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end_n	great_a	island_n	league_n	1,225	5	9.1174	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A61855	The perillous and most unhappy voyages of John Struys Through Italy, Greece, Lifeland, Muscovia, Tartary, Media, Persia, East-India, Japan, and other places in Europe, Africa and Asia. Containing, I. Most accurate remarks and observations of the distinct qualities, religion, politie, customs, laws and properties of the inhabitants: II. A due description of the several cities, towns, forts, and places of trust, as to their site and strength, fortifications by nature, or art, &c. with other things worthy of note: and, III. An exact memorial of the most disastrous calamities which befell the author in those parts (viz) by ship-wrack, robberies, slavery, hunger, tortures, with other incommodities and hardships. To which are added 2 narrativs sent from Capt. D. Butler, relating to the taking in of Astrachan by the Cosacs. Illustrated with divers curious plates, first designed and taken from the life by the author himself. Rendered out of Nether-dutch by John Morrison·; Reysen door Moscovien, Tartarijen, Oost-Indien. English	Struys, Jan Janszoon, d. 1694.; Morrison, John, 17th cent.; Butler, David, Captain.	1684 (1684)	Wing S6019; ESTC R216963	334,708	398

four Galleys ready upon all Occasions for Defence of the Havens besides a considerable number more which they have in their Arsenal in good equippage these are often imployed as Auxiliaries for the Venetians against the Turks On the Sea-side stands a Watch-Tower on which by night they set a Beacon and just at the Entrance of the Haven stands a huge piece of Ordnance mounted upon a Carriage continually guarded with a Sentinel The Dukes Person is guarded with a Body of 500 Soldiers who with their Colonel have a place allotted them in the Palace The City is generally well built with stately Houses and magnificent Structures more especially on that side which is seated near the Sea having besides the more eminent Hostels and Public Buildings 30 fair Parish Churches of which that dedicated to St. Laurence claims the priority as Cathedral In the Church dedicated to the H. Eucharist they show'd us a Key made of an Emerald being of the unusual bignes that ●t's worth may not be computed Coming to the Church of St. Bartholomew we saw a handkercheif with which they told us our Saviour wiped the sweat from his face and as they say has done abundance of Miracles The City is very populous their Merchants rich and numerous and their Manufactury also very considerable especially in Velvets there being according to the relation given us above 8000 Looms in the Town so that considering the Magnificency of Building the Riches of her Merchants Commodiousness of Situation and Splendor of her Court and Palace may be reckoned as a Town of the first Magnitude On the 12 of April we set sail directing our course for Velez Malaga where on the 15 we arrived On the 18 we hoised sail and made for Malaga and on the 24 came to cast anchor in the Bay where almost all the Banditti were set ashoar Here we took in a hundred Pipes of Wine with candied Fruits and other Refreshments for the sick On the 29 of May we weighed Anchor and with a brisk gale of Wind reached the Straits mouth on the 2 of Iune When we were past Gibralter we steer'd our Course towards the Salt Islands which was designed for another place of Refreshment from whence we gathered that our Voyage must needs be longer than at first we thought for till then none aboard the ship unless the Officers knew whither we were bound or upon what account we were sent out On the fourth of Iune we met with 9 Turkish Men of War about the 3d. Watch in the night who Hail'd us asking from whence our ship we answered From Genua and asked them From whence they were they made answer From Argiers Our Commander hearing that unwelcome Eccho was not a little alarm'd and could have wish'd himself at a further distance however he resolves to exchange a ball or two with them by break of day and in order thereto gets all in a readiness commands every man to his Post and gave us all the courage he could by his own Example The Corsairs who although better man'd and mounted than we had no great stomach to go so early to breakfast for observing such marks of Courage in our Officers and that they were absolutely resolved to fight'um made all the sail they could and left us On the 14 we pass'd the Flemmish Islands and on the 6 of July we arrived at Boa Vista where we came to Anchor in the Bay On this Island were several of the Banditti who brought us such Provision as they had aboard we took in also ten boats of salt About this Island is such plenty of Fish that at one draught we got 1500 Corcoads and Salmon-Fry Boa Vista is one of those Islands which are called Cabo Verdo Islands having obtained that appellation from it's delectable prospect from the Seaward and lies 7 leagues to the northward of Ilha del Sal and is reckoned to be about 20 leagues in circumference stretched out in length South-east and North-west That part which lies near the sea is all sandy and hilly ground but within altogether montanous and high land On the north end is a long Bank near half a league in length which repelleth the billows of the sea with great violence There are yet besides this several other Foords which are often the occasion of Shipwrack On the South is also another where the Rocks sometimes appear above water and points out towards the East and E. and by North. The best and safest place to come to Anchor in is at the Southwest Point where is a very commodious Road for Ships of the greatest burthen having at lest 16 or 17 fathom Water and a fine sandy ground In this Road we lay at anchor 6 days and then set sail for Majo St. Iago Fuogo and Brava which are the nearest Islands to Boa Vista The Island Majo lies about nine leagues S. S. W. or rather mo● Westerly from Boa Vista and is the smallest of all the rest being about 7 leagues round Within land are several steep hills and on the North a Plain about a league in breadth from whence reaches out a long Bank towards the North-east and another towards the West which cause impetuous Breaches of the Sea and consequently great danger for Ships that sail that way The Island is almost round in circumference having its breadth and length almost equal and is full of small Capes or Promontories which make so many Inlets The common Road belonging to this Island is on the South-west Coast where you have 15 and 16 fathom Water and a sandy ground having the Western point of the Island at N. and by W. and another Point at E. S. E. and the South end of St. Iago S. W. On the North side of the Island behind a litle black Cape lies a small Bay or Road for Anchorage at 5 or 6 fathom water and upon the lowest point on the East is a Village of 10 or 12 houses This Island is very rocky high and dry having litle grass upon it but what grows in the clefts of the Rocks It is also very barren of Fruit neither Lemmons nor Oranges will like there nor no other fruit whatsoever unles sigs and those by reason of the drought of the Season and Ground seldom ever come to maturity or return to profit There are in this Island some Cotton-trees and good plenty of Goats so that there are many thousands of those Hides transported yearly from hence There are also some wild Horses Kine and Asses good plenty of Fowl as Patridge Heath-hens Bustards Wild-geese and other Fowl not known with us in Europe There are also many Saltpans on this Island where the Salt by the Ground Water and the Ingress of the Sea with the help of the Sun is well concreted yet is somewhat too yellow in colour The Inhabitants are a mixt folk of Negros and others who follow Goat hunting using Wolves in stead of Dogs Some also follow the

