of the magnificence and ryches of the kyng of Narsinga Cap. 10. Fol. 386 The contentes of the fyfth booke Of the famous and ryche citie of Calecut Cap. 1. Fol. 387 Of the kyng of Calecut And of theyr Idolatrye Cap. 2. Fol. 387 Of the maner whiche the kyng vseth at his meate Cap. 3. Fol. 388 Of the Priestes of Calecut named Bramini Cap. 4. Fol. 388 Of the diuers sectes of Idolatours in the citie of Calecut Cap. 5. Fol. 398 The apparell of the kyng queene and