Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	green_a	grow_v	leaf_n	1,241	5	9.4794	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19451	The country-mans recreation, or the art of planting, graffing, and gardening in three bookes. The first declaring divers wayes of planting, and graffing ... also how to cleanse your grafts and cions, how to helpe barren and sicke trees, how to kill wormes and vermin and to preserve and keepe fruit, how to plant and proyne your vines, and to gather and presse your grape ... how to make your cider and perry ... The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and the maintenance thereof ... Whereunto is added, the expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art ...	Mascall, Leonard, d. 1589. Booke of the arte and maner, howe to plant and graffe all sortes of trees. aut; Scot, Reginald, 1538?-1599. Perfite platforme of a hoppe garden. aut	1640 (1640)	STC 5874; ESTC S108874	101,331	202

are to bee graffed that they may come without stones WIll you make that Cherries grow without stones pare a little Cherry tree of one yere old at the stump and cleave it asunder from the top to the root which do in May and make an Iron fit to ●raw the heart or marow from both sides of the tree then tie it fast ●●●●ther and anoint 〈…〉 H● 〈…〉 PLant a V●●e tree next unto a Ch● 〈…〉 when it groweth ●igh then pierce a● 〈…〉 Cherry tree right above it that the ho● 〈…〉 than the Vine is thick and pare the up●●● bar● of the Vine branch till unto the greene 〈…〉 must go through the tree looke well to it tha● 〈◊〉 branch of the Vine bee not bruised and well anointed You must not suffer any sprouts to come out o● the vine from the ground up but unto the tree only that which commeth out of the other side let that same grow and bring fruit Then the next March following if the Vine prosper and grow fast into the tree then cut the Vine from the tree off and anoint the place with diligence and it will bring fruit How a grape of a Vine may be brought into a glasse WIll you make that a grape grow into a narrow glasse take the glasse before the grape cast her bloud or while she is little and put her into the glasse and she will ripen in the glasse To graffe Medlers on a Peare tree IF you graffe a branch of a Medler upon a Peare tree the Medlers will be sweet and durable so that you may keep them longer than otherwise How apples or other fruits may be made red IF you will graft upon a wild stump put the sprouts in Pikes bloud and then graft them and the fruit will be red Otherwise Take an apple branch and graft it upon an alder stump and the apples will be red Likewise if you graft them upon cherry trees Of the Quince tree THe Quince tree commeth not of any grafting but you must plucke him out by the roots and plant him againe into a good ground or earth Otherwise The Quince tree requireth a dry sweet ground and he prospereth therein How to make that Quinces become great TAke a branch of a Quince tree when it hath cast his bloud where a Quince groweth at and put it into a pot and set it into the ground and let the Quince grow in it and it will be very great And if you will shew some cunning therewith cause to bee made a pot which hath a mans face in the bottome of it or any other picture whatsoever and when the quinces have blossomed then bow the branch and put the quince into the pot and she wil grow very bigge in the shape of a man which may also be done in pompons mellons cucumbers and other earthly fruits The conclusion of graffing OVt of all the forewritten causes gentle reader is evidently shewne that although every planting or grafting be better from like to like and from kinde to kind yet neverthelesse it agreeth also with contrary kinds as now is said wherefore he that will exercise and use the same and try divers kindes he may see and make many wonders What ●oy and fruit commeth of trees The first THe first is that you plant divers many kinds for every housholder who hath care to his nourishment with all diligence causeth oftentimes such trees to be brought from forrein countries The second The second is when the trees bee planted and set orderly and pleasantly they give no small pleasure to a man therefore every one should cut his trees orderly and he that cannot should procure other men to do it which know how to do it The third is of well smelling and spited fruit Cleave a tree asunder or a branch of a fruitfull tree to the heart or pith and cut a piece out of it and put therein poudred spices or what spice soever you will or what colour you will desire and tie a barke hard about it and anoint it with lome and oxe dung and the fruit will get both the sauour and colour according to the spice you have put in it How sower fruits be made sweet WHich tree beareth sower fruits in the same pierce a hole a foot or somwhat lesse above the root and fill that with honey and stop the hole with a haw-thorne branch and the fruit will bee sweet How trees ought to be kept when they wax old WHen trees lose their strength