them to proceed on their Journey thither They thanked us for our Advice and directed their Course for Terky that being also a good Market We agreed among our selves to follow the like course with intent at least to supply our want of Provision not knowing whether the Town was taken in by the Cosacks or that it was still under the Emperour About 9 in the Evening we anchored before the Town and immediately upon our anchorage saw 10 or 12 Soldiers come rowing towards us but when they came nigh saw that we were well armed offered not to do any violent Act but only asked us Who we were and From whence we came We answered That we were Hollanders belonging to his Majesties great Ship at Astrachan and were come thither to sound the Bay and Haven Ho! Ho! said they are you those men You must come before the Lord Deputy hereupon we made answer That it was then too late but the next Morning betimes we would wait upon his Excellency With this answer they seem'd to be satisfied but we thought it not safe for us to tarry there long but before creek of day we loosed and set our course S. and by W. Terky is situate in 43 degr and 27 min. about an English league from the strand It has been 3 times surveyed and laid out The first time by the Russes themselves the second time by one Cornelius Claasz a Dutch Ingenieur about the year 1636 who also strengthned the said Town with Walls and Bulwarks after the modern way of Fortification and in the year 1670 it was survey'd and fortified anew by Colonel Baily an English Gentleman with huge strong Bulwarks and and a wide and deep Mote encompassing it quite round The City is seated in a Champan Countrey without either Wood or Hill so far as one can view The River is also called Terky by the Moscovians but by the Inhabitants Timenky The Banks lying upon the Sea are all grown over with Canes and rough Terky is a place of great Trust being the Kay or Barricado of the Czars Dominions for it lies on the Frontiers of the Russian Territories and for that end has always a Garrison of 2000 Strelitzers All the night it blew very hard and in the morning we saw land on each side The Island which lay on the Larboard side we called Meynders Island because he was the first that discovered it We steered directly through the Islands and when we were about 20 leagues within the Bay we discovered high land which we afterward knew to be the famous Caucasus and Ararat which also border and extend to the Circas Hills and sailing a litle further we found that we were near the Quick-sands so that we were fain to tack about and bear up to the Channel where coming we sounded and found it 2 fathom and a good sandy ground Being just got thorow the straits or narrow Channel we looked about and discovered a great Bark making up toward us with all the Sail they could which afterwards we understood was sent by order of the Governour of Terki to pursue us having 62 Soldiers and all well armed aboard with a charge from the Governour to give us no quarter but to hack us in pieces and to bring back the Shallop and Goods to Terky We seeing them in a full pursuit thought it no time to dally but laboured as hard as we could till we got the Island Sierlan where we came to Anchor and the Bark seemed to give over their chace On the 18 ditto betimes in the morning we set Sail and indeavoured to gain the High land which before the Evening came on we did putting in at a River and were assured that we were not within the Jurisdiction of the Czar which is bounded by the Timenki The Circas Dominion begins at the Timenki and is bounded from Nagaya by the Step and from the Dagestan-Tartars by the River Bustro The Countrey is very fertile producing good store both of Fruit and Grain and is also good Pasture-ground The men are very corpulent and withall robust have broad-faces but not square like the Calmucs or Crims they are of a swarthy yellow complexion and shave their Heads and Beards after a strange manner Cross over the head they make a bare stroak and yet let a tuft grow in the Crown and on each side it hangs down in two great bushes which sometimes they let hang loose and sometimes plate They wear gray Felt-coats with a mantle of the same which is rough without this they hang slovenly about the neck made fast with a great button that they can turn it which way they list and make it serve for a Buckler against the Wind. They sometimes wear Bonnets made of cloath which they fold into a square figure that they look like Jesuits Caps when they wear them They are a surly ill-natured people and blockish not fit to converse with but yet more friendly than the Calmucs They seldom appear abroad without their Horses upon which they seem as if they were planted Their Arms are a kind of Musquet but the Long-bow is with them more in use which they can handle with great dexterity CHAP. XVII They Author and his Company err in their Course They meet with a Cosac-Bark A great Tempest The Beginning and Limits of the Dagestan-Tartars Their Posture or Frame of Body Habit and Way of Living They are great Plagiaries The Barrenness of the Dagestan Mountains Another great Tempest The Shallop run astrand and is spied by the Tartars who plunder them The strange way of electing the Dagestan Kings They are assailed by another Company who ravish the Woman in presence of her Husband and convert them all to Slaves The Author tortured to detect his Companions which he manfully endures They are brought before the Osmyn and chained ON the 19 ditto we set sail and directed our course towards the Island Tzetzien which we sailed past and had Tzierlan to the leeward having very misty weather all the while which dured 24 hours or more The next morning it cleared up and we got sight of the high Circas Mountains which we aimed at if possible to come nearer the shoar so to coast it all along after we had laboured and lay beating in the Wind about 3 or 4 hours we saw a long neck of Land which we took for an Island and indeavouring to sail through a narrow passage we found our selves in a Quicksand so that we were fain to tack about having sail'd the whole day in vain and at the dawning of the day we came into the Channel which was a good sandy ground and fit for Anchorage Here we met with a Bark having about 60 or 70 Men on board who called to us and prayed us to help them afloat pretending they were aground and fast among the sands which some of our Company would have done but the major part were for the Negative and so oversway'd the rest

to himself so many Wives as he thinks fit or is capable to maintain They are also easily divorced Their men will not stick to delight themselves with the Wives of others and the Women as inclinable to that way as any in the World and are carefull to make use of every Opportunity they meet with This they esteem no sin but account it if they can do it cunningly without being catch'd in the Fact but a kind of Filching or clandestin Theft which may be expiated with some inconsiderable Present or Gift Their Young women are also great Trade● that Way and without shamefastness will render themselves prostitute to any that will but give good wages and those generall● most opplauded which come off with most Gain and if they inten● to marry will not give their Consent to their Party till they have mad● proof of his Manhood The Parents are delighted to see their Children active in imitation and yet notwithstanding this licentious sensuality be tolerated in the Action yet they will be offended at their Daughters if they utter any word without the limits of modesty When any Person comes to die the nearest Friends and Allies do bath the Corps and then adorned with Bracelets and Ear-rings and wrapt in fine cloaths is carried in a Mat to the place of burial But the Funeral Rites of Persons of the highest rank are performed with greater pomp for when one of such Quality dies he is also bathed after that manner as we have already said which done they shave him and if it be a Woman put a hood upon her head and adorn her with precious ornaments Then come in the nearest Kindred as Father Mother and others of the Consanguinity with Women Children and Slaves to bewail the Dead making a lamentable howling and yelling the tears trickling down the Cheeks Others begin by way of Elogy to recite the Prayses of the deceased Party and others to beat Drums the rest fall a dancing These Ceremonies ended one of them addresses himself to the Corps as if it were alive Asking these or the like Questions Oh my dear Friend how camest thou to die Or didst thou want for any thing Hadst not thou Cattel Gold Silver Steel and other Goods enough c. When they have deplored the Departure of their Friend and danc'd the whole day they kill a Fatling or two which is distributed among his Relations in the Evening So long as the Corps is above ground they burn light by it and when they are ready to interr him they close him in a Coffin made of the Trunk of a Tree which is fitly shut up and carried to a litle Cottage made on purpose in the midle whereof is a Grave about 6 foot deep here they lay him and set by his side a Basket of Rice a Tobacco-box an Earthen Pan a Chaffin-dish a suit of Apparrel a Girdle with what other things they conceive he shall have occasion for in such a long and tedious Journey So soon as they have done that they roll a great stone to the door of his sepulchre and sacrifice some beast or other to the Devil that they may not annoy or molest him on his way to Paradice Of all the Idolatrous Customs that I could observe among them there is some Nation or other that hath parity with them But one Barbarous and inhuman Practise they have as peculiar and proper to themselves that is making away of their own Children True it is that in most places in India and Tartary they make merchandise of their Children and that by reason of their not being in a capacity of bringing them up but never like those of Madagascar take away their lives This they are induced to by an implicit Faith being perswaded by their Priests that they are born upon unhappy days and shall be subject to great misery and afflictions so long as they live or that the Planet under which the Child is born has some bad influence upon it and having view'd the Palms of his hands and his Face make conclusion that he will be either Thief or Parricide c. Upon these and the like Occasions they deliver the Child over to a Slave which he is to carry out of the way and throw it into a Ditch or under a Thorn-hedge where the poor Infant must either die of hunger or be devoured up of Dogs or other Beasts of