Aethiopian Woman which heretofore was adorned as a Rural Deity This Colossus is of a vast bigness and is made out of the natural Rock together with huge flat Stones Also the Isle and Tower of Pharos opposite to Alexandria a place of a great bigness and of great rarity and magnificence its Watch-Tower was of an exceeding great height being ascended by steps and on the top of this Tower there were placed every night abundance of Lanthorns with Lights for the direction of Sailors by reason of the dangerousness of the Sea on that Coast being so full of Flats The Egyptians instead of Letters made use of Hieroglyphicks of which Their several Hieroglyphicks an example or two shall suffice viz. For God they painted a Falcon for Eternity they painted the Sun and Moon for a Year they painted a Snake with his Tail in his Mouth for any thing that was abominable they painted a Fish with a thousand more in the like nature too tedious to name They are said to be the first that invented Arithmetick Geometry Musick Philosophy Physick and by reason of the perpetual serenity of the Air found out the course of the Sun Moon and Stars their Constellations Risings Settings Aspects and Influences dividing by the same Years into Moneths grounding their divinations upon their hidden properties Also the first Necromancers and Sorcerers These People are much given to Luxury prone to Innovations Cowardly Cruel Faithless Crafty and Covetous much addicted to Fortune telling wandring from one Countrey to another by which cheating tricks they get their livelihood But these people are not the same as the ancient Inhabitants were being a Misceline of other Nations as aforesaid these People not addicting themselves to Arts or Letters as the former did They are of a mean stature active of a tawny complexion but indifferently well featured and their Women fruitful in Children sometime bringing two or three at a time Their habit is much after the Turkish dress Their habit in which they are not over curious They have in this Countrey a Race of Horses which for one property may be esteemed the best in the World that is they will run without eating or drinking one jot four daies and nights together And there are some Egyptians which with the help of a Sway bound about their body and carrying with them a little Food to eat are able to ride them For shape these Horses do not surpass others and for this property they are held so rare and esteemed at three years of age to be worth 1000 pieces of Eight and sometimes more And for this breed of Horses there are Officers appointed to look after them and to see the Foles of them and to register them in a book with the colour c. which they receive from the testimony of credible persons to avoid cheats But these Horses are not fit for any other then such a Sandy Countrey by reason of their tender feet But let us come to the Nile which is the principal piece in all Egypt I hold it for one of the most considerable Rivers of the World The length of it course and the divers Mouths by which it discharges it self into the Sea Its inundation at a perfixed time the quality of its Waters and the fertility and richness it leaves where it passes are my inducing Reasons It begins towards the Tropick of Capricorn ends on this side that of Cancer running for the space of above 45 degrees of Latitude which are 11 or 1200 Leagues in a streight line and more then 2000 in its course crosses a great Lake embraces the fairest River Island and waters the richest Valley we have knowledge of Among its Inhabitants this is particular that naturally some are black and some white and that in the same time the one have their Summer or their Winter when the others which is not known elsewhere have their Winter or their Summer It s true Spring is likewise almost unknown it is certain that the River that comes out of the Lake of Zair and takes its course towards the North is that which we call the Nile But this Lake receives a number of Rivers which descend from the Mountains of the Moon To tell whether any of these Rivers bears the name of Nile and which they be cannot be done Though there have been Kings of Egypt Roman Emperors Sultans and Kings of Portugal which have made the search In sum and according to Ptolomy who hath said as much as any hitherto it must be that most advanced towards the South and which washes at present the City of Zambery crosses the Lake of the same name or of Zair the City of Zair being likewise on the same Lake At the coming out of the Lake the Nile passes between the Kingdoms of Damont and Goyame in the Abissines receives a little on this side the Equator the Zafflan which comes out of the Lake of Zafflan near the Isle of Mero or Gueguere the Cabella or Taguezzi which descends from the Lake of Barcena and at the entrance into Egypt of the River Nubia which crosses Nubia and comes from Saara and Billedulgerid and apparently answers to that which Juba believed to be the true Nile These 3 Rivers are the greatest of all those which disburthen themselves in the Nile and carry a great many others But in Egypt the Nile remains alone passes between two ranks of Mountains approaching the Sea the Valley enlarges and the Nile divides it self into many Branches and glides by many Mouths to the Sea The Ancients made account of seven nine or more now except in the time of Inundation there are only two principal ones which pass by Rosetto and Damiata and three lesser by Turbet Bourles and Maala These not being Navigable but during the Inundation the others always This Inundation of the Nile is wonderful some attribute it to certain Etesian winds that is North-West which repulse the current and make it swell Others to the quantity of Snows which melt and to the continual Rains which fall there where the Nile hath its beginnings or there where it passes Others will have the Ocean then to swell and under ground communicate its waters to the Nile c. But there are so many different opinions touching the cause of this Inundation and so many Reasons are given pro and con that a whole treatise might be made of it This Inundation begins about the sixteenth or seventeenth of June It s Inundation and effects increases for the space of forty daies and decreases for other 40 days so that its greatest height is about the end of July and it ends about the beginning of September If it begins sooner or later which is observed by certain Pillars in the Towns and particularly in the Castle of Rhoda which stands in a little Isle opposite to old Cairo and where the Bassa resides during the solemnity of opening the Channel which passes through and fills the Cisterns of
hindred doth flow from more high places to places more low If therefore the place about the Shore was not so high as in the middle of the Ocean part of the Sea would flow from the middle of the Ocean to the Shore and would neither consist or be calm which yet is not found in the tranquillity of the Air. 2. If that the Ocean far remote from the Shores were more high than the Sea at the Shore that Altitude would be discovered a far longer interval than a Spherical Superficies doth admit of yea it would be seen from the same distance from which the parts of the Ocean intercepted between that Altitude and the Shore are seen And experience testifieth that it cannot be beheld from a greater distance but that by degrees the more remote part is detected after the more near when we come to Mediterranean places to the Shore And by how much any part is more vicine to the shore by so much it is first or by a larger interval beheld from the shore Therefore the part of the Ocean removed from the shore is not higher than that part that is nigh unto it Wherefore the Ocean is of the same Altitude every where both in the middle and at the shore and not higher than the Earth 3. Mariners in the midst of the Ocean and deep Sea although they apply their Mathematical Instruments yet find it no higher there than in the parts near the shore which certainly could not be if that the Sea had any Altitude elevated as a Tower or Mountain For as by Instruments we find the Altitude of Towers or Mountains above the subjected parts of the Earth so also if that there were any Altitude of the middle Ocean above the vicine parts it could not be obstructed and avoid the subtilty of Instruments 4. Also here and there in the middle of the Ocean are found Islands and that in great number in some parts which are near to the Continents or great Islands Therefore the middle of the Ocean is not higher than the Earth because it is not higher than the Shores of those Islands 5. No cause can be shew'd why Water in the middle of the Ocean should be higher and not flow into the Chanels of Rivers if that their Waters be more depresâ—ed For by experience we find that Water any where scituated moveth to the vicine parts and these are less high which have been the cause of so many inundations From these I think we sufficiently collect that the Waters of the Ocean are not higher than the shoars of the Land Seeing therefore the Altitude of very few shoars is elevated little more than the vicine Mediterranean Land and in most lesser seeing that the Altitude of the Lands from the shoars to the Mediterranean places increaseth and riseth into Hills thence we conclude that the superficies of the Ocean is not higher than the superficies of the Land Now that the Altitude of the Land from the shoars to the Mediterranean places augmenteth or that the Mediterranean places are higher than the shoars is proved from the flux of Rivers most of which arise in Mediterranean places and flow to the Ocean So then at least the Mediterranean parts are somewhat more elevated than the shoars because the flux is from these unto them for Water floweth from the more high parts to places more inferiour Now that some are somewhat depressed lower than the Water we shall not go about to deny but they are either defended by the height of their shoars or by banks or other interposed earth Now these Banks are raised for the most part not because of the great Altitude of the Ocean being tranquillous and in its natural state but by reason of its impetuous motion caused by the Winds or from some other cause Corollary Corollary Therefore they are deceived who will have the Waters of the Ocean to be higher than the Earth and flie to a miraculous providence by which the inundation of the Ocean on the Land and drowning of the World is hindred and restrained For we have shewed that the superficies of the Water and Earth are one and almost the same to wit spherical and that many parts of the Earth at least the shoars have a greater Altitude than the middle of the Ocean and that this is the cause that the Ocean cannot overflow the Lands Which greater Altitude if it be elevated in some shoars the Banks being broken or the Water being augmented or forced to them in great abundance cause inundations Neither is it altogether impossible or contrary to nature that the whole Earth should be covered with Water as we shall shew in the end of the Chapter Proposition III. Why the Sea being beheld from the shoar seemeth to arise in a greater Altitude and tumor by how much it is more remote The middle of the Ocean by some said to be many miles higher than the Shoars It is a fallacy of the sight or of the estimating faculty which hath brought many into this errour so that they have endeavoured to defend that the middle of the Ocean is many miles higher than the Shoars But it is a wonder that none of them have taken notice of daily Experiments in the ordinary course of our life in which this fallacy is sufficiently manifest For if that we look on any Pavement or floor stretched at length or any row of Pillars the more remote parts of the Pavement will appear more high than the vicine parts so that from thence from our place to the most remote the Floor will seem by degrees more and more to elevate which yet notwithstanding it is every where of the same Altitude After the same mode it is with the Waters of the Ocean for if on the Shoar you use a Geodetical Instrument commodious to measure places withal you shall find no elevation of the remote part of the Ocean above the Shoar but rather a little depression so that the Waters sink beneath the Horizon of the Shoars Those that are versed in the Opticks declare the cause of the fallacy Let A be the Eye See Scheme and let it survey the pavement or superficies of the Water extended at length unto the long space a e. Let the Angle a A e be divided into equal parts or four Angles which are e A d d A c c A b b A a from the right drawn A b A c A d to wit the more remote shall be far more great as appeareth from the Diagram viz. e d is greater than d e and d e greater than b c and b c than a h. Although these parts are very unequal yet they will appear equal because they appear under the equal Angles a A b b A c c A d d A c and the Estimative faculty will judge them to be removed an equal distance from the Eye A in which there is a great deception and therefore will judge the lines A b A c A d
Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
for when the Sun passeth through the Vertex of those places then every one will then confess that there ought to be Summer except some other cause obstructed in respect of the Celestial cause and so in places scituated in the Aequator the Spring or Summer ought not to be in the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Aries or Libra but rather the Summer because then he passeth through the Vertex of those places and causeth great heat except some other cause hinders Neither can the Summer be transferred unto the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn The same also holdeth concerning places scituated between the Aequator and the Tropicks because the Sun passeth through their Vertex before that he draweth near to the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and therefore first causeth the Summer there For we must know that although Definitions may be free yet seeing that by the common notions of all Nations they define the Summer by Heat and the Winter by Cold or at least by a lesser degree of Heat and so the Definitions ought to be made that they may render as little as may be from these Notions and in no sort be contrary to them The same difficulty is concerning the Spring and Autum of the places of the Torrid Zone yea they do not seem to have place here especially in places which lye in the Aequator Of Heats and Cold. The second difficulty for which this Question is proposed is this Whether the Seasons are to be defined from the very degree of heat and cold viz. the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter or from the access or recess of the Sun For the common notion of the Men of Europe which they form concerning those Seasons or in which they do conceive them comprehendeth both although they have more respect to heat than cold But Astronomers are more attentive to the access and recess or entrance of the Sun into certain Signs of the Zodiack as we have said before Moreover it is observed in many places of the Torrid Zone that those Seasons answer not the access and recess of the Sun but that contrary to the Celestial motion of the Sun they are tried by a Winter raging not with cold but with storms and rains when they should have Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun and on the contrary they have Summer when the Sun is remote when they should have Winter of which more anon and so those People define not the Summer and Winter by the access of the Sun and his entrance into certain Signs but they define the Summer by its serenity and the Winter by its rain and somewhat cold Air. And so it is impossible to make definitions of the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter as to be general and agreeable to all these places according to the notions of the People These difficulties thus considered I thus think First seeing that in many places of the Torrid Zone as we have spoken in the second difficulty and also some certain places of the Temperate Zones Heat and Cold happen contrary to the Celestial mode or motion of the Sun yet notwithstanding those definitions cannot be made accurately by Heat and Cold therefore these terms of the Seasons must be distinguished as being Homonymical so that we must make some Seasons to be Celestial and others Terrestrial I confess these terms to be less fit but the want of better doth compel me to use them so that it is termed the Terrestrial Summer of any place in which in that place a great heat is caused every year by the Sun but the Celestial Summer is termed that season of the year wherein a great heat ought to be in that place by reason of the vicinity of the Sun So that is termed the Celestial Winter of a place in which season Cold should be in that place by reason of the great distance of the Sun but that season is termed the Terrestrial Winter of any place in which there is very great Cold in that place every year And although in many places the Celestial and Terrestrial Winter happen in one season of the year as also the Celestial and Terrestrial Summer yet there are some places of the Torrid Zone where they observe divers seasons of the year as we shall shew in the following discourse The same should be said of the Celestial and Terrestrial Spring and likewise of the Autumn Secondly Seeing that there are few places where the Terrestrial Summer and Winter differ from the Celestial in the season of the year but in most places fall in with the same time of the year therefore the Celestial Summer may be absolutely termed the Summer so also the Winter the Spring and the Autumn But when we speak of the Terrestrial we must add the word Terrestrial but where we simply say the Summer the Winter Spring and Autumn we are to understand the Celestial seasons agreeing with the Terrestrial But how shall we make distinct and accurate definitions of the Summer viz. the Celestial the Winter the Spring and the Autumn so that they may be general for all places and also take place in the Torrid Zone I know no other Mode whereby such definitions may be made but only this The definitions of the sous Seasons of the year 1. The Celestial Summer of any place is that season of the year whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertex of the place and that in the first season if the Sun become vertical to that place in two seasons The end that day in whose Meridies the Sun receiveth a moderate distance from the first Vertex of that place or whether it be lesser than that of all other days of the year 2. That is termed the Winter of any place the beginning of which is that day in whose Meridies the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance from the Vertex of that place And the end that day in whose Meridies the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from the Vertex of that place 3. That season is termed the Spring of any place which falleth between the end of the Winter and the beginning of the Summer or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath acquired a moderate distance from the Vertex when he hath come from a great distance And the end is that day where in whose Meridies the Sun hath acquired a very small distance from the first Vertex of the place 4. The Autumn of any place is termed that season of the year falling between the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun receiveth a mean distance from the Vertex of the place coming from a lesser And the end that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath obtained a very great distance from the Vertex of the place According to these
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
