with Timoleon to the Island that was peculiarly Consecrated to them Timoleon therefore and all those with him were very chearful upon the Apprehension that the Gods favoured their Enterprize and thereupon Ant. Ch. 343. Timoleon dedicated one of the best of his Ships to the Goddesses and ordered that it should be call'd the * Or called Ceres and Proserpina Sacred Ship of Ceres and Proserpina And now when the Fleet came safe as far as Metapontum in Italy there arrived a Galley which had the Carthaginian Ambassadors on board who upon a Conference with Timoleon charged him upon his Peril not to begin any War or so much as set his Foot upon Sicily But he being incouraged by them of Rhegium who promised to join with him loosed with all hast from Metapontum designing by his speed to prevent the Report of his Coming For he was in a great Fear left the Carthaginians who were much stronger at Sea should block up his Passage into Sicily Therefore he made away with all speed to Rhegium The Carthaginians having a little before received Intelligence that a great War was likely to break out through all Sicily carried themselves with all Civility towards the The Carthaginians prepare for War in Sicily Confederate Cities and putting an end to all Quarrels entred into Leagues of Amity and Friendship with the Princes of the Island especially with Hicetas General of the Syracusians who was the most Potent At length the Carthaginians having raised great number of Forces both by Sea and Land transported them into Sicily under the Command of Hanno their General They had with them a Hundred and fifty Sail of Long Ships a Land Army of Fifty thousand Men Three hundred Chariots and Two thousand * The Army of Carthaginians in Sicily Carts or Carriages drawn by two Horses apiece and besides these a great number of Arms of all sorts and Engines of Battery and an infinite Store of Corn Provision and all other Things necessary for War The first City they set upon was Entella and having wasted and spoiled the Lands round about they shut up the Inhabitants Entella besieged by a close Siege The Campanians possessed the City at that time and being terrified with the Multitude of their Enemies sent for Aid to the other Cities who hated the Carthaginians but none of them came in to them except them of Galeria who sent them a Thousand Armed Men who were intercepted by the Carthaginians and cut off every Man The Campanians who inhabited Aetna at first prepared to help them of Ant. Ch. 343. Entella upon the account of their Consanguinity but hearing of the Slaughter of the Galerians they judged it more Adviseable to sit still Dionysius at that time had regained his former Sovereignty over the Syracusians Hicetas therefore led a great Army thither and encamped at Olympus fortifying himself with a Breast-work and a Trench and drew Dionysius and Hicetas up against Dionysius then playing the Tyrant in the City But he protracted the Siege for some time through want of Provision and marched away to Leontum from whence he first moved But Dionysius pursued him and fell upon his Rear which occasioned the whole Army to ingage For Hircetas wheeled about fought and routed him killing Three thousand of his Mercenaries upon the Spot and put the rest to Flight and pursuing them so hotly that he fell pell-mell with him into the City and so possessed himself Hicetas takes Syracuse of the whole City of Syracuse except the Island And thus went Matters between Hicetas and Dionysius at that time But Timoleon arriving at Rhegium the third Day after the taking of Syracuse lay with his Fleet in the Port next to the City At that time came into Port Twenty Carthaginian Gallies The Rhegians favouring Timoleon called an Assembly and proposed Terms of Compounding Matters so that the Carthaginians supposing Timoleon would be persuaded Ant. Ch. 343. to return home were not careful to place sufficient Guards Timoleon therefore himself not giving the least Ground to suspect his Flight kept close to the Court but ordered that Nine of his Ships should set Sail and make away with all the hast they could In the mean time while the Thoughts of the Carthaginians were intent upon the Speeches of the Rhegians which were lengthen'd out of Purpose and Design Timoleon privately Timoleon escapes from Rhegium by a Wile withdraws himself and makes to the Ship that was left and hoises up Sail and away he goes The Carthaginians thus deluded endeavoured to pursue him but because he was got too far off and Night approached Timoleon with his whole Fleet arrived safe at Tauromenum Andromachus the Prince of that City who always was a Friend to the Syracusians courteously received the Refugees and was greatly serviceable to them in their avoiding of the Pursuers Hicetas afterwards with an Army of Five thousand Men came against Adriana and encamped near the City But Timoleon drawing some Regiments out of Tauromenum marched from thence having with him at the most but a Thousand Men. And going out of the Town in the Twilight he reached Adriana the next Day there he set up the Hicetians at the very time they happened to be at Meat and broke in upon their Camp and killed Three hundred and took Six hundred Prisoners and possessed himself of the Camp To this Stratagem he added another for he made straight away with all speed to Syracuse and dispatching his March with all speed he broke into the City on a sudden and by the swiftness of his March came there before those that fled And these were the Transactions of this Year Lycisco executed the Office of Archon at Athens and Marcus Valerius and Marcus Popilius Olymp. 109. 