Prey Others there are among those Women who when they are with Child if they find themselves never so litle out of order immediamediately ascribe the cause to the ill Nature of the unborn Babe and either kill it before it come into the World or so soon as it is born bury it alive and sometimes throw it into the Water If a Woman slave chance to prove with Child by her Patron and be turned away so that she be not able to bring it up she either strangles or dispatches it before it come into the World and sometimes a white Woman having a Child by a Negro if she see it resemble the Father or have curl'd hair as also their Young-women who make themselves prostitute for Gain follow the like Course but commonly murther the Infant before it be born deeming it but a burthen to them and a hindrance of their Profession But besides all these inhuman Customs they have another no whit inferiour to those already said that when the woman dies in Child-bed the Child is thrown alive with the Mother into the Grave saying Better it is that the Child dies than to be brought up by strangers And because so many days are by them held infortunate almost half of the Children are dispatch'd which with other occasions already mentioned is undoubtedly the reason that this great happy and most fruitfull Island is not very populous where not only Polygamy is allow'd but also such freedom given to the unmarried to satisfy their lust and libidinous ends Yet certain it is that there is a Stock of people among them who are more compassionate with their Young and when they presume that the Child is so possessed do only cause a Slave to carry it away and hide it a while and soon after fetch it home again assoon as they have got it home again they Sacrifice some beast or Fowl or perhaps shut it up in a Hen-roost thinking thereby to asswage and moderate the ill temper of the childs spirit which otherwise would lead him to some unhappy end The Religion of the Madagascars is hardly worth recounting they being wholly Strangers both to Houses of Worship and also to Prayer They beleeve that there is a God who hath made both Heaven and Earth but neither adore nor serve him yet growing old or sick they make a kind of Confession to him They also beleeve that there is a Devil who is the Occasion of all evil having the power of Life and Death in his hand and that they must conserve a perpetual Peace with him by

the Kings Repository As for Powder they are never at a loss thro want of it having such plenty of Salt-peter which is the main Ingredient thereof so that it is most certain the Siammers are never destitute of any necessary Ammunition for War either upon offensiv or defensiv Occasions Nor yet second to any for true valour and courage which is checked by a prudent Conduct and politic Direction of their Power and thereby the Prince and the leading Officers of the Army become dreadfull to the Neighbouring Potentates abroad and awfull to the Subject at home CHAP. V. The Revenues and Treasury of the King of Siam The Religious zeal of those Kings in building of Temples and Houses for pious uses Soldiers without pay The great Slavery and Charges of the Citizens and Plebeians their Obedience and Liberality in devotion Ample Revenues of the Spiritual Habit and Function of their Priests The Multitude and monstrous bigness of some of their Idols Their Ceremonies in Worship wherein congruous to those of the Romis● Religion THE Revenues of the King of Siam as we have elsewhere said consist mostly in Customes Tolls and Excise for all expo●ted Wares and Commodities besides the Fishing and Growth● the Land as Corn Fruit Trees c. There are also in the Countrey several subterrannean and fossible things Mines of Gold an● Silver Lead-and-Pewter besides great store of Sappan-wood 〈◊〉 good as that of Brasilia which is reputed a very rich Commodity and sent abroad both to Coromandel Dabul China Iapon and oth● Islands in the East When Any that is imployed in the Kings servi● dies 2 Thirds of his Estate fall to the King and the residue to th● Wife and Children of the deceased or else in lieu thereof such Salary as they are contented with The like when any Merchan● Stranger comes to die within the Kingdom two Thirds of h● Estate are brought into the Chamber of Finances The King having that special mean of making the Army suppo● it's self is at very litle Charges else save what his zeal moves hi● to in Building of Temples Religious Houses and Towers to the Honour of his Gods which indeed are infinitely numerous and costly in this Countrey the enobling of his court with some unnecessary things tending to his own Honour about which much money is consumed and lastly providing of Annunition and Shipping upon occasion of War but as we have already mentioned the Soldatesque have no Pay from the King except a certain allowance of Rice and what Spoil they can take from the Enemy and these although they goe under the Denomination of Soldiers yet are but Slaves at best being imployed in all servile uses as Labourers when and where the King commands The Citizens which may be called Freemen or Proprietaries are but half a remove from Soldiers they being obliged to maintain and repair all the Fortifications at their own cost and defend them in time of need Yet notwithstanding those heavy burthens imposed on the Commonalty in the performance whereof they are not found remiss or tardy they bring up above twenty Tun of Gold yearly for Offerings to their Pagods and the behoof of the Spiritual insomuch that the Priests with the large Offerings of the King and Liberality of the People grow rich and in great esteem notwithstanding their being so numerous in this Kingdom The King and People embrace no other Religion than barely Gentilism which as appears by the ruins of Monasteries and Cells every where has been anciently professed among them Their Ceremonies they seem to have borrowed from the Roman or Greek Church which they ape as near as may be with reservation of Paganism They are incessantly building repairing and adorning the Temples of their Pagods founding Cloysters and erecting of Pyramids wherin they spare not for money for though they spend their whole Estates about them they must be gilded without and richly hung within Their Bonzi or Priests are distinguished from the Laïty by a yellow Vesture and those again differing among themselves by certain Badges or tokens denoting their degrees Their Beards Head and Eiebrows are always shaven According to their Order they may not handle Money Marry nor make use of Women upon severe Penalties for if any be taken in company with a Female he is burn'd alive or at best banished the Kingdom during the Term of Life and certainly if their Codpiece were not fastned with such a heavy Padlock the Laymens Wives and Daughters could never be secure from that pestiferous rout T is true by their Rule they are not to handle money yet like the Jesuits have accumulated to themselves vast Treasures which are accompanied with a great reverence and honour from the Commonalty who whether they have sustenance for their Family and Children at home will not see the Bonzi destitute of what he has a mind to whether it be in Victuals or Apparrel Their Function is to exhort and teach the People for which end they have certain Lectures four times every moon and at tha● time set open the Temples where all the people resort and meet in due order So soon as they have buzz'd over a few formal words they begin a kind of Admonition insisting upon several good works and moral vertues but especially to be liberal to the Bonzi or Priests and the Pagods How far this prevails upon them appears truly in their free-will offerings which are indeed very considerable in Gold Silver Garments and Meat which the Bonzi then receive at the Offertory promising to make some new Gods therewith or adorn the Old At morning and at night they go to prayers which they rehearse with a loud voice that any stranger thereto induced b● curiosity may be permitted to see and hear They go also t● visit the Sick and pray for the Deceased with great sobbings and tokens of sorrow When they have done Prayer they sing all together in a Chorus in the Pegu or Borneo Tongue and that with a tolerable good Harmony that done they walk leisurely towards the head of the Temple and kiss the Pagods The Pagods are images of divers sorts of Metalls as some of Gold Silver and Brass others of Woodor Stone In the Cathedral of India are twelve Pagods of a vast Bigness sitting all cross legged like Taylors upon a Table the chief whereof was 13 fathom high as he sat being of a due Symmetry and Analogy through all his members This is usually called by the Dutch Den grooten Afgodt van SOE 's that is The great Idol of SOE 's The rest were somewhat less than this and were placed directly one before another The Ceremonie● which we have already said to have affinity with the Church of Rome are Burning of Lamps Consecrated or Holy-water Auricular Confession Indulgences and Pilgrimages under taken for themselves and others whereby they are of opinion that they merit much One of them would if I had given my Consent have gone on