and vertue for age the branches break off for the weight of the fruit or when they wax barren for lack of moisture that they beare not fruit every yeare but scant every other or third yeare you must cut some of his heavy branches which he can little nourish which is done to the end hee might keep some moistnesse to himselfe for his nourishment for else the moistnesse would go all into his branches Wheteby you may mark whether you must give them or take away from them branches according to their nourishment and as the earth where shee standeth can abide that is you must leave them so much as will nourish them and no more which if you doe not the trees will bring so little fruit that your labour will not be recompensed Which cutting of trees may be done from the beginning of November till to the end of March in warme countries But it is more naturall to be done from the time that the leaves fall till the time that they begin to grow greene againe except where the frost is very great and sharp How trees must be kept from divers sicknesses and first how to keep them from the Canker WHen the Canker commeth in any tree he becommeth barren and dry for it mounteth from the stumps into the top and when it taketh a peare or apple tree the bark will be black and barren thereabouts which must be cut off with a knife to the fresh wood and then the place must be anointed with Oxe dung and tied with barke so that neither wind nor rain may hurt it Against worms which must be driven out of the tree IT happeneth oftentimes that th● superfluities of moistnesse in the trees breaketh out like as sometimes to a man or beast betweene the flesh and skin● and when that beginneth to rot wormes grow out of it which takes his strength away wherfore mark When the barke of a tree at any time swels cut it presently open that the poison may runne out and if you find already wormes in it draw them out with a little yron hooke How the wormes are to be killed if they bee already growne into the tree IF you will kill the worms which grow in the tree take pepper lawrell and incense and mingle all well together with good wine and pierce a hole into the tree downeward to the pith or heart of the tree and poure this mixture into it and stop it with a hawthorne and the wormes will

your grafts be ready cut then shall ye clense the head of your stocke and pare it with a sharpe knife round about the barke thereof to the end your grafts may joyne the better thereon then by and by take a sharp pen-knife or other sharpe pointed knife and thrust it downe betwixt the barke and the stock so long as the incision of your graffes be then put your graffes softly downe therein to the hard joynt and see that it doe sit close upon the stocke head How to cover the head of your stocke VVHen as ye haue set in your graffes ye must then cover it well about with good tough Clay and Mosse as is sayd of the others and then ye must incontinent enuiron or compasse your head with small thorny bushes and bind them fast thereon all about for feare of great Birds and likewise the wind Of the manner and graffing in the Shield or Scutchion THe fourth manner to graffe which is the last is to graffe in the Scutchion in the sap in Sommer from about the end of the moneth of May vntill August when as trees be yet strong in sap and leaves for otherwayes it cannot be done the best time is in Iune and Iuly some yeares when the time is very dry and that some trees doe hold their sappe very long therefore ye must tary till it returne For to graffe in Summer so long as the trees be full leaved FOr to begin this manner of graffing well ye must in Summer when the trees be almost full of sappe and when they haue sprung forth of new shootes being somewhat hardened then shall ye take a branch thereof in the top of the tree the which ye will ha●e grafted and choose the highest and the principallest branches without cutting it from the old wood and choose thereof the principallest oylet or eye or budding place of each branch one with which oylet or eye ye shall begin to graft as followeth The big Cions are best to graffe CHiefly ye must understand that the smallest and naughty oylets or buds of the said Cions be not so good to graffe therefore choose the greatest and best you can find first cut of the leafe hard by the oylet then ye shall trench or cut the length of a barley corne beneath the oylet round about the barke hard to the wood and so likewise above then with a sharpe point of a knife slit it downe halfe an inch beside the oylet or bud and with the point of a sharpe knife softly raise the said Shield or Scutchion round about with the oylet in the middest and all the sap belonging thereunto How to take of the Shield from the wood ANd for the better raising the said Shield or Scutchion from the wood after that ye have cut him round about and then slit him down without cutting any part of the wood within ye must then raise the side next you that is slit and then take the same Shield betwixt your finger and thum and