with Timoleon to the Island that was peculiarly Consecrated to them Timoleon therefore and all those with him were very chearful upon the Apprehension that the Gods favoured their Enterprize and thereupon Ant. Ch. 343. Timoleon dedicated one of the best of his Ships to the Goddesses and ordered that it should be call'd the * Or called Ceres and Proserpina Sacred Ship of Ceres and Proserpina And now when the Fleet came safe as far as Metapontum in Italy there arrived a Galley which had the Carthaginian Ambassadors on board who upon a Conference with Timoleon charged him upon his Peril not to begin any War or so much as set his Foot upon Sicily But he being incouraged by them of Rhegium who promised to join with him loosed with all hast from Metapontum designing by his speed to prevent the Report of his Coming For he was in a great Fear left the Carthaginians who were much stronger at Sea should block up his Passage into Sicily Therefore he made away with all speed to Rhegium The Carthaginians having a little before received Intelligence that a great War was likely to break out through all Sicily carried themselves with all Civility towards the The Carthaginians prepare for War in Sicily Confederate Cities and putting an end to all Quarrels entred into Leagues of Amity and Friendship with the Princes of the Island especially with Hicetas General of the Syracusians who was the most Potent At length the Carthaginians having raised great number of Forces both by Sea and Land transported them into Sicily under the Command of Hanno their General They had with them a Hundred and fifty Sail of Long Ships a Land Army of Fifty thousand Men Three hundred Chariots and Two thousand * The Army of Carthaginians in Sicily Carts or Carriages drawn by two Horses apiece and besides these a great number of Arms of all sorts and Engines of Battery and an infinite Store of Corn Provision and all other Things necessary for War The first City they set upon was Entella and having wasted and spoiled the Lands round about they shut up the Inhabitants Entella besieged by a close Siege The Campanians possessed the City at that time and being terrified with the Multitude of their Enemies sent for Aid to the other Cities who hated the Carthaginians but none of them came in to them except them of Galeria who sent them a Thousand Armed Men who were intercepted by the Carthaginians and cut off every Man The Campanians who inhabited Aetna at first prepared to help them of Ant. Ch. 343. Entella upon the account of their Consanguinity but hearing of the Slaughter of the Galerians they judged it more Adviseable to sit still Dionysius at that time had regained his former Sovereignty over the Syracusians Hicetas therefore led a great Army thither and encamped at Olympus fortifying himself with a Breast-work and a Trench and drew Dionysius and Hicetas up against Dionysius then playing the Tyrant in the City But he protracted the Siege for some time through want of Provision and marched away to Leontum from whence he first moved But Dionysius pursued him and fell upon his Rear which occasioned the whole Army to ingage For Hircetas wheeled about fought and routed him killing Three thousand of his Mercenaries upon the Spot and put the rest to Flight and pursuing them so hotly that he fell pell-mell with him into the City and so possessed himself Hicetas takes Syracuse of the whole City of Syracuse except the Island And thus went Matters between Hicetas and Dionysius at that time But Timoleon arriving at Rhegium the third Day after the taking of Syracuse lay with his Fleet in the Port next to the City At that time came into Port Twenty Carthaginian Gallies The Rhegians favouring Timoleon called an Assembly and proposed Terms of Compounding Matters so that the Carthaginians supposing Timoleon would be persuaded Ant. Ch. 343. to return home were not careful to place sufficient Guards Timoleon therefore himself not giving the least Ground to suspect his Flight kept close to the Court but ordered that Nine of his Ships should set Sail and make away with all the hast they could In the mean time while the Thoughts of the Carthaginians were intent upon the Speeches of the Rhegians which were lengthen'd out of Purpose and Design Timoleon privately Timoleon escapes from Rhegium by a Wile withdraws himself and makes to the Ship that was left and hoises up Sail and away he goes The Carthaginians thus deluded endeavoured to pursue him but because he was got too far off and Night approached Timoleon with his whole Fleet arrived safe at Tauromenum Andromachus the Prince of that City who always was a Friend to the Syracusians courteously received the Refugees and was greatly serviceable to them in their avoiding of the Pursuers Hicetas afterwards with an Army of Five thousand Men came against Adriana and encamped near the City But Timoleon drawing some Regiments out of Tauromenum marched from thence having with him at the most but a Thousand Men. And going out of the Town in the Twilight he reached Adriana the next Day there he set up the Hicetians at the very time they happened to be at Meat and broke in upon their Camp and killed Three hundred and took Six hundred Prisoners and possessed himself of the Camp To this Stratagem he added another for he made straight away with all speed to Syracuse and dispatching his March with all speed he broke into the City on a sudden and by the swiftness of his March came there before those that fled And these were the Transactions of this Year Lycisco executed the Office of Archon at Athens and Marcus Valerius and Marcus Popilius Olymp. 109. 1. Ant. Ch. 342. An. M. 3604. were created Roman Consuls when the Hundred and Ninth Olympiad was celebrated wherein Aristolocus the Athenian won the Course This was likewise the first time that the Romans entred into a League with the Carthaginians In Caria Idreius Prince of the Carians died after he had reigned Seven Years whom Ada both his Wife and Sister succeeded and governed Four Years In Sicily Timoleon being strengthened with the Confederacy of them of Adranita and Tynderita greatly increased his Army In the mean time there were great Confusions in Syracuse by reason that Dionysius had got Possession of the Island Hicetas Achradina and the new City and Timoleon the rest of the City and lastly the Carthaginians had entred the great Harbour with a Fleet of an Hundred and fifty Sail and lay near encamped with an Army of Fifty thousand Men. And now Timoleon was in great Perplexity being invironed by so many Enemies when on a sudden the Tables were turned First Marcus Prince of Catana with a great Army came in to the Assistance of Timoleon Afterwards many of the Forts and Castles out of love of Liberty sided with him and presently the Corinthians
there lye in the Ocean many Islands the greatest of which is that which they call Britain which anciently remain'd untoucht free Britain from all Foreign Force for it was never known that either Bacchus Hercules or any of the ancient Heroes or Princes ever made any attempt upon it by force of Arms But Julius Caesar in our time who by his great Atchievments gain'd the Title of †Divus Divine was the first that any other makes mention of that conquer'd the Island and compell'd the Britains to pay Tribute But these things shall be more particularly treated of in their proper time We shall now only say something concerning the Island and the Tin that 's found there In Form it 's Triangular like Sicily but the Sides are unequal It lies in an P. 209. Oblique Line over against the Continent of Europe so that the Promontory call'd * Kent Camb. Brit. 186. Cantium next to the Continent they say is about a Hundred Furlongs from the Land Here the Sea ebbs and flows but the other Point call'd †Cornwal Point or the Land's End Belerium is Four Days Sail from the Continent The last call'd * Orcas the furthest Point of Scotland Northwest now call'd Howburn Camb. Brit. 949. Horcas or Orcas runs out far into the Sea The least of the Sides facing the whole Continent is Seven Thousand and Five Hundred Furlongs in length the Second stretching out itself all along from the Sea to the highest Point is Fifteen Thousand Furlongs and the last is Twenty Thousand So that the whole Compass of the Island is Forty Two Thousand Five Hundred Furlongs The Inhabitants are the Original People thereof and live to this time after their own ancient manner and custom For in Fights they use Chariots as it 's said the old Grecian Heroes did in the Trojan War They dwell in mean Cottages covered for the most part with Reeds or Sticks In reaping of their Corn they cut off the Ears from the Stalk and so house them up in Repositories under Ground thence they take and pluck out the Grains of as many of the oldest of them as may serve them for the day and after they have bruis'd the Corn make it into Bread They are of much Sincerity and Integrity far from the Craft and Knavery of Men among us contented with plain and homely Fare Strangers to the Excess and Luxury of Rich Men. The Island is very Populous but of a cold Climate subject to Frosts being under the †The Bear Artick Pole They are govern'd by several Kings and Princes who for the most part are at Peace and Amity one with another But of their Laws and other things peculiar to this Island we shall treat more particularly when we come to Caesar's Expedition into Britain Now we shall speak something of the Tin that 's dug and gotten there They that inhabit the British Promontary of * Cornwal Balerium by reason of their Converse with Merchants are more civiliz'd and courteous to Strangers than the rest are These are the People that make the Tin which with a great deal of Care and Labour they dig out of the Ground and that being Rocky the Meetle is mixt with some Veins of Earth out of which they melt the Mettle and then refine it Then they beat it into Four-square Pieces like to a Dye and carry it to a British Isle near at Hand call'd †Isle of Wight Ictis For at low Tide all being dry between them and the Island they convey over in Carts abundance of Tin in the mean time But there 's one thing peculiar to these Islands which lye between Britain and Europe For at Full Sea they appear to be Islands but at low Water for a long Way they look like so many Peninsula's Hence the Merchants transport the Tin they buy of the Inhabitants to France and for Thirty Days Journey they carry it in Packs upon Horses Backs through France to the Mouth of the River * In France and falls into the Mediterranean Rhosne But thus much concerning Tin Now something remains to be said of Amber Over against Scythia above Gall in the Ocean lies an Island call'd †Basilia call'd Baltia Three Days Sayl from Scythia Basilea upon which there 's cast by the working of the Sea abundance of Amber not to be found in any other part of the World Many of the ancient Historians have written incredible Stories of this Amber which since have been experienc'd to be false For many Poets and other Writers report that Phaeton the Son of * The Sun Sol while he was but as yet a young Boy prevail'd with his Father to give him liberty to drive his Chariot for one Day P. 210. Which Request obtain'd the Youth not being able to manage the Reins the Horses scorn'd the Charioteer and forsook their ancient Course and ran wildly and disorderly through the Heavens and first set them on Fire and by that means caus'd that Tract call'd the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Milky Way then burning up a great part of the Earth many Countries were laid waste at which Jupiter was so inrag'd that he threw a Thunder-blot at Phaeton and commanded Sol to guide his Steeds into their wonted Course And that Phaeton himself fell down into the River Po anciently call'd Eridanus and that his Sisters greatly bewailing his Death through excessive grief chang'd their Nature and were transform'd into Poplar Trees which Yearly to this Day distil their Tears and by Concretion they say becomes this Electrum or Amber which for Beauty and Brightness excels all others of its Kind and is distill'd most in that Country when the Deaths of Young Men are solemnly bewail'd But forasmuch as they that have invented this Story have turn'd their Backs upon Truth and that later Ages have disprov'd it by Experience of the Contrary regard is rather to be had to true and Faithful Historians For Amber is gather'd in this Island before-mention'd and transported by the Inhabitants into the opposite Continent from whence it 's brought over to us in these Parts as is before declar'd After this Account given of the Western Islands we conceive it not impertinent if we briefly relate some things which were omitted in the former Books concerning the Neighbouring Nations in Europe In * Gall now France Celtica they say once rul'd a famous Man who had a Daughter of a more Tall and Majestick Stature than ordinary and for Beauty far beyond all others of her Sex This Lady glorying much both in her Strength and Beauty despis'd all that courted her as judging none worthy of her Bed It happened that Hercules at the time he was ingag'd in the War against Gallia marcht into Celtica and there built †Now Arras Alesia When this young Virgin saw him admiring both his Valour and stately Proportion she readily admitted him to her Bed yet not without the consent
Terra and in an horrible manner naturally breath'd forth Flames of Fire at her Mouth This Monster first appear'd in Phrygia and burnt up the whole Country which is therefore call'd Burnt Phrygia at this Day Afterwards she bent her Course to the Places about Mount Taurus and burnt and destroy'd all the Woods and Forests all along as far as to India Thence she mov'd towards the Sea-Coasts and burnt down the Cedars upon Mount Libanus in Phaenicia Thence passing through Egypt she burnt up Lybia as far as to the Western Shoar till at length she set on Fire all the Woods upon the Ceraunian Mountains The Earth being thus all in a Flame and the Inhabitants partly consum'd and partly through Fear having forsaken their Country Minerva they say eminently furnish'd both with Wisdom and Courage kill'd this Monster and wore its Skin upon her Breast to be both as a Breast-plate and Coat of Mail against future Encounters and likewise as a Memorial of her Valour and glorious Victory Terra the Mother of this Monster being hereat inrag'd in revenge brought forth the Giants those implacable Enemies of the Gods which were afterwards destroy'd by Jupiter with the assistance of Minerva Bacchus and other Deities But as for Dionysus bred up in Nysa and instructed in the most learned Arts Bacchus and Sciences he grew not only eminent for the Strength and Beauty of his Body and Endowments of his Mind but for his Inventions of things useful for Man's Life For while he was but as yet a meer Boy he found out the nature and use of Wine discovering the pressing of the Clusters of the Vine and drying of the Grapes to the end to store them up for future use He found out likewise what Ground was most proper for the planting of every thing and in hopes of attaining unto Immortal Honour for the great Benefits and Advantages of those things by him discover'd he communicated his Inventions to Mankind When his Fame and Glory was nois'd abroad in every Place Rhea it 's said inrag'd at Ammon endeavour'd to seize Dionysus But being disappointed in her Design she forsook Ammon and returning to her Brother the Titans Marry'd her Brother Saturn who at the instigation of Rhea with the other Brothers made War upon Ammon and in a Battel routed him That Ammon by reason of Famine was forc't to fly into Crete and marry'd Geta one of the Daughters of the Curati then reigning there and with her gain'd the Sovereignty of the Island and call'd it after his Wife's Name Gete which was before called Idea Saturn they say having gain'd the Kingdom of Ammon govern'd cruelly and P. 143. marcht with an Army to Nysa against Dionysus who hearing of the routing of his Father and the Confederacy of the Titans against him rais'd Souldiers in Nysa Two Hundred of which were bred up with him who as they were eminent for Valour so they were great Lovers of Dionysus He confederated likewise with the Neighbouring Lybians Africans and the Amazons of whom we have before related that they were both valiant and us'd to send great Forces abroad in other Countries and had brought many Parts of the World under their Dominion They were brought they say into this Confederacy chiefly for the sake of Minerva who minded the same way and course of Life as they did For the Amazons were both Warriers and Virgins The Army with Dionysus was divided into Two Bodies the Men commanded by him and the Women by Minerva and in this Order they made a violent Charge upon the Titans The Ingagement was very hot and great numbers fell on both sides At length upon a Wound given to Saturn Dionysus gain'd the Day who signaliz'd his Valour in this Battel above all others The Titans then fled to the Places formerly belonging to Ammon and Dionysus with a great number of Prisoners return'd to Nysa where he surrounded them with his Souldiers and then in an Harangue accus'd the Titans so that all thought they must every Man be put to the Sword But forthwith pardoning them all he gave them liberty either to go Home or to take up Arms with him Upon which they all chose to serve him and upon the account of their suddain and surprizing Deliverance all ador'd him as a God Then giving to each of them a Cup of Wine as a Sacred Pledge of their Fidelity he caus'd them Man by Man to swear that they would serve him faithfully and fight for him to the end of the War This Rite and Ceremony of pledging their Faith on both sides by pouring out and drinking of Wine being then first begun was afterwards imitated by Posterity and Truces and Leagues in times of War were called * Drink Offerings Libations Dionysus afterwards undertaking a War against Saturn and marching out of Nysa with all his Forces for that purpose they report that Aristaeus his Tutor was the First that with great Solemnity offered Sacrifices to him as to a God It 's said the noblest of the Nysaeans call'd Silenians were his Companions For Selenus was the First that reign'd in this Island who is so very ancient that none knows his Original And forasmuch as he had a Tail growing out at his Rump his Posterity partaking of his nature had the same Badge Dionysus therefore marcht away with his Army and after much toyl and hazard for lack of Water passing through many Deserts infested with wild Beasts he came at length to †Zacira Zabima a City of Lybia and there encamp'd near to this place he kill'd the Monster the Spawn of * The Earth Monster Campes Terra call'd Campes which had destroy'd many of the Inhabitants for which he was in high Reputation among the People for his Valour He rais'd a Mount of Earth over this Monstrous Beast he had kill'd to the end to leave an everlasting Monument of his Valour to Posterity which remains to this very day Thence he marcht against the Titans causing his Army to pass quietly and orderly through all Places carrying himself courteously and civilly towards all assuring every Body that he undertook this Expedition for no other Reason but to punish the Impious and benefit all Mankind So that the Lybians admiring his good Order and Discipline and the Greatnese of his Mind largely supply'd his Army with Provision and freely join'd with him as Confederates And now approaching near to the City of Ammon he routed Saturn again before the Walls who afterwards set the City on Fire in the Night with a purpose to destroy the ancient Palace of Ammon and he himself with his Wife P. 144. Rhea and others of his distressed Friends secretly fled out of the City But Dionysus was nothing like to him in his Temper for he not only pardon'd Saturn and Rhea whom he had taken Prisoners upon the account of being his Kindred but intreated them that for the future they would as his Parents love him and live with him as