Muskettos and other Vermin against which there is no way to defend ones Face The Pestilence is seldom ever known there but in lieu there of another Epidemy which so torments them in their Bowels that those that are taken with it rarely recover or live above 3 days Some I have heard say that in times past it was far more frequent and rigorous than at this day for before they had not the use of Physic nor would admitt of any that professed it to practise as of late finding the great benefit thereof they have done Moscovia is a Countrey of a fat and fertile Soil far beyond that of Lifeland Their Wheat Ry Barley and Oats they sow about St. Iohns day at Midsummer which within 7 or 8 Weeks is fit for the Sickle or Sithe for they use both and that by reason of the constant heat They have besides the beforementioned fruments good store of Pulse as Pease Beans and Lentils Cucumbers Pompions and Melons are more common there than with us of which last I have seen some weighing above 40 pound The Fruits they have are Pears Apples Quinces Medlars Cherries Plumbs and of these several kinds There grows in the Countrey lying upon the River Mosequa a kind of an Apple so transparent that you may discern the Seeds as Grapes The Shell or Rind thereof is very thin and subtile and the Fruit it self very delicate but too juycy and after a long Rain so watrish that they grow insipid 'T is generally known abroad that Moscovia affoards Flax and Hemp to that exuperancy that they supply almost all Europe with Rope-work The next Staple-Commoditie of Moscovia is Wax and Honey which the Russians take wild and make a vast profit thereof In short there is no Vegetable of general use with us but what likes there save only the Vine which the Extremity of the Winter will not suffer to like or come to perfection but that defect is sufficiently supplied from abroad by the English Dutch and others who bring the Products of every Vintage from France and else where They have no Mines save only of Steel and Iron Russia if taken in general is better stored with tame Cattel and Wild-beasts than any Countrey in Europe or as some beleeve in the whole World Kine is without doubt in greater abundance there than in Tartary agreeable to the opinion of all Travailers and Geographers who have given an account of either The rich Furs which are yearly exported hence to most places of the World sufficiently testify the superabundancy of Foxes Sables Martens c. But most dangerous it is to travel alone for the many Beasts of prey which run together in vast and innumerable Troops and those when the Earth is covered with Snow very bold and daring insomuch that the Inhabitants are in continual danger and are fain to keep their gates barricado'd from those cruel Animals to secure themselves and their Cattel nay it has been often known that they have undermined Houses in some parts and devoured whole Families at a time Wild-Fowl I have seen of several kinds as chiefly Heath-hens Herns Wildgeese and Cranes by Millions in a flock together As for smallbirds by which I mean Larks Finches and the like which we hold for great delicacies they have them in litle or no esteem and that by reason of the vast swarms for they fly together as thick as Gnats or Infects over a Pond These are havock'd by the Hawks Faulcons and Merlins which are there in a proportionable plenty to the prey The Rivers and standing Lakes are stored with Fish of all kinds which are throughout the whole Land incredibly cheap in sum Moscovia has whatsoever is necessary for Food and Rayment as good and at as easy rates as any other Land in the World none excluded altho I do not say but that one Province differs much from another and that every particular Province and Region has something or other as proper or peculiar to it's self Wolodomir is reputed to be of so good a Soil that from one Bushel of pure Grain sown is sometimes 20 or 25 produced in Harvest and yet Rhesan is reckoned far more fertile than the other for from every single Seed ariseth 3 stalks and sometimes more which is not commonly found in any other Province in all Russia This Province affoards likewise the best and most Beavers The Dutchy of Syberia is the most woody of all other Provinces within the Empire of the great Czaar especially towards the Northeast where at Braquin there is a Wood which takes it's beginning the end whereof none ever yet was known to find out This Wood is the main place whence the Moscovians fetch their richest Pelure and Furs as Ermins Sables and Black Fox which is one of the richest Pelts in the World Volske Smolensko and Beleasor deliver vast quantities of Skins and Furs which the Inhabitants bring up yearly to Moscou and other eminent Marts Ustioga is a Province that yields great store of Cattel and many sorts of Fish yet very Barren as to grain Rostof is the only Province for Salt Dwino is a barren and dry land but the Inhabitants obtain great Riches of the Furs which is the Principal Trading of that Province These they barter with what Commodities and Necessaries they find themselves destitute of In this Province are many white Bears which seem to live as well by Sea as Land Viatke has great want of Grain yet store of Fish Honey Wax and also Pelts Petzora is very montanous in which Principality I have heard it averr'd That there are some mountains that require 10 days work to ascend The Valleys of this Province are fertile enough and very good pasturage yet Corn will not take kindly there What may be further said of Astrachan and the Tartarian Regions now in subjection to the Great Duke I shall wave till I come to make mention of things as I found them upon our Arrival there CHAP. V. The Form Nature and Propertie of the Russes Their ordinary Diet. Their great esteem of Brandy Their litigious humors and inclinations to Quarrelling Their ordinary Habit. Women use painting of their Faces Their manner of their Marriages and nuptial Solemnities THe right Moscovians or Russians for the Tartars now under Protection of the Czar we shall speak of in their due place are mostly able corpulent and big especially of Head Arms and Legs The Common sort are very hard by Nature and patient in extremity seldom pamper their Bodies with soft lying when they rest or delicat Diet when they eat In summer they lie upon boards or at best upon straw and in Winter on the tops of their Ovens or Cackels where Man and Wife Children and Servants lie all down together without any distinction at all Utensils they have not many but so many as themselves judge needfull which are Earthen or Iron Pots Wooden Dishes Brandy-and Metheglin-Cups which

Every man is licens'd to fetch it that lists only allowing Two pence half-penny for 80 Pound for duty to the Emperour In this Heath or Wilderness called the Step is a strange kind of Fruit found named Baronez or Barnitsch from the Word Boran which is a Lamb in the Russian Tongue because of its form and similitude much resembling a sheep having Head Feet and Tail and what is more worthy of Note a skin of white shining Hair and soft as Silk This Skin is held in great esteem by the Tartars and Russes and sold for a good price as I have paid my self sometimes 5 or 6 Roebels and doubled my money when I sold it again One of those Skins is to be seen at the House of Mr. John Swammerdam in Amsterdam a Gentleman famous for collection of the Rarities of Nature from every place of the World but that of his he had from a Seaman that had been formerly a Slave in China where coming into a Wood found of this Fruit and brought away as many Skins as made him a Coat The Description he gave of them did very much agree with what the Inhabitants of Astrachan informed me of them It grows upon a low Stalk about 2 foot and a half high some higher and is supported just at the Navel the Head always hangs down as if it pastured or fed of the Grass and when the Grass decays it perishes but this I ever look'd upon as ridiculous altho the Inhabitants asseverated to me by many Oaths that they have often out of curiosity made experience of that by cutting away the Grass upon which it instantly fades away However what I might further add as to what they say of this Fruit and what I my self beleeve in the wonderfull Operations of a secret Sympathy in nature I shall rather keep to my self than aver or impose upon the Reader what I am sensible will be universally exploded for a Fable Certain it is there is nothing which is more coveted by Wolves than this and the Inward parts of it are more congruous with the Anatomy of that Animal than Mandrakes are with Men. The Nagayan and Crim-Tartars are thick and corpulent broad-fac'd and litle-eied The Eies of the Men are wrinkled like old Wives Their Beard grows very slovenly here and there a hair and shave their Heads bare on the Crown yet these are not altogether so ougly as the Calmucs Their Habit is altogether as gentile as their Persons are comely their upper vestment either of a very course stuff with every thred as fine as a Tobacco-pipe or else of Sheepskins with the Wool-side outward their Caps and Hose of the same colour where they wear any for they use as litle Rigging as they can The Women like the Calmuccers wear a course linnen Coat and round Caps bulging out like a Helmet Their Firstborn