plucke or raise it softly of without breaking or brusing any part thereof and in the opening or plucking it off hold it with your finger hard to the wood to the end the sap of the oylet may remaine in the Shield for if it goe off in plucking it from the barkes and sticke to the wood your Scutchions is nothing worth To know your Scutchion or Shield when he is good or bad ANd for the more easier understanding if it be good or bad when it is taken from the wood looke within the said shield and if ye shall see it cracke or open within then it is of no value for the chiefe Sappe doth yet remaine behind with the wood which should be in the ●hield and therefore ye must choose and cut another Shield which must be good and sound as aforesaid and when your Scutchion shall be well taken of from the wood then hold it dry by the oylet or eye betwix your lips untill ye have cut and taken of the barke from tht other Cion or branch and set him in that place and looke that ye doe not foule or wet it in your mouth Of young Trees to graffe on BUt ye must graffe on such Trees as be from the bignesse of your little finger unto as great as your arme having their barke thin and slender for great Trees commonly have their barke hard and thicke which ye cannot well graffe this way except they have some branches with a thinne smooth barke meet for this way to be done How to set or place your Shield YE must quickly cut of round the barke of the Tree that ye will graffe on a little more longer then the Shield that ye set on because it may joyne the sooner and easier but take heed that in cutting of barke ye cut not the wood within Note also AFter the incision once done ye must then cover both the sides or ends well and softly withall with a little bone or horne made in manner like a thinne skinne which ye shall lay it all over the joynts or closings of the said shield somewhat longer and larger but take heed for hurting or crushing the barke thereof How to lift up the barke and te set your Shield on THis done take your Shield or Scutchion by the oylet or eye that he hath and open him faire and softly by the two sides and put them straight way on the other tree whereas the barke is taken off and joyne him close barke to barke thereon then plaine it softly above and at both the ends with the thinne bone and that they joyne above and beneath barke to barke so that he may feed well the branch of that Tree moist place the which then it were best for to tarry untill Ianuary or February to plant in the Frost is not good To Plant or Set towards the South or Sunny place is best AFore you doe plucke up your trees for to plant them if ye will marke the South-side of each tree that when ye shall replant them ye may set them againe as they stood before which is the best way as some doe say And if ye keepe them a certaine time after they be taken out of the Earth before ye replant them againe they will rather recover there in the earth so they be not wet with Raine nor otherwise for that shall be more contrary to them then the great Heate or Drought How to cut the Branches of Trees before they be Set. VVHensoever ye shall set or replant your Trees first ye must cut of the boughes and specially those which are great branches in such sort that ye shall leave the small twigs or sprigs on the stockes of your branch which must be but a shaftment long or somewhat more or lesse according as the Tree shall require which ye doe set Apple-trees commonly must be disbranched before they be replanted or set ANd chiefly the Apple Trees being Graffed ot not Graffed doe require to be disbranched

which be not dry by the ratling of the Hops which you shall therewith touch and with the same Pole of turne aside such Hops as be not dry abating the thicknesse to the moyst place When your Hops are dry rake up the fire in such sort as there may be no delay in the renuing thereof Then with expedition shove them out of the window before mentioned into the roome prepared to receive them with a Rake fashioned like a Cole-rake having in stead of teeth a boord c. This being done goe downe into the lower floore and sweepe together such Hops and Seeds as are fallen thereinto and lay them up among the dryed Hops and then without delay cover the bed againe with greene Hops and kindle your fire Lay your dryed Hops on a heape together till they be cold and by this meanes such as were not perfectly dryed through some disorder upon the Oste shall now be reformed If they have beene well ordered they will now be throwne and yet bright If they be blacke and darke it is a note that they are disordered The Flemmings packe them not up before they sell them to the Marchant but lay them in some corner of a Loft where they tread them close together Other manners of Dryings not so good SOme use to dry their Hops upon a common Oste but that way there can be no great speed in your worke nor small expence of your wood besides the danger of fire and ill successe of your doings On this Oste you must have an Oste cloth otherwise the