that at that time the Boreadae the Brothers of Cleopatra were Companions with Hercules in this Expedition These therefore were the First that by reason of their near Relation by force of Arms reliev'd the Young Men and breaking in Pieces their Chains kill'd as many of the Barbarians as oppos'd them But when Phineus himself with a multitude of Thracians that came flocking in marcht up to decide the matter by a Battel it 's said that then Hercules stoutly laid about him and slew both Phineus and a great number of the other Thraclans Then seizing upon the King's City and Palace he set Cleopatra at liberty and restor'd to her Sons their Father's Kingdom who resolving to be reveng'd upon their Step-mother he persuaded them to forbear doing any such thing but rather to send Messengers into Scythia to her Father to let him know that they left her wholly to his Discretion to be punish'd for her Offences Which being done accordingly the Scythian put his Daughter to Death and the Sons of Cleopatra were highly commended by the Thracians for their Mildness and Equity But I am not ignorant how some of the Fabulous Authors relate that Phineus put out his Two Sons Eyes and that in retaliation when he was old Boreas serv'd him the same Sauce And they report likewise that Hercules going out of the Ship to get a little fresh Water was left behind by the Argonauts in Asia For in ancient Stories no Historians unanimously agree one with another and therefore it 's not to be admir'd that in giving account of things in ancient Times we do not in every thing agree with the Poets and other Writers But it 's said that the Two Sons gave up the Kingdom to their Mother Cleopatra and went along with the Argonauts in their Expedition who sailing away from Thrace and arriving at Pontus landed in Taurica Chersonesus being altogether ignorant of the cruelty of the Inhabitants For it was a Custom amongst those P. 173. Barbarians to sacrifice all Strangers that arriv'd there to Diana Taurica Amongst whom it 's said that in after-times Ephigenia the Priests of the Goddess practis'd the same Cruelty upon all she could lay hold on And here in regard the Course of the History requires it it 's requisite we should give an Account of the Causes of this horrid Cruelty executed upon Strangers especially this Digression seeming pertinent to the Acts of the Argonauts They say that Sol begat Two Sons Aeetes and Perses and that Aeetes was King of Colchis and the other of Taurica and that both were exceeding cruel That Hecate was the Daughter of Perses far more fierce and cruel than her Father for being given to Hunting if she could find no Game she would sport her self with casting her Darts at Men instead of Beasts She made it her business likewise to compound Deadly Poysons and was the first that found out * Wolf-Bane a most poysonous Herb. Aconitum and made trial of the nature and efficacy of every Composition by mixing them with the Food given to Strangers Being thus grown extraordinary skilful in this devilish Art she first poyson'd her own Father and so usurpt the Crown Then she built Diana's Temple and ordered all Strangers that arriv'd there to be sacrific'd to that Goddess so that her Cruelty was nois'd abroad in every Place She afterwards Marry'd Aeetes and by him had Two Daughters Cerces and Medea and one Son call'd Aegialeus Cerces likewise being much addicted to the Compounding of all sorts of Medicines found out the wonderful Natures and efficacy of divers sorts of Roots and Herbs many she learnt of her Mother Hecate but many more she discover'd by her own industry so that she left nothing new for any that came after her which might any ways advance that Art This Cerces was Marry'd to the King of the Sarmathians whom some call Scythians but she likewise poyson'd her Husband and so usurping the Kingdom executed many Butcheries and Cruelties upon the Subjects for which as some Writers relate she was driven out of the Kingdom and fled to the Ocean and possessing herself of a certain Desert Island settl'd there together with the Women her Companions But as other Historians say leaving Pontus she settl'd in the Promontory of Italy now call'd from her Cerceum They report likewise that Medea learnt the same Art from her Mother and Sister but she plainly made use of it for contrary ends and purposes for she constantly laid out her self to save the Lives of Strangers that were driven thither sometimes begging the Lives of such as were condemn'd of her Father and at other times by her subtil Contrivance procuring their Escapes out of Prison For Aectes prompted thereunto both by the cruelty of his own Nature and likewise incited by the Counsels and Persuasions of Hecate his Wife observ'd the Custom of Murdering of Strangers But Medea every day more and more opposed her Parents in this thing Aectes upon suspicion of Treason committed his Daughter Medea to Prison whence notwithstanding the escap'd and fled to a Temple of Apollo seated on the Sea-Shoar about which same time the Argonauts sail'd by Taurica and arriv'd in the Night at Colchis at the very Place where the Temple stood where meeting with Medea wandring upon the Shoar were inform'd by her of the cruel Custom of Murdering of Strangers in those Parts whereupon giving the Virgin thanks for her Humanity and Kindness they told her of their Designs and of the end of their adventure and she on the other Hand inform'd them what Dangers she was surrounded with from her Father by reason of her Kindness and Compassion to Strangers It being therefore evident to both Parties what was then fit to be done Medea on her part promis'd she would assist 'em to the uttermost of her power till they had accomplish'd P. 17â— their Design and Jason promis'd and confirm'd by a Solemn Oath that Medea should from that time forward be his Wife Hereupon the Argonauts leaving a Party to guard their Ships went with Medea in the Night to the Golden Fleece Of which we must here write more largely that nothing may be omitted which is pertinent to the History They say that Phryxus the Son of Athamantes to avoid the malice of his Step-mother fled out of Greece together with Helles his Sister and being by the advice and direction of the Gods transported out of Europe into Asia upon the Back of a Golden-fleec'd Ram it happened that the Young Maid fell off into Pontus which was therefore from thence call'd Hellespont But Phryxus landing safe in Colchis by the Command of the Oracle sacrific'd the Ram and hung up its Skin in the Temple of Mars Afterwards the King was told by the Oracle that he should dye when some Sea-faring Men came thither and carry'd away the Golden-Fleece And this was the Cause besides the cruelty of his Nature that mov'd this Vile Man to sacrifice Strangers that this horrid
Flames in many Parts of it and streams of Fire even overflow'd the neighbouring Territory the Country lay wast and ruin'd for a great space and Tract of Ground together And in regard the Fire continu'd thus to spoil the Country for many years together the Inhabitants in a Consternation forsook the Eastern Parts of Sicily and went down into the West At length after many Ages the Sicilians with all their Families transported themselves out of Italy and setled in that part of the Island before forsaken by the Sicanians Where out of a covetous desire to gain more they incroacht still further and made incursions into the neighbouring Countries so that there were frequent Wars between them and the Sicanians till by a mutual Compact and agreement they settl'd the Boundaries of each others Territories of which we shall give a particular account in their Proper place and time The last that sent Colonies into Sicily were the Grecians and those very considerable who built Cities upon the Sea Coasts By the multitude of Grecians that resorted thither and the frequent and ordinary Commerce with them they learnt both the Language and the Grecians way of living and lost together with their own barbarous Dialect their very Name likewise and were call'd Sicilians Having said enough of these we shall now pass to the Islands called the Eolides which are seven in number The Eolide Islands call'd Strongyle Euonymus Didyme Phoenicusa Hiera Vulcania and Lipara in which last there 's a City of the same name These lie between Sicily and Italy P. 202. in a direct line from East to West and are distant from Sicily about an hundred and fifty Furlongs They are much of an equal bigness the greatest of them is in Circuit an hundred and fifty Furlongs They have been all subject to great eruptions of Fire the Passages of which by the openings of the Earth are apparent and visible at this day But in Strongyle and Hiera to this very time violent Vapours burst out of the Earth with a roaring dreadful noise abundance likewise of Sand and Fiery stones are Vomited out of the Ground the like to which may be seen about Mount Aetna For some affirm that from these Islands there are Caverns within the Earth that run out as far Aetna and so there 's a Communication one with another and therefore both these and those Breaches and Casmas of the Earth at Aetna cast forth their Flames at certain seasons by turns They say that these Islands anciently were desert and uninhabited and that afterwards Liparus Son of King Auson upon a sedition rais'd against him by his Brothers with a * Long Ships or Men of War Fleet well man'd Fled out of Italy into the Island from him call'd Lipara where he built a City of the same name and till'd and cultivated the rest of the Islands When he was old Aeolus the Son of Hippotas with some other of his Associats arriv'd in the Island and marri'd Cyane the Daughter of Liparus and investing the rest that he brought along with him with the same Rights and Privileges that the natural Inhabitants injoy'd he became supream Lord of the Island Liparus afterwards having a desire to return into Italy Aeolus assisted him in possessing the Country about Syrrentum where after he had reign'd with a general applause he dy'd and was bury'd in great state and funeral Pomp and honour'd by the Inhabitants as a Demy God This is that Aeolus which they say entertaind Vlysses in his Wandrings and was reported to be pious towards the Gods righteous towards Men and kind and courteous to Strangers It 's likwise reported that he taught Mariners the use of Sails and by the diligent observance of Fire foretold the rising of Winds whence he was feign'd to have a Sovereign power over the Winds and for his Piety was call'd the Friend of the Gods He had Six Sons Astyochus Xuthus Androcles Pheroemon Jocastes and Agathurnus who were all in great Reputation and esteem upon the account of the Fame of their Father's Vertues Amongst these Sons Jocastes reign'd as King over those Parts lying upon the Sea-Coasts of Italy as far as Rhegium Pheroemon and Androcles injoy'd that Part of Sicily from the narrow cut of the Sea to Lilibaeum That part of the Country that lyes Eastward was inhabited by the Sicilians the other towards the West by the Sicanians which several People were continually Quarrelling one with another But they freely submitted to the Sons of Aeolus for the sake of their Father's Eminent Piety and their own gentle and sweet Dispositions Xuthus reign'd in the Territory of Leontium call'd from him Xuthia to this Day Agathurnus possess'd the Region now call'd Agathynites and built the City call'd Agathurnum after his own Name Astyochus was Sovereign Lord of Lipara and all of them imitating their Father's Piety and Justice were in great Honour and Esteem After the Posterity of Aeolus had reign'd successively for many Ages together at last the Royal Line in Sicily was extinct After which the Sicilians were under an Aristocratical Government But the Sicanians fell to odds one with another about the Sovereignty P. 203. and for a long time together were imbroil'd in a Civil War Many Years afterwards when the other Islands through the Severity of the Kings of Asia were more and more empty'd of their Inhabitants some of Cnydus and Rhodes determin'd to transplant themselves to which end they created Pentathlus a Cnidian their Captain who deriv'd his Pedigree from Hippotes the Son of Hercules and under his Conduct they transported themselves into Sicily and arriv'd at Lilibaeum This fell out in the * About Seven Years after the taking and destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadonozer Ant. Chr. 585 Years Fiftieth Olympiad in which Epitilidas the Laconian was Victor At which time likewise it happen'd that Aegestanes and Selinuntes were at War one with another in which War joyning with the Selinuntines in one Battel they lost many of their Men and among the rest their General Pentathlus The Selinuntines being thus routed those of these Strangers that surviv'd determin'd to return Home to which purpose they chose Gorgus Thestores and Epitherides of the Houshold of Pentathlus to be their Captains who sail'd through the Tyrrhene Sea to Lipara where they were kindly receiv'd and easily perswaded to enter into a League with the Inhabitants and dwell among them who were then scarce Five Hundred that remain'd of those that came over with Aeolus Afterwards when the Tyrrhenians infested the Seas with their Pyracies being vext with their Incursions they prepar'd a Fleet for their Defence and divided themselves into several Parts some to till the Ground and others to guard the Seas against the Pirats Then injoying their Estates in Common and feeding together in Societies they continu'd for some time in this Community of Life Afterwards they divided Lipara wherein was situated the Metropolitan City amongst themselves the rest of the
Thracians and call'd it Dia. Shortly after they fell out and fought a set Battel wherein many were kill'd on both sides and the two Brothers kill'd one another whom the Inhabitants afterwards ador'd as Demygods After the Thracians had held the Island for above two hundred Years at length a Drought and Famin forc'd 'em to leave the Place After them the Carians being expuls'd Lamia possess'd themselves of it whose King Naxus the Son of Polemon afterwards order'd the Island should be call'd Naxus after his own Name This Naxus was a very famous and good Man and left behind him a Son call'd P. 225. Leucippus whose Son Smardius afterwards reign'd in the Island in whose Reign Theseus coming out of Crete with Ariadne landed here and in his Sleep saw Bacchus threatning him with Ruin if he did not forsake Ariadne with which Vision being terrify'd he left her and withdrew himself out of the Island Then Bacchus in the Night led away Ariadne to the Mountain Arius and then immediately disappear'd and not long after Ariadne was no more seen The Naxians have many Stories amongst them concerning this God for they say he was bred up with 'em and therefore that this Island was lov'd by Bacchus more than any other and by some call'd Dionysiades For Jupiter as the Story goes Semele before the Birth of Bacchus being struck with a Thunderbolt took the Infant Bacchus out of his Mother's Womb and clapt him within his Thigh But when the full time of his Birth was at Hand to conceal him from Juno he was brought forth in Naxus and there committed to the care of the Nymphs Philias Coronidis and Cleidis to be educated by them and that Semele was therefore before his Birth kill'd by Lightning to the end that Bacchus not being born of a Mortal but of Two immortal Deities might from his Birth be of an Immortal Nature Upon the account therefore of the kindness shew'd him in his Education he express'd his gratitude to the Inhabitants so far as that he advanc'd them to a high degree of Wealth and Power and furnish'd them with a brave Fleet of Ships and that they being the first that made a defection from Xerxes they say he assisted 'em to vanquish the Barbarians in a Sea-Fight and that he gave a clear Evidence and Token of his Concern with them in the Battel at Platea and that the excellency of their Wine was an apparent demonstration of the Kindness of this God to their Island The First that inhabited Syme which before lay waste and desolate were Syme those that came thither with Triops under the Conduct of Chthonius the Son of Neptune and Symes from whom the Island was so call'd Nireus the Son of Charopus and Aglaies was in after-times King of this Island he was a very comely and beautiful Man and went along with Agamemnon to the War against Troy and together with this Island was Lord of Cnidus After the end of the Trojan War the Carians possessed themselves of this Place at such time as they were Masters at Sea afterwards forc'd thence by an excessive Drought they settl'd themselves in * Vranopolis in Mount Athos