for if these Rains fall not and the Clouds obscured not the Sun that great heat of the Sun would render the ground Sandy and Steril as Lybia and Arabia where these Rains are not the Sun being near the Vertex Contrary wise in the Months of December January and February they should have Winter or lesser heat because that then the Sun is most remote from them and then they have Summer Yet in the night the Air is cold enough moreover a continual Wind from the 12th hour of the day to the 12th hour of the night bloweth from the Sea which is very acceptable 14. In the Coast of the East Indies which is called Choromandel the seasons also differ from the Heavens for in the Months of March April May and June the Sun causeth vehement heat and there is no rain Now the People which for the most part are Saracens divide the year into the hot the wet and the Cold seasons the hot or Summer as I have said is in the months of March April May and June but the intollerable heat is from the middle of May to the middle of June the Wind blowing from the North unto which if you turn your face you shall discover so great a heat of the Air as if you drew nigh an Oven for the Sun then in that Plaga is in the Meridies also the Wood and Stones contract a great heat yet the Waters in the Wells is so cold that many drinking thereof for extream heat dye The greatest heat of the day is between Nine in the Forenoon and Three in the Afternoon in these intermedial hours they rest from travelling the other hours before Nine in the Morning and Three in the Afternoon the Air is at least tolerably temperate serene and acceptable the Heaven delightful and travelling pleasant The VVet season taketh up four months July August September and October The Cold season November December January and February in December and January the Cold is sensible enough especially in the night Here are many things which deserve our enquiry for in the months of March April May and June the Sun cometh to those places of the Coast of Choromandel and becometh Vertical to them therefore it is no wonder if they have great heat but why have they not the same heat in July and August feeing he is equally as near them in those months and by reason of the former heat it should be more hot Moreover why do the seasons of the Coast of Choromandel differ from the seasons of the Coast of Malabar seeing that they both lie in the same Climate and have the Sun Vertical on the same days and on the same remote And that which is more to be wondered at there interceedeth between these two Regions in some places 70 in others only 20 miles interval so that you may come into a place of a serene and servid Air where the Winter predominateth and that in the space of one day Masseus thus speaketh of these places In these Regions saith he amongst other admirable things that above others exceedeth the reach of all Philosophers that in the same Plaga of the Heavens in the equal access and recess of the Sun in the same months of the year from the Sun rising beyond the Mountain of Gatis which by a direct excursion to the Promontory of Cori intersects the whole Region of Malabar there is Summer and drought and from the West on this side Gatis there are Rains and Winter that in so near a propinquity of places in respect of the course of the seasons the same People almost seem Antipodes one to another But not only in these but also in others we have shewed this diversity to be found and shall shew more anon The cause is the scituation of the Mountains which determinate the Land of Choromandel from Malabar proceeding from the North towards the South To this must be added divers Winds for on the Coast of Choromandel a general Eastern Wind is more discovered except in the Summer months of May and June which driveth the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains whence it raineth in the Land of Malabar These Mountains tops are discovered to be continually covered with Clouds in the Pluvial months also more vehement Showrs in those where the rain is in Malabar But when it raineth in the Region of Choromandel then is there a serenity in the tops of the Mountains as in the Land of Malabar except the months July and August for in these it raineth in both Lands 15. In the Regions of the Gangick Sea opposite to the Coast of Chroromandel and in the Northern Torrid Zone as Sian Peru the Chersonesus of Malacca the Pluvial months in which the Rivers overslow are September October and November But in the Land of Malacca it raineth every week of the year twice or thrice except the months of January February and March in which there is a continual drought All these are contrary to the Celestial course and their causes must be sought from the Mountains Winds the propinquity of the Sea and the like But because as yet we have no accurate observations concerning these Regions we will not search them here The chief cause of the Fertility of these Regions is the overflowing of the Rivers The vapours of the adjacent Sea the Rivers and the Winds do much allay the heat whence the Inhabitants have great plenty of Fruits In the Kingdom of Patana and those bordering on it the Summer beginneth in February and continueth to the end of October in which time there is a continual heat which is allayd with a continual Oriental Wind the Air wholsom In November December and January there are continual Rains which yet do not hinder a new increase every month at the least The same must be understoood of Camboja And this Winter agreeth with the Celestial course 16. Leaving Asia the Pacifick Sea being Sayled over we enter that part of America which lieth under the Torrid Zone which is twofold South and North the South again is twofold Peru and Brazilia although the parts of Peru be vicine yet they have contrary Seasons in one and the same time for the Region of Peru is divided into three parts the Shoar or Maritim part the Mountainous and the Plain part which he in the same Climate In the Mountainous places they have a Plavial Winter from the month of October to the end of March when they should have Summer by the vicinity of the Sun They have Summer from the entrance of April to October in which months no Rains do fall but in the Winter months there are continual Rains Therefore the Terrestrial seasons differ here from the Celestial In Maritim Peru there is almost no Winter in the whole year but they account their Winter from the month of April to October which agreeth with the Celestial cause because the Sun is then removed from them to the Tropick of Cancer and thence returneth by reason
above almost maketh up and moderateth them To wit in the Regions of the Northern Temperate Zone it is Spring and Summer the Sun going from Aries by Cancer to Libra because then he is more near them Then the Sun going from Libra through Capricorn to Aries it is Autumn and Winter But in the Southern Temperate Zone the matter is contrary neither can those other causes altogether disable the force of this first and induce a new course of the seasons and be able to alter the times as in the Torrid Zone 2. Yet those Seasons of divers places vary so that in one place there may be more Heat or Cold or Rain than in another although the places lie in the same Climate but yet they cause not the Winter to be changed into Summer or Summer into Winter A Rocky Marshish and Maritim Land findeth somewhat another degree of heat or cold than Vallies or a Chalk and Maritim Land 3. The places in the Tropicks for the most part in the Summer have an excessive heat others a Pluvial Season so that they almost approach to the nature of the places of the Torrid Zone So in the part of the Kingdom of Guzarat lying without the Tropick at the same time the wet and dry months are observed which in the part lying beyond the Aequator the Summer is changed into a Pluvial Season yet then there is greater heat than the dry part of the year where they have a moderate cold and in truth in the places of the Temperate Zones we judg the Summer and Winter not from the drought and rains but from the heat and cold Now in the Coasts of Persia and Ormus there is so great heat without Rains in the Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun rhat both the Men and their Wives ly in Cisterns full of Water The like heat is in Arabia The Regions of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea are called the coast of Barbary Throughout all Barbary the middle of October being past Showers and Cold begin to increase and in December and January the cold is perceived more intense and that only in the morning and withal so remiss that the Fire is not desired February taketh away the greatest part of the cold from the Winter but yet it is so inconstant that sometimes 5 or 6 times in one day the Air changeth In the month of March the North and West Winds blow violently and cause whole trees to be vested with blossoms April giveth form almost to all Fruits so that the entrance of May and the end of April is wont naturally to produce Cherries In the middle of May they gather Figs and in the middle of June in some places are ripe Grapes Of the seasons of the year of Barbary the Figs or Autumn are gathered in August and there is no greater plenty of Figs and Pears than in September There is not so great intemperies of the year in those places but that the three months of the Spring are always temperate The entrance of the Spring that is the Terrestrial not the Celestial is as they reckon on the 15th of February and the end the 18th of May in all which time the Air is most grateful to them If from the 25th of April to the 5 of May they have no Rain they esteem the same as ominous They count their Summer even to the 16th of August at which time they have a very hot and serene Air. Their Autumn from the 17 of August to the 16 of November and they have that for two months to wit August and September yet not great That which is included between the 15 of August and the 15 of September was wont to be termed by the Antients the Furnace of the whole year and that because it produced Figs Pears and that kind of Fruit to maturity From the 15 of November they reckoned their Winter which they extend to the 14 of February At the entrance of this they begin to till their Land which is the plain but the mountainous in the month of October The Africans have a certain perswasion that the year hath 40 very hot days and on the other side so many cold The Opinion of the Arabians days which they say begin from the 12 of December They begin the Aequinoxes on the 16 of March and on the 16 of September Their Solstices on the 16 of June and the 16 of December The end of their Autumn all their Winter and a good part of their Spring is full of violent Winds accompanied with Hail Lightnings and dreadful Thunders neither is there wanting in many places of Barbary an abundance of Snow In Mount Atlas 7 degrees distant from the Tropick of Cancer they divide the year only into two parts for from October even to April they have a continual Winter and from April again to October they have Summer In this there is no day in which the Mountains tops glitter with Snow The seasons of Numidia In Numidia the parts of the year swiftly pass away for in May they reap their Corn in October they gather their Dates but from the middle of September to January a violent Frost continueth October abstaining from Rains all hopes of Sowing is taken from the Husbandman the same hapneth if that April produceth not Pluvial Water Leo Astricanus remembreth many Mountains of Snow in Africa not far from the Tropick of Cancer Of China The North part of China although no more remote from the Aequator than Italy yet it hath a cold more sharp for great Rivers and Lakes are congealed up with Frost the cause of which is not yet sufficiently known except we should refer it to the Snowy Mountains of Tartaria not far remote to the avoyding of which cold they abound with the Skins of Foxes and Scythilian Rats New England New England although it lie in 42 degrees of North Latitude and therefore no more removed from the Aequator than Italy yet in the month of June when Sir Francis Drake was there the Air was so vehement cold that he was compelled to sayl back to the South for the Mountains were then covered with Snow The cause is the Frigid temperature of the Earth being Stony The seasons of Aegypt In Aegypt which is bounded with the Tropick of Cancer the Spring and Temperate Season of the year is observed about January and February The Summer beginneth with March and April and continueth June July and August The Autumn possesseth September and October The Winter hath November and December About the beginning of April they Reap their Corn and presently thresh it After the 20 of May not an Ear of Corn is to be seen in the Fields no Fruits on the trees On the Ides of June the inundation of the Nilus beginneth The seasons in the streights of Magellan In the Streights of Magellan and the adjacent Regions although they be no more distant from the Aequator than our parts
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
others given than to be used for the making of an intire Globe for it useth the distances of places Let the greatest Periphery or the Arch of the greatest Periphery be drawn through the Globe and in this from the given point let the Arch be taken as much as the distance of the other place is from the place first given the term of the Arch shall be other place Then if you will design any third place take by the interval of the Compass the distance of that third place from the other two even now designed and from these as from Centers let the Arches be described by these intervals of the Compass The point in which these Arches mutually cut one another is the point of the third place But as I have said that this Mode is not commodious for the intire designation of the Globe but when we will design any place in the Globe now made which is not yet in it and desire to do it from the only noted distance of that place from the two others which are found in the Globe because it is easy and we have not time by reason of Calculation to search the Longitude and Latitude of this third unknown place For thus we shall easily find the scituation of this point or place in the Globe and also the Longitude and Latitude then the Problem is this The distance of a place being given from two places that are found on the Globe to design the scituation of that place on the Globe whose distance is given of which in the following Chapter The third Mode the Vulgar one of Artificers The third Mode of making of Globes The third Mode of exhibiting and representing the Superficies and places of the Earth in the given Globe is that which Artificers use in the making of all Globes both Celestial and Terrestrial except those great ones of which I have now spoken which have nothing of compendiousness or commendation from the facility if that the places of the Earth be but only to be represented from one Superficies of the Globe but it is to be done on the Superficies of the Globes of the same Magnitude this practice hath great Prerogative before the other for the Mode is thus the Superficies of the Globe and the Earth is conceived to be divided into twelve parts or more if the Globe be to be made of a larger form through the Meridians drawn from Pole to Pole so that in any two Meridians the 12th part of a Superficies is included from Pole to Pole Then on a Plain let the like Figure be included in such a part of the 12 in two Arches which then in the Globe make the half Periphery of the Meridians And in many Meridians drawn through every degree of the Aequator and divided into portions and segments of the Parallels affordeth a kind of lettice work the portion of the Aequator is in the midst all the Meridians end in the Poles then c. e Meridian being taken for the first which the Tables of Lonâ—itude acknowledge let the degrees be noted from it in the Aequator the numbers being ascribed so that the degrees of Longitude of every place may â—e accounted Then in every one of these places representing the 12 parts of the Superficies of the Globe let the places be noted for the places of the Earth every one at his degrees of Longitude and Latitude which are extracted from the Table and the name is ascribed to the Table and the tracts of the Rivers and Bays drawn as also of the Lands these being thus described on Paper or Wood then make an incision and engrave according to that exemplar in Plates of Brass which then is fit for the Printing Press Which are afterwards applyed and joyned to the Superficies of the Globe so that its ends may touch the Axis or Poles of the Globe yet in many the Papers do not touch the Poles but are so made only to touch the Artick or Antarctick Circles and peculiar Papers are taken for the Polary Spaces For so they are more easily applyed especially in great ones so in the Superficies of this Globe all the places of the Earth are exhibited to which is then added a Brass Meridian and Horizon with a Foot Horary Circle and an Index The things worthy of note in this Mode There are two things in this description which require a more full explication all the rest I suppose to be plain and intelligible First after what Mode these 12 or 24 parts are to be described according to the Example of which the engraving in Brass must be made Secondly how plain Paper can be applyed to the Superficies of the Globe The first is thus donâ—â—ommodiously enough For Example let the 12 portion of the Hemisphere from the Pole to the Aequator be applyed to the Globe First from the known Diameter of the Globe let the quantity of the greatest Periphery be found out according to the proportion of Archimedes or the other proportion of the Periphery to the Diameter For Example let the Diameter of the Globe be two Foot and let the Longitude of the Foot in the noted Paper be divided into 10 digits and the 10 digits into 10 grains that there may be 100 parts in a Foot Let it be done so that as 7 is to 22 so 200 is to 628 4 7 parts or 6 28 200 Foot for the Periphery the fourth part of this that is the Quadrant of the Periphery shall be of 157 1 7 hundred or 1 57 10071 Feet and the 12th part of 52 19 21 hundreds or ½ a Foot and 2 hundreds and 19 21 of an hundred These being found let a long Line of 52 19 21 hundreds be drawn on the Paper from the ascribed Scale from the middle of this Line let a long perpendicular of 157 19 21 hundred be erected which shall be the Quadrant its extremity shall be the Pole and may be divided into degrees you have the Longitude of one degree if you divide 628 â— 7 by 360 Then let a Periphery be described from the Pole through the beginning of every degree or of every tenth they shall be Parallels in these Peripheries from both parts of the drawn perpendicular let that part be cut off by the Compass as much as is the 1 24 of the Periphery Now how great it is in the opposite Scale is known from the proportion of the Parallels to the Aequator which we have delivered in the end of the IV. Chapter See Chap. 4. So the points being signed in every Periphery and Arch you please a Line must be drawn through them and part of the Paper perminated by these Lines must be cut off For this being applyed to the Globe will possess 1 12 of the Hemisphere Now the application is easily performed viz. if that the portions be small for in these the distance between streight and Crooked is little discovered especially of the Earth when the Paper hath first