Children are generally dedicated to some Saint or other in token whereof if it be a male he wears a Ring in his right Ear but if a Girl in her right Nostril In the Summer season they have no fast place but pasture over all the face of the Countrey as we have said of the Calmucs When they march they carry their Tents upon high Wagons made on purpose and so take their Wives and Children with them and drive their Cattel before them their Moveables they set upon Camels Horses and sometimes upon Kine Thus they go up and down all the Summer and when the Winter approaches pitch together about Astrachan appearing like a great Army where they can assist each other in time of need against the Calmucks their perpetual Enemies who when the VVolga freezes sometimes assail them and to the end that they may the better oppose their said Enemies in such case the VVaywode or Governour of Astrachan provides them Arms which at the breaking up of the Camp they are to redeliver and for security send some of their chief Princes as a Pledge to Astrachan where they are committed to the Cittadel and upon their restoring of their Amunition are surrendred into their hands again The Nagayans follow the Fishing-trade as also Fowling Hunting and Pasturing of Cattel and are reputed the best Herds-men in the world Their Kine are generally great their Sheep very fair and fat having great Tails like the Rams in Palaestine some weighing 20 or 30 pound a piece their noses bending upwards and their Ears hanging like a Spanial Their Horses are but ugly shaped but very durable in running They have also some Camels but not many Their chief Diet is dried Fish which they use in stead of Bread They have also a way of making bread of Rice which they knead in Oil and Honey and so bake it in Cakes All kinds of Flesh they eat except Swine holding Horse-flesh for the best Their Drink is Water and Milk esteeming Mares-milk above all other They profess the Mahometan Religion and are of the Persian sect The Czaar allows them Laws and Judges of their own They are also Tribute-free but in stead of Tribute are to bring several Thousand men to field upon occasion CHAP. XIII Divisions and Limits of the Cosacks The Offspring of Stenko The Reason of his Revolting The first beginning of his Insolency His treacherous Cruelty The Governour of Astrachan makes preparation against him He betakes himself to flight and reconciles himself with the Czar The Incredible Riches and costly Attire of the Cosacks The Person of Stenko Radzin described The meeting and discourse of the Author with Stenko Radzin He keeps a Persian Princess for his Concubine which he throws with his own hand into the Wolga His Punishment for Adultery ON the 3 of September came several Dutch Officers aboard who bad us welcom and invited us respectivly to their Houses where we went and were kindly receiv'd and entertained Just upon our Arrival here the Russian Fleet was set out against the Cosaks But before I treat any thing about that Expedition I shall give you a praevious Narrative of an Uproar raised and headed by Stenko Radzin and then the rest in order There are two Nations of the Cosacks the Saporoksky and the Donsky The former of these were sometime subjects to the Polish Crown and keep themselvs about the Boristhenes and Kiof upon 50 Islands which are environed with that famous River They call those Islands in their own proper Tongue Porog which is as much as to fay Stairs and therefore are called Sa-porogsky Their work is to watch the Irruption of the Tartars or other Enemies upon the Polish Territories They are called Cosacks from the Slavonian word Cosa which is as much as to say a Spirit by reason of their admirable celerity of Motion being always ready at hand upon occasion The Donski or Don-Cosaks are those who live upon the famous River Tanats by the Natives called Don and are properly under the Jurisdiction of the Czar although more out of their free and voluntary disposition for they have

that were willing for we saw the Vessel jogg too and again very lightly that we easily suspected some bad design as afterward it appeared for when they saw us wind about they made all the Sail they could and pursued us till finding that we were very well armed they gave over their chace The men aboard were Cosacks and as we beleeved of Radzins Folk Finding that they left us we consulted which way to steer and resolved to let drive before the Wind. We sounded and found 4 fathom and came in a short time close by Zierlan which we found to ly in 43 degr 7 min. From hence we saw the famous Ararat mounting his head far above the Caucasus which was nearer us The Land of the Island Zierlan is all covered with shells which seem to be wash'd over with high Floods and Inundations whence I presume none will Inhabit it About evening we put off and after an hours failing sounded and found we had 6 fathom and a sandy ground When night came we were surprized with a great Tempest and the Sea rose mountains high insomuch that we expected every moment to go to bottom and so we were thrown to and again on the tops of the billows In the morning it began to clear up and the Winds abated something so that we made a litle sail and indeavoured to steer towards the High-lands on the Circas coast After much labour in beating through the Waves and danger of our lives we got that heighth We sailed by a Tartarian City Seated near the Water between two Hills and by the way met with a Moscovian Boes where the Men aboard had acquaintance with us having lay with their Vessel aboard our Ship at Astrachan The said Men invited us all to dinner of Fresh Mutton and Rice which they first parboiled and afterward stewed with Butter of which we made a hearty meal After we had taken our leaves of them we steered away by the Coast and saw many pleasant Valleys and a fruitfull Countrey When the Evening came on and we seeing it good weather resolved that night to take our rest which we had not done for 3 nights together and to that end dropped anchor On the 20 we came within 15 Leagues of Derbent which is the land of the Dagestan Tartars who are so called for that they inhabit the hilly Countrey the word Dag in their tongue signifying a Mountain That part of the Countrey which lies toward the Sea is dry and heathy but within land very fruitfull as afterward to our sorrow we found it The men are very robust and able of Body of a deep swarthy complexion and terrible to look at Their Habit is much at one with the Circas-Tartars Their shoes are onely made of an Horses hide undrest and of one piece drawn together above the foot with Thongs Their Arms are only Bow Arrows and a Scimmatar although some have also Spears and Launces when they ride out or go upon any expedition they put themselves in Harnass to wit a Helmet and a Target They are great Men-stealers not sticking if they find oppo●tunity to sell their own Relations or Children of their nearest Friends which they bring to the Turks and Persians They are very bold and not easily daunted at any forreign Power trusting to the steep cragg● and Mountains which are to others inaccessible They are Mahometans by profession but sorry Zealots for their Religion The Wome● feed and keep cattel but their men go out a Robbing These Mountains are very barren and sandy except where it is chalky The next day we weighed anchor and came before the Tartari● town Boynak which when we had just passed by it began to blow very hard from the Sea ward we having then about 16 fathom Water In the mean time the Sea began to grow very rough and hollow that we were forced to run the Shallop immediately a strand for fear of overturning being then but 5 leagues from Derbent which was the nearest Land Directly before the coast lay a long Rif or Bank and round about us was rocks which we by the grace of GOD escaped tho very narrowly for indeavoring to get our selves afloa● again we ran into a Circle of Rocks about 3 or 4 foot under Water and had much labour to get clear Having now wrought our selves out we gave our selves over to the mercy of Heaven letting the Boat drive what way it would till at last by a great Sea we were thrown upon the strand without either loss of men or Goods every man packing up what they thought fit to carry along with them The Goods which belonged to Capt. Butler and Mr. Termund we buried in the Sand thinking to send for them upon occasion by the Persians But most unhappy proved this our landing here for no sooner were we come ashoar but we were espied by the Tartars who came and delved up the Goods we had so hidden and carried it away upon their Horses to a litle Village hard by and brought the news of such an accidental Booty to Aly Sultan their Prince who came on Horse back with a guard of Troopers to seek us Altho by day we hid our selves in the Woods and by night went forward on our Journey Having remained one night in the Woods where we took our rest Our Company consulted what was best to do whether to march forward on our journey or to tarry It was advised by the major part to go but I was rather desirous to tarry 3 or 4 days longer till the heat of the pursuit was over that so thinking when the Tartars should have sought for us a while in vain they would give us over for lost However they were very forward to be going and rejected my Council In the mean while C. Brak slept with his wife and child at a litle distance from us and the rest of the Company would that we should leave them there because that the Woman and Child were but a cumber to us So soon as I understood their intent was to leave them so I insisted on the contrary with words to this effect Pray Gentlemen remember your selves to what end should you do such an unworthy act and leave those poor souls behind us who have neither Money nor means to subsist and must in all apparency perish in a strange place and then what guilt must we have upon our Consciences But know this if you indeed resolve to go and leav'em it is also my resolution to cry out and make our Fates equal When they saw me so zealous and in a hot passion they were contented to take them with us I was the more concerned at it for his Fathers sake who when we left our Native Countrey show'd us all imaginable Friendship and therefore indeared him the more to me About half a day we marched with Muskets and other heavy Armor upon our shoulders besides our baggage along the sides of the Mountains till at last we came into a