Vranium From that time it lay desolate till the Fleet of the Lacedemonians and Argives arriv'd there and then it was Planted with new Colonies in this manner †Ausos or Auson the Son of Vlysses and Calypso Nausus one of the Companions of Hippotas taking along with him those that came too late at the time when the * Of Argos Country was divided by lot possessed himself of Syme which then lay desolate and afterward receiv'd others that came there under the Conduct of Xuthus to share with him both in the Priviledges of the City and Commodities of the Country and possess'd the Island equally among them They say that both Cnidians and Rhodians made up part of this Colony The Cares anciently possess'd Calydna and Nisyrus and afterwards Thessalus the Calydna Nisyrus Son of Hercules was Lord of both the Islands and therefore Antiphus and Philippus Kings of Coos when they were ingag'd in the War of Troy were Generals of those Forces that were sent out of these Islands In their return from the Trojan War Four of Agamemnon's Ships were by a Storm cast upon Calydna and the Men that were on Board continu'd there intermixt with the other Inhabitants But the ancient Inhabitants of Nisyrus were swallow'd up by an Earthquake After which the Coons added it to their Dominion as they had done Calydna before After them the Rhodians sent a Colony thither all the former Inhabitants being wholly swept away with a Plague As for Carpathus that was first seiz'd upon by some of Minos his Soldiers at Carpathus P. 226. such time as he was Master at Sea and lorded it over the Grecians Many Ages after Ioclus the Son of Thymoleon of Argos by the Command of the Oracle brought over a Colony thither The Island of Rhodes was anciently inhabited by those call'd Telchines who as Rhodes an old Story goes were the Offspring of †Thalassa and with Caphira the Daughter * The Sea of Oceanus brought up Neptune who was committed to their care by Rhea It 's said they invented several Arts and found out many other things useful and conducing to the well-being of Man's Life It 's reported they were the first that made Statues of the Gods and that some of the ancient Images were denominated from them for amongst the Lindians Apollo is call'd Apollo Telchinius Amongst the Ialysians Juno and the Nymphs were call'd Telchiniae and amongst the Camiraeans Juno was call'd Juno Telchinia But these Telchines were likewise reported to be Conjurers for they could raise Storms and Tempests with Rain Hail and Snow when ever they pleas'd which the ‖ Magi. Magicians as is related in History were used to do They could likewise transform themselves into other Shapes and were envious at all that learnt their Art Neptune they say fell in love with Halia the Sister of the Telchines and of her begat several Children Six Sons and one Daughter call'd Rhoda from whom the Island was call'd Rhodes In those Days there were Giants in the Western Parts of the Island Then likewise Jupiter having conquer'd the Titans fell in love with a Nymph nam'd Hamalia and of her begat Three Sons Spartaeus Cronius and Cytus About the time they were grown up to Mens Estate Venus in her Passage from Cythera to Cyprus arriv'd at this Island but being hinder'd from landing by the Sons of Neptune together with proud and impious Language the Goddess was so provok'd as that she struck 'em mad and caus'd 'em in their raging mood to ravish their own Mother and commit many other outrages upon the Inhabitants Neptune coming to the Knowledge of this vile Fact sunk his Sons under Ground for their Wickedness Whence they were call'd the * Oriental Eastern Daemons Halia threw her self into the Sea and
the Lacedemonians prevailed by their Interest that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina and among the Athenians to Amynias the Brother of Aesculus the Poet because that he being General of the Gallies first charg'd the Admiral of the Persians and sunk both him and his Ship together But when the Athenians shewed their Resentment that they were so undeservedly Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians slighted the Lacedemonians were afraid lest Themistocles being provoked with the Indignity should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians Therefore to stop his Mouth they rewarded him doubly above all the rest But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him they were much incens'd and remov'd him from his Place as General and put Xanthippus of the Family of Ariphron into his stead And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad Embassadors came to Athens both from the Persians and the Grecians The Persian Embassadors spoke to this effect That if the Athenians would side with the Persians they should have what part of Greece they would chuse that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties On the other Hand the Lacedemonian Embassadors earnestly intreated them that they would not make any League with the Barbarians but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians being so near one with them both in Nation and Language To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return That the Persian had no Country so rich nor Gold so heavy which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity And to the Lacedemonians they commanded Answer to be given That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it And in the mean time desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica in regard it was very apparent that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him would invade Athens with all his Force And so it came to pass for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia first endeavour'd to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection by sending Monies here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer return'd him by the Athenians he rag'd like a Mad Man and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica For besides those which Xerxes left with him he rais'd many out of Thrace and Macedonia and other Confederate Cities to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude the Athenians sent Mardonius invades Attica Messengers to the Spartans and desired their Aid who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country so that the Athenians were reduced to great Streights and now a Second time with their Wives and Children and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away left their Country and fled to Salamis Mardonius greatly inrag'd destroy'd and wasted all the Country levelling the City to the Ground and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouch'd in the former Desolation Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces it was determined in the P. 258. general * At the Isthmus Assembly of the Grecians that they would all join with the Athenians and march to Platea and there join Battel with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country And made Solemn Vows to the Gods that if they became Victors they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War to the end their League might be inviolably observ'd and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage The Form of the Oath was thus I will not prefer Life before Liberty The Oath of the Consederacy I will not desert my Officers whether they live or dye but that I will bury my Fellow-Souldiers that shall fall in the War how many soever they may be If I be victorious in this War I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruin'd but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity When they had thus sworn they march'd over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia and incamp'd at the Foot of the Hill near the City Erythra Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas who was under Age was General of the whole Army When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was enter'd Beotia he march'd from Thebes and pitcht his Tents at the Ante Chr. 478. River †Near Platea and Thebes The Fight with the Persians at Erybra Aesopus and fortify'd himself with a deep Trench inclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand The Barbarians began the Fight who all the Night long roving up and down with all their Cavalry set upon the Grecians in their Camp The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians who forthwith in good order valiantly oppos'd them so that the Fight was very hot At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them only the Magareans who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse were over-press'd yet gave no ground but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedemonians for Succors When Aristides understood their Distress he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him to their aid who joyning with the other made such a Charge upon the Barbarians that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers killing the General of the Persian Horse with many others and put the rest to flight This happy success at the beginning of the War fill'd the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion Afterwards The great Battel with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea they remov'd their Camp out of the Plain next under the Foot of the Mountain into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory For on their Right Hand was an high Hill and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence Between these Two they encamp'd thus guarded by a natural Fortification The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians was of great advantage and did much conduce to the Victory For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable The Generals Pausanias and Aristides
the Matters design'd to be treated of endeavouring as near as we can to fix the time when things were done We began the Book next before this with the Passage of Xerxes into Greece and continued it with an account of affairs every where happening from that time to the Year next before the Expedition of the Athenians against Cyprus under Cymon their General In this we shall begin with that Expedition and proceed to the VVar decreed by the Athenians against the Syracusians CHAP. I. Cymon the Athenian Admiral his Expedition into Cyprus Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenians Cymon dyes in Cyprus EVthydemus being chief Governor of Athens Lucius Quintus Cinnatius and Marcus Fabius Vibulanus Roman Consuls Fortune frown'd upon the Athenians Olymp. 82. 3 An. Mu. 3520. Ant. Ch. 448. for in assisting the Egyptians against the Persians they lost all their Ships in the Island * An Island in Egypt in that part call'd Delta Prosopis but not long after a new War was Determin'd against the Persians for the Liberties of the Grecian Cities in Asia For this purpose the Athenians rigg'd out a Navy of Two Hundred Gallies and made Cymon the Son of Miltiades Admiral and order'd him to make streight for Cyprus and there invade the Persians Accordingly he forthwith Sail'd thither Cymon invades Cyprus with a brave Fleet well'd Man'd and Victual'd and in all other things in every respect sufficiently provided Artabasus was then Admiral of the Persian Fleet and lay with Three Hundred Ships at Cyprus And Megabyzus was General of the Ant. Ch. 448. Persian Land Forces and incamp'd with an Army of Three Hundred Thousand Men in Cilicia Cymon being Master at Sea landed his Men at Cyprus and forc'd Citium and Malus but used his Victory with great Moderation and Humanity having receiv'd A Sea Fight at Cyprus Intelligence that Fleets were come from Phenicia and Celicia to the assistance of the Islanders he hois'd up Sail Fought with them sunk many of their Vessels and took an Hundred together with their Men and pursued the rest even to Phenicia The Persians with the remnant of the Fleet that was left fled to Megabyzus where he lay incamp'd But the Athenians without delay pursued them and landed Ante Chr. 448. A Battle at land in Cilicia with the Persians their Men and set upon the Enemy but lost in this Fight Anaxicrates Vice Admiral of the Athenian Fleet who Fought with much Gallantry and there fell with Honour However the Athenians got the Day and after they had made a great Slaughter of their Enemies return'd to their Ships and Sail'd back to Cyprus These were the things done in the first Year of the Cyprian War After this when Pedieus was Archon of Athens the Romans bestow'd the Consular Dignity upon Marcus Valerius Lactuca and Sporius Virginius Tricostus In the Olymp. 82. 4. Ant. Ch. 447. An. Mu. 3521. time of their Government Cymon continuing Master at Sea brought most of the Cities of Cyprus under the power of the Athenians But Salamis the Metropolis was a very strong Persian Garrison well stor'd with Arms Ammunition and Provision of all sorts therefore he judg'd it of mighty consequence and Advantage if he could gain this Place for he conceiv'd if this were done that the whole Island would easily fall into his Hands and the Persians would be altogether discourag'd and not being able to relieve Salamis the Athenians being Masters Salamis in Cyprus besieg'd by Cymon at Sea would be deserted and despised by all their Confederats Lastly he concluded that if the whole Island of Cyprus were by force of Arms subdu'd the chief ends of the War were obtain'd and so it happend For the Athenians P. 293. Ant. Ch. 447. laying close Siege to the City Assaulted and Batter'd it every day But the Garrison being well furnish'd with Arms and all other necessaries easily defended themselves from the Walls against all the strength of their Enemies In the mean time Artaxerxes the King of Persia hearing of the defeating of his Armies in Cyprus call'd together a Council of War where it was determin'd that it was most for the Public Good to make Peace with the Grecians Whereupon Expresses were sent to the Generals and Officers of the Persians to make Peace with them upon any Terms Artabasus and Megabyzus forthwith dispatch'd Embassadors to Athens to treat of Peace whose Conditions being accepted by the Athenians they sent likewise Plenipotentiaries the chief of whom was Callias the Son of Hipponicus And these were the Articles of Peace between the Persians and the Athenians Peace concluded between the Persians and Athenlans and their Confederats to wit that all the Greek Cities in Asia should be free and govern'd by their own Laws That none of the Persian Commanders with any Force should come within three Days Journey of the Sea That they should not Sail in any Man of War between * A City in Pamphilia Phaselis and †A City in Lycia Cyane When these were confirm'd by the King and the Officers of his Army the Athenians on the other side agreed and engaged not to invade any of the Provinces of Artaxes Peace thus concluded the Athenians withdrew their Forces from Cyprus Triumphing in the glory of their Victories and in the advantages of the Peace But whilst the Army stay'd in Cyprus Cymon fell Sick and there Dyed Cymon dies Olymp. 83. Ant. Ch. 446. Afterwards Philiscus being chief Ruler at Athens the Romans chusing Titus Romilius Vaticanus and Caius Veturius Cicurinus Consuls was Celebrated the Eighty Third Olympiad in which Crison of Himera carried the Victory At this time the Megarians revolted from the Athenians and by their Embassadors sent to Sparta The Megarians revolt from Athenia 〈…〉 ns made a League with them with which Treachery the Athenians inrag'd sent their Forces into their Country who rob'd and spoil'd every where and so loaden with Plunder return'd home The Citizens indeed issued out of the Town for the Defence of the Country and ingag'd but were beaten and driven within their Walls CHAP. II. The Megarians revolt from the Athenians and are beaten The Athenians routed at Cheronea by the Beotians Many Cities revolt A Peace is Concluded AFter these things when Tymarchides was chief Governor of Athens Sporius Tarpeius and Aulus Asterius Fontinus being created Roman Consuls the Olymp. 83. 2 An. M. 3525. Ant. Ch. 445. Lacedemonians made an Irruption into Attica and wasted and destroy'd the Country far and near and after they had taken several Forts and Castles return'd into Peloponesus However Tolmedes the Athenian General took Cheronea but the Beotians joyning together supriz'd him upon which a Bloody Battel was Fought at Cheronea in which Tolmedes was kill'd though Fighting with great Resolution and the rest of the Athenians were all kill'd or taken By this remarkable Slaughter the Athenians were compell'd for the redeeming of the Captives to restore