accommodation of its Inhabitants is traded unto by 8 Market Towns Cambridge seated in an Air somewhat unhealthful Cambridge occasioned through the Fenny-grounds near adjoyning and on the River Cam or Grant navigable for Barges which separates it into two but unequal parts which are joyned together by a Bridge 'T is a place of great antiquity being said to derive its name from Cantabar a Spaniard who about 375 years before the Incarnation of Christ had there setled the Muses Seat but more certain it is that Sigilbert the first Christian King of the East Saxons established here several Schools and of no less fame for its University or Seminary of true Learning which is its chiefest ornament being adorned with 16 Colledges and Halls many of which are superb Buildings and by reason of these Seminaries it is a place of a large extent numbring 14 Parish Churches is beautified with well built Houses its Streets are paved and well ordered is well inhabited enjoyeth a good Trade and its Market on Saturdays is sufficiently furnished with Provisions which are had at easie rates It is a Town Corporate endowed with ample Immunities and sendeth 4 Burgesses to Parliament viz. two for the Vniversity and two for the Town Nigh unto Cambridge Southwards are Gogmagog-Hills which are of a great eminency and yet retain the remembrance of the Danish Station and of these Hills the Country people tell fine stories Ely seated in a fenny and waterish place and on the banks of the Owse Ely which rendreth it very unhealthful it is a City of more antiquity than beauty being but meanly built nor overmuch frequented or inhabited and would be far less were it not for being the See of a Bishop whose Palace is so ruinous that it is uninhabitable but its Cathedral or Minister is a lofty structure and beautified with a stately Lenthorn of curious Architecture It is a City that enjoyeth ample Immunities for in the Isle of Ely the Bishop hath all the rights of a Count Palatine and beareth chief sway therein appointing a Judge for the hearing of Causes within the said Isle he also holdeth Assizes Goal-delivery and Quarter-Sessions of the Peace and hath his chief Bayliff and other Officers and although the City is but meanly inhabited yet its Market on Saturdays is well served with Provisions New-Market New-Market seated part in this County and part in Suffolk and in a large and pleasant Heath so called a place of some largness containing two Parish Churches and is well inhabited and much resorred unto by the Gentry by reason of its commodious scituation for Horse-races and Hunting being both Recreations that his Majesty taketh so great delight in that he hath there his Palace for his reception which adds no small advantage to the Town often honouring it with his Royal presence It s Market is on Tuesdays which is not very considerable by reason of its vicinity to Bury and Cambridge Caxton seated in the Clay and on the North-road a small Town Caxton and hath a little Market on Tuesdays Royston seated on the high Road to Huntington in a bottom amongst Hills Royston and part in this County and part in Hartfordshire It is a large well inhabited Town and hath a considerable Market on Wednesdays for Provisions especially for Mault here and in parts adjacent made in great quantities Cheshire described CHESHIRE a County Palatine of a rich and fertil Soil both for Tillage and Pasturage feeding abundance of Cattle and affording plenty of Corn Fish especially Salmon Fowl Butter Cheese and Salt which is their staple commodity and here had in great plenty and out of the Rocks and Quarries broad Slates and fair Stones for building are dug as are Mill-stones out of Moucop-Hill It is well furnished with Timber and Fuel from its Woods and Forests of Delamer and Maxfield is plentifully watered with Rivers Meers and Pools hath several Heaths and Mosses The ancient People were the Cornavii of Ptolomy and afterwards became part of the Kingdom of the Mercians In this County are seated 86 Parish Churches besides 38 Chappels of Ease and hath Traffick with 13 Market Towns Chester Chester or West-Chester a City of great antiquity said to be raised from the Fort of Ostorius Lieutenant of Britain for Claudius the Emperour and of a pleasant scituation on the Dee over which it hath a fair Stone-bridge sustained by eight Arches at each end of which is a Gate but the Channel is now so choaked up with Sand that it is scarce navigable for small Vessels so that all Ships now come to a place called New-Key about 6 miles distant It s form is Quadrangular and taketh up about two miles in circuit within its Wall on which are 7 Watch-Towers and which gives entrance by 4 Gates and 3 Posterns and of these Gates the East-Cate is esteemed one of the stateliest Gates in England For its further defence it hath a large Castle seated on a Rocky Hill where the Shire Hall is which something resembleth that of Westminster where all matters concerning the County Palatine are tried by their peculiar Officers The City is large numbring to Parish Churches beside its Minster or Cathedral a large structure adjoyning to which is the Bishops Palace it is beautified with divers fair Buildings both publick and private is graced with large and well ordered Streets is well frequented and inhabited by Gentry and Assizes are kept as also for being the usual place of taking Shippipng for Ireland with which it hath a great intercourse and hath a considerable Trade It is governed by a Major 2 Sheriffs 24 Aldermen a Recorder and Sub-Officers enjoyeth ample Immunities and sendeth Burgesses to Parliament which no other Town in the County doth It is well served with Provisions for besides its Shambles it hath two considerable Markers weekly on Wednesdays and Saturdays Not far from this City is the Forest of Delamer where Aedested the Mercian Lady built a small City long since reduced to ruins which place is now called The Chamber in the Forest Nantwich Nantwich seated on the Wever the largest and best built Town next to Chester in the Country and is graced with a goodly spacious Church It is a place well inhabited and frequented chiefly occasioned for its Salt-pits or Salt-wich for the making of white Salt here had in great plenty and its Market which is on Saturdays is sufficiently provided with all Provisions and necessaries especially Corn and Cattle Malpas Malpas scituate on a great eminency and on the River Dee a fair Town containing 3 Streets which are paved and well ordered it hath an Hospital and Grammar School and its Market on Mondays is of good account Middlewich Middlewich seated between Nantwich and Northwich a large Town containing several Streets and Lanes its chief place being called the Kings-Mexon The Town is of note for its Salt-pits and making of Salt and hath a good Market for Provisions on
Church and a bulky tall Steeple on a Hill County of Surrey described SVRREY a County of a different Soil not over fertil especially in the midst yet the parts near the Thames which is plain and Champain is grateful to the Husbandman and the parts called Holmesdale by reason of the aspiring Hills Rivers Parks Meadows Groves and Fields is a place of great delight The Air is very healthful It is garnished with the Seats of several Gentlemen and is better stored with Game than Grain Here are seated 140 Parish Churches and hath the accommodation of 9 Market Towns Southwark or the Borough of Southwark Southwark on the South-side of the Thames opposite to the City of London to which it is joyned by a stately Stone-bridge and is a member thereof being annexed by King Edward the Sixth but doth still enjoy several of its ancient Priviledges as electing Burgesses holding of Courts within themselves c. It is a place which for largeness of good Buildings and quantities of Inhabitants may be ranged with Cities enjoying a good Trade and is well resorted unto Croydon seated low near the Spring-head of the River Wandle Croydon and in a manner begirt with aspiring Hills which for the most part are well clothed with Wood of which great store of Charcoal is made for which this place is of note It is a large Town dignified with the Seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury is beautified with a large and fair Church hath an Hospital for the relief of Poor people and a Free-School for the Education of Youth The Town is large its Houses well built and its Market which is on Saturdays is considerable and well served with Corn and Provisions From this Town to Farnham runneth the Downs called Banstead-Downs which affordeth great diversion for Hawking Hunting and Horse-Races Kingston a large and ancient Town Corporate Kingston enjoying large Immunities and is of chief note for being the place where upon a Stage in the open Market-place stood the Chair of Majesty where Aethelstan Ethelred and Edwin were Crowned Kings and received their Imperial Scepters from whence 't is said the Town took its name being before called Moreford It is pleasantly seated on the Banks of the Thames over which it hath a fair Bridge which leadeth to Kingstonwick in Middlesex about a mile from Hampton-Court the Palace of his Majesty Its Houses are well built and hath several Inns and Taverns it is the usual place for the Assizes and its Market on Saturdays is very considerable for Corn and Provisions Reygate seated in the Vale of Homes dale Reygate of note for its bloody Battles here sought against the Danes in which they were vanquished and also for its ancient but ruinated Castle where in the midst of a large Court there is a Vault of a great depth and length at the end of which is a spacious Room where according to report the Barons met in Council in their War against King John Here is Fullers-Earth dug up in great plenty It is a large Borough Town which sends Burgesses to Parliament and hath a very considerable Market on Tuesdays being well served with Corn and Provisions Not far from this Town are Blechingley and Gatton two ancient Borough Towns which electeth Parliament men once places of good account especially Gatton Guilford no less pleasantly than commodiously seated on the River Wey Guilford which is navigable for Barges very commodious to the Inhabitants for the conveyance of their Goods by water to London It is an ancient Borough Town governed by a Major and other sub-Officers hath the election of Parliament men and was a place of a larger extent when the English-Saxon Kings had their Palace here than now it is yet is it a fair neat well built and large Town containing three Parish Churches one of which is a fair Structure It is a place well inhabited and frequented where the Assizes are oft kept and as seated on a High-road is well furnished with Inns and Taverns for the reception of Travellers and its Market which is on Saturdays is of good Account and well served with Corn and Provisions Farnham Farnham said to be so called from the great store of Fern here growing It is a good Town seated on the River Wey of note for being the place where King Elfred with a small Power subdued the Danes with a great slaughter and for its spacious Castle highly seated It hath a great Market on Saturdays for all Provisions but chiefly Oats and Barley County of Sussex described SVSSEX a large County in form long and narrow which with its extent bounds division into Rapes scituation c. may appear by the Table The Air though clouded with Mists and thick Vapours which arise from the Sea yet is it good and healthful It is well watered with Rivers which fall into the Sea which washeth its Southern parts and although its Sea-Coast is of so large an extent yet it is but thin of Harbours and those not very good being dangerous for entrance by reason of its Rocks and Shelves The Soil is fertil the Sea-Coast called the Downs is hilly but very pleasant and feedeth good store of Cattle The North-part is overshadowed with Woods and Groves where in times past was that famous Wood Andradswald being about 120 miles in length and 20 in breadth and in these parts are many Iron-Mines The Commodities that this County affordeth are Iron unwrought and wrought into Guns c. Corn Cattle Sheep Wool and Wood. This County is severed into 6 Rapes all which traverse the Shire and have each of them their particular River Forest and Castle and in these Rapes are 65 Hundreds in which are numbred 312 Parish Churches and is traded unto by 16 Market Towns In Chichester Rape are 7 Hundreds and its chief places are Chichester Chichester seated on the Banks of the Levant which at a small distance falleth into the Sea It is an indifferent large City containing 5 or 6 Parish Churches besides its Cathedral it is graced with good Buildings and spacious Streets especially the 4 which lead from the 4 Gates of its Wall and cross one another at the Market-place which is a fair Stone-Building sustained with Stone-Pillars It is dignified with an Episcopal See and Seat of a Bishop It is a City endowed with many Priviledges electeth Parliament men is governed by a Major Aldermen Recorder with sub-Officers is a place of pretty good Trade and its Markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays are well provided with Corn Cattle and all sorts of Provisions both Flesh Fish and Fowl Nigh unto this City is Selsey-Isle or rather a Peninsula as being almost encompassed with the Sea and its Arms and Branches at present of chief note for its Cockles and Lobsters here taken in great plenty but in former time was of note for its City so called now devoured by the Sea where there was an Episcopal See which afterwards
they read in a strange tone and sing as bad during the time of their Service their heads are veiled with Linnen fringed with Knots answerable to the number of their Laws and observing a continual motion of their body to and fro and often jumping up which they account for great zeal in their devotion they observe much reverence to all the names of God but especially to Jehovah insomuch that they do never use it in vain talk Their ancient Language was Hebrew they keep their Sabbath on Saturday in which they are very strict they marry their Daughters at the Age of 12 years as not affecting a single life The fertility of the Country This Country is so fertil in all things that it was termed a Land flowing with Milk and Hony adorned with pleasant Mountains and luxurious Valleys enriched with pleasant Streams and where the Inhabitants are neither scorched with Heats nor pinched with Colds To speak of all the memorable transactions that have happen'd in this Country would require a Volume by it self I shall only run over some of the chief and then proceed to the description of some of the Cities and Places of most note that are found therein It is famous for bringing our Saviour Jesus Christ into the World where he wrought so many Miracles but infamous for their horrid action of crucifying him Memorable Transactions in this Country the Lord of Life Here it was that the Lord appeared to Jacob here out of the Plains of Moab the Ark was built of Sittim Wood here on Mount Tabor Christ was transfigured on Mount Moriah Isaac was to be sacrificed on Mount Sion was the Tower of David on Mount Calvary as some aver was the Burial-place of Adam our Forefather Here over the Brook Kedron David passed in his flight from Absalom over which our Saviour when he went to his Passion passed Here runneth the River of Jordan sufficiently famous nigh to which stood the Cities of Sodom and Gomorrha Here at a place called Endor Saul consulted with a Witch near to Sichem Jacob had his Wells Here at Ashdod in the Temple of Dagon the Ark of the Lord was brought when taken upon the entrance of which their Idol fell down Here at Hebron is the Plain of Mamre where Abraham sitting in his Tent was visited by God from Heaven in the likeness of a Man this City he bought for a Burial-place for him and his Posterity where Sarah his Wife was first interr'd And on Mount Seir was the habitation of Esau after his departure from Canaan I shall cease to trouble the Reader with the mentioning of many more remarkable Passages which were here transacted but only refer them to the Books of the Old and New Testament where they shall find them recorded also great satisfaction may be received from Josephus a Book of good repute This Country is at present possessed by the Turks as Masters of it but inhabited by Moors Arabians Greeks Turks Jews nay I may say with People of all Nations and Religions But setting aside matters of History let us proceed to say something of the principal places found herein and first with Jerusalem Jerusalem its chief Places Jerusalem is so well known in the Holy Scriptures that we must confess it hath been not only one of the greatest but one of the fairest Cities in the World being called the City of the Lord. Its Kings High-Priests Temple and Royal Palaces have made it famous even amongst the remotest people Its circuit was onto 50 Furlongs which are only 6250 Geometrical Paces but so well builded that it was capable of the receiving of 150000 Families It s Temple and Palaces especially those of Solomon were the fairest greatest and most magnificent which ever eye beheld Its Gates Walls Towers Ditches cut out of the Rock and its scituation in the Mountains made it seem impregnable This City once sacred and glorious elected by God for his Seat placing it in the midst of Nations like a Diadem crowning the head of the Mountains the Theater of Mysteries and Miracles was once the glory of the World but its Pride and other horrid Sins in the end lost it divers times Nebuchadonozor was the first that ruinâ—d it Pompey contented himself to dismantle it of its Walls and to fill up the Ditches Vespasian and Titus Caesar utterly razed it and destroyed in the place 1100000 People that were assembled to the Pass-over Adrian ruined likewise some Towers and Walls which had been left to lodge the Roman Garrison and after caused a new City to be built partly on its ancient Ruins and partly without them But with the divers changes it hath since fallen under its beauty and magnificence is quite decayed Yet is it not so lost but that there are several Places yet remaining worthy of note together with several others that were since built as on Mount Calvary where Christ the Saviour of the World was Crucified there is a rich magnificent and large Temple built by the vertuous Helena Daughter to Coilus a British King and Mother to Constantine the Great which not only possesseth the Mount but also all the Garden below where his Sepulchre was and in this Temple there are several rich Structures as one where Christ was imprisoned before his Crucifixion another where Christ was nailed to the Cross another where he was Crucified also one where the Sepulchre was the Altar of the Holy Cross the Altar of the Scourging the Chapel of the Apparition the Chapel of the Angels the Chapel of the division of his Garments the Chapel of St. Helena who built this Temple the Chapel of St. John the Sepulchre of Joseph of Arimathea under ground together with several others too long to recite To this place there is a great resort as well of Protestants as Papists though for sundry ends which brings a great Revenue none being permitted to enter without paying some Mony which the Jews here inhabiting do Farm of the Grand Signior at a large yearly Revenue and so become Masters thereof making a great profit by shewing them to Strangers which come hither from all Nations Several other places are yet remaining as the Castle of the Pisans the Monastery of the Franciscans the Church of St. James the Church of St. Mark where once stood his House a Mosque where stood the House of Zebedaeus a Chapel where stood the House of St. Thomas the Church of the Angels where the Palace of Annas the High-Priest stood the Church of St. Saviour where the Palace of Caiphas stood the Court of Solomons Temple yet remaining but in the room of the Temple a Mosque Near about Jerusalem there are several places of note yet remaining as in the way between Jerusalem and the City of Bethlem there are the Ruins of Davids Tower the Tower of Simeon Bathsheba's Fountain the Cistern of Saget the Monastery of Elias Jacobs House the Sepulchre of Rachel the Cistern of David the House of Joseph the