Engine a turn upon which the Woman fell into the fire 'T is true the Woman seemed by vertue of that Potion to be fallen into a Cataphor or Dead-sleep yet I heard her shriek out several times till the Drums Pipes Trumpets and other Wind-Music began to play which was so loud and altisonant that I could not hear any longer althô I got a place near the Pile which was erected for these Ceremonies Such practise was also in use among the Idolaters of Palaestina who offered their Children to Moloch When the Fire had consumed all the Ashes were thrown into the River On the 21 was a great noise in Town about 2 Men that were murthered and the Homicides unknown The Widows Children and Friends of the Partys murthered brought the Dead Bodies to the Gates of the Princes Palace as demanding Justice and Punishment for the Delinquency About two hours they sat by the Bodies with their Heads and Right Arms bare as a token that those were their Allies and Friends and kissed the Corpses several times for they repute those that are so murthered indisputably Saints in Heaven Hither flocked also Women from all parts and Countreys round about esteeming it a work of merit The Persons murthered were but ordinary People and Citizens of the meanest sort so that the Chan did not use much diligence in hunting out the Malefactors for without Money Justice is rarely don After the Corps had laid here about 2 hours as was said they were by Order of the Chan carried away upon Barrows and interred in the Field with som few Ceremonies Every night were set up several Torches and by day went Hundreds of Women to perform the usual Solemnities and superstitious Rites at their Tombs The Ceremonies are as vain as foolish which they do about the Dead at their first coming there they bow down three times at the Grave and as often kiss it adorning the Place round about with Flags of several Colours which they make fast to sticks On the 27 was a general Exultation expressed at Scamachy with Beating of Drums Sounding of Trumpets and variety of Wind-Music for that the Chans Son had a Robe of Favour bestowed upon him and one of the Kings Wives which were sent him for a Present as a Mark of Loyalty and indeed the latter is never don but upon the score of an exceeding high Favour and althô they have the names of the Kings Wives yet it mostly happens that they are pure Virgins it being a thing impossible that he should make use of so many as are dayly brought to him from all parts of his wide Dominions which are alwaies the most select Beauties however the Grandees of Persia are less contented when they find them Maids than otherwise and for that reason do as duly conceal it as others who find the contrary on privat Occasions For say they 't is a Greater Honour to fish in the Kings Pond than in one of their own Nor are the Women altogether sad at such disposals since they live as it were in the State of Widdow-hood for som years together the number of them being so great On the 1 of Febr. was a Man beat to death with Canes by order of the Chan none understanding the reason why The Execution was don by the Domestics of the Palace for they have no Ordinary Executioner These tied him Hand Foot which don they fell a caning him with Sticks or Ciplins having a great knot at the End no member was spared in his whole for having threshed him a while on his Back they began with his Sides and afterward his Belly Thighs Leggs Arms c. which kind of Death must needs be a greater Torment than Breaking upon the Wheel which we hold too cruel and inhuman althô in use in most Countreys in Europe The same day towards night we had another formidable Earth-quake and out of the Caves was heard a most hideous roaring and yelling before it began so that none durst sleep or come near any house however it lasted not very long but ceased with the destruction of a few Houses which were buried in their Rubbish The next day came an Express to Scamachi from the Court at Ispahan with Instructions for the Chan to com to Court and as he and many more beleeved to suffer the direfull effects of the Kings displesure yet the Courier privatly assured him on the contrary as that it was to receiv som Royal Present Betimes in the morning on the next day the Chan set out for Kallikklefthan which is a Pleasant Dwelling belonging to the King and about half a Dutch league distant from Scamachy being accompanied with his own Son the Calenter all the Nobility and Courtiers as also our Lord the Polish Ambassador and the Poslanic of Armenia The Chan himself was mounted on a stately Arabian Horse richly Capparison'd the Mounchet or Saddle-Cloth richly embroydered and set with Pearls and Precious Stones the Chaplets Bitts and Buckles were of pure and solid Gold and all the rest of the Accoutrements suitably rich and splendid The young Prince was equally well mounted with his Father on a Horse bespread with very rich Trappings and a noble Harnass The rest of the Retinue likewise appear'd with as much Pomp and Stateliness every one agreeable to his Quality After this Cavalcade follow a great Train of Citizens every one in his best Garb. When he came near the place he sent out an Usher to acquaint the Envoyé with his coming who then went out to meet him sending a Gentleman before him with the Robe himself following after leading a stately Horse on which the Lady was mounted which the King had sent him guarded with a Circle of Noblemen all mounted on horseback and a gallant Troop of Cavalry armed with long Carbines Bows and Arrows So soon as the Chan saw them approach he allighted from his Horse as did also the young Prince his Son and all the Retinue walking softly on foot till they came close together at what time the Envoye or Wakenutz reached forth his hand and delivered the Chan a Box of Gold which he received with demonstration of respect and in humble manner after the Persian fashion This don he delivered him the Robe which the Chan received with som Ceremonies customary among the Grandees and forthwith drew it on Last of all the Envoyé brought up the Bride as she sat on Horseback and delivered her to the Chan who very reverently bowed laying one hand on his breast and the other on the Bridle close by the Bitts upon which the Lady held forth her Hand which the Chan kissed and so mounting on his Horse closed up with her and taking leav of the Envoyé rode away presenting the Envoye with som Gifts which he sent back to Kaliklefthan By the way they were met with innumerable companies of People from all parts who came as nigh as they well durst or were permitted to see the

Assailed and Plundered A famous stone Bridge The sepulchre of Zeyde Tzeybrail Arrival at Ardebil The Situation of that Town The bitter Cold. Great and raging Whirl-winds Extraordinary good Wheat The great Toll and Duty paid for Sheep Seven and Fifty Towns within the Jurisdiction of Ardebil A Description of the City of it's Streets and of the Street of Strumpets who are Poëtesses and ordained to compose Hymns of Praise to the name of the Great Aly. Free Places within the City The Markets and Shops Sumptuous Mezids and Chappels ON the 30 dito by Gods good Conduct we set forward with the whole Caravan which consisted of 2000 Men or upwards and about 1000 Camels and Horses of Carriage My Master also had 20 Horses of his own in particular loaden with Chestnuts for a Present to the King of Persia for one having any Matter or Affair at Court never appears before either the Scach or any subordinat Prince empty handed Our way was over very high and steep hills amongst which we found the Sepulchre of a great Persian Saint called Pyr Mardechan being at the foot of the Mountains of Faherlu The Countrey here about lies waste and desart there being neither Inhabitant nor Provision to be had by the way so that we made all the hast we could to get the Carawansera This hard travailing was not very unwelcom to us because that the weather was cold althô som of the Horses being heavy loaden and tired