chief care to preserve and increase his Stores by which means he grew so very Rich that he gain'd larger Territories than ever any King of Thrace had done before him For that part which lay by the Sea Coast ran along from the Borders of the Abderites to the River Ister And that from the Sea up into the main Land was of as great extent as a swift Footman could Travel over in Thirteen Days This Prince was possess'd of so large a Country that his yearly Revenue amounted to above a Thousand Talents During his Reign a War broke forth upon which occasion he rais'd out of Thrace more than an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Foot and Fifty Thousand Horse But it 's necessary that we Ant. Chr. 428. declare the Causes of this War that so the following account may be better understood Sitacles had entr'd into a League with the Athenians and one of the Articles Sitalces his War with the Macedonians was That he should faithfully Assist them in the War wherein they were engag'd in Thrace To this end he rais'd a powerful Army with a design to join with the Athenians to take Calcidea by Force And likewise for the hatred he had to Perdiccas King of Macedonia he resolv'd to restore Amyntas the Son of Philip to his Father's Kingdom For these Causes he was necessitated to raise a very great Army When all things were in readyness he Marc'hd all his Forces out of Thrace and entr d Macedonia But the Macedonians struck with terror at the multitude of their Enemies dar'd not to oppose them but getting in all their Fruits and Goods they could within their Garrisons they kept close within their Forts and Walls The Thracians brought Amyntas along with them as King and first treated the Cities by Messengers and fair Speeches but when none would hearken to them he Assaulted the first Castle in his way and took it by Storm Upon which many of the Cities and Garrisons through fear Ant. Ch. 428. surrender'd of their own accord After they had run through all Macedonia loaded with Rich Booty they made against the Greek Cities of the Calcideans Whilst Sitalces was thus imploy'd the Thessalians Achaians Magnesians and all the other Grecians inhabiting within Macedon and Thermopyle confederated and rais'd a mighty Army for they were afraid lest the Thracians who were so P. 313. powerful should make an inroad into their Country and bring them under the Thracian Yoke And the Calcideans did the like Sitalces hereupon being inform'd of the great Armies rais'd against him by the Grecians and knowing his Army was not able to indure the sharpness of the approaching Winter struck up a Peace with Perdiccas and in confirmation thereof contracted a Marriage with him and so march'd his Army back into Thrace In the mean time whilst these things were on foot the Lacedemonians with Another inroad into Attica their Confederates made another irruption out of Peloponesus into Attica under their King Archidamus who had the Sovereign Command of the Army and after they had destroy'd all the standing Corn when it was near ripe and made havock and spoil all over the Country they return'd to their respective Habitations The Athenians on the other hand were not in heart to oppose them but were under sore Calamities by Plague and Famine and therefore altogether despair'd of any good issue and event of the War And these were the things observable this Year Euclides was Ruler of Athens when the Romans chose Three Military Tribunes Olymp. 88. 2. Ant. Chr. 427. War between the Syracusians and the Leontines in the room of Consuls Marcus * Manlius Mannius Quintus Su'pitius Pretextatus and Servitius Cornelius Cossus At this time in Sicily the Syracusians made War upon them of Leontum a Colony brought thither from the Calcideans originally Athenians who being overpress'd by the power of the Syracusians and in great danger to lose their City sent Embassadors to Athens for speedy and seasonable aid to deliver them from their present Exigency The chief among them that were sent was Gorgias the Orator the most Eloquent Man of his time He Gorgias the Orator was the first that taught the Rules of Rhetorick and was so famous for his wise and learned Orations that all his Scholars as a Gratuity gave him an Hundred †A Mina in Silver is about 3 l. 9 s. Mina's apiece When he came to Athens and had Audience he made an Oration to the People concerning the League desired and by his new and ingenious way of speaking the Athenians were so taken who were otherwise Men of great Wisdom and Eloquence that they were struck with admiration For he adorn'd his Speech with most excellent Figures * Paranomacisms 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Figures call'd Synoeceiosms Oxymorons Paranomacisms and the like and artificial composures of Words and Sentences as by Opposites Paranomacisms equal Periods like Terminations and the like gingling strains of Rhetorical Wit to allure and intice his Auditors which at that time for its novelty was much admired But now it 's lookt upon to savour too much of affectation and to be ridiculous especially when by frequency and often repetition it becomes fulsome and tedious Gorgias having perswaded the Athenians to enter into a League with the Leontines return'd to Leontinum with great Reputation for his Eloquence Ant. Chr. 427. The Athenians for some time before had an hankering Mind after Sicily by reason of the richness of the Soyl and therefore were now more willingly perswaded by Gorgias and decreed to send Aid as was desir'd The pretence was to assist them who were their own Countrymen and were brought into great straits but in truth their chief Design was to gain the Island for not many Years before when the War broke forth between the Corinthians and them of Corcyra and both address'd themselves to the Athenians for Aid to make them their Confederates the People of Athens resolv'd to side with the Corcyreans because Corcyra was so situated that it was a very ready and convenient Pass over from thence into Sicily In short the Athenians being now Masters at Sea and every where successful had many Confederates and were richly furnished both with Men and Money had many Cities under their power were possess'd of a mighty Treasure in ready Money brought from Delos gathered from the Inhabitants of Greece to the value of above Ten Thousand †Ten Thousand Talents amounts to 1875000 l. Sterling the lesser Talent The greater Talent is 250 l. The lesser is 187 l. 10 s. Talents Moreover they had likewise many excellent Officers and expert Commanders by these Advantages the Athenians were grown very confident that they should both overcome the Spartans and having subdu'd all Greece win also the P. 314. whole Island of Sicily These were the Reasons induced them to resolve to assist the Leontines and to that end sent them Ant. Chr.
and Symmachus to lead the Army against Aristides and Symmachus sent into Lesbos against the Exiles of Mitylene them who having passed over the Forces into Lesbos after some few Assaults took Antandrus and put part of the Exiles to the Sword and expelled the rest out of the City And after they had strenghned the Place with a Garrison they departed from Lesbos After this Lamachus with Ten Ships under his Command Sail'd for Pontus and lay with his Fleet at Heraclea and near the River Cacheta lost all his Ships For abundance of Rain falling the Rain by the violence of the Stream dash'd in Pieces all the Vessels against the Rocks lying upon the Shoar Hereupon the Athenians made a Truce with the Lacedemonians P. 323. A Truce propounded and made for a Year for a Year upon these Conditions that all that was then under the Power and Government of each other should so remain on both sides And after several Debates and Consultations it was Judged to be the wisest course to put an end to the War and those destructive Contentions between themselves for ever after That which chiefly mov'd the Lacedemonians was the earnest desire they had to release those who were taken in the Island Sphacteria Thus far the Truce went on but they could not agree concerning Scione though all other things were consented to on both sides The Contention was so hot that all Ant. Chr. 424. War continu'd further overtures of Peace were at an end and the War was still carry'd on upon the Account of Scione About this time the City Menda fell off to the Lacedemonians which caused Menda revolts to the Lacedemonians a greater heat and resolution for the keeping of Scione To this end Brasidas remov'd all the Women and Children and their best Goods out of Scione and Menda and put strong Garrisons into them The Athenians were so enraged at this that they made a Decree to put all the Sciones to the Sword when ever they took the City To that end they sent Nicias and Nicostrates with Fifty Sail against them Menda retaken They first set upon Menda which they took by the Treachery of some within Then they Besieg'd Scione compassing it round with a Wall and press'd upon Scione besieg'd by the Athenians it with continual Assaults But the Garrison in Scione being very strong and well provided with all things necessary easily defended themselves and from the top of the Walls greatly gall'd the Besiegers And these were the things done this Year The Year following Alceus governing at Athens and Opicter Lucretius and Olymp. 89. 3. Ant. Ch. 423. Lucius Sergius * Fidenas Fideniates Roman Consuls the Athenians cast the Delians out of the Island and took the City into their own Hands because they kept secret correspondence as they alledg'd with the Lacedemonians Being thus expuls'd Pharnaces the Persian Lord Lieutenant gave them the City †Or Adrametum a City in Mysia in the Lesser Asia Adramyttium to inhabit The Athenians at the same time sent forth Cleon with a great Body of Foot unto the Coasts of Thrace who arriving at Scione shipt part of them that lay before the Town and sail'd with them to Torona For he had intelligence that Brasidas was gone from those Parts and had left but few Soldiers at Torona To which Place he approached as close as he could and besieged it both by Sea and Land at length he took it by Storm and made the Women and Children Captives the Souldiers he bound in Chains and sent them to Athens having left at Torona a small Garrison he march'd with the rest of his Forces to the River Strymon in Thrace and thence to the City Scione which is distant Thirty Stages from the City Amphipolis which he fiercely assaulted But here having intelligence that Brasidas incamp'd with his Army at Amphipolis he makes against him with a swift March who being inform'd of the approach of the Enemy sets forth in Battalia to meet the Athenians whereupon they presently join'd Battel the Victory continuing very doubtful for some time where it would fall both sides bravely behaving themselves In the mean time the Generals The Battel of Amphipolis where the Generals on both sides were kill'd P. 324. fought with that Resolution as if each would gain the Victory with his own Hands and the Officers themselves with undaunted Courage rush'd into the heat of the Battel insomuch as many brave Men on both sides breathed out their last At length Brasidas fell in the Bed of Honour amongst Heaps of his Enemies slain by his own Hand Cleon likewise was slain in the thickest of the Combatants And now both Armies were at a stand and in a Consternation at the loss of their Generals but at length the Lacedemonians got the day and set up a Trophy And the Athenians upon a Truce made bury'd their Dead and sail'd back to Athens When some who return'd to Lacedemon gave an account of the Victory and Death of Brasidas it is reported that his Mother Ant. Chr. 423. asked how he behaved himself in the Battel To whom Answer was made That he went beyond all the Lacedemonians Upon which she replied Her Son Brasidas was an Honest and Good Man but much inferiour to many other Spartans in Valour What she said being nois'd through the City the Ephori decreed her publick Honours because she prefer'd the Glory of her Country before the particular praise of her Son After this Battel the Athenians determin'd to make Peace concluded Peace with the Lacedemonians for Fifty Years and did so upon these Conditions that the Prisoners on both sides should be discharg'd and that the Cities taken in the War should be restored And so the Peloponesian War that had now continu'd Ten Years of the Peloponesian War Ten Years was in this manner ended at this time CHAP. VIII The continuance of the Peloponesian War The War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death The Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Seluntines in Sicily The Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the Sixteenth Year of the Peloponesian War ARiston was Archon at Athens when the Romans committed the Consulship Olymp. 89. 4. Ant. Chr. 422. New Commotions to Titus Quintius and Aulus Cornelius Cossus The Peloponesian War was scarcely ended when new Commotions and Dissentions broke out afresh occasion'd as follows The Athenians and Spartans with the common Consent of all their Confederates had enter'd into Terms of Truce and Peace But in the mean time they privately confederated in a League Offensive and Defensive without taking in the Cities that had sided with either Party which rais'd a suspicion as if there was a Design laid by this secret Association to inslave all The Cities confederate both against Athens and Sparta Ant. Chr. 422. Greece And therefore the chiefest Cities in Greece sent one to another
With these many Misfortunes the Syracusians were greatly discouraged but when they heard that Gylippus was arriv'd at Himera and raising Men they began to take Heart For Gylippus as Gylippus arrives at Himera soon as he came to Himera with Four Gallies only after he had secur'd his Ships brought in them of Himera to join with the Syracusians and from them and the Geleans Selinuntians and Sicanians he rais'd and listed Men who when they were all mustered made up a Body of Three Thousand Foot and Two Hundred Horse with which he march'd through the midst of the Country and entred into Syracuse And after a few Days led forth his Forces with those of the Syracusians against the Enemy Whereupon a sharp Battel was fought A Baatel fought near Syracuse wherein Lamachus the Athenian General was kill'd But at length after many kill'd on both sides the Athenians got the Day After this Fight came in Thirteen Gallies from Corinth whereupon Gylippus having drawn the Souldiers out of these Ships with them and the Syracusians set upon the Enemies Camp and assaulted the Epipole And though the Athenians made a Sally yet after a sharp Dispute and many of them kill'd they were routed by the Syracusians who presently demolish'd the Walls and Fortifications through all the Epipole The Athenians having lost this Place led away their Army to another Post These things thus perform'd the Syracusians sent Embassadors a Second time to Corinth and Lacedemon for further Supplies To whom were sent a Thousand Men from Corinth Beotia and Sicyon and from Sparta Six Hundred In the mean time Gylippus traversing the Country about from Town to Town in several Parts of Sicily brought in many to join with him in the War and being reinforc'd with Three Thousand Men from the Himereans and Sicanians Ant. Chr. 411. P. 335. he march'd his Army through the Heart of the Country But the Athenians having intelligence of their coming cut off one half of them by an Ambush the rest came safe to Syracuse And now they of Syracuse being incouraged with fresh Supplies determin'd to try their Fortune in a Sea-Fight What Shipping they had left they set forth and built others which they made use and †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 trial of in the little Harbour Nicias the Athenian General acquainted the People of Athens by Letters that the Syracusians were much inforc'd and that they were putting forth a great Fleet with an intent to come to a Sea-Fight and therefore desir'd more Shipping and Moneys to be sent him and a Collegue to bear part of the Burden and Care of the War For Alcibiades being fled and Lamachus kill'd he only remain'd and that very infirm and unhealthful Upon this the Athenians sent into Sicily about the Summer Solstice Ten Gallies under the Command of Eurymedon with an Hundred and Forty Talents of Silver But withal preparing and designing to send a greater Fleet at the Spring And to that end Ant. Chr. 410. they rais'd Men and Money in every Place from among their Confederates In Peloponesus the Lacedemonians by the instigation of Alcibiades broke the League they had made with the Athenians and the heat of this War continu'd for the space of Twelve Years CHAP. II. The Lacedemonians invade Attica The Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians Eurymedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily A Plague in the Athenian Camp Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians The latter routed at Sea The Athenians ruin'd in Sicily Nicholaus's long Oration Gylippus his Answer THis Year ended Cleocritus governed in chief at Athens and at Rome Four Olymp. 91. 4. An. M. 3559. Ant. Ch. 410. Military Tribunes executed the Authority of Consuls that is to say Aulus Sempronius Marcus Papyrius Quintus Fabius and Spurius Nautius At this time the Lacedemonians invaded Attica under Agis their General and Alcibiades the Athenian They seize upon Decelia a Place very strong and fit for a Garrison and there they built a Fort from whence this War was call'd the Decelian War On the other side the Athenians sent Charides with Thirty Sail into Laconia and decreed Fourscore Gallies and Five Thousand Souldiers to be sent into Sicily In the mean time the Syracusians in order to a Sea-Fight before determin'd made out with a Fleet of Fourscore Sail well Mann'd against the Enemy whom the Athenians met with a Fleet of Sixty Sail whereupon began a fierce Fight A Sea-Fight between the Athenians and Syracusians And now the Athenians came running to the Sea-side from every Quarter from their Posts and Forts some out of Curiosity to see the Engagement others to be assistant to their Countrymen in their Flight in case they should be worsted The Syracusian Officers foreseeing the Athenians were likely to do as now they did had before given secret Orders to those that were left as a Guard for the City to Assault the Forts of the Athenians which were full of Money Naval Preparations and other Provisions The Syracusians therefore easily possess'd themselves of the Forts which were slightly guarded and made a great Slaughter of them that came from the Sea-shoar in aid of their Fellows Ant. Ch. 410. Hereupon a great Noise and Clamour being made about the Forts and in the Camp the Athenians Souldiers now engag'd at Sea were struck with great Terrour and gave back and at length betook themselves to the defence of the Forts and Fortresses that were left whom the Syracusians pursu'd without observing any order Whereupon the Athenians discerning there was no hope nor way left of escaping at Land for that the Syracusians had possess'd themselves of Two of their Forts tackt about and were forc'd to renew the Fight Upon which with their whole Fleet in a Line of Battel they fell upon the Syracusians who were separated one from another and had their Line broken and disordered by the Pursuit and sunk Eleven of their Ships pursuing the rest to the Island After the Fight both sides set up a Trophy the Athenians for their Victory at Sea and the Syracusians for their Success at Land The Fight at Sea having this Issue and the Victory so hardly obtain'd the Athenians understanding that Demosthenes within a few Days would be with them with a Fleet were resolved not to attempt any thing further till those Forces arriv'd The Syracusians on the contrary resolv'd to lay all at stake and try the utmost by force of Arms before the Army of Demosthenes came up And to that end they fac'd the P. 336. Ant. Chr. 410. Athenian Fleet and did all they could every Day to provoke them to a Battel About that time Aristo a Corinthian Commander of a Vessel advis'd the Syracusians to make the Fore-Castles of their Ships shorter and lower which was of great advantage to them in Fights at Sea afterwards For the Fore-Castles of the Athenian Gallies were both very slender and