principal Xecque that is a Chief which conducts and commands them they living almost in the same manner as the 12 Tribes of Israel did in the Desarts They preserve a good Intelligence amongst themselves their chief design being only upon Strangers They assault likewise the Caravans if they think themselves able enough to master them or snatch any thing from them Their Horses commonly are little lean and sparing Feeders yet couragious swift and of great labour They are so skilful in managing them that they command them as they please and themselves are so active that at full speed they will shoot an Arrow within the breadth of a Shilling take from the ground those Arrows they have shot and avoid an Arrow flying directly towards them nor do they manage less skilfully the Sling either in charging retiring or flying The first rise of Mahometism Mahomet came not into the World till about the year 570 after Christ and began not to publish and shew abroad his Doctrine till a little after the year 600 a Doctrine intermixed with Christianity Judaism and Paganism that he might draw both the one and the other and which established its principal end in Delights carnal and sensual Pleasures whereto the Oriental People were very much inclined and withal he found the means to make use of Arms for the establishment of this Doctrine his Califs or Successors in a short time carried their Government and Religion into the best parts of Asia and Africa and into some places of Europe It s People are almost all Mahometans There are some Greek Christians towards the Mounts of Sinai and Horeb likewise towards the Red Sea and in the Desarts of Arabia the Stony and Arabia the Desart Arabia the Happy is unhappy in having the fewest yet the Portugals hold Mascates Calasates and some places about it which are Catholicks PERSIA or the Empire of the SOPHY of PERSIA with its several Provinces as they lie Towards the CASPIAN Sea or Sea of BACCU and SALA which makes the Northern part of PERSIA and are those of Servan Tauris Sammachi Servan Ardevil Serga Bacca â—â—kâ—era Gilan Rast Gaxhar Mazandaran Layon Mosun Gilan Cassabi Gadiour Dilemon Allamoed Dilemon Thalekan Tabarestan Aâ—â—erâ—â—ad Zarâ—â—â—â—â— Magâ—â—â—â—n Gorgian Gorgian Obâ—â—oen Darâ—egan Semnan Rhoemus Bestan Bâ—yâ—â— Zabrawar Thous Masâ—ndn Feraway In the MIDDLE to wit those of Churdistan Naksivan Merend Choy Maraga Salmas Ourmaya Cormaba Ayrack or Yerack-Agemi Hispahan Casbin Saltania Dankane Hamadan Hrey Sauwa Kom or Com Kargh Cassian Yesd Chorasan Thabs Gilack Kayem Thon Zuzan Mexat Nichabour Zarchas Firabad Maruwe Bonregian Balch Herat. Sablestan Zarang Bost Necbesaet Gisna-Cassaby Tocharestan Thaalan Candahar Candahar Patanes Grees Bach Balch Towards the South and washed by the ARABIAN or INDIAN Ocean and by the Gulph of BALSORA and ORMUS and are those of Chusistan Souster Askar Moukeraâ— Ardgan Hawecz Ramhormoz Siapour Saurac Fars Chiraef Aftackar Lar Darabegred Stahabonon Gombroun Kherman Cherman Girost Zirgian Mocheston Guadel Nahyan Patanis Sigistan Sistan Mackeran Mackeran Basir Together with several ISLES as they lie in the Gulph of BALSORA and nigh unto PERSIA the chief among which are Ormus Ormus Queixome Pulor Coyar Ficor Lar. Mulugan Garge PERSIA THe Kingdom or Empire of the Sophy of the PERSIANS is one of the most famous and greatest of all Asia it extends it self from the Tigris and Euphrates on the West almost to the River Indus on the East and from the Gulph of Persia and the Arabian and Indian Sea which bounds it on the South unto the River Gehon and to the Caspian Sea now the Sea of Baccu or Tabarestan which are its Northern limits The extent bounds scituation c. of Persia so containing about 600 Leagues of length and 500 of breadth being seated under the third fourth fifth and sixth Climats Nevertheless this is but a part of the ancient Empire of the Persians for the Assyrians having ordinarily held in Asia all that which both Turk and Persian at present possess and that Monarchy having begun under Ninus and lasted under thirty and odd Kings 13 or 1400 years ending in Sardanapalus divided itself into that of the Medes and Babylonians who continued it little less than 300 years afterwards the Persians made themselves Masters of it and these during 200 and odd years which they Reigned remitted to it the best part of what the Medes and Babylonians had possessed But when they would have passed into Europe and have seized on Greece the Macedonians and Greeks leagued themselves together The Persian Empire formerly much larger than now it is and naming Alexander King of Macedon their Chief descended into Asia several times defeated Darius ruined the Empire of the Persians and gave a beginning to that of the Macedonians Alexander the Great held this Empire but few years and dying it was divided among many of his Captains who took in the end the title of Kings and waged War against each other till the Romans seized the Western and the Parthians the Oriental part of that Monarchy these Parthians freed themselves from the Rule of the Macedonians 250 years before the Birth of Jesus Christ and Reigned near 500 years Artaxerxes restored the Persians 228 years after Christs Nativity The Caliphs of Bagdat became Masters about the year 650. The Tartars in 1257 or 58. The Turcomans in 1478. Xa or Xecque Ismael-sophy re-established the Persians a little after the year 1500 and though they possess only the Oriental part of the ancient Empire of the Persians yet it is still very great and powerful The several Parts or Regions of Persia And we find at present under it all that the Ancients knew under the names of Media Hircania Margiana Assyria in part Parthia Aria Paraponisa Chaldea or Babylonia in part Susiana Persia Caramania Drangiana Arachosia and Gedrosia all these Regions taken apart being great fair rich and populous To the Right Worshipfull Sr William Courteney of Powderham Castle in Devonshire Bart. This Mapp is Hu-mbly didicated by RB A MAPP OF THE EMPIRE OF THE SOPHIE OF PERSIA WITH ITS SEUERALL PROUINCES Designed by Moncr. Sanson Geographer to the French King Province of Gilan and its chief places c. The Province of GILAN or GVEYLAN contains five Governments of which the chief Cities are Rast Gaxhar Layon Gilan Mosun and Gadiour besides about 30 fair and rich Cities Mazandaran which some separate from others joyn to Gilan hath in its Government 25 Cities and in the City of Mazandaran about 50000 Souls All these quarters would have revolted in 1594. but Xa Abbas soon brought them to their duty and chastised them for their offence Province of Dilemon The Province of DILEMON hath its Metropolis of the same name then Allamoed Gowar and Thalekan In the description that those of the Country give us of these places Allamoed seems to answer to Dilemon Province of Tabarestan The Province or TABARESTAN extends more than 60 Leagues on the Coast
the rest and beautified with two Spires or Steeples covered with a painting of Gold and Azure These Mosques by reason of 1000 Lamps which are kept burning are as light by night as by day This City for its good Wine pleafant Fruits gallant People and above all for its pritty Women may compare with the best in all Persia The Ladies here are so fair and pleasant that Mahomet passing through these quarters would not enter this City for fear lest he should lose himself in its delights The Soyl is very good and Mastick is gathered in its Forests The Arms they make here are excellent 2. Astachar was one of the greatest of these quarters as likewise in the time of the Arabian of Nubia The ruines of its Castle Chilminare shew the remains of the ancient Palace that Alexander the Great burned at the solicitation of the Curtisan Thais At the taking of which City Alexander for his share found 120000 Talents of ready money besides the Plate Images of Gold and Silver and Jewels of a vast value But its beauty did surpass it riches having its Royal Palace built on a Hill environed with a treble Wall the first in height sixteen cubits the second 30 and the third 60 All of them of Black polished Marble with stately Battlements on which were 100 Turrets Nor was the outside more stately than the inside which was built with Cyprus Wood and beautified with Gold Silver Ivory Amber and such like 3. Lar or Laar hath been the chief of a Kingdom and giveth name to the Larins Pieces of very good Silver which they coyn 4. Near Stahabonon a pritty Town the Momnaki-Koni that is the precious Momy is drawn out of a Rock but it is onely gathered for the Sophy who carefully keeps it Being a most assured counter-Poyson or Antidote and an excellent Salve against all Cuts or Ruptures even within the body Bezar comes likewise from this quarter 5. Chabonkera 6. Darabegerd and 7. Baesd are on the confines of Fars and Kerman Some esteem them under the Province of Fars others under that of Kerman others make that a particular Province which takes its name from the first of them and which certainly is the greatest and the fairest Darabegerd as I believe is the Valasegerd of the Arab and the ancient Pasagardae there where sometime resided and where was the Tomb of Cyrus who here by this place defeated Astyages the last King of the Medes And 8. Gombrone seated on the Gulph of Persia a fair Town well frequented and where the English Dutch and Portugals keep their Factories for the benefit and support of the Trade this place being now the Scale of Trade for all Persia as was formerly Ormus and Jasques being at present of little use Province of Kherman its Commodities chief places c. The Province of KHERMAN of old Caramania is one of the greatest but not one of the best of Persia yet they send forth several Commodities as Steel Tarquesses Rose-water Tutty Bourbatan Hebe or Kilworm of which they make the Confection Alkermes Sarmack which are black and shining Stones which cures sore eyes and paints black Carpets the best in Persia after those of Yesed those of Chorazan hold the third degree Arms which the Turks buy at any rates and Scimitars which will cut a Head-peece without blunting the edge The Country is somewhat uneven and Mountainous which causeth barrenness but the Vallies are very fertil and delightful every where adorned with Flowers and especially Roses of which they make a great Revenue Amongst its Cities which are many 1. Cherman which communicates its name to the Province makes a great quantity of Cloth of Gold and Silver As also those Scimitars aforementioned 2. Zirgian 3. Nahyan and others are likewise in some reputation but the Coast of Ormus is of great esteem after it Mochestan The Isle and City of Ormus with its Trade and Commodities 4. The City of Ormus is seated in an Isle at the Mouth of the Gulph of Persia being in compass about 20 miles the City well built and strongly fortified seated at one end of the Isle being in compass about two miles adorned with a fair Market place and some Churches famous throughout the World for the great Trade there negotiated but of itself exceeding barren and only composed of Salt Rocks of which their Houses and Walls are made and in the Summer is found so excessive hot that the Inhabitants are forced to ly and sleep in Wooden Cisterns made for the purpose and filled with Water where both the Men and Women ly naked up to their Chins In this Island there is no fresh Water but what they fetch from other places there adjoyning which they keep in Cisterns from whence they likewise get other Provision for their Food being seated not above 12 miles from the Continent The Commodities that are here found are the rich Gems and Spices of India The Tapistries Carpets c. of Persia the Grograms Mohairs and Chamblets of Turky the Drugs of Arabia c. The People hereof in their Religion The People of Ormus in their persons and habit have something of the Arabians in them but more of the Persians 5. Mochestan is the ordinary residence of the Kings of Ormus because it is cool its Waters excellent to drink and its Land fruitful in Corn and Fruits which is not found in the Island 6. Guadell and 7. Patanis are the most famous Ports of the Coast Province of Sablestan The Province of SABLESTAN inclosed with Mountains between Chorazan and Khermon it answers to Caramania Deserta yet it hath many Cities and inhabited places amongst others Zarany towards Khermon 2. Bost 3. Nechesaet and 4. Gisna-Cassaby towards Chorazan Some place here Balasan from whence come the Balais Rubies Province of Sigistan Sistan Candahar and Mackeran The Province of SIGISTAN SISTAN or SAGESTAN PATANES CANDAHAR and MACKERAN are the most Easterly Provinces of all Persia and nearest the mouth of the Indus Sistan is the chief City of Sigistan Mackeran of Mackeran which is seated on the Sea and also Basir which seems to keep its ancient name Parsis The River Ilmenel waters all these Provinces and falls into the Indian Ocean not far from the Gulph of Indin Also Grees is the chief of Patanes and Candahar of Candahar The Neighbors of the Persians These are the Estates of the Persians and we are to observe that his principal neighbours are the Turks on the West the Tartars on the North the Mogols on the East and the Portugals on the South in and about the Gulf of Ormus These last cannot deprive him of any great part their design being only to maintain their commerce in the Indies yet they cease not to perplex him on the Sea and have divers times taken and retaken Ormus from him The Mogols the Tartars and the Turks are troublesom neighbours unto him and oft times his Enemies because they are powerful and
to Fire They are exceeding cleanly in all things and wash often in Cows-piss which they hold to be a good purification Upon confession of their Sins to their Priests they are constrained to Penance in which several Ceremonies are observed They have so great esteem for Doggs that when any die they are carried out and prayers are made for them They have great quantity of all sorts of Cattle Grain and Fruits Amongst their Fruit-trees they have great quantities of white and black Mulberry-trees which grow not above 5 or 6 foot high so that one may easily reach up to the branches and in the Spring time when these Trees begin to shoot forth their leaves A discourse of Silk-worms and making of Silk they begin to hatch their Silk-worms which they do by carrying the seed under their arm-pits in little baggs which in seven or eight days will receive life then they put them into a wooden dish upon the Mulberry-leaves which they once a day change and take a great care that they be not wet at the end of five days they sleep three after which they dispose of them into Rooms or Barns prepared for the same purpose upon the beams of these buildings they fasten laths or such like pieces of wood upon which they lay Mulberry-branches which hath the leaves on whereon they put the Silk-worms shifting them every day and as they grow in bigness so oftner to twice or thrice a day before they begin to spin they sleep about eight days more after which they begin and in 12 days they have finished their Cod the biggest they make choise of for seed all the rest they cast into a Kettle of boyling Water into which they often put a whisk made for the purpose to which the Silk sticks which they immediately wind up and that which they keep for Seed they lay upon a Table out of which in the space of fifteen days comes forth great Buggs which afterwards turn to things like Butter-flies which in a few days they gender and lay Eggs and then die not eating any thing from their first spinning which is much for things to live so great a while without eating any thing And of these Silk-worms thus ordered they make a great Revenue INDIA or the EAST INDIES which according to its form and disposition of its Estates may be divided into three several Parts to wit The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL which comprehendeth that which is upon the Main Land wherein are contained several Kingdoms or Provinces the chief of which are Cabul Cabul Attock Attock Multan Multan Candahar Candahar Buckor Buckor-Suckor Tatta Tatta Diul Soxet Janagar Cassimere Sirinaker Bankish Beishar Kabares Dankalar Naugracut Naugracut Siba Serenegar Jamba Jamba Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Gor Gor. Kanduana Barabantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Guzurate or Cambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Diu. Chitor Chitor Malway Rantipore Candis Brampore Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor Narrar Gehud Bengala Bengala Chatigan Goura Halabass Satigan Lahor Lahor Jenupar Jenupar Jesselmere Gislemere Bando Bando Delly Delly Agra Agra The Peninsula of INDIA without the GANGES and Westwards and between the Mouths of the INDUS and the GANGES with its several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN Amedanager Chaul Visapor Paranda Goa Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE Onor Bisnagar Trivalur Gingi Negapatan Sadrapatan or Fort St. George Maliapur Geldâ—ia Madure Tutucori and Manancor MALABAR Calicut Cochin Cananor Coulan Cranganor Cotate Cota Changanara The Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES and Eastwards wherein are contained several Kingdoms Countries Isles c. the chief among which are PEGU Pegu Brema Canarane Ava Tinco and Prom. SIAN Odiaa Banckock Lugor Martaban Camboya Sacortay Peninsula of MALACCA Tanasserin Juncalaon Queda Pera Malacca Ihor Patane COCHIN-CHINA Palocacein Keccio ISLES in the Gulph of SIAN among which are Macara Panian Goeteinficos ISLES in the Gulph of BENGALA among which are Chubedu Chudube Durondiva Dos Cocos Andemaan The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL with its several Kingdoms or Provinces as they lie Westwards and towards PERSIA from the first Streams of the INDUS unto its falling into the Sea are those of Cabul Cabul Gaidel Attock Attock Pucko Multan Multan Seerpore Candahar Candahar Gusbecunna Buckor Buckor-Suckor Rauree Tatta Tatta Diul Lourebander Hajacan Chatzan Dunki Soret Janagar Cacha On the North and between the Mountains which divide this Empire from TARTARIA or between the Springs of the GANGES and the INDUS are Cassimere Syrinakar Chonab Bankish Beithar Kakares Dankalar Purhola Naugracut Naugracut Callamaka On this side or without the GANGES where are those of Siba Hardware Serenegar Jamba Jamba Balcery Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Menepore Chappergat Within the GANGES are those of Gor Gor. Kanduana Barakantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Camojo Southernly and towards the Gulphs of BENGALA and CAMBAYA and the Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES are those of Guzurate or Chambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Agra Diu Brodra Cheytepour Bisantagan Mangalor Jaquete Chitor Chitor Chitapur Malway Rantipore Ougel Narvar Candis Brampore Mandow Pala. Ranas Gurchitto Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor War Narvar Gehud Bengala with its Parts of Patan Bengala Chatigan Goura Patana Tanda Daca and Bannara Prurop Ragmehel Holobass Bengala Satigan Mandaran Ougely Xore Bellesor and Angara In the Middle of the EMPIRE and are those of Lahor Lahor Fetipore Temmeri and Guzurat Jenupar Jenupar Sirima Tanasser Hendowns Hendowne Mearta Jesselmere Gislemere Moulto Radinpore Bando Bando Toury Asmere Delly Delly Acarnapori Agra Agra Secandra Fetipore Scanderbade and Ilay The Peninsula of INDIA without the Ganges In which are the several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN with its Parts of Decan particularly so called Amedanager Chaul Dabul Cunkan Visapor Soliapor Paranda Goa Pagode Zanguizara Balaguate Lispor Beder Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan Guadavari Vixaopatan Narsingupatan Orixa Palhor Calecote BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE with its Estates and Coasts of Canara Onor Gorcopa Barcelor Baticala Magalor Bacanor Bisnagar particularly so called Bisnagar Narsingue Vellur Cangevaran Cirangapatan Trivalur Tripity Gingi Gingi Cindambaram Chistapatama Tanjaor Tanjaor Castan Trinidi Maritim Places in BISNAGAR GINGI and TANJAOR bearing and known by the name of the Coast of Choromandel Negapatan Triminapatan Trangabar Coloran Fort St. George or Sadrapatan Maliapur Paliacate Chiricole Musulipatan Caletur Gueldria Pentapouâ—â— Madure Madure Brimaon Periapataâ— Punicale Maritim Places of MADURE and called the Coast of Pescheria Jacancury Manapar Vaipar Trichandur Chereacale Tutucori Isle of Kings Bembar Calecure Mananco Câ—â—â—mcirâ— MALABAR with its serveral Kingdoms or Provinces to wit On the Sea or Coast of Malabar as Calicut Calicut Cochin Cochin Cananor Cananor Coulan Coulan Chambais Chambais Montigue Montigue Badara Badara Tanor Tanor Cranganor Cranganor Porca Porca Calecoulan Calecoulan Travancor Travancor Cotate Cotate In the High Land as Cota Cota Auriola Auriola Cottagan Cottagan Bipur Bipur Coucura Coucura Panur Panur Curiga