were left behind About the Evening we came to Kasily where we took up our nights lodging The Countrey round about Casily is altogether barren and dry except here and there some good pasturage so that the manner of Living with the Inhabitants is like that of the Tartars moving to and again over the face of the Countrey with their Wives Children Utensils Cattel and what else they have and when they set down pitch their Tents all in Rows which they call Ostak During our travailing thrô this Countrey we could get litle else but Milk to refresh our selves however my Patron out of his Bounty would not suffer me to want for any thing but imparted to me what he had as well Victuals to eat as Wine to drink which served me for a good Breast-plate against the Cold. Having staid one night at Kasily we set forward and about 8 a clock the next evening came to a fair Village called Tzawaar or Tzawat as some call it which is so much as to say a Thorow-fare because that here is the Passage which brings over the grand River Araxes and here every one is to show his Pasport out of fear that some Turks should slip over with the Caravan of whom the Persian is alwaies jealous and are constrained to take sharp notice of every particular Person At this place is a long Bridge made of Keels and thwarted with massy Planks that are fastned together with great Bolt and Chains which for better security is guarded with a good number of Soldiery When we were transported over the said River we took our Nights-rest in the Open-fields The River Araxes takes its head about the high Mountains between Schirwan and Mokan behind Mount Ararat running North-east till it finds the River Kur or Cyrus where it disgorgeth it self about 39 degr 54 min. Northerly latitude where these two Rivers are incorporated Kur as it is vulgarly called rises in the Mountains of Georgia or Gurgistan Araxes is reckoned to be one of the swiftest Rivers in all Asia very deep and good Water Araxes also receives several other noble Rivers to wit Carasu Senki and Kerni Arpa About the Mouth of Carasu it is at the deepest but about a league from Ordabath it makes a horrisonant roaring and a most hideous murmur where it receives the floods of the famous Mochan which River as well as the Araxes abounds with various kinds of Fish The Banks which in most Places mount very high are all grown ore with the shrub Gli●yrrhiza a kind of Liquirice as also Liquirice of the common kind but far thicker than either the Spanish German or that which is brought from Moscovia for I have seen som of it that was thicker than my Arm. On the 3 of November we travailed 5 leagues over the Heath of Mochan and saw by the way many Hurdles and Boors Cottages but durst not call at any to provide our selvs with Refreshments being sensible of the perils for hither are all those sent to Exile whom the Scach thinks good to banish and hither resort all the Mutineers so that these like the Banditti in the Alps render the way very unsafe and incommodous to travel somtimes surprizing and assailing the Caravans when they find themselves of Force enough or the Caravan too weak to withstand'em On the 4 th dito we set forward and in the way found the River Baltharu which for Greatness gives place to all the before named but for the Multitudes of Tortoises that are taken here about no less famous nor inferiour to any other in all the surface of the Countrey All along the Banks we saw holes and caves which those Animals had made in the Sand the shoar appearing like a Coney-borrough These Caves have their mouth or entrance alwaies to the Southward where they lay their Eggs. On the Countrey through which this River softly glides we saw several Cottages or Tents as we did the day before but found the Inhabitants harmless and very poor yet merry and jocund the Children were stark naked and the Men and Woman had hardly cloaths enough to cover their middle They received us in very friendly manner according to their ability bringing us Milk for our selvs and Provender for the Camels and Horses which they sold at a very mean and inconsiderable Price considering under what necessity we were then This day we travailed 6 Dutch Leagues On the 5 we travailed about as far as we did the day before but were fain to take up our Lodging under the great Canopy of Heaven setting down with the whole Caravan near som Water-pitts where we found good pasturage for the Beasts considering the season of the year The next day we found an end of the Heath Mokan and had High-land to travail over as the Mountains of Bethzyrvan or Bethzyrum This day we crossed a small River if I well remember 12 times having a crooked or serpentine Course which the Merchants of Scamachy for their Conveniency had promised a considerable Sum of Money to som Ingenieurs to to make streight yet by reason of many intervening Hills and those mostly of a hard rock could not be effected At night we got the Village Schechmurat where my Patron sent me out to fetch som Spring-Water but being about half an English mile without the Town was assail'd by 3 Robbers who suddenly came running out upon me having their Eies fixed my Armor so that in all probability that which I had for my Defence would have been my

his Mess-Mates hoping that it would go no further but it was not long before it came to the Captains Ear who without the lest warning came and commanded the Chest to be broken up where he found the Stones and gave the Ass half a Hundred Blows on the Ribbs for his pains and so was I bereaved of the last and best Tresure I had The only thing they left me was my Papers and Journal which was not without much Intreaty a poor Abstract for so many years Misery having inclusivly no more to thank nay much less the Christians than the Mahometans and Pagans save for my Slavery for which I may not blame any in particular it being a general Rule among them to convert such as they hold for Heteredox to Slaves Thus being newly delivered out of one misery I was immediatly involved in another and so far might this despair have wrought wit● me that had it not bin the Goodness of GOD to indue me with● more laudable and a more pious Principle I could have willingly thrown my self praecipitantly out of the World being weary of Life and as unwilling to embrace the greatest Solace that can be expected yea or enjoyed in this wearisom Pilgrimage to the Grave which puts an end to all corporal Afflictions and the Haven whither we are all a failing howsoever we be provided for that Spiritual Mart. Nor do I doubt but that those who shall have the Patience to read these Memorials will imagine my Misery to have bin great B● I farther praesume that they in the most earnest contemplation of thi● Schaeme of anxiferous and calamitous Events that from time to time have befallen me will never be such real Compatients as to surve the amaritude of my Sufferings by the Scale of their Thoughts and Censures Yet welcom most welcom be the Decrees of the most glorious LORD of Life and HE out of his immense Bounty grant me patience to suffer what he is pleased to inflict upon me how severe so ever it be Eight days before our Arrival there had the English taken in the Island being forced to put in there for want of Water not knowing any thing to the contrary but that it was still in possession of their own Nation and were sent out to convoy their East-India Ships howeward but coming into the Bay were not a little surprised that they were saluted with Balls in stead of loose Powder However the English were resolved to com ashoar som way or other for they were destitute of Water all the 7 Ships of War and the Merchant-men with the Fire Ship hardly able to make out 15 Hogsheads of Water and were besides that at a great loss for Refreshments having been long off at Sea to and again The Admiral therefore gave command to attempt an entrance at the South side of the Island where it was so narrow that they could not go abov 4 in a rank insomuch that if the Hollanders could have missed so many men out of the Fort might have knockt them all down with Stones with 50 or 60 Men so that the English invaded the Island unmolested The Governour seeing that they were surprised and he unable to defend himself against so great a Power surrendred upon Articles and Composition This was the Relation of the English On the 4 of June the English got two Ships more of the 5 that followed us with another coming from Ceylon who not knowing any thing to the contrary but that the Hollanders were still Masters of the Island came sailing without any dread directly thither from the Cape For the English had planted the Princes Flag aloft and a Red Flag on the High way which was a privat Token that the Hollanders had among themselves When I remarked what the meaning of all this was and how easily our Ships would be deceived I went to the Shore where I espied the Ships not abov half a Dutch league distant and immediatly pulled of my Shirt and set it upon a Stick that at lest they might begin if they should have the Fortune to see it to consider well with themselvs what such might import but it seemed that they took no notice of it or else did not see it otherwise it had bin time enough for them to have