Stout Fight in Defence of the Haven at Mitylene were order'd to guard the Shallows that so the Port might be defended on every side both by Sea and by Land And he himself with his own Squadron fought in that part which was open into the Harbour They that were in the great Ships pelted the Enemies with Stones from the Main-Yard Those that were plac'd near the Shoar oppos'd them that endeavour'd to Land The Peloponesians all this while were nothing Inferior to their Enemies in Courage and Resolution for Charging with their Ships in a full Body and with the Best of thir Men upon the Decks it resembled both a Fight at Sea and Land together And they fell on with such Fury that they even Dar'd to hurl themselves upon the Fore-Castles of the Athenian Ant. Chr. 404. Ships judging that they whom they had so lately beaten were not able to stand the Shock On the other hand the Athenians and Mitylenes concluding there was no other hopes for Safety left but in Victory resolv'd to die rather than to desert their Posts This Obstinacy on both sides continu'd the Fight a long time whilst every one without the least Fear expos'd himself to all manner of Dangers Many upon the Decks were sorely gall'd by showers of Darts on every hand Some mortally wounded fell from the Decks into the Sea those that were yet untouch'd or at least unsensible of their Wounds were resolv'd notwithstanding to stand it out to the last Many were kill'd by Stones cast down upon them from the Main-yards which being both very big and thrown from an high place fell with the greater force and violence At length after the Fight had continu'd a long time and many fell on both sides Callicratides commanded a Retreat to be sounded in order to refresh his Men But not long after he puts them on board again and renews the Fight And after a long Conflict by the multitude of his Ships which overpower'd the Athenians and Valour of those upon the Decks he so far prevail'd that he drave the Athenians from their Post Upon which they fled into the inner part of the Harbour and now the Passage being open Callicratides casts Anchoâ— close to Mitylene For gaining the Place about which the Contest was he was possess'd of the whole Harbour which yet was out of the Walls of the City For the Old City is a little Island but that which is added of latter timâ—â— lies straight beyond into the Land Between those two runs a certain Euripus or Current of the Sea by which the City is more strong and defensible Mitylene besieg'd by the Lacedemonians Callicratides therefore having landed his Men besieg the City and begirt it on every side And this was the Condition of Mitylene at this time CHAP. XII Therma built in Sicily by the Carthaginians They raise Forces to invade Italy The noble Temple at Agrigentum The ancient Grandeur of that City The Riches of Gellias a Citizen there and some others Agrigentum besieg'd The Syracusians under Daphneus rout the Carthaginians near Agrigentum Imilcar seizes the Syracusian Fleet and takes all the Provision going to Agrigentum which was afterwards quit by the Inhabitants Their miserable Condition The Phalarian Bull. IN Sicily the Syracusians sent Embassadors to Carthage to complain of the late War made upon them and to persuade them to Peace for the time to come To which the Carthaginians return'd a doubtful Answer In the mean time they raise again a numerous Army and were unanimously resolv'd to do their utmost to subdue all the Cities of Sicily But before they transported their Armies P. 374. having got together out of Carthage and other Cities in Africa many that were willing to transplant themselves they built a new City call'd Therma near Therma built in Sicily by the Carthaginians Olymp. 93. 3. Ant. Chr. 403. the hot Baths in Sicily The Affairs of this Year concluded at Athens Callias was made chief Magistrate and at Rome Lucius Furius and Cneius Pompeius were created Consuls At this time the Carthaginians pusst up with their Successes in Sicily and coveting the gaining of the whole Island determin'd to that end to raise a great Army and thereof made Hannibal General the same that had raz'd Selinunte and Himera and invested him with full power for the management of the War But because he endeavour'd to excuse himself by reason of his Age they join'd Imilco in Commission with him the Son of Hanno one of the same Family These Generals consulted together and sent some eminent Carthaginians with great Sums of Money to raise Souldiers both out of Spain and the * Now call'd Majorca and Minorca near Spain Baleary Islands They rais'd likewise throughout Lybia Carthaginians and Africans and out of every City such as were most able for War There came likewise to them from the Nations and Princes of their Confederates Abroad both Mauritanians and Numidians and some from the Parts near to Cyrene Besides these there were transported into Africa Campanians hired out of Italy These Campanians they had experienc'd to be very useful to them when those whom they had left in Sicily by reason of some old Grudge they bore the Carthaginians were suspected to be ready to side with the Sicilians At length when all the Forces together were mustered at Carthage Timeus reports they were not much above an Hundred and Twenty Thousand Men but Ephorns affirms that they were Three Hundred Thousand The Carthaginians now prepare all things necessary for the Transporting of The Invasion of Sicily Ant. Chr. 403. the Army they equipt out all their Men of War and brought together no less than a Thousand Transport Ships Forty of their Gallies were sent before into Sicily which were presently encounter'd with as many by the Syracusians at Eryx where after a long and sharp Dispute Fifteen of the Carthaginian Ships were sunk the rest by the advantage of Night fled clear away When the News of this Defeat was brought to Carthage Hannibal the General sail'd away with Fifty Gallies contriving both to make the Enemy's Victory fruitless and the better likewise to secure the transport of his Army When the coming of Hannibal was nois'd through the Island all were of Opinion that he intended forthwith to transport all his Forces thither Upon which all the Cities hearing of the greatness of his Preparations and that they were now like to lay all at stake were struck with fear and amazement The Syracusians therefore sent Embassadors both to the Grecians in Italy and to the Lacedemonians to desire aid and assistance They sent Letters likewise to all the Magistrates of the Cities up and down to intreat them that they would stir up the People to join every where in Arms for the common Defence of the Liberty of their Country The Agrigentines considering the greatness of the Carthaginian Army concluded as the thing was in truth that they were likeliest first to
Mylas and took it and and discharg'd all the Naxians that were there * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 upon terms of mutual Friendship who went to the Sicilian and Grecian Cities some to one place and some to another Dionysius now having made a League with the Cities that lay upon the Sea-Coasts determin'd to pass over with an Army against Rhegium But for the present his Design was retarded by the Sicilians at Tauromenum whom therefore he resolv'd in the first place to reduce Dionysius besieges Tauromenium to which end he marched thither with all his Forces and Encamp'd on that side towards Naxos and continu'd his Siege all Winter in hopes that the Sicilians would leave the Hill because they had not been long there But they having heard their Fathers declare that the ancient Sicilians the former Inhabitants of that Place were expuls'd thence by the Grecians when they arriv'd there and built Naxus they therefore concluded they had just cause both to defend their own Country and to revenge the Injury done to their Ancestors by the Greeks and so they defended the Place with great Resolution In the mean time while the Dispute was hot on both sides * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 392. the Winter Solstice drew near at hand and Winter coming on apace all the Places near the Castle were full of Snow and Dionysius conceiving that the Sicilians by reason of the strength of the Place and height of the Walls kept but a slender Guard in the Castle he ascends those high and steep Places in a dark and tempestuous Night and with much difficulty by reason of the steepness of the Rock and depth of the Snow at length with a scarr'd Face and half blind with Cold and Snow possess'd himself of one part of the Castle Then presently forcing into another he laid open a Passage for his Army into the City Upon which the whole Power and Strength of the Sicilians ran together and drove the Dionystans out of the City and Castle and he himself by a blow upon his Brigandine in the pursuit was knock'd down and was very near falling alive into the hands of his Enemies And in regard the Sicilians had the advantage of high Ground from whence they gall'd the other above Six hundred of Dionysius's his Men were kill'd and many lost their Arms Dionysius himself Dionysius near killing sav'd only his Corslet After this Misfortune they of Agrigentum and Messina those that sided with Dionysius being at a great distance were altogether intent upon regaining their Liberty and therefore sent back Dionysius's Ambassador who was order'd to them to renew and continue the Confederacy and League that then was between them and the Tyâ—ant About this time Pausanias King of Sparta fled out of his Country by reason of some hainous Crimes laid to his charge by the Citizens when he had reign'd Fourteen Years Agistpolis his Soft succeeded him and continu'd as many years more Then likewise dy'd Pausaniaâ— King of Macedon whom Amyntas treacherously murther'd after he had reign'd only one Year Amyntas who thus thus got the Kingdom held it Four and twenty Years At the End of the Year Demostratus was chosen Archon of Athens and six Military Olymp. 96. 4. Ant. Ch. 391. Tribunes Lucius Titinius Publius Licinius Publius Melius Quintus * Maenius The Acts of Mago in Sicily P. 444. Mallius Gneius Genutius and Lucius Attilius govern'd as Consuls at Rome In their time Mago the Carthaginian General was busie in Sicily endeavouring to settle the Affairs of Carthage there which were then but in an ill Condition since the last slaughter and ruin of their Army To this end he carry'd himself with all Mildness and Humanity towards all the Cities within his Government and receiv'd all others into his Protection that were Enemies to Dionysius and enter'd into Leagues with many of the Sicilians At length he rais'd an Army and march'd against Messina and when he had wasted the Country he return'd with rich Booty and Encamp'd near Abacena a City of his Confederates But Dionysius with his Army march'd up to him and upon his approach both Armies were drawn out in order of Battel upon which there was a sharp and hot Engagement in which the Carthaginians were routed and fled to the City with the loss of above Eight hundred Men And Dionysius return'd to Syracuse But within a few days after he made an Expedition against Dionysius sets upon Rhegium in Italy Rhegium with an hundred Sail well Mann'd and coming upon them on a sudden in the Night he set the Gates on Fire and rear'd Scaling-Ladders to the Walls A few only of the Rhegians at first ran to repulse the Enemy and busied themselves in extinguishing the Fire but by the advice of Heloris the Governor they left the Fire and fell with all their force upon the Enemy and by that means sav'd their City For if they had continu'd Ant. Ch. 391. still in quenching the Flames so small a number could not have kept out the Dionysians till the rest of the Citizens had come in to their assistance For by throwing of Timber and other combustible matter from the Tops of the Houses next adjoining they rather increas'd the Fire Dionysius being thus disappointed in his design wastes and destroys all the Country round about with Fire and Sword but afterwards made a Truce with them for one Year and so return'd to Syracuse In the mean time the Grecians in Italy perceiving that Dionysius his Covetousness and The Grecians confederate in Italy against Dionysius Ambition extended as far as to their Countries enter'd into a general League and appointed a publick Place for their Common Assemblies By this means they hop'd that they should both be able to oppose Dionysius and likewise have an Army always ready to fight the Lucanians who were ever and anon making inroads upon them While these things were doing the Exiles that were in the Lecheum at Corinth being let into the City in the Night endeavour'd to possess themselves of the Walls but were The Lacedaemonians beaten by Iphicrates near Corinth driven out again by Iphicratis and forc'd to fly to the Arsenal with the loss of Three hundred Men. Within a few days after part of the Spartan Army march'd through the Territories of Corinth and were suddenly fallen upon by Iphicrates and some other Confederates who out off the greatest part of them And marching from thence with his Light-arm'd Men against Phlias he engag'd with them that came out of the Town and kill'd above Three hundred of them Hence he made against Sicyon who drew out under Ant. Ch. 391 the Walls and fought him but were beaten and forc'd into the City with the loss of Five hundred Citizens After these things the Argives with all their Forces came against Corinth and took both Corinth taken by the Argives the Castle and City and join'd that Territory to their
That Time and Want would ruin the Carthaginians without Fighting Upon this delay the Syracusians were so enrag'd that they deserted his Camp Hereupon he was in a great Fright and forthwith made free all the Slaves Yet afterwards the Carthaginians sending Ambassadors to treat upon Terms of Peace he made Peace with them Dionysius makes Peace with the Carthaginians and forthwith restor'd the Servants and Slaves to their Masters The Conditions were like the former but something fuller in this That the Sicilians should be Subject to Dionysius and that he should have Tauromenium When the Articles were Sign'd and Confirmed Mago left Sicily and Dionysius after his taking possession of Tauromenium banish'd thence most of the Sicilians and plac'd in their room the Choicest of his Mercenaries Thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at this time And in Italy the Romans took * Rather Phalerium Falerum a City of the Falisci by storm After the End of the Former this Year Nicoteles executed the Office of chief Magistrate Olymp. 97. 2. Ant. Ch. 389. at Athens and three Military Tribunes Marcus Furius Caius Aemilius and Catlus Berus were vested with the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time they of Rhodes that sided with the Lacedaemonians expell'd all the Citizens that favour'd the Athenians and when they got together in Arms to defend their Interest the Lacedaemonian Confederates routed them with the slaughter of many and proscrib'd all the rest that made their Escape And The Lacedaemonians fled to Rhodes because they were afraid lest the Citizens should be contriving some Innovations they sent for Aid from Lacedaemon Upon this the Lacedaemonians setting out seven Gallies sent away Eudocimus Philodicus and Diphila to manage Affairs there who arriving at Samos caus'd the City to fall off from the Athenians Then coming to Rhodes they busy'd themselves in settling and composing Matters there And now the Lacedaemonians seeing their Affairs to succeed and prosper they resolved again to recover the Dominion of the Sea Prepare a Fleet. and to that end prepar'd a Fleet and by degrees brought in more and more Confederates to join with them And for the same purpose they fail'd to Samos Rhodes and Cnidus and getting together Shipping from all Parts they Listed from thence the best Seamen they could get and at length bravely Equipped a Fleet of Twenty seven Gallies P. 447. At that time Agesilaus King of Lacedaemon hearing that the Argives lay Encamp'd at the Siege of Corinth made an Incursion into the Territories of Argos with all the Forces of Sparta except one Regiment and having Plunder'd and Spoil'd the People of their Goods and Cattel and cutting down the Trees all along through the Country he returned to Sparta In Cyprus Evagoras of Salamis a Man of a Noble Family for he was descended from Ant. Ch. 389. the Founders of that City who was then sometime before expuls'd the City by a Sedition Evagoras made King of Salamis but return'd not long after with a small number of Men his Consederates drave Abdemon the Tyrrian Petit-Prince of Salamis a Friend and Allie of the King of Persia out of the City and so at first became King only of Salamis the Greatest and Richest City of Cyprus but in a short time after growing Rich he raised an Army and purpos'd to bring the whole Island under his Dominion To which end he gain'd some Cities by Force and others he wan by fair Promises But the Amathusians Solians and Citians resolving to stand it out sent Ambassadors to Artaxerxes for aid and charg'd Evagoras The King of Persia prepares for War against Evagoras with the Killing of Agyris the Persians Confederate and promis'd to be assistant to the King in getting the Island into his Hands The King therefore both to clip the Wings of Evagoras that he might not grow too strong and for that he consider'd the commodious Situation of the Place for the supply and provision of the Shipping whereby he might defend Asia gave order to send Aid to the Islanders Dismissing therefore the Ambassadors he sent Letters to all the Sea-Port-Towns and their Governors to build with all speed what Ships they could and to furnish them with Tackle and all things necessary for the Use of the Navy He commanded likewise * Hercatomnus Hecatomnus Lord-Lieutenant of Caria to make War upon Evagoras And he himself going through the Cities of the Upper Asia sail'd thence with a great Army to Cyprus And such were the Affairs of Asia at this time In Italy the Romans after they had made Peace with the Falisci began the Fourth War against the Equi and took Sutrium by Storm but lost the Town of Verrugo When this Year ended Demostratus was chosen Archon or Lord-Chancellor of Athens Olym 97. 3. and Lucius Lucretius and * Servilius Sulpitius Ant. Ch. 388. Thimbro sent into Asia Servilius Cossus were Roman Consuls At this time Artaxerxes declar'd Strutha his General and sent him down with an Army to the Sea-Coasts against the Lacedaemonians and they hearing of his March sent Thimbro their General into Asia against him who possess'd himself of the Castle Jonda and of the high and steep Mountain Corossus about Forty * About 5 Mile Stages distant from Ephesus From thence he wasted and spoiled the King's Provinces with Eight thousand Men that he had rais'd in Asia But Struthas who with a great Body of Horse and Five thousand Heavy-arm'd Men and with above Twenty thousand Light-arm'd Encamp'd near to the Lacedaemonians at length when Thimbro was out with a Party and had loaded himself with Plunder on a sudden and by surprise fell upon him and kill'd him and took and kill'd many of his Soldiers and the rest being but few escap'd to the Castle Cnidiniam At the same time Thrasybulus the Athenian General loosing from Lesbos arriv'd with his Fleet at Aspendus and Anchor'd at the River Eurymedon and thô he receiv'd Contributions from them of Aspendus yet some of his Soldiers Ravag'd and Plunder'd the Country P. 448. which highly provok'd the Aspendians in so much that in the Night they set upon the Athenians and kill'd many of them together with Thrasybulus himself which struck Thrasybulus kill'd Ant. Ch. 388. such a Terror into the Captains and Officers of the Fleet that they forthwith return'd to their Ships and sail'd to Rhodes where finding that the City had deserted them they join'd with the Exiles that posess'd themselves of a certain Castle and put themselves in Array against the City But as soon as the Athenians heard of the Death of Thrasybulus they dispatch'd away Argyrius to be General in his room Thus stood the Affairs of Asia at that time CHAP. XII Dionysius his Expedition against Rhegium The War between the Lucanians and Thurians in Italy The Thurians cut off by their own rashness Leptines generously sav'd those that swam to his Ships though he was a Friend to