of Candis Between the Kingdoms of Cambaya and Bengala are those of Candis Chitor Malway Berar Gualeor Narvar Ranas and Berar Brampore is the chief City of Candis seated on the River Tapta which descends into the Gulph of Cambaya below Surat The City is great but ill built unhealthful and a place which hath been unfortunate to many Children of the Great Mogolls In the old City of Mandow are the Sepulchres and Remains of the Palace of its Ancient Kings the new City is better built but less Province of Chitor The Province of CHITOR with its City of the same name is quite engaged in the Mountains which meet in the way of Amedebat and Cambaya to Agra The City was of 5 Leagues circuit before Ekebar took it from Raja Cana and ruined it It hath now little more then the Remains of 100 and odd Temples and of a great number of Buildings which have been stately and magnificent The Castle was in a place so advantagious and strong that the Kings of Delli could never take it and Sultan Alandin was constrained to raise the siege after having been 12 years before it Province of Malway The Province of MALWAY hath its Territory fruitful and for its principal place Rantipore others put Vgen or Ougell It s chief Fortress is Narvar whose City is near the Spring-head of a River and at the Foot of Mountains of the same name and which stretch themselves from the Kingdom of Guzurate unto that of Agra and Narvar and in these Mountains abide some Princes which obey not the Mogoll Province of Gualeor The Province of GVALEOR takes its name from its chief City where there is one of the best Cittadels or Fortresses of the Estate wherein the Mogoll confines such as are Prisoners of State and those Lords of which he hath any jealousie and where he also keeps a great part of his Treasure Province of Ranas The Province of RANAS hath for its chief place Gurchitto seated on a high Hill Province of Narvar The Province of NARVAR hath for its chief City Gehud seated on a River which falls into the Ganges and touches on the Mountains of Narvar Province of Berar The Province of BERAR hath for its capital place Shapor which reaches Southward and touches that of Guzurate and the Mountain of Rana Several other Provinces In the midst of all the Mogolls Estates are the provinces of JENVPAR HENDOWNES JESSELMERE and BANDO The Province of Jenupar takes its name from its chief City Hendowns of Hendowns which is towards the Indies Jesselmere whose chief City is so called in whose Castle Ammer in 1548. Zimlebege Wife of Hymayon flying into Persia Lay in of Ekebar who restored the Mogolls and made their Estates so great and powerful in the Indies And lastly the Province of Bando whose chief City bears the same name is between the Cities of Jesselmere Delli and Agra at 70 or 80 Leagues from the one and the other besides its City of the same name Asmere is famous for the Sepulchre of Hogimondee a Mahumetan whom the Mogolls esteem a Saint and there where Ekebar made his devotions to the end he might obtain a Son to succeed in his Estate and afterwards caused to be set up at every Leagues end a Pillar of Stone and several Lodgings to be built on the way to receive Passengers and Pilgrims The extent bounds c. of the Great Mogolls Countrey These are the Provinces or Kingdoms which the Great Mogoll possesses whose Empire stretches from South to North 500 Leagues and from West to East 6 or 700 is bounded either with Mountains or the Sea Its Neighbours are the Vsbeck the Cascar the Thibet and the Turquestan parts of Tartary towards the North the People of Maug and others which have been of Pegu towards the East the Persians towards the West and the Kingdom of Decan and Golconda towards the South The Indian Ocean where are the Gulfs of Indus and Cambaya on one side and that of Bengala on the other side wash the rest The Tartars Persians very troublesome to the Mogol Of all his Neighbors the Tartars and Persians are the most powerful The Tartars nevertheless being divided into many Estates where they border on him are more likely to damage him by Inroads then by open War The Persian regained from him Candahar some years past which he lost not again till he had at the same time to deal with the Mogolls and Turks The others have much ado to defend themselves against him as the Kings of Golconda and Decan this last having lost some part of his Estates and the other giving him some present in the way of Tribute But the great Mogoll would make nothing to seise both these Kingdoms if he were not often perplexed with intestine War and if there remained not in his Estates divers Princes which they call Rahias or Kings and many people of whom he cannot absolutely dispose neither the one nor the other obeying him or paying any Tribute to him but by constraint and the greatest part paying it only when and how they please and sometimes not at all Amongst these little Kings and People are the Rahia Bossou Petty Kings people under the Mogoll who resides at Temery 50 Leagues from Lahor The Rahia Tulluck Chan who resides at Naugracut 80 Leagues from Lahor The Rahia Decomperga is 150 Leagues from Agra residing at Calsery the Rahia Mansa is 200 Leagues from Agra residing at Serimgar The Rahia Rodorou is beyond the Ganges residing at Camayo The Muggi likewise beyond the Ganges to the South of Rahia Rodorou is very powerful as well as the two last between the Armes of the Ganges is a Prince of the ancient family of the Kings of Delli who likewise maintains himself Above Cassimere the Rahia Tibbon acknowledges neither Mogoll nor Tartar descending often and making incursions both on the one and the other The People called Balloches or Bulloques do unpunished live like Vagabonds in the Province of Haiacan likewise the Aguvanes and the Patanes in Candahar likewise the Quilles or Colles and the Resbutes in the Mountains between Cambaya and Decan and sometimes the Colles of Decan the Rebustes of Cambaya and the Patanes of Candahar have raised Tribute These Kings and People are almost all Pagans descending from divers Kings and People which possessed divers parts of the Indies before the Mogolls There is one Rahia of the Colles above Amadebat another the Rahia Partaspha near Breampure who hath some time taken and pillaged Cambaya The Rahia Rana resides at Gorchitto and after having well defended himself against the ancient Kings of India yields now some Tribute to the Mogoll Yet is the Great Mogoll one of the greatest and most powerful Princes of Asia Mogol very potent he can bring into the field 200000 Horse 500000 Foot and 2 or 3000 Elephants he gives pensions to the greatest part of the
Buildings have neither Morter nor Plaister here they build not without both They despise all Precious Stones and esteem more their Vessels of Earth which serve to keep their Drink which we make little esteem of but much value Precious Stones They drink nothing but what is hot those most delicate with us is cool Their Physick is sweet and odoriferous ours bitter and unpleasant They never let their sick Blood which with us is very common upon the least occasion These with several other customs contrary to ours do they observe amongst them which are too long to set down Nor want they fine Reasons to sustain their Customs better then ours they say we must conserve our Blood as one of the principal sustainers of our Life that we must not give a sick person that which is displeasant troublesom and sometimes affrights him to see much more to drink or eat that hot water augments the natural heat opens the conduits and quenches thirst that cold closes the Pores begets the Cough weakens the Stomach and quenches natural heat that their Vessels of which they make such esteem are necessary for many things in a Family which Precious Stones are not that their buildings may be easily taken down carried other where and erected in another manner when they will which ours cannot c. Amongst their Manners there are some very good they hate Games of Hazard they are very patient in bad fortune they maintain themselves honestly in their Poverty suffer hot themselves to be transported with Passion speak not ill of the absent know not what it is to swear lye or steal suffer easily all incommodities of heat cold famine or thirst yet all this rather to get the honor of being esteemed constant and vertuous then being so truly for they are subject to Vices as well as their Neighbors But lot us leave their Manners and speak a word of their Government which of late hath encountred a diversity and deserves to be known The general Estate of all these Isles was not long since divided into 66 Kingdoms of which the Isle of Japan alone had 47 which with some little Neighbouring Isles was made up 53 that of Ximo or Saycok had 9 according to its name and Chicock the other four The Estate of these Isles At present the order is much changed the whole Estates are fallen into the hands of one alone as it hath been formerly and is divided into 7 Provinces or principal parts and those 7 parts subdivided into many others which ought to pass under the name of Lordships some of which yet retain the name of Kingdoms others of Dutchies Principalities c. Those which command in the lesser parts are called generally Tones Caron ranges them in six different degree and calls them Kings Dukes Princes Knight-Barons Barons and Lords which according to our degrees of honour are distinguished by Kings Princes Dukes Marquisses Earls and Barons Caron makes 21 Kings some of which possess 1 or 2 and some 3 and in all 30 and odd of the 66 ancient Kingdoms After the Kings he puts 4 Dukes 6 Princes 17 Knight-Barons 50 Barons and 41 Lords giving each a Revenue of at least 100000 Livers per annum and so augmenting to the greatest to whom he gives 10 Millions and more and makes account that the Cube or Cesar of Japan spends at least 100 Millions of Crowns yearly as well in the expence of his house as in his Militia and what he disburses to the Tones The parts of Japan The names of the 7 principal parts into which the Estate of Japan is divided are Saycock Xicoco Jamasoit Jetsengo Jetsegen Quanto and Ochio Saycock with the Isles which belong to it is the nearest to China Chicock is on the East of Saycock the other five parts are in the great Island and extend themselves advancing from East to West Jamosoit being the most Western part of all and answering to the 12 Kingdoms which the King of Nangato or Amanguci hath formerly possessed Jetsenco and Jetsegen together make the middle of the great Island and apparently that which passed under the name of Tenza and contained 20 others Quanto and Ochio advance themselves from the East unto the streight of Sangaar which divides Japan from the Land of Jesso of which more anon Quanto comprehended 8 Kingdoms and Ochio the rest and in these parts there are abundance of Cities and Towns which I have observed in my Geographical Tables But because the diversity of names of Dayri or Emperor of Cube or Cesar of Tones or Kings Princes Dukes c. may breed some confusion to give a more particular knowledge we will say succinctly that before the year 1500 there was in all Japan only one Soveraign which they called Voo or Dayri that is Emperour The Isle or Land of JESSO The Isle of Jesso AFter the Isles of Japan let us speak a word of the Isle or Land of Jesso Yedzo or Jesso for divers Authors write its name differently some calling it the Isle some the Land abovesaid and to the East of Japan in the manner that the English Portugals and Hollanders deseribe it this Land must extend from Asia to America They say that from Tessoy which is the most Western point of it opposite to Coray and near Tartary advancing towards the East it is 60 days journey to the Province of Matzumay and that from Matzumay unto the most Easterly point and neerest America it is likewise 90 days journey so that it is 150 days journey from one end to the other which after only 8 Leagues a day will be 1200 of our Leagues It s breadth is not spoke of The streight of Tessoy The Streight of TESSOY which separates this Isle from Tartary hath great currents caused by the discharging of several Rivers which come rom the Northern parts and from Tartary and Jesso The other streight which separates it from America may in all likely-hood be that Anian and those two streights limit the two extremities of Jesso towards the midst must be the Province of Matzumay and apparently beyond the Streight which separates the Isle of Japan from the Land of Jesso and this streight may be called the streight of Sangaar which is the utmost East-Land of Japan The traverse or traject of this streight is not above 10 or 12 Leagues others say not above so many miles others there are affirm it no streight but an Isthmus which fixes Japan to Jesso and that both the one and the other together are but one Isle so difficult it is to find the truth of a thing so far distant This Isle or Land of JESSO is so great and vast that the Inhabitants cannot but have different manners those which are nearest Japan resembling the Japanois those which are near Tartary the Tartars and those near America their neighbouring Americans and in all likelihood they are more barbarous then all their neighbours Its Inhabitants They are all Idolaters
covering themselves with the skins of Beasts which they take in Hunting having their bodies all hairy and wearing their Beard and Mustachoes very long they are Warlike Cruel and Formidable to the Japanois In War they have no other remedy for their wounds but washing them in salt water It s fertility The Land is little inhabited it would be rich if it were well tilled it hath many Mines of Silver and quantity of excellent Skins and Furs which make it appear that the Earth stretches to the Northward They have some Trade with Aquita which is on the East of Japan but those of Aquita go seldom into Jesso because they cannot with security reside with or trust those Barbarians The PHILIPPINE Islands or of LUSON and the MANILLES Philippine Isles THe PHIPPINE Islands are so called by the Castilians because they conquered them under Philip the second King of Castile The People of the East call them the Isles of Luson because of the greatest and most famous of these Isles which they call Luson a principal City of this Isle being likewise The Irnames so called The Portugals call them Manilles from the City them Manilles from the City Manilla at present the chief City of the Isle of Luson They are in the Oriental Ocean to the Southward of China to the Eastward of India North of the Moluccoes and Westward of the Islands of Theeves But they are 4 or 500 Leagues distant from these not above 100 from China and much nearer the Moluccoes and the the Isles of the Sound Their scituation is between the Equator and the Tropick of Cancer Scituation to wit from the 5 unto the 20 degree of Septentrional Latitude and from the 155 unto the 170 Meridian or Degree of Longitude and so contain 15 or 16 degrees of Longitude and Latitude extending themselves in length and breadth 3 or 400 Leagues The chief Isles and places described LVSON MINDANAO and PARAGOYA are the greatest Luson towards the North Mindanao towards the South and Paragoya to wards the West so that they form almost an Equilateral Triangle Tandaya otherwise Philippina Mindora Panay Masbate Rebujan St John Cebu or the Pintados Negoas Matan Bohol and few others are of a lesser circuit Tandaya is South-East from the most Southerly point of Luson and the streight between is called of Manilla not because of the City Manilla more then 100 Leagues distant but because of the Isles of Luson which are called likewise of Minilla Mindora on the South of the Isle of the Gulph and City of Manilla The rest are between Luson and Mindanao We might likewise make account of Messane Calegan and Buthuan near Cebu of Abuyo and Capuli of Banton Rebujan Vireges Marinduque and Luban between Masbate and Mindora of Iloques Mauris Coyo Bankingle and Kapull between Mindora and Paragoya and between Paragoya and Mindanao of the Little Philippine on the West of the Babuyonnes on the North of Catandanis Paracalla Linton and others on the East of Luson of Palmes and St. John on the East of Mindanao But we cannot name them all there being so great a number that some esteem them 1000 or 1200 of considerable note and in all 10 or 12000. Magellan was the first of the Europeans who discovered these Islands in 1520 In 1564 Don Lewis de Valasco Vice-Roy of Mexico sent Michael Lapez de Legaspes to establish some Spanish Colonies and facilitate by that means their Traffick from Mexico with China and Japan who seised upon Luson Cebu c. The Spaniards possess at present above 50 of them among which Luson Tenday and Cebu are the most famous The Isle of Luson Luson sometimes called New-Castle begins before the 13 and ends after the 19 degree of Latitude on this side the Equator which are not above 6 degrees or 150 Leagues but it stretches one of its points towards the East So that from Cape Bojador towards China unto that of Caceres towards Tenday is more then 200 Leagues passing cross the Isle It s breadth is very unequal and sometimes only 20 25 and sometimes likewise 50 60 and 75 Leagues Manille is its chief City seated in the most Southernly part of the Island well built after the modern way and its Houses are of Free-stone strong and so great that the Spaniards have been forced to divide some part of it from the rest to serve them for a Cittadel in case of necessity by which means they are not at so great a charge in keeping of so great a number of Soldiers as would otherwise be requisite for the security of the place They have a good Port the entrance into which is yet somewhat difficult by reason of the Isles and Rocks of Mirabelles at the opening of the Gulph or Bay of Cavita or Cavite at the bottom of which is Manilla The Governor or Vice-Roy of these Isles as also an Archbishop who hath a Spiritual Jurisdiction over all the Philippine Islands which he exercises by three Suffragan Bishops and some Priests have here their Residence This City is very populous here commonly residing about 15000 Chinois besides Japonesses and a great number of Spaniards which drive a Trade in several good Commodities which the Earth and their ingenuity produces which are brought hither as being the chief City of which I shall speak anon The other Cities of the same Isle are Cagajon or Nueva Segovia in the most Northern part then Caseres in the most Southern part of the Isle The City of Luson is by all Authors described on the Coast which regards China And this name hath been most famous Now it is difficult to know whether Luson or Manilla are two Cities Linscot thinks them one and the same The Isle of Mindanao Mindanao is composed of three different Isles which are almost contiguous the greatest which is in the middle of the other two retains the name of Mindanao having about 100 Leagues of length and little less of breadth Canola towards the West 75 Leagues long and 25 or 30 broad Las Buenas Sennales or the Good Ensigns or likewise St. John on the North East hath only 25 or 30 Leagues of length and breadth And these three together are between the fifth and the ninth Parallel or degree of Longitude and between the 162 and 169 Meridian or degree of Longitude and contain little less then 200 Leagues from the Point of Galere on the West to Cape Bicajo on the East They belong to divers Mahometan or Pagan Kings who are all in good intelligence with the King of Ternate of the Moluccoes and ill-affected to the Portugals Their principal Cities are Mindanao which others call Tabouc Saragos or Suriaco Lomiaton or Lomiatan Dapita and Canola Of the scituation of other Cities of which some Authors make mention we have no assurance The Isle of Paragoya PARAGOYA or CALIMIANES of Boterus is the same thing as Calamian of Linscot and as Puloam or Puloaym of