scap'd the Scouring 'T was not long before I was spied by two English Sentinels who came in all hast and beat me after a most lamentable manner which when they had don brought me before the Governour who asked me what I meant by that Token I told him with great liberty That I thought it my duty to warn my Nation from the Peril which they were ready to run in and that I supposed that if I had bin an Englishman and had known them under the like Circumstances I should have don no more than what I was bound to do To which the Governour smiling replied That I did honestly and deserved to be commended but withall charged me not to transgress any more and so let me go without any further Trouble Whence we may learn what difference there is between drinking at the Fountain and drinking at the Current Mean while the Ships came on undauntedly and were hardly sailed within the Bay but descryed a Lyon in an Asses Skin in stead of an Ass in a Lions Skin and discerned a Wolfs Body with a Sheeps Voice the Colours they saw spoke good Dutch but the Ships danced an English Jig wherefore they thought it best to tack about and make all the sail they could which the English perceiving out after them all in a Body and took the Admiral and Vice-Admiral but the Rere-Admiral and the other 2 made their Escape and could not be overtaken The Admiral behaved himself with good courage and had probably not bin taken if his Mizzin Peek had not bin brought by the board The Ship that engaged and took him was the West-Freezlandt being formerly a Dutch Ship and taken by the English in the year .1665 and was now mounted with 54 Guns Our Admiral would fain have boarded her but could not for the English poured incessantly upon them with small shot insomuch that he was fain to yield the Commander himself being wounded in the Leg. The next day we were ordered to go aboard directing our Course for Ascension Island which serv the English for a Rendezvous where we arrived on the 19 of Iune Here the Men went to take Tortoises which are there in very great abundance som of 200 and som 300 lb. weight These Creatures are Amphibious that is to say living as well by water as by land but by night com upon the Strand where they lay their Eggs which are by the heat of the Sun engendred in the sand The Island Ascension lies in 8 degr and 30 min. Southerly Latitude about 40 Leagues from Saint Helena It is altogether rocky and produces nothing of growth having in it high Hills yet not so high as those in Saint Helena The whole

the Sepulchre of an Emperour and 70 Kings 173. Sattiry Boggere an Island at the Mouth of the Wolga taken in by the Cosac Rebells 173. The Rebells erect there a Watch-Tower 185. Sauceages of Bologne how made 72. Savona flu 72. Scabaran a Cape in the Caspian Sea 224. Item a City in Media famous for Rice 237. Scalimene Lemnos so called 91. Scamachi or Sumahi a famous Mart in Media it's Situation 238. Described 239. Very subject to Earth-quakes ibid. Scirwan an eminent Place for great plenty of Silk 2●3 Scorpions very annoysom at Kaschan 311. Scyro Insul 110. Sierlan an Island 203. Sierras or Scyras described 331. Skorodom a part of Moscou so called 135. Slave market at Ervan 213. At Derbent 238. Slaves how unjustly used by the Turks 80. How used at Derbent 228. And in Moscovia 138. Smeriglio a blackstone of great esteem found at Nicsia 109. Smiowa a Mountain 173. Smolensko 136. Spoon meat much used in Russia 137. Stampalia or Astypalaea one of the Cyclid Islands 109. Standia the Rendevous of the Venetians 103. Stariza taken in by the Cosacks and 1200 Soldiers kill'd 194. Stenko or Stephen Radzin see Radzin Storm at Sea near Xante 74. Sultan of Derbent very favourable to the Hollanders 233. Sultanie a famous Town in Persia described Swiatki 166. Syberia a woody Countrey in Moscovia famous for Furrs 136. The Place of exile for Men that beat their Wives too much 140. T. TAfflis a City in Georgia 249. Taurus Mount. 299. Teil-tree see Linden tree Temple of Jerusalem at Moscou 134. Of Appollo it's Ruins 109. Tenedos besieged by the Venetian Armade and surrendred upon Articles 91. Described ibid. Besieged again by the Turks but in vain 104. Tenos the Castle blown up with its own Powder 110. Terky a Moscoviam City its Situation and present condition 203. Terra Lemnia or Sigillata 92. Torstok a River and City in Moscovia 126. Tobacco coveted by the Russians 126. Forbidden by Proclamation to be smoked 140. Tortoises in great abundance at Balharu in Persia 283. At Ascension Island 358. Trachana and Bouchort two sorts of Bread made at Mytilene very durable 109. Troy the Remnant of that famous City 78. The Author taken in a Vineyard near Troy and made slave by the Turks Tweer a City in Moscovia 126. Tzanle a beautifull Town in Persia 284. Tzawaar a Place in Persia where every one is to show a Pasport 282. Tzornoyar a City in Russ-Tartary 176. Tzurbag oppid 203. V. VIathe its Sterility but abundance of Furrs Honey and Fish 136. Volske a Province in Moscovia rich of Furs 136. Ustioga a Province in Moscovia famous for plenty of Fish and Cattel 137. W. WAter consecrated by the Armenian Christians 248. Wax a great Commodity in Moscovia 135. Whirlpools in the Caspian Sea 222. Whore-market at Caswin in Persia 305. Wildgeese and Pelicans in great abundance about the Caspian Sea 201. Wolf baiting at Moscou 129. Great multitudes of those Beasts near Colomna in Moscovia 161. Wolmar oppid described 118 119. Wolodomir a fertile countrey in Russia 136. Wood A Wood in Syberia whose end cannot be found out 137. X. XAnte an Island affoarding great plenty of wine 74. Many Earth-quakes on that Island 99. Great scarcity of Water ibid. Z. ZAntorini an Island subject to Earthquakes and Meteors 107. Wine very cheap on this Island 107. The Author left ashoar and in great peril of being taken ibid. Zelandia a Fort in East-India 63. Zemschi Precaus a Place in Russia where any person that is found Dead is brought and exposed to public view 150. Zide Tzaybrail taken up and canonised after he had bin dead 100. years 215. His Sepulchre described 290. The Revenues of the same 296. Zierlan or Tzierlan an Island on the Caspian Sea 203. Zouaschi a Nest of Turkish Pyrats 107. Taken by Lazaro Mocenigo ibid. ERRATA PAg. 117. l. 3. read and shave all their Hair except p. 52. l. 12. before ibid. l. 20. steel p. 3. l. 27. about ibid. valleys 45.18 with p. 71. l. 20. Gratitude left p. 153. l. 30. for than read thou If any thing else occurr that may obscure the sence which by reason of my absence from the Press happens in some places the Reader I hope will either be pleased to pardon or amend with the Pen as also the Literal Errors which my leisure at this time will not permit me to rectify NB. The Book-binder may also please to take notice that the Print of the Massacre of Astrachan may be more fittly placed at pag. 373. than before the Narrativs according to the Directions given after the Elenchus in the fore part of the Book * Blancan in Chronol Mathem * Erasm de Utilit Colloqu * Martial in his 10th Book of Epigrams DEC 1647. Set sail from Texel January 1648. FEBR. 1648. Storm at Sea Arrival de Genua Description of Genua Genua Velez Malaga JUNE 164● Arrival at Boa Vista Description of the Sale Islands The Island Majo JULY 1648. The Island Majo * A kind of Sea-bream St. Jago Ilha del Fuogo JULY 1670. JULY 1648. JUNE 1648. The King of Sierra Liones fettered and threatned to be hanged The houses of the Caffers pillaged and their Orchards Spoil'd Description of Sierra Liones * A kind of plant called also Milium and Hyrsi bearing a multitude of small grains from whence it hath that name SEPT 164● Arrival at Madagascar or sas it is by some called S. Laurence OCTO● 1648. The Death of Mr. John Benning Captain of the St. Bernard Tumults thereupon Both the Ships rea-ady to sight Voogt yields and goes aboard is clapt into Fetters Result of the Council of War concerning the Officers and Ships-folk * Perhaps Porcupines which are of late grown common in Europe Why an Apt Commit a Rape The Inhabitants their Nature Garb and Posture Their Houses Their Habit and Attire Their Marriages Their Funerals Impious cruelty over their Children Their Religion Their Circumcision * An Assagay as themselvs call it is a kind of dart about 5 or 6 foot long Their Government and Policy The manner of their Treating about Peace MAR. 1649. JAN 1650. The Ships surrendred to the Dutch Arrival at Siam The Kingdom of Siam described Judia Custome-Houses * Fifteen making a degree it follows that 3 Dutch miles must be 12 English land miles or four Leagues at Sea Soil and Fertility of Siam Fish The great value of Scate Skins Crocodiles used for Medicine Malefactors severely punished Stately Throne of the King Great plenty of Gold The Elephants served in Gold and Silver Of their Wars Quicquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi Revenues of the King of Siam The devour zeal of the Kings of Siam in erecting of Pagods Religious Houses-and Temples Soldiers without Pay and used as Slaves The Condition of the Citizens * Dutch Tuns without dispute * Which are their Ghostly Languages as Arabic in the Al●oran and Latin att Mass * For that were not consistent with Money catching in