gave the Lands to the Locreans for he was always very desirous to oblige them because they so readily comply'd with him in the business of his Marriage On the other hand he studied Revenge upon the Rhegians for their denial For when he sent an Ambassador to them to Treat with them to send him a Virgin of some of their Citizens to be his Wife It 's said the Rhegians answer'd his Ambassadors that he should have none from them except it were the Hangman's Daughter Being highly incens'd at this gross abuse as he took it to be he continually studied how to be reveng'd For he made not peace with Ant. Ch. 386. them the year before out of any design of Kindness or Friendship with them but only out of a desire he had to possess himself of their Fleet of Seventy Sail. For he knew he could easily take the City when they could have no aid or assistance by Sea To this end he made several Halts and delayd as much as he could his drawing his Forces out of Italy waiting for some colourable pretence or occasion to break his League with the Rhegians without any refleicton upon his Honour Drawing therefore his Forces down to the Sea side he prepares all things necessary for his passage and then desires that the Rhegians wou'd furnish him with Provision for his Army and he would send them as much back again from Syracuse His design in this was that if they refus'd to supply him he thought he might have a just ground to raze their City and if they readily answer'd his Request then after their Corn and Provision was spent upon laying Siege to the Town he might with more ease through their scarcity of Food possess himself of the place The Rhegians not suspecting any thing for some few days furnish'd him liberally But when he delaid and trifled away the time sometimes pretending himself sick other times framing other excuses they at length smelt his design and therefore forbore sending any further Provision to his Camp Upon which Dionysius seeming to be much enrag'd at this affront return'd to them all the Hostages and beg 〈…〉 ing the Town round with his Forces assaulted it every day and with a great number of Engines of an incredible bigness so batter'd the Walls as if they had been shaken by a Storm and Tempest so earnest was he to gain the City The Rhegians on the other hand having made Ant. Ch. 386. Dionysius assaults Rhegium Phile their General order'd all that were of Age and Strength to take up Arms and to keep strict Guards and spying a fit opportunity they made a vigorous Sally and burnt the Enemies Engines and often skirmish'd out of the Walls with that Valour and Resolution to the exasperating of the Enemy that they both lost many of their own and kill'd no few of the Sicilians Nay Dionysius himself was so wounded with a Lance P. 452. about the Privy Parts * The Scrotum that he was very near losing his Life it being a long time before he recover'd Notwithstanding tho' the Siege was tedious and the Rhegians resolv'd to defend their Liberty yet he imploy'd his Soldiers in continual Assaults not in the least receding from his former design and purpose The Olympick Games in the mean time drawing on he sent to that Solemnity many Chariots drawn with Four Horses apiece Sends Chariots and Gifts to the Olympick Games and exceeding swift and likewise Tents glistering with Gold and adorn'd with rich and various Embroideries of admirable Workmanship and with these he sent likewise the most skilful Singers to advance his own praise by the reciting of Poems compos'd by himself For he was even to madness given to Poetry and he committed the care and oversight of all these things to his Brother Thearides who when he came to the ground by the multitude of the Chariots and richness and splendor of the Tents and Pavilions attracted the Eyes of all the Beholders And when the Singers began to recite the Poems of Dionysius the People at first ran together and greatly admir'd the sweet and pleasant Airs of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ant. Ch. 396. the Stage-Players But as soon as they perceiv'd how bad and Ballad like the the Verses were they ridicul'd Dionysius and despis'd him to that degree that they rist'd the Tents Lystas likewise the Orator then at Olympid advis'd the People that they should not admit any of those Procurators sent by so wicked a Tyrant to have any thing to do with those Sacred Sports At which time he made the Speech styl'd by him The Olympick Oration And how the Race began and it so happen'd that the Chariots of Dionysius were some of 'em driven out of the Line others were broken in pieces by dashing one upon another Neither did the Ship prosper better which convey'd the Procurators For in their return from the Games to Sicily they were forc'd by violence of a Tempest to Tarentum a City in Italy And it is reported that when they came to Syracuse they spread it abroad That the badness of Dionysius's Verses had not only disgrac'd the Singers but prejudic'd both the Chariots and the Ship However tho' he knew that his Verses were hiss'd at yet still he addicted himself to Poetry being told by his Flatterers that those thrt envy'd every thing that was Noble and Brave would at length admire what they then despis'd At that time the Romans slew a great number of the Volsci in the Battel at Gurasum CHAP. XIII The Peace of Antalcidas The War by the Persians against Evagoras in Cyprus The miserable Condition of Rhegium It 's Surrender'd The cruel usage of Philo the Governor of Rhegium and of his Son The Expedition of the Galls against Italy The Romans routed by the Galls at the River Allia Rome taken by the Galls The Romans Besieg'd in the Capitol The Volsci Revolt from the Romans The Galls routed by Marcus Furius in their return All cut off afterwards in the Plains of Trausium WIth these Actions the year ended and now Theodotus was made Chief Magistrate Olymp. 98. 2. Ant. Ch. 385. of Athens and Six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Authority at Rome Quintus Caesus Sulpitius Aenos Caesus Fabius Quintus Cervilius * Quintus Sulpicius Publius Cornelius and * Servius Cornelius The Peace of Antalcidas Marcus Claudius At this time the Lacedemonians tir'd out with the War both against the Greeks and Persians order'd their Admiral Antalcidas to go to Artaxerxes to strike up a Peace When he had deliver'd his Ambassage to the King he answer'd that he would make Peace with the Grecians upon condition that all the Greek Cities in Asia should return to their Obedience and that the rest of the Grecians should all Govern their Cities according to their own Laws and that if any should stand out and not submit to these Conditions it should be lawful for him to
Creatures he had Brib'd them with Gifts Preferments and many large Promises When the King had read these Letters believing all to be true he writ back to Orontes to seize upon Terabazus and to send him forthwith to him Whereupon he executed the Command and when Terabazus came before the King he desir'd he might Terabazus seiz'd be brought to his Legal Trial upon which he was committed into Custody But the Trial was long deserr'd because the King presently after was engag'd in the War against the Carducians In the mean time Orontes now Chief Commander of the Army in Cyprus seeing Evagoras Ant. Ch. 383. courageously defend the Place and perceiving his own Soldiers discontented with the seizing of Terabazus and to slight his Commands and fall off from the Siege fearing some sudden Misfortune sent to Evagoras and a Peace was concluded upon the same Terms he would have agreed with Teribazus And thus Evagoras beyond his own Expectation Peace made with Evagoras freed from absolute Slavery enter'd into a League upon Conditions that he should pay a Yearly Tribute to the King and be Sovereign Lord of Salamis and Subject to the King no otherwise than as one King to another And thus ended the Cyprian War which was spun out near Ten years though most of that time was only spent in Preparation and not above two Years of it in actual War But Gaius the Vice-Admiral of the Fleet who had marry'd the Daughter of Terabazus was in great pain lest he should suffer something or other out of suspicion of his being Familiar and Conversant with Terabazus Therefore he resolv'd to be before hand with the Gaius revolts from the King of Persia King and to that end being well furnish'd with a brave Navy and having the Love of the Sea-Captains and Officers he began to advise and consider of a Defection and forthwith without any further stop enter'd into a League with Acoris King of Aegypt against the great King of Persia He stirr'd up likewise the Lacedaemonians by his Letters and amongst P. 463. other large and glorious Promises he engag'd he would assist them in settling their Affairs in Greece and maintaining and supporting their Sovereignty And in truth the Ant. Ch. 383. Spartans had sometime before been contriving how to recover the Sovereign Power over the Graecians and at that time had given clear indications by their disturbances of their design to Enslave the Cities And that which further'd the Matter was they repented of the Peace made with Artaxerxes because they were Charg'd and Accus'd to have betray'd all the Graecians in Asia by that League with the King therefore they were very ready to catch at an Opportunity to renew the War and to that end very chearfully made a League with Gaius After Artaxerxes had ended the War with the Cadusians he brought Terabazus to his A People 〈…〉 g between the Euxine and Caspian Seas Judges flead alive Terabazus brought to his Trial. Trial and referr'd the Cognisance of his Cause to Three Honourable Persons Near this time some Corrupt Judges were flead alive and their Skins spread round the Judgment-Seats that those that sate there might always have an Example before their Eyes of the Punishment due to Injustice to deterr them from the like The Accusers therefore of Terabazus produced against him the Letters of Orontes earnestly pressing them as sufficient Evidence to convict him On the other hand Terabazus that he might make it evidently appear that the Accusation was a meer Scandal contriv'd between Orontes and Evagoras produc'd the Agreement between them whereby Evagoras was to obey the King as a King himself and no otherwise and that the Terms upon which Terabazus would have made Peace were That Evagoras should be observant to the King as a Servant to his Master And as to the Oracle he brought all those Graecians Ant. Ch. 383. that were at that time present to testify That the God return'd not any Answer relating to the Death of any Person And as to the good Correspondence between him and the Lacedaemonians he declar'd that he enter'd into a League with them not for any private Advantge of his own but for the Profit and Advantage of the King For by this means he told them the Graecians in Asia being divided from the Lacedaemonians were made better Subjects and more Obedient and going on with his Defence he put the Judges in mind of his former remarkable Services to the Crown Amongst those which clearly manifested his Faith and Loyalty to the King and which Terabazus kill'd two Lions to save the King deserv'd the greatest Commendation and chiefly as was said wan the King's Heart was this That when the King was one day in his Chariot a Hunting two Lions ran fiercely upon him and tearing the two Chariot-Horses in pieces they made at him at which instant Therabazus came fortunately in kill'd both the Lions and so rescu'd the King It 's likewise reported of him that he was a Person of extraordinary Valour and of so sound and solid a Judgment in Council that the King never miscarry'd when he follow'd his Advice When Terabazus had ended what he had to say in his own defence all the Judges with Terabazus acquitted one Voice acquitted him and pronouc'd him Innocent of all the Crimes and Offences laid to his Charge But the King afterwards sent for the Judges to him severally and examined every one by himself upon what Grounds of Law they pronounc'd the Accus'd Innocent To whom the first answer'd That the Matter of the Accusation was Uncertain and Dubious but his good Services were Clear Apparent and Manifest to all Another said That thô those things objected against him were true yet that all his Faults were over-ballanced by his Deserts The Third justify'd his Vote to discharge him by declaring Ant. Ch. 383. That he had no regard to his Merits because the King had rewarded them above their Deserts but upon strict Examining the Nature of every particular Charge it did not appear to him that the Party accus'd was guilty of any of them Upon which the King commended the Judges as Just and Upright Men and advanc'd Terabazus to the highest Places of Honour But as to Orontes he discarded him as a False Accuser and noted P. 464. him with all the Marks of Ignominy and Disgrace And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time CHAP. II. Mantinea Besieg'd by the Lacedmonians Dionysius aims to gain the Islands of the Adriatick Sea The Parii built Pharos Dionysius his Expedition into Hetruria Prepares for War against the Carthaginians The Sicilians routed at Cronion The quarrel between the Clazomenians and them of Cuma about Leuce The War between Amyntas and the Olynthians The Lacedemonians seize the Citadel Cadmea at Thebes Eudamidas breaks into the Olynthians Country IN Greece the Lacedemonians press'd on the Siege of Mantinea and the Mantineans bravely defended the place all