that the people pass to and fro as it were in throngs near to this City are Josephs 7 Granaries now brought to ruines yet 4 of them are so repaired as they are made use of to keep the publick Corn. On the South end of this City he saith there yet remaineth a round Tower wherein Pharaohs daughter lived when she found Moses in the River which runs hard by it South West of Grand Cairo on the other side of the Nile about four Leagues distance stands the three oldest and greatest Pyramides the Jews affirming them to be built by Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea the fairest for himself the next for his Wife and the least for his only Daughter The greatest of the three and chief of the Worlds Seven Wonders is made in form Quardangular lessening by equal degrees the Basis of every Square is 300 paces in length and so lessening by degrees ascending by 250 steps each being about 3 feet high the Stones are all of a bigness and hewed four square And in this as also in the others there are several Rooms There are also about 16 or 18 other Pyramides but of less note and not so ancient as these 3 aforesaid are which I shall pass by Nigh to this City in the Plain is the place where they did inter their dead in which they used such art that the bodies of their dead remain to this day perfect sound and these we call Mummies The places where these bodies ly are about ten fathom under ground in Vaults either in the Sand or upon an open stone The Earth is full of dry Sand wherein moisture never comes which together with their art of Embalming them doth thus preserve the bodies for some thousand years past In the brest of these Mummies is set a small Idol some of one shape some of another with Hieroglyphicks on the back side of them This City of Grand Cairo was formerly of a very great Trade but that which hath now ruined it as likewise that of Alexandria is the discovery of the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope by which the English Portugals and Hollanders at present go to these Indies and bring into the West all those Drugs Spices Precious Stones Pearls and a thousand other Commodities which came before by Aleppo or by Egypt but passing by Cairo let us come to the other Cassilifs The Cassilifs in the lower Egypt In the lower Egypt are those of Garbia Menufia and Callioubech within the Delta and between the Branches of the Nile That of Mansaura without and Eastward towards the Holy Land and Arabia Likewise without and Westward of the Nile is the Cassilif of Bonhera or Baera which stretches it self from the Nile unto the Cape of Bonandrea This last Cassilif is almost quite out of Egypt though within its Government and the length of its Sea Coast not less then that of all Egypt along the Nile But that which is distant from the Nile is subject to the Arabs and very Desart that which is near it is better worth It s Governor is obliged to Mannel a Callech or Channel of 100000 paces in length to carry water from the Nile to Alexandria and when a new Bassa arrives in Egypt this Governor hath likewise to furnish him with Horses and Camels for himself his Train and Baggage and to defray his charges from Alexandria unto Cairo But since the Wars with the Venetians the Bassa's have generally come round by Land and not adventured by Sea to Alexandria Among the Desarts of this Cassilif those of St. Macaire have had 360 and odd Monasteries And here is likewise to be seen a Lake of Mineral Water which converts into Nitre the Wood Bones or Stones that are thrown into it The Cassilifs of Callioubech Menousia and Garbia being between the Branches of the Nile and out of the course of the Arabs ought to be esteemed the best in Egypt and particularly the last which yields more abundantly Sugar Rice Milk Grains Oyl Flax Herbs Honey Fruits c. And Maala one of its principal Cities which they call the Little Medina is a place of great devotion with them where they hold yearly a famous Fair which the Governor opens with great pomp observing many Ceremonies The Cassilif of Mansoura doth produce the same Commodities but not in so great a quantity though of a greater extent then Garbia but more over it yields Cassia These four or five Cassilifs take up the whole Coast of Egypt and of its Government and on this Coast are the Cities of Alexandria Rosetto Damiata and some others The City of Alexandria Alexandria among the Turks Scanderia was built by the command of Alexander the Great and by him peopled with Greeks immediately after the conquest of Egypt and the Moddel traced by the Architect Dinocrates who for want of other matter made use of Wheat-flower to mark out the circuit which was taken for a good Augury It was afterwards beautified by many but especially by Pompey It is scituated Westward of the Delta over against the Isle of Pharos and built upon a Promontory thrusting it self into the Sea with which on the one side and on the other the Lake Mareotis It is a place of good defence its circuit is about 12000 paces adorned with many stately Edifices among which the most famous was the Serapium or the Temple of their god Serapis Which for curious workmanship and the stateliness of the Building was inferior to none but the Roman Capitol then the Library erected by Ptolomy Philadelphus in which there were 200000 Volums which Demetrius promised to augment with 300000 more And this in the War against Julius Caesar was unfortunately burnt And this is that Philadelphus who caused the Bible to be translated into Greek by the 72 Interpreters which were sent him by the High Priest Eleazar In this City in Anno 180 Gantenus read Divinity and Philosophy who as it is thought was the first institutor of Vniversities This City hath been enriched with 400 high and strong Forts and Towers and the Ptolomies or Kings of Egypt having made here their residence after the death of Alexander the Great and caused many stately and magnificent Palaces to be built Under the Houses are Gisterns sustained with Pillars of Marble as also Pavements for their refreshment being their Summer habitation their ancient custom by reason of the heat being to build their Houses as much under ground as above the upper part serving for their Winter habitation It was their custom also to erect great Pillars of Marble or Porphyry among others that of Pompey which stands upon a four square Rocky Foundation without the Walls on the South side of the City It is round and of one intire piece of Marble and of an incredible bigness being above One hundred foot high not far from the place where he was slain in a Boat at Sea and where his ashes were laid In this City are also two
on the top thereof grow certain Strings which resemble Hair the great end of the Branches appearing like Hands extended forth and the Dates as Fingers And so much for Egypt LIBYA INTERIOR which doth comprehend ZAHARA or SAARA with its Parts or Provinces of ZANHAGA Tegassa ZUENZIGA Zuenziga Ziz Ghir TARGA Hair Targa LEMPTA Lempta Dighir Agades BERDOA Berdoa BORNO Borno Kaugha Amasen GAOGA Gaoga The Land of NEGROES with its Parts or Kingdoms as they lie On this side the Niger as GUALATA Guadia Angra Arguya GENEHOA Genehoa Walade Ganar Samba-Lamech TOMBUT Tombut Salla Berissa Guegneve AGADES Agades Deghir Mura CANUM Cano Tassana Germa CASSENA Cassena Nebrina Tirca GANGARA Gangara Semegonda Between the Branches and about the Mouth of the Niger as JALOFFES Emboule Lambaya Yagoa Bersola Nabare Besu Catcheo Boyla Codan Julieto GAMBIA CASANGUAS BIAFARES Emboule Lambaya Yagoa Bersola Nabare Besu Catcheo Boyla Codan Julieto Beyond the Niger as MELLI Melli. SOUSOS Beria MANDINGUE Mandinga Tocrur GAGO Gago Dau. GUBER Guber ZEGZEG Zegzeg Channara ZANFARA Zanfara Reghebil GUINY and regarding the Atlantick Ocean with its Parts or Kingdoms of MELEGUETTE with its chief Places as they lie On the Sea as Bugos Timaa Bagga Serbora Masfah Faly Hamaya Samwyn Crou and Growaly Within Land as Bolombere Quinamora GUINY particularly so called or the IVORY or GOLD Coast with its chief places as they lie On the Sea as Tabo Taboe Petoy Wetoe Moure Nassau St. George del Mina Cormantir Berku Pompena Within Land as Laboure Uxoo Quinimburm Acanes Grandes Dauma Aâ—â—â—raus Adios St. Eaurenco Zabandu Buma Roggis Jamo BENIN with its chief Places as they lie On the Sea as Popou Jackeyn Loebo Fosko Borli Bodi and Cesge Within Land as Bâ—din Oâ—verre Aâ—ovon and Curamo ZAHARA That is DESART Zahara its name and description of the Country IN our Africa or Libya Interior we have placed ZAHARA the Country of the NEGROES and GVINY Zahara is an Arab name and signifies Desart and this name is taken from the quality of the Country so the Arabs divide the Land into three sorts Cehel Zahara and Azgar Cehel hath only Sand very small without any Green Zahara hath Gravel and little Stones and but little Green Azgar hath some Marshes some Grass and little Shrubs The Country is generally hot and dry it hath almost no Water except some few Wells and those Salt if there fall great Rains the Land is much better But besides the leanness of the Soil there is sometimes such vast quantities of Grasshoppers that they eat and ruin all that the Earth produceth Through this Country the Caravans pass which adds no small advantage unto it It is so barren and ill inhabited that a Man may travel above a week together without seeing a Tree or scarce any Grass as also without finding any Water and that Water they have is drawn out of Pits which oft-times is covered with Sand and tastes very brackish so that many times Men die for want of it which knowing the defect those Merchants which travel in this Country carry their Water as well as other Provisions on their Camels backs It s People The People are Bereberes and Africans likewise Abexes and Arabs of which the first are seated in the most moist places the others wander after their Flocks Some have their Cheques or Lords almost all follow Mahometism Though the Air be very hot yet it is so healthful that from Barbary the Country of the Negroes and other places Sick people come as to their last remedy It s division and parts described This great Desart is divided into seven principal Parts of which the three Western are Zanhaga Zuenziga and Targa or Hair The four towards the East are Lempta Berdoa Gaoga and Borno Almost every part reaches the full breadth and all together make but the length of this Desart ZANHAGA is most Westward Zanhaga and touches the Ocean with this Desart are comprehended those of Azaoad and Tegazza This last yields Salt like Marble which is taken from a Rock and carried 2 3 4 or 500 Leagues into the Land of the Negroes and serves in some places for Money and for this they buy their Victuals These People use it every moment letting it melt in their Mouths to hinder their Gums from corrupting which often happens either because of the heat which continually reigns or because their food corrupts in less than nothing In the Desart of Azaoad and in the way from Dara to Tombut are to be seen two Tombs the one of a rich Merchant and the other of a Carrier The Merchants Water being all gone and ready to die for want buys of the Carrier who had not overmuch one Glass full for which he gave him 10000 Ducats a poor little for so great a Sum but what would not a man do in necessity yet at the end the Carrier repented his bargain for both the one and the other died for want of Water before they could get out of the Desart Those near the Sea have some Trade with the Portugals with whom they change their Gold of Tibar for divers Wares To the Hono ble the Governour Sub Governour Deputy Governour Court of Assistants of the Hono ble Company of Royall Adventurers of England tradeing into Affrica This Mapp is humbly dedicated by Ric. Blome â—FRICA or LIBIA ULTERIOUR Where are the COUNTRIES of SAARA DESERT â—he COUNTRIE of NEGROES and GUINE With the Circumjacent Countries and Kingdoms Designed by Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and Rendered into English by Richard Blome By the Kings Especiall Command Printed for Richard Blome The Country or Desert of ZVENZIGA Zuenziga under the name of which passes that of Cogdenu and is more troublesom and dangerous than that of Zanbaga as also more destitute of Water and yet it hath many People among others certain Arabs feared by all their Neighbours and particularly by the Negroes whom those Arabs take and sell for Slaves in the Kingdom of Fez But in revenge when they fall into the hands of the Negroes they are cut into so many pieces that the biggest that remains are their two Ears It s chief places are Zuenziga and Ghir The Desart of TARGA or HAIR some esteem this last the name of the Principal Place Targa and the other of the People is not so dry nor troublesom as the two others There are found many Herbs for Pastures the Soil indifferent fruitful and of a temperate Air. They have some Wells whose Water is good In the Morning there falls store of Manna which they find fresh and healthful of which they transport quantity to Agades and other places It s chief places are Targa and Hair LEMPTA is likewise esteemed the name of a People Lempta and its principal place also Digir This Desart is dry and more troublesom than that of Targa and its People haughty brutish and dangerous to them that cross it going from Constantina
MALTA Marzasirocco Vallettâ— il Borgo Madalena Medina St. Maria Meleca St. Maria Loretâ—â— Rodumifessa GOZA Goza Cast Scilendo Cumin Cumin Forfala Gamelera Chercura Lampedusa Limosa Panthalaria Galata Albusama In the Occidental or Atlantick Ocean as On the Coast of MOROCCO as the ISLES of Madera Tonzal Sancta Crâ—â— Porto Sancto The CANARY ISLES or ISLES of Forteventura Forteventura Chabras Lanegala Lancellotta Lancellotra Porto de Cavallos Grand Canaria Canaris Tedele Arginogy Teneriffe Laguna St. Crux Gomer Gomer Fer Hierro Palma Palma St. Andre The ISLES seated about those of the CANARIES Graclosa Alegria St. Clara Rocco Savages The ISLES of CAPE VERD or the ISLES of St. Antonio St. Vincent St. Lucia St. Nicholas Salt Bonavista Mayo Fuego Brava St. Jago St. Jago Ribera Grande In the Meridional of AETHIOPIAN Ocean as Between GUINY and the Lower AETHIOPIA where are the ISLES of St. Thomas Pavoasan Princes Anncabon St. Matthew Assension St. Helena Perdinando Po Tristan de Cunha Goncalo Alvarer On the Coast of ZANGUEBAR as the ISLE of Madagascar or St. Laurence Vingâ—gora Tombaja St. Andrew Cacambout Port of St. Vincent St. Anthony St. Augustine Boamarage Angoada The ISLES seated about the Isle of MADAGASCAR and in the Sea of ZANGUEBAR particularly so called among which are those of Zocotora Penda Zanzibara Sanctus Rochus Monfia St. Christophers St. Esprite Comerae Aliadorae Syrtium Nona Baixos St. Anthony St. Maria Radix St. Maurice Mascarenhae Diego Roix Johannis de Lisboâ— Sancta Clara Sancta Justâ—â— or Juliani St. James St. Vincent In the Red Sea or Sea of Mecque And on the Coast of the Higher AETHIOPIA as the ISLES of Bahia Cabras Suaquem Miri Meger Maczuam Balaccia St. Piâ—trâ— THE ISLE OF MADAGASCAR OR St. LAURENCE Isle of Madagascar with its length and breadth THE Isle of MADAGASCAR or St. LAVRENCE is much greater than any about Africa if not the greatest of both Continents It stretches it self from a little on this side the 12th unto a little beyond the 26th degree of Meridional Latitude which are more than 14 degrees of Latitude but sloping from North North-West to South South-East it is from Cape St. Sebastian to that of St. Romain about 400 Leagues long It s breadth ought to be considered at twice in that part nearest the Equator it is 60 or 75 Leagues broad in that part towards the South the least breadth passes 120 and stretches sometimes to 150 Leagues Its Commodities and Trade Our last Relations say That it hath Mines of Gold Silver Copper Iron Rocks of Chrystal and excellent white Marble that there are found Emralds Saphirs c. many sorts of Gums and Rozins especially great store of that Gum which the Druggists call Dragons Blood which they extract out of the Flowers of a certain Tree which grows there They have also Talque Cotton Indico Sugar Canes Saunders Ebony Ivory Honey Wax Hides Their Ground yields Salt Salt-Peter and in most places Grains and upon their Sea Coasts is found abundance of Ambergreese And for these and several other Commodities that are here found are brought them in exchange Corals Pater-Nosters Chains Beads Bracelets Glass-Pendants and divers Toys c. It s People and their abode Its Inhabitants are for the most part Black or very Tawny and some White which in all appearance came from Asia They are of a good Stature and well shaped are very tractable and courteous to Strangers and more especially to the French than any other Europeans are addicted to idleness and not caring to cultivate the Earth their clothing is only a piece of Cotton-cloth of several colours which they fasten about their Middles and hangs down to their knees and on their Heads a Cap made of the Bass of a Tree besides which they adorn themselves about their Neck Arms Legs c. with those Toys aforesaid Their Feeding is exceeding gross their Houses are no better than Hog-sties or little Huts made of Branches of Trees except those of their princes which are made of Wood but of no large size nor over handsom They lie upon Mats and their Cloth which they wear about them in the day serves for a Coverlid in the night They are Heathenish and given to Adoration some say they adore the Devil using Sacrifices which they do in the Woods not having Churches they have no Civil Form of Government but he that can make the greatest party and hath the greatest Family is in most esteem and command to which end they have as many Wives as they can keep to increase their Progeny The Isle very plentiful of Cattle They have a great number of Oxen Sheep Kids Hens of divers sorts and quantity of Rice they make Wine with Hony and certain Roots which is so strong that they are frequently drunk with it they have for the most part those Beasts that are found among us but yet all with some difference Their Oxen have between their Neck and Shoulders a great lump of Fat which they esteem excellent Their Sheep have their Tails 20 Inches about and as much in length Their Goats are very high and their Hogs little They have Salamanders Camelions of divers colours Apes of many kinds and believe that these Apes would speak but for fear they should be compelled to labour They have Crocodiles and Tortoises of which some have their Shells so great that they will cover 10 or 12 Persons and they find sometimes 5 or 600 of their Eggs as big as Hens Eggs their Flesh is delicate and fat in taste resembling Veal They have other Tortoises which are only 3 or 4 foot diameter and their Shells being polished are figured with divers colours of which they make Cabinets little Boxes and other pretty Moveables esteemed in the Indies and in Europe Their Fowls Their Pheasants are stronger and fairer than ours their Partridges bigger and of divers colours They have Paroquets as big as Crows and black another middle sort and some as little as our Larks the one and the other of divers colours They have Singing-Birds not yielding to those of the Canaries Their Bees are little their Hony excellent their Ants flie and leave on the Bushes where they light a white Gum which they use instead of Glue Their Colibri or Fly-Bird scarce weighing two Bees so little is it feeding only on the Dew it sucks from Flowers They catch in their Seas an infinite quantity of Fish among others Skates so great that they are able to satisfie 300 persons one meal Their Date-Trees supply them with Drink their Orchards with Fruits their Cotton with whereof to make Thred and Stuffs for Clothing their Indico with a Blew colour their Tamarind refreshes them their Rape or Balasier blacks their Teeth which by them is esteemed a great Beauty they gather Aloes from several Trees One of the principal riches of the Country is Ebony both for its beauty smoothness and black colour and for the flame and odour it yields in