Seed and Hops that fall downe shall not onely perish but endanger the burning of your Oste Upon this Oste you may not lay your Hops above eight or nine inches thicke which neverthelesse shall not be so soone dry as they which lye upon the other Oste almost two foote thicke and therefore this way you shall make more toyle in your worke more spoyle in your Hops and more expence in your wood Some use to dry their Hops in a Garret or upon the floore of a Loft or Chamber in the reproofe whereof I must say that as few men have roome enough in their houses to containe any great quantity or multitude of Hops so the dust that will arise shall empaire them the chinkes crevises and open joynts of your Lofts being not close byrthed will devoure the seed● of them in the end the leaves will endanger them with heating when they are packt as being not so soone dry as the Hops which thereby shall be utterly spoyled in colour in scent and in verdure As for any low roomes or earthen floores they are yet worse for this purpose then the other for either they yeeld dust in drinesse or moisture in wet weather And therefore if you have no Oste dry them in a Loft as open to the ayre as may be sweepe wash and rub the boords and let your Broome reach to the walls and even to the roofe of your Loft for I can teach you no way to devide the dust from your Hops but so to prevent the inconvenience hereof Stop the holes and chinkes of your floore lay them not above halfe a foote thicke and turne them once a day at the least by the space of two or three weekes This being done sweepe them up into a corner of your Loft and there let them lye as long more for yet there remaineth perill in packing of them If the yeare prove very wet your Hops aske the longer time of drying and without an Oste will never be well dryed The very worst way of drying Hops SOme lay their Hops in the Sunne to dry and this taketh away the state of the Hops and neverthelesse leaveth the purpose of drying undone Of not Drying SOme gather them and brew with them being greene and undryed supposing that in drying the vertue and state of the Hop decayeth and fadeth away wherein they are deceived for the verdure is worse the strength lesse and the quantity must be more of green Hops that are to be brewed in this sort In the first Woort which the Brewers call the Hopwort because the time of seething thereof is short there goeth out of these Hops almost no vertue at all and therefore experience hath taught them that are driven to brew with these greene Hops to seeth them againe in the Woort which they call the Ney beere where after long seething they will leave the state which remaineth in them and that is not much Of the Packing of Hops IN the making of your Hop-sackes use your owne cunning or invention for I have small skill therein howbeit I can tell you that the Hop-sackes that are brought out of Flanders may be good samplers for you to worke by the stuffe is not dainty wherewith they are made the Loome is not costly wherein they are woven the cunning not curious whereby they are fashioned but when you have them and are ready to packe your Hops doe thus Thrust into the mouth of your Sacke which must be doubled and turned in strongly least it breake foure strong pinnes a foot long a peece placed in equall distance the one from the other then lay two Bats or big Poles crosse or thwart two Beames or Couplings of your house which two Bats must lye no farther asunder then the widenesse of the Sackes mouth Fasten upon each pinne a roape and knit two of those roapes upon each crosse Batte so as the bottome of the Sacke being empty may hang within halfe a foot of the floore then stand within the Sacke and receive the Hops treading downe very hard and before the Sacke be halfe full it will rest upon the ground whereby you shall be able to presse them the harder together But the handsommer way were to make a square hole as wide as the Sackes mouth in the floore of the Loft where your Hops lye and to hang downe your Sacke at that hole and with a Scuppet or shovell to shove downe your Hops thereinto and to receive them as is aforesaid when the Sacke is almost full undoe the roapes and wind those pinnes about for the harder shutting of the Sacke and fasten them therein If you list you may sow over the mouth of this Sacke another peece of Sackcloth whereof you must leave a little unsowed untill you have thrust as many Hops as you can betweene the Sacke and the same but in beholding the Hop-sackes sent from Poppering you shall better understand and learne the doings hereof For your owne provision you may preserve them in Dry-fats Barrels or such like Vessels for want of roome to leave them in or Sackes to packe them in There is according to the Proverbe much falshood in packing I am unskilfull in that Art if I were otherwise I would be loth to teach such doctrine But to avoid such deceit and to make the more perfect and better choise it is usuall and lawfull in most places where Hops are sold to cut the Sacke that you