that Summer For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians and therefore the Spartans in former times were us'd to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements But when Winter drew on and the River running under the Town swell'd high by the Rains the Lacedemonians dam'd up the River with Earth and Rubbish and turn'd the Current into the City so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool by reason whereof the Houses fell down which amaz'd them of Mantinea that they were forc'd to deliver up the City Which being thus taken the Citizens suffer'd no other hardships from Mantinea taken the Lacedemonians save only that they were order'd to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came they were forc'd therefore to leave their Country and Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius settle themselves and their Families in the Villages About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatick Sea and that which chiefly mov'd him to it was because he covered to be Master of the Jonian Sea as they call it to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos To this end he made a * Molussus a part of Epirus League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engag'd in a War he sent them Two thousand Soldiers and Five hundred Grecian Arms the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men and the Auxiliaries they mixt here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments The Illyrians having now rais'd a great Army made an irruption into Epirus in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom and wasted and spoil'd the Country without opposition or controul Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians in which the Illyrians were Victors and kill'd A great slaughter of the Molossians above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedemonians they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians During the transaction of these Affairs the * Paros an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy sent forth a Colony to the Adriatick Coast where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius in an Island so call'd For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither and built the City Lyssus by the advantage of which place when he had little else to do he rais'd an Arsenal for Two hundred Gallies and Wall'd the Town in so large a Circuit that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece He likewise built stately Schools and Colledges on the on the side of the River * Or rather Anapis in Sicily Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465. Anapus with Temples and other beautiful Fabricks to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City And now ended the Year when Diotrephes for the next was Archon of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls At Aelis was solemniz'd the Ninety ninth Olympiad in which Dicon the Syracusian wan the Prize At this time the Pharii who were now seated in the Island Pharos Wall'd in the City they had built near the Sea side not in the least injuring the Barbarians the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island but allotted them a place very strong and excellently well fortify'd But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eye-sore to the natural Inhabitants therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them who pass'd over to Pharos in many small Vessels to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards and fell upon the Greeks and kill'd many of them But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius with a great Fleet set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians and took and sunk all of them kill'd Five thousand of their Men and took Two thousand prisoners Dionysius being now in great want of Money began an Expedition with Threescore Gallies into * Tyrthenia by the Greek but mistaken Hetruria under colour to scour the Seas of Pyrats but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts which was very full * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of rich Gifts and Donations It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla a City of Hetruria where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers He landed in the Night and forcing in at break of day accomplish'd his Design For there being but a small Guard in the Castle he easily over-power'd them rifled the Temple and took out above a Thousand Talents And tho' they of Agylla sally'd out to repel the Enemy yet he routed 'em took many Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money prisoners and after he had wasted and spoil'd the Country sailed back to Syracuse where he rais'd no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils Having thus fill'd his Coffers he rais'd Soldiers from all parts and got together a great Army so that it was evident to the apprehension of all that he design'd War against the Carthaginians And these were the things done this year Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferr'd upon Phanostratus at Athens And Olymp. 99. 2. Ant. Ch. 381. the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius * Caius Lucius Emilius and Lucius Furius At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepar'd for the War against Carthage watch'd for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design Discerning therefore that the Cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclin'd to a Revolt he receiv'd into his Protection as many as would come to him and enter'd into a League with them carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour Upon this the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him and demanded the restitution of the Cities which being deny'd was the occasion of a new War The Carthaginians therefore entred into Confederacies with their Neighbours and all Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius Ant. Ch. 381. join'd together in the War against the Tyrant And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hir'd a vast number of Foreigners And having made Mago their General who at that time bore the Title of King they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily for they had decreed
all Aegypt should be conquer'd only by his Arms and therefore deny'd his request hereupon Iphicrates made a Solemn Protestation against them declaring that all this Expedition would be Fruitless and Vain through their Neglect if they let slip the present Opportunity But Pharnabazus envy'd him the more and very undeservedly gave him opprobrious Language In the mean while the Aegyptians having now gain'd more time put a strong Garison into Memphis and march'd with all their Army to the little Town before demolished and prevailing in sundry skirmishes against the Persians they never let them rest but growing still stronger and stronger made a great Slaughter of them and grew every day more obstinate But the Persian Army having now staid a long time about this * The Little Town Castle the River Nile by force of the * Etesian Winds i. e. Yearly Winds The Persians return into Asia Etesian Winds beginning to overflow insomuch as all the Land was cover'd with Water whereby Aegypt was now more inaccessable and by that means as it were Fortify'd the Commanders for that Nature seem'd to Fight against them resolv'd forthwith to leave Aegypt As soon therefore as they return'd into Asia Pharnabazus renew'd the Quarrel with Iphicrates Upon which Iphicrates fearing he should be laid by the Heels as Conon formerly had been consulted how to withdraw himself privately from the Camp To this end having prepar'd a Vessel for his purpose he went on board in the Night and so sail'd to Athens But Pharnabazus sent Ambassadors after him and accus'd him as being the occasion of the Miscarriage of the Design relating to the Reducing of Aegypt To whom the Athenians answer'd That if he were Guilty they would punish him according to his Ant. Ch. 371. Desert But in a very short time after they made him Admiral of their whole Fleet. In this place we think it not much beside our purpose if we say something concerning what is reported of the Valour of Iphicrates He is said to be a very Skilful Commander and of a quick and ready Wit in contriving any useful Project and Stratagem Having Iphicrates skilful in making of Arms. P. 480. therefore gain'd large Experience and Judgment in Martial Discipline by his long and continual Exercise in the Wars of Persia he found out many things of great advantage in matters of War especially he employ'd himself in contriving the making of New sorts of Arms. It was hitherto a Custom among the Graecians to carry great and heavy Shields But because these by their Weight much hinder'd the Soldiers in their March he chang'd the Form of them and order'd Targets of a moderate Size in their room In which alteration he had a respect to two things one that their Bodies should be sufficiently defended and by the other that by their Lightness they might be the more easily manag'd Experience presently approv'd the Invention and they who from their Heavy Arms were before call'd Hopliti Heavy arm'd Men were from these New Targets call'd Peltasti Targateers He chang'd likewise the Fashion of their Spears and Swords The Spears he caus'd to be made half as long again as they were before and the Swords longer almost by two Parts This Alteration was likewise presently approv'd by Use and Experience and the Reputation of the General was highly advanc'd by the Usefulness of his Ingenious inventions Lastly he altered the very Soldiers Shoes that they might both be easier to march with and sooner and more readily cast off and therefore they are call'd at tjos very day Iphicraticks He invented many other things belonging to Martial Affairs Ant. Ch. 371. which would be too tedious here to relate But thus all that large preparation for an Expedition into Aegypt came to nothing During these Affairs the new frame of Government throughout all Greece fill'd the Cities with Tumult and Commotions and because of the Anarchy in most places Seditions Seditions in the Cities of Greece abounded They who were for an Oligarchy had the Lacedemonians to Patronize them Those that appear'd for a Democracy were protected by the Athenians For both the Cities for a while kept the League made between them inviolable But upon their siding with the Cities as they were inclin'd to the one or the other without any regard to the former Articles of the Peace they presently broke out into War At that time the Inhabitants of * Now Zant. Zazynthus drives out all the Magistrates Zacynthus being enrag'd against their Magistrates encourag'd thereunto under the protection of the Lacedemonians and provoked with the memory of their former Injuries drave them all out of the City who fled to Timotheus the Athenian Admiral and were receiv'd into the Fleet and join'd with him in the War He patroniz'd their Cause and transported them into the Island where they seiz'd upon a strong Castle call'd Arcadia and by the assistance of Timotheus very much molested and damnify'd the Townsmen They of Zacynthus desir'd aid from the Lacedemonians Ant. Ch. 371. The Lacedemonians assist the Zazynthirns who first before they would begin a War sent to the People of Athens and by their Ambassadors accus'd Timotheus But when they discern'd that they inclin'd to favour the Exiles they bestirr'd themselves to Equip out a Fleet and having Mann'd Thirty five Gallies they sent them to the aid of the Zacynthians under the Command of Aristocrates Whilst these things were in doing some in Corcyra that favour'd the Lacedemonians A Plot in Corcyra to overturn the Democracy appear'd against the People and sent to Sparta to be assisted with all speed with some Shipping promising to deliver up Corcyra into their hands Upon which they knowing very well the importance of that Island for the recovery of the Dominion at Sea hasten'd away to get possession And to that end commanded Alcydas to pass over to Corcyra with Two and twenty Sail they giving out that this Fleet was to go for Sicily but in truth with a design under colour of being Friends to the Corcyreans by the help of the Exiles to seize upon the City But the Inhabitants coming to understand the Fraud and intended Cheat of the Lacedemonians strongly fortify'd the place and kept diligent Watch and Ward and sent Ambassadors to Athens for assistance Upon P. 481. The Athenians side with the Zazynthians and Corcyreans Platea sends for an Athenian Garrison Ant. Ch. 371. which the People decreed to send Succours forthwith both to the Corcyreans and to them of Zacynthus Upon which Ctesecles was presently sent to Zacynthus to command the Exiles but the Fleet to be sent to Corcyra was but then in fitting out In the mean time they of Platea having enter'd into a League with the Athenians and decreed to deliver up their City into their protection sent for a Garison from Athens At which the * Boeotarchae Platea raz'd by the Boetians Governors of Boeotia being exceedingly offended to prevent the
The Foot as soon as they Engag'd fought with wonderful heat and resolution Never was there greater Armies in the Field in any Battle between Grecians and Grecians nor more brave and excellent Commanders or that ever approv'd themselves with more Valour and Courage For the Boeotians and Lacedemonians who were in that Age counted the best Land Soldiers in the World fronted one another and began the Onset with that Fury as if they valu'd not their Lives in the least They first began with their Lances which being for the most part broken in pieces by the violence and heat of the Charge they fell to their Swords Then setting Foot to Foot all sorts of Wounds curable and Mortal slight and deadly were given and receiv'd without remitting any thing of their first Heat or Resolution And they continu'd in this sharp Engagement with that Valour and so long a time neither side giving the least ground that Victory seem'd to hover over both uncertain where it would fall For every one slighted and contemn'd Danger and desiring nothing more P. 503. than to make himself remarkable by some Glorious piece of Service for his Country with a brave Gallantry of Mind coveted to exchange Life for Honour After the Battle had continu'd long and none were able to judge who would be the Conquerors Epaminondas conceiving the present state of the Parties engag'd requir'd his assistance resolv'd to decide the Matter with the hazard of his own Life To that end taking a choice Band of the most able Men he had with him and drawing them up in close Order he forthwith Charg'd at the head of them and was the first that cast his Javelin and kill'd the Lacedemonian General and then broke into the midst of his Enemies Ant. Ch. 361. then others presently following beating down all before him he clave asunder the Enemies Battle For the Fame of Epaminondas and the strength of that Body he then had with him struck such a Terror into the Lacedemonians that they turn'd their backs and began to make away Upon which the Boeotians pursu'd close and kill'd all that were in the Rear so that heaps of Carkasses cover'd the Ground At length when the Lacedemonians perceiv'd that the fierceness and heat of Epaminondas had precipitated him too far they all in a Body made up upon him throwing infinite number of Darts at him of which he put by some and receiv'd others upon his Target and pluckt others out of his Body with his own hands and threw them back into the face of the Enemy At last whilst he was most Heroically bestirring himself to gain the Victory for his Country he receiv'd a Mortal wound in his Breast by a Dart * By one Anticiates a Spartan Justin Epaminondas falls thrown with such a force as that the Wood broke and the Iron with the Trunchion remain'd in his Body so that by the greatness of the wound he suddenly fell to the ground And now the Contest grew very sharp and hot for the recovery of his Body and after a great slaughter made the Thebans being of much stronger Bodies than the Lacedemonians at length put their Enemies to flight The Boeotians pursu'd them a little way but presently return'd as looking upon it absolutely necessary to have the power of the Bodies The Trumpets therefore sounding a Retreat both Armies drew off and each party erected a Trophy both pretending to the Victory For the Athenians possess'd the Bodies of all those Eubeans and Mercenaries that were slain at the Hill On the other side the Boeotians that had routed the Lacedemonians and were Masters of the dead challeng'd the Victory And for some time neither side sent any Trumpets to Treat for burying the Ant. Ch. 361. Dead lest they that were first should be thought to yield the day Yet at last the Lacedemonians first sent a Trumpet to procure Liberty to bury their Men Whereupon all were buried that were slain on both sides But Epaminondas yet living was brought back into the Camp and when the Physitians that were sent for told him that he would certainly Die as soon as the Dart was drawn out of his Body he was not at all daunted But first call'd for his Armour-bearer and ask'd whether his Shield was safe When he answer'd it was and shew'd it to him then he enquir'd whether side had got the day The Youth making return that the Boeotians were Victors Why then saith he Now is the time to die And forthwith order'd the Dart to be drawn out And when all his Friends round about him cry'd out and one with great Lamentation express'd himself thus And what O Epaminondas Dost thou die Childless No by Jupiter said he But I leave behind me Two Daughters whereof the one is Victory at Leuctra and the other at Mantinea And so upon drawing out the head of the Dart he quietly breath'd out his last without any shew of Trouble or Disorder Epaminondas dies of his 〈…〉 und of Mind And because it was our usual Method to give an Honourable Testimony of Worthy and Deserving Men after their Deaths we think we might be justly blam'd if we should The Commendation of Epaminondas omit so brave a Man without a peculiar remark For he seems to me to be not only the most skilful General and of the most Just and Generous Disposition of any of his own time among whom the most famous were Pelopidas the Theban Timotheus Conon Chabrias Iphicrates Athenians and Agesilaus the Spartan who was a little before him but likewise P. 504. Ant. Ch. 361. of any that liv'd before him in the time of the Medes and Persians as Solon Themistocles Miltiades Cimon Mironides Pericles and some other Athenians and Gelo the Son of Dinomenes in Sicily and some others whose several Excellencies if any will compare with the Military Art and the Glory of the Arms of Epaminondas he shall soon find him to exceed them in many degrees For among them some one peculiar Excellency was only remarkable in each particular Person but in him a Constellation of Virtues were Hous'd together For in Strength and Comliness of Body Volubility of Tongue Gallantness of Spirit Contempt of Wealth and impartial Justice and that which was far before all the rest in Valour and Skill in Martial Affairs absolutely necessary for a General he far excell'd 'em all When alive he gain'd the Sovereign Power for his Country but by his Death they lost it again and their Affairs declin'd to the worse ever afterwards and at length by the Sloth and Ignorance of their Commanders they were utterly ruin'd and reduc'd to perfect Slavery And this was the end of Epaminondas a Man honoured and esteemed of all After this Battle the Grecians being tir'd out with continual Wars and contented now to draw stakes put an end to the War and entred into a general League Offensive and Defensive in which the Messineans were included But the Lacedemonians