West and advancing a little towards the South So that St. Anthony and Brava make the two Ends or Points towards the West Bona Vista makes the middle of the half Circle towards the East SANCTA LVCIA St. Nicholas St. NICHOLAS and St. JAGO are the greatest having each 100 or 120000 paces of length 15 20 or 30000 of breadth and 200 or 250000 paces of circuit St. Anthonio and St. Vincent are less by more then half and not of above 100000 paces in circuit the rest which are the least have not above 30 40 or 50000 paces I make no account of seven or eight others whose names have not been given us and which are rather Rocks than Isles St. JAGO is the greatest and the chief of all having a Bishops seat in the City of the same name St. Jago besides which are Ribera Grande with a good Port towards the West Praya towards the East St. Mary towards the North all with their Ports Some place likewise St. Thomas whose Port is dangerous others St. Domingo others St. Michael possibly these fall under some of the others Ribera Grande hath 500 Houses the Air is unhealthful the Land hilly but the Valleys fruitful in Grains Vines Fruits Sugar Canes Millons c. Feeding much Fowl and Cattle and particularly Goats in abundance These Beasts bringing forth young every four Moneths and three of four at a time and the Kids are very fat and delicate Sancta Lucia St. Vincent St. Anthony SANCTA LVCIA is the best peopled after that of St. Jago St. Nicholas St. Vincent and St. Anthony have been esteemed Desert yet they appear to have many Inhabitants though not so many as they could feed The Ships of the Vnited Provinces passing here in 1622. found in that of St Anthony 500 persons Men Women and Children all Aethiopians St. Vincent and St. Nicholas had no less At Mayo these Aethiopians are strong and of good stature but it is to be believed that every where are some Portugals to keep the rest in aw Salt Bona Vista The Isles of SALT of BONA VISTA of MAYO and of St. JAGO yield so great quantity of Salt which is made naturally of the Water which the Sea from time to time leaves that besides what they consume in the Countrey they laded every year more then 100 Ships which is transported into other Countreys and yet there remains six times as much which becomes useless It is reported that the Isle of Mayo could make alone lading for two thousand Sail of Ships yearly and the others not much less The other riches of the Countrey lies in the Skins of their Goats which are in so great quantity through all these Isles that many flocks are seen of 1000 Head The Skins are sent to Brasil Portugal and other places and make excellent Cordovants The Flesh is salted in the Countrey and sold to Ships going and returning from Brasil to the Indies Besides the Salt and Woats which are the principal riches of the Countrey they have many Wild Horses Oxen Apes c. also Cotton whereof they make several Manufactures Also Rice and many sorts of Grains Among their Fowl they have one kind particular to them which they call Flamencos the Feathers of their Bodies are all White and those of their Wings Red as Blood Their Tortoises are not above two or three foot long they come out of the Sea and lay their Eggs in the night covering them with Sand and the heat of the Sun hatches them Fuego Brava In Fuego and Brava they gather Wines which yield little to those of the Canaries The Sargasso Sea Between the Islands of Cape Verde and the main Land inclining towards the Canaries the Sea is called Sargasso because from the 20 to the 24 degree and for the length of 30 40 or 50 Leagues the Sea is covered with an herb like to that which is found in the bottom of Wells and which the Portugals call Sargasso This Herb except that it is more Yellow resembles Sea-Parsley bearing certain Grains or Fruit at the end but of neither taste nor substance Many have been much troubled to know from whence these Weeds come which are distant from the Isles and from the firm Land more then 60 Leagues and in a part of the Sea where there is no bottom found Nevertheless they are so close and in so great quantity that the Water seems rather a Meadow or Green Field then a Sea Ships which fall among these Weeds had need of a good Wind to disingage themselves and I believe it was these which hindred Sataspes from finishing his course about Africa and were the cause of his misfortune This Sataspes Son of Teaspes one of the Achemenides A story of Sataspes having ravished the Daughter of Zopyrus the Son of Magabises was condemned by Xerxes to be crucified His Mother the Sister of Darius caused this punishment to be changed into another to wit he was caused to make the Circumnavigation of Africa which could not be done without great difficulty and hazard He embarked in Egypt passed the Pillars of Hercules entred into the Occidental Ocean and passed far to the South along Africa but knowing that it would yet require much time and pains to end this course he returned into Egypt and thence to the Court where he said he had met with somewhat that hindred his Ship from passing farther Xerxes took him for a liar and made him suffer the death he was before condemned to But to continue The Isles of Cape Verde The Position wherein the Isles of Cape Verde are now found answers much better to the Position of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then that of the Canaries Ptolomy places his Fortunate Isles between the 10 and 16 degree of Latitude the Isles of Cape Verde are between the 13 and 19 the Canaries beyond the 26. The Meridian of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the Coast of Africa and towards the West The least Meridian of the Isles of Cape Verde is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the same Coast and towards the same side The least Meridian of the Canaries touches the Coast of Africa Ptolomy confines his Fortunate Isles under one Meridian and extends them from South to North between the tenth to the sixteenth parallel or degrees of Latitude which are five degrees of Latitude The Isles of Cape Verde are not justly under one Meridian but under two or three and extend themselves from the 13 ½ to the 19 which are five degrees of Latitude The Canaries on the contrary are all couched from West to East and almost under the same parallel or degree of Latitude which is the 27 lengthning themselves from the first to the 6 of Longitude These four Reasons are very strong to prove that the Isles of Cape Verde do rather answer to the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then the Canaries Their distance in regard of the Aequator is
the Castle of St. Elmo doth merit fame not only for its buildings which are curious but for the entertainment there given to those that fall sick where the Knights themselves lodge when sick or wounded to receive cure where they are exceeding well attended have excellent good dyet served by the Junior Knights in silver and every friday visited by the Grand Master accompanied with the great Crosses a service which was from the first institution commanded and thereupon called Knights Hospitallers Here are as Sandys saith three Nunneries one for Virgins another for Bastards and the third for penitent Whores Castle of St. Elmo The Castle of St. Elmo is at the end of the City of Valetta towards the Sea and at the opening of two Ports During the siege of Malta it was taken and sackt by the Turks after having wasted 18000 Cannonshot given divers assaults and lost 4000 men of their best Militia among others Dragut one of their most famous Coursaiers The Christians lost 1300 men among whom many Knights But this Fort was restored to a far better Estate than before and is separated from the City only by a ditch cut likewise in the Rock on the other side and on the point of the Borgo is the Fort of St. Angelo and likewise above the Borgo and the Isle of Sengle have been made new works to hinder the Turks from lodging there Besides these three Cities and the Forts about them the ancient City of Malta Medina is in the middle of the Island on an easie ascending hill and in an advantagious scituation The Turks assaulted it in 1551 but soon retired The Bishop of the Isle hath here his residence and near the City is yet the Grotte and Chapel of St. Paul where they believe he preached and where he lay when he suffered shipwrack and this place is of great account among them All these Cities and Forts have 250 or 300 pieces of Cannon on their Rampart The Isle very strong and well provided for War and their Magazins are so well provided with Powder Shot Wood Bisket Salt-meats and all Provisions and Ammunition that they call it Malta Flor del Mondo Malta the Flower of the World being provided alwaies with Ammunitions and Provisions for a three years siege yet this is to be understood not only because of its Fortifications and Ammunitions but likewise because of its force and the resolution of its Knights The Order of Knighthood first instituted This order of Knighthood according to Sandys received their denomination from John the charitable Patriarch of Alexandria though vowed to St. John Baptist as their Patron Their first seat was the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem built by one Gerrard at the same time when the Europeans had something to do in the Holy-Land where they received such good success and became so famous that they drew divers worthy persons into this society which by Pope Gelasius the second was much approved of He saith that one Raymond was the first Master of this Order who did amplifie their Canons and entituled himself The poor servant of Christ and Guardian of the Hospital in Jerusalem and at the allowance of one Honorius the second were apparelled in black garments signed with a White-Cross this Order we have said began at Jerusalem and at first meddled not but with the Government of the Hospital of St. John and were called Fryers Hospitallers or simply Hospitallers as those of the Temple Templers but when these Hospitallers were constrained to make profession both of Hospitality and Arms they were called Knights Hospitallers or Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem These Knights oft forced to remove their habitations after the loss of Jerusalem they held their Convent in the City and Fortress of Margatt then in Aicre or Ptolomaido and all the Latine Christians being driven from the Holy Land and from Souria they retired into Cyprus But during their stay in Cyprus they gained Rhodes and established themselves there so powerfully that they were called Knights of Rhodes Margaret was taken from them in 1285. Aicre in 1291 little less than 200 years after Godfrey of Bulloin had Conquered the Holy Land and this order began before after the loss of Aicre they lived in Cyprus from 1291 to 1309. in which year they took and settled in Rhodes and maintained it more than 100 years sustaining four sieges till in 1522 Sultan Solyman became Master of Rhodes they then retired into Europe now into one place and then into another and in fine to Malta which Charles the fifth gave them in 1530. with some little neighbouring Isles as likewise the City of Tripoly in Barbary which they could keep no longer then 1551. that place being too far engaged in the Enemies Country These Knights are of divers Nations and are divided into eight Tongues to wit of Province of Auvergne of France of Italy of Arragon of England of Germany and of Castile so that the three first are in France and the last in Castile each Tongue contains many Priories and each Priory many Commanderies these three Tongues which are in France have near 300 Commanderies The other five Tongues which are in Italy Arragon England Germany and Castile made near 400. but there are no more in England England the Kings of England when they confiscated the goods of the Church having likewise seized the goods and Commanderies of the Knights of Malta and in Germany a part of these Commanderies being fallen into the hands of Lutherans and Calvinists serve no longer so that at present France alone furnishes little less than half the Commanderies of Malta And it hath been observed that from the first establishment of this Order unto this very present of 57 great Masters there hath been 37 French only 4 or 5 Italians 7 or 8 Spaniards and 11 whose Nation and Tongue the History could not observe but apparently the most part were French since this Order began by the French of these 34 known 12 were in the Holy-Land and in Souria 13 in Rhodes and 〈◊〉 in Malta unto Father Paul of Lascaris of every one there is a Grand Prior who lives in great reputation in his Country who orders the affairs of their Order and for England St. Johns by Clarken-well in times past was a mansion of the Grand-Prior There are several Councels among these Knights Their Government as that for deciding of differences which may happen among them the Councel of War the General Chapter which may augment or moderate the Authority of the great Master renew the Ordinances and Government of the Religion or their Order and which is held every five years The Ceremonies performed in making these Knights The Ceremonies used in Knighting are these which follow first being cloathed in a long loose garment he goeth to the Altar with a Taper in his hand of White Wax where he kneeleth down and desires the Order of the Ordinary then
Leagues broad between the Province of Chiapa and the Sea the Country is full of Pools and Marshes towards the Coast Wood and Forests towards the Mountains and the Rains being continual for 8 or 9 Months in the year the Air is very humid and its scituation being much under the Torrid Zone it engenders an infinite number of Vermin Gnats and Insects yet the Soil is excellent It s fertility and commodities It s chief Colony abundant in Mayz and Cocao which is their principal Riches There is observable here but one Colony of the Spaniards which they call Villa de Nuestra a Sennora de la Victoria so called because of the Victory Cortez gained in 1519 against those of the Country when he went to the Conquest of the Kingdom of Mexico It was called Potonchan when it was besieged taken and sacked by Cortez and it is observed this was the first City in America which defended it self and which suffered under the Spaniards Sword The Province of Jucatan with its chief places described JVCATAN is the last Province of the Audience of Mexico towards the East It is a Peninsula of about 400 Leagues circuit scituate between the Gulphs of Mexico and Honduras The Isthmus which joyns it to the Main Land is not above 25 or 30 Leagues over from whence the Country continues enlarging it self from 50 or 75 Leagues breadth and ends at Cape de Cotoche which regards towards the East Cape St. Anthony in the Isle of Cuba at the distance of 60 and odd Leagues The Coasts of JVCATAN are very much cumbred with little Isles which often prove dangerous for Ships but covered with abundance of Sea-Fowl which those of the Neighbouring and far distant Countries come to chase The Isle of Cozumel The Isle of Cozumel to the East hath formerly been famous for its Idol Cozumel which all the People of the Neighbouring Continent went to adore And it was in this Isle or the Continent near unto it that Baldivius unfortunately saved himself having been Shipwreckt near Jamaica he had taken a little Boat like to those used by Fisher-men The Misfortune that befel Baldivius here wherein going with about 20 of his Men he was brought hither by the Sea but no sooner had he set foot on Land but he and his Men were seized by the Natives who immediately led them to the Temple of their Idols where they presently offered up or sacrificed and ate him and four of his Men and the rest they reserved till another time Among these Aquilar who had seen the Ceremony escaping with some others fled to a Cacique who treated him courteously for many years during which time some died others married in the Country Aquilar in the end was fetched thence by Cortez who was of no small use unto him in his Conquest of Mexico because that he had learned their Tongue The Air of Jucatan The Air of Jucatan is hot the Country hath scarce any Rivers yet wants no Water being supplied every where with Wells within the middle of the Land are to be seen quantity of Scales and Shells of Sea-fish which hath made some believe the Country hath been overflowed What it yieldeth They have scarce any of the Corn or Fruits of Europe but some others of the Country and quantity of wild Beasts principally Stags and wild Bears and among their Fowls Peacocks They have yet found no Gold much less Latten which makes it appear that it is not true that the Spaniards found here Crosses of Latten there being none in all America The Cities of Jucatan are four Merida Valladolid Its Cities Campeche and Salamancha 1. Merida is the Metropolis being the Seat of the Bishop and Governour for Tavasco and Jucatan distant from the Sea on each side 12 Leagues The City is adorned with great and ancient Edifices of Stone with many Figures of Men cut in the Stones and because they were resembling those which are at Merida in Spain that name was given it 2. Valladolid beautified with a very fair Monastery of Franciscans and more than 40 thousand Barbarians under its Jurisdiction 3. Campeche scituate on the shoar of the Gulph a fair City of about Three thousand Houses and adorned with many stately and rich Structures which in 1596 was surprized and pillaged by the English under the Command of Captain Parker who carried away with him the Governour the Riches of the City and many Prisoners besides a great Ship laden with Hony Wax Campeche-Wood and other rich Commodities The Conquest of the Kingdom of Mexico was much easier to the Castilians than that of Peru the Kingdom of Peru being Hereditary and its Ynca's loved and almost adored by their Subjects the Kingdom of Mexico being Elective and its Kings hated if not by those of Mexico yet by all the neighbouring Estates and envied by those might aspire to the Royalty This diversity was the cause that Motezuma died and the City of Mexico taken there was nothing more to do or fear as to that Estate In Peru after the death of Guascar and Atabalipa and some other Ynca's the Spaniards could not believe themselves safe so long as there was any remainder of the Race of these Ynca's which made them under divers pretexts persecute banish and put them to death And so much for Mexico or New Spain The Audience of GUADALAJARA or NEW GALLICIA THE Audience of GVADALAJARA or Kingdom of NEW GALLICIA makes the most Occidental part of New-Spain and contains the Provinces of Guadalajara Xalisco Los Zacatecas Chiametlan Culiacan Its Provinces and New-Biscany some others add Cibola and others likewise California Quivira Anian c. that is the Castilians pretend to extend their Power to the farthest part of this New World The Province of Guadalajara and its Cities described The Province of Guadalajara hath only two Cities or Colonies of Spaniards viz. Guadalajara and Sancta Maria de los Lagos of which the first is the chief of the Province built in 1531 by Nonnez de Guzman after he had finished his Conquest It is the residence of the Kings Treasurers dignified with the Courts of Judicature the See of a Bishop beautified with a fair Cathedral Church a Convent of Augustine Friers and another of Franciscans It is scituate in a pleasant and fruitful Plain and watered with divers Fountains and little Torrents not far from the River Baranja the neighbouring Mountains having furnished them with Materials for their Buildings Santa Maria de los Lagos was built by the same Guzman and made a place of great strength only to hinder the Incursions of the Chichimeques who are a barbarous and untamed sort of People who border upon them towards the North-East who live upon the Spoils of other people harbouring in thick Woods and private Caves for the better obtaining their Prey which said Town keeps them in such awe that they dare not molest them The Air of this Province The Inhabitants
of the said Company Jamaica described JAMAICA is an Isle of a large extent being from East to West 170 miles in length and from North to South where it is broadest about 70 being of an Oval form and waxing narrower and narrower at both extream ends It is seated betwixt the Tropicks in the 17 and 18 degrees of Northern Latitude It s scituation Extent and beareth from off the Isle of Hispaniola Eastwards about 35 Leagues In the midst of the Isle from East to West runs a continued ridge of lofty Mountains which are well stored with fresh Springs whence flow the many Rivers that so plentifully water the Island Well watered to the great benefit of the Inhabitants The Air is observed to be more temperate than any of the Caribe Isles and of as mild a temperature as any place betwixt the Tropicks being alwaies refreshed with cool breezes frequent showers and great dews in the nights that it may be deemed Temperate and by its continual verdure exceeding delightful The Weather The weather is less certain than in the Caribe Isles the most observable wet seasons are in November and May there being no seemable Winter but by a little more rain and thunder in the Winter months nor is there scarce any sensible lengthning or shortning of the Days or Nights Hurricanes are here never known It s fertility and commodities This Isle in most parts especially the North is of a Fertil and rich soil and liberally answers the Cultivators cost and pains for what is planted The chief Commodities that it produceth are Sugars which are so good that they out sell those of the Barbados 5 s. per cent Cocao the richest Commodity of the Island Indico Cotton Tobacco but indifferent Hides Copper great variety of Woods for Dyers also Cedar Brasilletto Lignum vitae Ebony c. Tortoises in exceeding great plenty whose flesh is excellent good and nourishing but those that are troubled with the French man it is dangerous to eat Salt Salt-Peter Ginger Cod-pepper Piemente being an excellent Aromatick spice of a curious gusto having the mixt tast of divers Spices Cocheneil divers excellent Druggs Gumms and Balsoms many of which are not yet known by their names Here are greater abundance of Cattle than in most of the English Plantations as Horses Cows Hoggs Sheep Goats Asnegroes Mules Great plenty of Cattle which came from the breed of those put into the Woods by the Spaniards when they were first Masters of the Island which for want of Masters became wild but since the English have had to do here they are much wasted to what they were The Bays Rivers Roads and Creeks Fish Fowl are well stored with excellent Fish of sundry sorts appropriate to the Indies Likewise great store of Fowl both tame and wild the chief of which are Ducks Teal Wigeon Geese Turkyes Pigeons Hens Plovers c. Here are great plenty of excellent Fruits as Oranges Fruits Cocarnuts Pomegranates Limes Guavers Mammes Alumee-Supotas Avocatas Cashues Prickle-Apples Prickle Pears Grapes Sower sops Custard-Apples Dildoes Plantains Pines c. And Herbs Roots Herbs and Roots and Flowers common to England grow here very well Here are very noxious Beasts or Insects found those most dangerous are the Alegators Hurtful things some of which are fifteen and twenty foot long here is also Manchonele which is a kind of Crab likewise Snakes and Guianas but not poysonous as also Muskettoes and Merrywings a sort of stinging Flies found very troublesome to the Inhabitants The Diseases that Strangers are most incident unto are Dropsies occasioned by ill Dyet Drunkenness Diseases and Sloathfulness Calentures too frequently the product of Surfeits also Fevers and Agues but it is experimentally sound that if a good Dyet and moderate Exercises are used without excess of Drinking they may enjoy a competent measure of health and the reason of the great mortality of the Army at their arrival was the want of Provisions together with an unwillingness to labouror exercise joyned with discontent This Island is divided into Fourteen Precincts Divisions or Parishes It s division in to Precincts or Parishes many of which are well Inhabited especially the Southern part so far as the ridge of Mountains which runneth in the midst nor are its Southern parts especially near the Sea without Plantations though not so thick as about St. Jago and of late years the Island is much increased in its Inhabitants and Plantations being likely to prove the Potentest Colony the English are Masters of in America being able to bring into the Field upon occasion about eight or ten thousand men This Isle abounds with goods Bays Roads and Harbours the chief amongst which are Port Royal formerly Cagway It s chief places Port Royal. seated on the extream end of that long point of Land which makes the Harbour which is exceeding commodious for Shipping and secured by a strong Castle and land lock't by a point of land that runs twelve miles South-East from the main of the Island having the great River that runs by los Angelos and St. Jago falling into it where Ships do commonly water and conveniently wood The Harbour is two or three Leagues broad in most places with good Anchorage and so deep that a Ship of one thousand Tun may lay her sides to the Shoar of the point and load and unload with Planks afloat which commodiousness doth make it much resorted unto and as well Inhabited by the Merchants Store-house-keepers and other Inhabitants this being the only noted place in the Isle for Traffick and resort being said to contain about 12 or 1500 well built houses which are as dear rented as if they stood in well traded streets in London yet its scituation is very unpleasant and uncommodious having neither Earth Wood or fresh water but only made up of a hot loose sand which renders it more unhealthful than up in the Country and Provisions are very dear about 12 miles up in the Land from this Town is St. Jago St. Jago or St. Jago de la vega which when the Spaniards were Masters of it was large containing about 2000 houses which were destroyed and reduced to about 500 when the English first seized the Isle and here the Governour resideth and where the chief Courts of Judicature are held which makes it to be well resorted and inhabited where they live in great pleasure recreating themselves in their Coaches and on Horseback in the evenings in the Savana near adjoyning as the Gentry do here in Hide-Park The present Governour is his Excellency Charles Earl of Carslile Viscount Howard of Acorpeth Lord Dacres of Gilsland one of the Lords of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council a person for prudence and noble qualifications every way beâ—itting such a place Six miles Southward of this Town is seated Passage at the mouth of the River Passage which at six miles course falleth into the Harbour of
1566 those of Cusco tried again the discovery of the Amazone by the Amarumaye which could not succeed there being two competitors for this expedition who made war fought and weakned each other in such manner that there remained but a few to be knockt on the head by the Chonchis Maldonado one of the Chiefs of this expedition together with two Fryers escaped and brought the news after this of Maldonado no more discovery of the Amazon was attempted till 60 or 70 years after In 1635 Jean de Palacios reattempted this design transporting himself with some others to Annete to see with what means he might serve himself to make this voyage but in 1636 he was killed and the greatest part of his men returned but two Friers and 5 or 6 Souldiers put themselves into a Skiff with a resolution to descend the River and in the end arrived at Para the chief Colonie of Brazile under the Crown of Portugal where they told the news to Piedro Texeira Captain Major of Para. Texeira happy in the discovery of the course of the Amazone Though Brazile was then in arms against the Hollanders yet Texeira forbore not to equip 47 Barquesâ—â— caused to be embarqued in them 70 Portugals with 1200 Indians who knew how to manage Armes and likewise 800 Boyes and Women to serve them with these he departed in October 1637. remounted the River and was so happy that he finished his voyage even to Peru left a part of his men there where the River Chevelus falls into the Amazone the rest he left at Junta de los Rios except himself with some few persons which came to Quito where he made his report in September 1638. The news being brought to Lima to the Count of Chinchon Vice-Roy of Peru he gave order to furnish them with all things necessary for their return and that the Father Christopher de Acogne a Jesuite and his companion should go with them to carry the news to Spain They parted from Peru in February 1639 and arrived at Pera in December following and soon after Father Christopher de Acogne carried the news to Spain arriving there in 1640. and exposed his relation to publick view These two last Voyages of Texeira mounting and descending the River have given us a more ample and true knowledge of the Amazon than all those before him could do and according to their report all the Regions which are about the Amazon enjoy a temperate Air. The Eastern Winds which blow all day the Nights equal to the Days the annual Inundations like to those of the Nile the great quantity of Trees and Forrests which are upon or near the River yield much refreshment and keeps them from being troubled with thousands of ugly Insects which they are pestred with at Peru and Brazil They say that the Leaves and Fruits of the Trees the verdure of their Herbs and the beauty of their Flowers gives great delight to the Inhabitants all the year long The Country very fertil The Country by reason of the Inundation of the River is very fertil in Grains hath rich Pastures and their Fruits Plants and Roots are in great plenty and may compare with any Country in all America their Rivers and Lakes are well stored with Fish among others the Sea-Calf and Tortoise are very large and delicate The Country is well cloathed with Woods some Trees being 5 or 6 Fathom about and along the River may be built as great Ships as any that swim on the Ocean Their Ebony and Brazil is grown to an inexhaustible quantity they have great store of Cacoa and Tobacco plenty of Sugar-Canes which they might easily husband and abundance of other Commodities without having regard to Gold Silver and other Metals which are found there Abundance of different Nations along the Amazon They have abundance of different Nations upon and about the Amazon the most part of these Nations so well peopled and their Villages so thick that the last House of the one may easily hear the noise made in the first House of the other Of these People the Homagues are esteemed for their Manufactures of Cotton-Cloth the Corosipares for their Earthen Vessels the Surines for their Joyners-work the Topinamubes for their Power The Bow and Javelin being their general and common Arms. Rivers that fall into the Amazon Among the Ravers that fall into the Amazon the Napo the Agaric the Putomaye the Jenupape and the Coropatube and with some others have their Sands mixt with Gold below Coropatube there are divers Mines of Gold in the Mountains of Yaguare Mines of Silver in that of Picory and of divers Stones in that of Paragoche and of Sulphur in many others The Amazonian Women As for the Amazonian Women and their Kingdom from whence it is pretended this River took its name many accounts have been made and divers Relations given of it to Quito Cusco and other places and possibly those of the Country would have frighted the Castilians and Portugals which have been on this River But it is no otherwise than that the Inhabitants of the Country being in Arms there hath sometimes been some Women so couragious as to be in their party but there never was a whole Country or Kingdom of these Women And in fine they seek them so far within the Country that they cannot be on the Amazon so those may turn to a Fable as well as those which the Greeks have formerly recounted to us of such Wonders PERUVIANE where there shall be TERRA FIRMA whose Governments or Provinces with their chief places are those of PANAMA Panama Nembre de dios Darien CARTHAGENA Cartagenâ— Moâ—â—â— Sancta Maria. la Conception St. MARTHA St. Martha Teneriff Tamalameque Los Reys RIO de la HACHA Occanna Rio de la Hacha Rancheria VENEZULA Venezula Nos signo de Carvalleda St. Jago de Leon. Nueve Xeres Valenza la Nueve Segovia la Neuve Tucuyo Truxillo New ANDALUSIA Comana Corduba Maurenabi PARIA Macureguara Catetios Orinaque OARIBES Taupuramunen Mâ—reshego GUIANA Macurewaraj Manoa del dorade POPAYAN Sancta Fee de Antiochiâ— Calamanta Arma. Anzerma Carrago Popayan Almangher Timana Truxillo Guadalajara St. John de Pasto GRANADA Sancto Fee de bogata St. Michael Tocayma Tunia Trinadad St. John de los lanos Velez Mariquita PERU with its Audiences of QUI TO with its Provinces of PERU Quito Rio bamba Porto Viejo Guayaquil Cuenca Loxâ— Zamora Yaen St. Michael de los QUIXOS Baesa Archidona Avila Sevilla del Oro. PAZAMOROS Loyola Valadolid St. Jago de las Montaneâ— LIMA whose chief places are Lima. Cusco Arequipa Valverde Arnedo Leon de Guanuco la Parsilla Truxillo Miroflores Cachapoyas De la PLATA whose chief places are de la Plata Potossi Oropesa Sancta Crux de la Sierra The Country of the AMAZONS or the people Inhabiting by the River AMAZONE which are many and of sundry sorts CHILI whose parts of Jurisdictions take their names from their chief Cities in each
mixing a certain tincture it never comes out They make Bonnets Frontlets Ruffes Bands Cloaks Girdles Garters and Bracelets with Feathers of divers colours which they work and mix the colours together very excellently The Brazilians which have stayed among the Portugals are for the most part become Christians the others wander without Religion Some knowledge of the Sun Moon and Stars There is a great diversity of Tongues among them insomuch that Jarric assures us that in his time he observed sixty different ones and though they have no Sciences yet have they some knowledge of the course of the Sun Moon and Stars giving them divers names and calling the Eclipses nights of the Sun and Moon The riches of Braâ—ile All the Wood of Brazile belongs unto the King of Portugal private persons not being permitted to trade in it Their riches come from Whale-Oyl Confects Conserves Tobacco Silver Hides and other Commodities but principally from Sugar no Country in the World exporting so much as Brazile doth The Isle Madera hath but ten Sugar Engines the Isle of St. Thomas possibly less but Brazile 4 or 500. The names of Mestiz Mulates Cariboco Criolo c. Explained As for the names of Mestiz and Mulates which divers times have been met with it is to be observed that the Portugals being long since here established and having from time to time caused to be transported a great many Negroes as well Men as Women to serve them This mixture of divers Nations and divers colours hath made them to distinguish their Children and to call those who came from Father and Mother of the Europeans Mozomâ—o those who came from an European and a Brazilian Mestiz or Mamelucco those from an European and a Negroess Mulates those from a Brazilian and a Negroess Cariboco those from the Father and Mother of Aethiopians Criolo Moreover it hath been known that an Aethiopian woman whose Husband was likewise an Aethiopian hath brought forth two Children the one black and the other white and a Brazilian Woman whose Husband was likewise a Brazilian to bring forth two the one white and the other black and oft-times blacks have whites and whites blacks and there are to be seen white Aethiopians that is to say in all the features of their face and in their hair all the proportions of an Aethiopian but with skin and hair white Before Brazile lyeth a train of low Rocks but of a small breadth but which continue almost all along the Coast leaving but certain overtures by which the Rivers discharge themselves into the Sea Ships that go or return from Brazile pass necessarily by these overtures or openings which oft times proves very dangerous PARAGVAY or Rio de la Plata THe Province of PARAGVAY or Rio de la Plata other then the Province de la Plata in Peru is on the River which those of the Country call Paraguay the Spaniards Rio de la Plata from whence it takes its name We may comprehend under the name of Paraguay or Rio de la Plata all the neighbouring Provinces and those which are on the Rivers falling into the Paraguay and consider them in three or in seven parts To wit in Paraguay or Rio de la Plata which may make the higher and lower part of that which is upon the River Into Chaco and Tucuman which are on the Rivers which descend on the right hand and into Parana Guayr and Vraig which are on the Rivers which descend on the left hand These are towards Brazile and the Mer del Nort the other two towards Peru and Chili and the two first in the middle The River of Paraguay described The River of Paraguay or de la Plata hath its springs in the Lake of Xarajes on the confines of Peru and Brazile and descending from north to South turns in the end to South-East receives a great many fair and large Rivers among others Putomayo Vermejo or Salado and la Garzarone on one side Guaxarape Parana and Vraig on the other The Paraguay falling into the Sea makes a Gulf of fifty and odd Leagues wide between the Capes of St. Mary and St. Anthony and an hundred and fifty Leagues within Land is ten or twelve and descending farther fifteen twenty or five and twenty Leagues broad but of so little depth and so cumbred with Rooks and Banks that what with them and the sudden storms which often rise from the South sailing up it proves very dangerous The Province of Paraguay described The particular Province of Paraguay in the highest part of the River is little known nor have the Spaniards here any Colonies yet it bears its name common with the River and communicates it to all the neighbouring quarters The People are not so barbarous as in Brazile It s People some addicting themselves to Husbandry in which the men till and sow the ground and the Women reap and gather in Harvest others know how to make Stuffs Vestments spin Cotton c. The Province de la Plata with its Colonies described Below Paraguay is the Province dela Plata where the Spaniards have some Colonies viz. 1. The Assumption being the chief place in this Countrey is well built and very well frequented neighboured by a great Lake in the midst of which is a great Rock which exalteth its head about one hundred fathom above the water this Town is said to be inhabited by three sorts of people viz. 1 By natural Spaniards who are Masters of it to the number of about four hundred families 2. Mulatoes being those that are born of Spaniards and Negro's of which there are said to be several thousands and lastly by Mestizo's which are such as are begotten by the Spaniards upon the Natives and these are not in such great number The next Town of note is Buenos Ayres seated on the ascent of a small Hill on the Southern Bank of the River de la Plata said to contain about two hundred families of Spaniards It is encompassed with a Mud-Wall but it s chiefest strength is in its Castle which is but small neither over-well provided with Ordnance and Ammunition the other Towns are Las Siette Corrientes St. Fe and St. Spiritu or Torre di Gabboto the two last and Buenos Ayres are on the right side the Assumption and Las Corrientes on the left and this two hundred and fifty or three hundred Leagues from the Sea Buenos Ayres little less than an hundred St. Fe little more the Assumption alone is on the Paraguay Las Siette Corrientes where the Parana c. falls into the Paraguay The fignification of Paraguay de la Plata This name of Paraguay is given by the Natives of the Country and signifieth a River of Feathers either because there are here found great quantities of Birds whose Feathers are various and of divers colours or because those of the Country dress and adorn themselves with those Feathers The name de la