that the Name of the King was only chang'd but that the Government should not be manag'd a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors and desir'd the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father which he so esteem'd as that he look'd upon it as part of his Inheritance Then he employ'd himself in the frequent Trainings of the Soldiers and in Martial Exercises and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands Attalus the Uncle of Cleopatra Philip's other Wife conspir'd to gain the Kingdom and therefore he resolv'd to take him out of the way For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few Alexander â—n rives how to kill Attalus Days before the Death of Philip and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague with an Army into Asia where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers that the Army was wholly at his Devotion Therefore the King conceiv'd he had just cause to be jealous of him lest if he should side with the Grecians who he knew were his Enemies he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself Therefore he made choice of Heccateus one of his Friends and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia with Command to bring over Attalus alive if Ant. Ch. 333. he could and if he could not effect that to take the first Opportunity to kill him When he came into Asia he join'd his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio and watch'd a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded In the mean time Alexander being inform'd that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief in order to new Commotions his Thoughts were greatly perplex'd and Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander disturb'd For the Athenians Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians rejoyc'd at the News of Philip's Death and resolv'd that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair and stirr'd up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania whom Philip had driven out of their Country The Ambrociots by the Persuasion of Aristarchus drave outthe Garison that was there and restor'd the Democracy The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece The Arcadians Ant. Ch. 333. also as they were the only People that refus'd to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece so they now rejected Alexander The rest of the Peloponnesians as the Argives Eleans Lacedaemonians and some others were with all their might for their own Government To conclude many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebell and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts Notwithstanding all which and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom and though he was but a Youth yet in a short time beyond all expectation he overcame all those Difficulties and made all plain and clear before him reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words and others through fear and dread of Punishments and the rest he compell'd by force to stoop to his Sovereignty In the first place he so far gain'd upon the Thessalians both by Promises of large Rewards and by his smooth and courteous Language telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules that they by a Publick Decree declar'd him General of Greece as that which descended to him from his Father Having gain'd this Point he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him Then he went to Pyle and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so manag'd his Matters that by the General Consent of all he was created Generalissimo of all Greece He assur'd the Ambrociots Alexander made General of Greece in a kind and smooth Oration made to them That he had that Kindness for them that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Baeotia and encamping near Cadmea struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King 's coming into Boeotia slighted Ant. Ch. 333. him no longer For the Quickness of the Youth and his diligent dispatch of Business greatly terrify'd the Revolters Hereupon the Athenians order'd every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City and the Walls to be repair'd and guarded as well as they could and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander sooner own'd his Sovereignty and order'd Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors But he came not with the other to Alexander but return'd from Citherone to Athens either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publickly made against the Macedonians or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King For it is reported that he had receiv'd great Sums of Money from the Persians to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations Which was hinted they say by Eschines in one of his Speeches wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges But this will not serve his turn long for * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a debaucht Course Covetousness is never satisfy'd with Abundance But to proceed Alexander return'd a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors which freed the Athenians from their Fears and he order'd all the Ambassadors and * Of the Amphictyons Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come the King by a gracious Speech so prevail'd with the Grecians that they created him General of all Greece and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had receiv'd Ant. Ch. 333. from them Having gain'd the Honour he thus sought for he march'd back with his Army into Macedonia Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece we shall relate next what things were done in Asia For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip began to set up for himself and to that end made a League with the Athenians in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander But afterwards he chang'd his Mind and fent a Letter written to him by Demosthenes to Alexander and in many smooth and flattering Expressions endeavour'd to
Cities revolt from Agathocles WHen Simonides was Lord-Chancellor of Athens and the Romans had created Marcus Olymp. 117. 2. Ant. Ch. 309. Cassander c. mak s Peace with Antigonus P. 728. Valerius and Publius Decius Consuls Cassander Ptolemy and Lysimachus made Peace with Antigonus the Form of which was put into Writing and contain'd the Terms following That Cassander should be the Sovereign Lord of all in Europe till Alexander the Son of Rhoxana came of full Age That Lysimachus should have the chief Command in Thrace Ptolemy should enjoy the Sovereign Power in Egypt and the bordering Cities in Arabia and Africa That Antigonus should be Lord of all Asia And the Greeks should Govern according to their own Laws But these Conditions they observ'd not long but every one took one Occasion or other to incroach upon more than his Part came to Cassander seeing that Alexander the Son of Rhoxana now grew up towards Man's Estate and hearing how it was the Discourse of some throughout all Macedonia That it was now Rhoxana and her Son murder'd fit the young Man should be freed from his Prison and assume the Government of his Father's Kingdom into his own hands out of fear of being supplanted commanded Glaucias the Keeper to murder both Rhoxana and the King and to hide their Bodies when he had done and by all means possible conceal their Deaths This he effectually executed and so by this means Cassander Lysimachus Ptolemy and Antigonus himself were freed from all Grounds of Fear upon the account of the King For now all the Seed Royal being extinct and no Successor remaining every one of the Captains that had possess'd themselves of Provinces or Cities took upon themselves the Titles and The Captains take the Title of Kings Stiles of Kings and every one claim'd the Province of which he was Governor as a Conquer'd Kingdom And thus stood the Affairs in Asia Europe Greece and Macedonia In Italy the Romans march'd with a great Body of Horse and Foot against Pollitium a City of the Marucci where they remov'd part of the Citizens and made them a new Colony giving them Interamna as it 's call'd to inhabit Ant. Ch. 309. Carthaginians raise Forces against Agathocles In Sicily the Power of Agathocles increas'd every day his Forces growing stronger and stronger Whereupon the Carthaginians being inform'd that he had gain'd almost all the Towns and Cities through the Island and that their Captains and Commanders there were not able to deal with him they resolv'd to pursue the War with more Vigour To this end they forthwith provided a Fleet of a Hundred and thirty Sail of Men of War and made Amilcar a Person of eminent Quality General and deliver'd to him Two thousand Soldiers rais'd out of the City amongst whom many were Men of Note Out of Afric◠Ten thousand from Tyrrhenia a Thousand Mercenaries and Two hundred Charioteers and a Thousand Slingers from the Baleary Islands They provided likewise a great Treasure all sorts of Weapons store of Corn and all other Things necessary for carrying on the War as they had occasion to use And now when the whole Fleet had hois'd up Sail and were come into the open Sea on a sudden a violent Storm arose which sunk Sixty of the Gallies and broke in pieces Two hundred of the Ships loaden with Corn and Provision The rest of the Fleet after much Hardship at Sea with much ado got into Sicily Many of the most eminent Men of Carthage were lost at this time which occasion'd a publick Lamentation in that City For when any Misfortune happens to that Place greater than ordinary their Custom is to cover the Walls Ant. Ch. 309. with black Cassocks or Cloaks Amilcar the General after he was landed muster'd those that were sav'd from the Storm and to supply those that were lost listed Foreign Mercenaries and rais'd others from among the Confederates throughout all Sicily whom he join'd with the rest of the Forces that were there before and carefully providing every thing that was necessary for the War he kept the Army in the Field having under his Command about Forty thousand Foot and near Five thousand Horse Having therefore in a short time recruited himself and being accounted a Man of great Reputation for Honesty and Integrity he both reviv'd the Courage of the Confederates and in no small measure struck a Terror into the Hearts of his Enemies On the other side Agathocles perceiving that he was far overpower'd by the Carthaginians in Number of their Forces concluded that many of the Forts and Castles and those Cities and Towns that bore him a Grudge would revolt to the Enemy especially P. 729. he fear'd the City of the Geloans because he heard all the Enemies Forces were encamp'd in their Territories And besides no small Detriment befel him at this time in his Fleet for about Twenty Sail then at Sea together with their Men all fell into the Hands of the Carthaginians However he conceiv'd it fit to put a Garison into the Place for its Security but durst not bring any Forces openly into the City lest the Geloans should prevent him who had not then at any time before any Occasion offered them to rebel And so by that means he might come to * A 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cast away lose a Town that had been very useful and serviceable to him Therefore to prevent Suspicion he sent into the City Soldiers by degrees a few at a time as if they had come there for other Purposes till he had got so many into the Town as far exceeded the Citizens in Number And then a while after he came thither himself and charg'd the Geloans with a traiterous design to revolt However whether this were true or not or that they were falsly accus'd by the Exiles or that his Design was to scrape and get together what Money he could he put to Death above Four Four thousand Geloans murder'd by Agathocles thousand of the Geloans and confiscated all their Estates and threaten'd all the rest with Death that did not bring forth all their Money whether Silver or Gold coin'd or uncoin'd Whereupon all out of fear of this thundring Edict forthwith obey'd his Command whereby he heap'd together a vast Treasure and became a Terror to all his Subjects And though he was judg'd to deal too severely and cruelly with the Geloans yet he order'd them to be decently buri'd without the Walls and then leaving the City with a strong Garison encamp'd with his Army over-against the Enemy The Carthaginians possess'd the Hill Ecnomen where formerly stood the Castle of Phaleris as is reported where they say the Tyrant had the Brazen Bull contriv'd to torment Offenders by putting Fire under it thereby causing it to grow scorching hot by degrees And therefore by reason of this horrid Cruelty executed upon poor miserable Creatures the Hill was call'd * The wicked Place Ecnomen
were sound But after that they came to understand that the Canopy plac'd upon the Chariot was the Occasion of his Death every one concluded that the Prophecy was fulfill'd But this shall suffice concerning the Affairs of the Bosphorus In Italy the Roman Consuls enter'd the Country of the * In the Greek Italy is for Samnium and Italium for Talium Samnites with an Army and P. 746. routed them in a Battel at Talius But the routed Party afterwards possessing themselves of an Hill and the Night drawing on the Romans retreated to their Camp but the next day the Fight was renew'd and great numbers of the Samnites were slain and above Two thousand and Two hundred were taken Prisoners The Romans being thus successful now quietly enjoy'd whatever they had in the open Field and brought under all the revolting Cities and plac'd Garisons in Cataracta and Ceraunia Places they had taken by Assault and others they reduc'd upon Terms and Conditions CHAP. II. The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and elsewhere Polysperchon murders Hercules Alexander ' s Son by Instigation of Cassander Amilcar taken and put to Death by the Syracusians His Head sent to Agathocles in Africa The Transactions in Sicily Archagathus Agathocles ' s Son kills Lysiscus he and his Son in in great Danger by the Army Affairs in Italy The Works of Appius Claudius the Appian Way Ptolemy comes to Corinth his Acts there Cleopatra Alexander ' s Sister kill'd by the Governor of Sardis The further Acts of Agathocles in Africa Ophellas decoy'd and cut off by Agathocles Ophellas his troublesome March to Agathocles Lamias ' s Cruelty and the Story of her Bomilcar seeks to be Prince of Carthage but is put to Death by the Citizens Agathocles sends the Spoils of the Cyrenians to Syracuse most lost in a Storm Affairs in Italy WHen Demetrius Phalerius was Lord Chancellor of Athens Quintus Fabius the second Olymp. 117. 4. Ant. Ch. 307. time and Caius Martius were invested with the Consular Dignity at Rome At that time Ptolemy King of Egypt hearing that his Captains had lost all the Cities again in Cilicia put over with his Fleet to Phaselis and took that City by Force and from thence The Acts of Ptolemy in Cilicia and other Places Ant. Ch. 307. passing into Lycia took Xanthus by Assault and the Garison of Antigonus that was therein Then sailing to Caunus took the City by Surrender and then set upon the Citadels and Forts that were in it and took them by Assaults As for Heracleum he utterly destroy'd it and the City Persicum came into his Hands by the Surrender of the Soldiers that were put to keep it Then sailing to Coos he sent for Ptolemy the Captain who was Antigonus his Brother's Son and had an Army committed to him by Antigonus But now forsaking his Uncle he clave to Ptolemy and join'd with him in all his Affairs Putting therefore from Cholcis and arriving at Coos Ptolemy the King at first receiv'd him very courteously yet after a while when he saw the Insolency of his Carriage and how he went to allure the Officers by Gifts and held secret Cabals with them for fear of the worst he clap'd him up in Prison and there poison'd him with a Draught of Hemlock As for the Soldiers that came with him he made them his own by large Promises and distributed them by small Parcels among his Army Whilst these Things were acting Polysperchon having rais'd a great Army restor'd Hercules the Son of Alexander begotten upon Barsinoe to his Father's Kingdom And while he lay encamp'd at Stymphalia Cassander came up with his Army and both encamp'd near one to another Neither did the Macedonians grudge to see the Restoration of their King Cassander therefore fearing lest the Macedonians who are naturally Inconstant should Revolt to Hercules sent an Agent to Polysperchon chiefly to advise him concerning the Business Ant. Ch. 307. of the King If the King was restor'd he told him he must be sure to be under the Commands of others but if he would assist him and kill the young Man he should enjoy the same Privileges and Honours in Macedonia that ever he had before And besides that he should have the Command of an Army that he should be declar'd Generalissimo of Peloponnesus and that he should share in the Principality and be in equal Honour with Cassander At length he so caught and ensnar'd Polysperchon with many large Promises that they enter'd into a secret Combination and Polysperchon undertook to murder the young King which he accordingly effected upon which Polysperchon openly Polysperchon betrays and murders Hercules by Cassander ' s Instigation join'd with Cassander in all his Concerns and was advanced in Macedonia and receiv'd according to the Compact Four thousand Macedonian Foot and Five hundred Thessalian Horse and having listed several other Voluntiers he attempted to pass through Boeotia into Peloponnesus But being oppos'd by the Boeotians and the Peloponnesians he was forc'd to retire and march into Locris where he took up his Winter-Quarters During these Transactions Lysimachus built a City in Chersonesus and call'd it after his own Name Lysimachia Cleomenes King of Lacedaemon now dy'd when he had reign'd Threescore Years and Ten Months and was succeeded by Aretas his Son who Rul'd P. 747. Forty Four Years About this time Amilcar General of the Forces in Sicily having reduc'd the rest of that Amilcar taken and put to Death by the Syracusians Ant. Ch. 307. Island marches with his Army to Syracuse as if he would presently gain that City by force of Arms and to that end hindred all Provision from the Town having been a long time Master at Sea and having wasted and destroy'd all the Corn and other Fruits of the Field attempted to possess himself of all the Places about * A strong Fort near the Temple of Jupiter Olympus Olympias lying before the Town Then he resolv'd forthwith to assault the Walls being incourag'd thereunto by the Augur who by viewing of the Intrals of the Sacrifice foretold that he should certainly sup the next day in Syracuse But the Townsmen smelling out the Enemies Design sent out in the night Three thousand Foot and about Four hundred Horse with Orders to possess themselves of * Or Euryalus a Fort upon the highest Point of the Hill over the City call'd the Epipole Euryclus who presently effected what they were commanded to do The Carthaginians thinking to surprize the Enemy fell on about midnight Amilcar commanded the whole Body and led them up having always a strong Party near to support him Dinocrates Master of the Horse follow'd him The Army was divided into two Battalions one of Barbarians and the other of Grecian Confederates A Rabble likewise of divers other Nations follow'd to get what Plunder they could which sort of People as they are of no use in an Army so they are many times the cause of sudden