1. Ant. Ch. 342. An. M. 3604. were created Roman Consuls when the Hundred and Ninth Olympiad was celebrated wherein Aristolocus the Athenian won the Course This was likewise the first time that the Romans entred into a League with the Carthaginians In Caria Idreius Prince of the Carians died after he had reigned Seven Years whom Ada both his Wife and Sister succeeded and governed Four Years In Sicily Timoleon being strengthened with the Confederacy of them of Adranita and Tynderita greatly increased his Army In the mean time there were great Confusions in Syracuse by reason that Dionysius had got Possession of the Island Hicetas Achradina and the new City and Timoleon the rest of the City and lastly the Carthaginians had entred the great Harbour with a Fleet of an Hundred and fifty Sail and lay near encamped with an Army of Fifty thousand Men. And now Timoleon was in great Perplexity being invironed by so many Enemies when on a sudden the Tables were turned First Marcus Prince of Catana with a great Army came in to the Assistance of Timoleon Afterwards many of the Forts and Castles out of love of Liberty sided with him and presently the Corinthians
With these many Misfortunes the Syracusians were greatly discouraged but when they heard that Gylippus was arriv'd at Himera and raising Men they began to take Heart For Gylippus as Gylippus arrives at Himera soon as he came to Himera with Four Gallies only after he had secur'd his Ships brought in them of Himera to join with the Syracusians and from them and the Geleans Selinuntians and Sicanians he rais'd and listed Men who when they were all mustered made up a Body of Three Thousand Foot and Two Hundred Horse with which he march'd through the midst of the Country and entred into Syracuse And after a few Days led forth his Forces with those of the Syracusians against the Enemy Whereupon a sharp Battel was fought A Baatel fought near Syracuse wherein Lamachus the Athenian General was kill'd But at length after many kill'd on both sides the Athenians got the Day After this Fight came in Thirteen Gallies from Corinth whereupon Gylippus having drawn the Souldiers out of these Ships with them and the Syracusians set upon the Enemies Camp and assaulted the Epipole And though the Athenians made a Sally yet after a sharp Dispute and many of them kill'd they were routed by the Syracusians who presently demolish'd the Walls and Fortifications through all the Epipole The Athenians having lost this Place led away their Army to another Post These things thus perform'd the Syracusians sent Embassadors a Second time to Corinth and Lacedemon for further Supplies To whom were sent a Thousand Men from Corinth Beotia and Sicyon and from Sparta Six Hundred In the mean time Gylippus traversing the Country about from Town to Town in several Parts of Sicily brought in many to join with him in the War and being reinforc'd with Three Thousand Men from the Himereans and Sicanians Ant. Chr. 411. P. 335. he march'd his Army through the Heart of the Country But the Athenians having intelligence of their coming cut off one half of them by an Ambush the rest came safe to Syracuse And now they of Syracuse being incouraged with fresh Supplies determin'd to try their Fortune in a Sea-Fight What Shipping they had left they set forth and built others which they made use and â ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã trial of in the little Harbour Nicias the Athenian General acquainted the People of Athens by Letters that the Syracusians were much inforc'd and that they were putting forth a great Fleet with an intent to come to a Sea-Fight and therefore desir'd more Shipping and Moneys to be sent him and a Collegue to bear part of the Burden and Care of the War For Alcibiades being fled and Lamachus kill'd he only remain'd and that very infirm and unhealthful Upon this the Athenians sent into Sicily about the Summer Solstice Ten Gallies under the Command of Eurymedon with an Hundred and Forty Talents of Silver But withal preparing and designing to send a greater Fleet at the Spring And to that end Ant. Chr. 410. they rais'd Men and Money in every Place from among their Confederates In Peloponesus the Lacedemonians by the instigation of Alcibiades broke the League they had made with the Athenians and the heat of this War continu'd for the space of Twelve Years CHAP. II. The Lacedemonians invade Attica The Fight at Sea between the Syracusians and Athenians Eurymedon and Demosthenes arrive in Sicily A Plague in the Athenian Camp Another Fight between the Syracusians and Athenians The latter routed at Sea The Athenians ruin'd in Sicily Nicholaus's long Oration Gylippus his Answer THis Year ended Cleocritus governed in chief at Athens and at Rome Four Olymp. 91. 4. An. M. 3559. Ant. Ch. 410. Military Tribunes executed the Authority of Consuls that is to say Aulus Sempronius Marcus Papyrius Quintus Fabius and Spurius Nautius At this time the Lacedemonians invaded Attica under Agis their General and Alcibiades the Athenian They seize upon Decelia a Place very strong and fit for a Garrison and there they built a Fort from whence this War was call'd the Decelian War On the other side the Athenians sent Charides with Thirty Sail into Laconia and decreed Fourscore Gallies and Five Thousand Souldiers to be sent into Sicily In the mean time the Syracusians in order to a Sea-Fight before determin'd made out with a Fleet of Fourscore Sail well Mann'd against the Enemy whom the Athenians met with a Fleet of Sixty Sail whereupon began a fierce Fight A Sea-Fight between the Athenians and Syracusians And now the Athenians came running to the Sea-side from every Quarter from their Posts and Forts some out of Curiosity to see the Engagement others to be assistant to their Countrymen in their Flight in case they should be worsted The Syracusian Officers foreseeing the Athenians were likely to do as now they did had before given secret Orders to those that were left as a Guard for the City to Assault the Forts of the Athenians which were full of Money Naval Preparations and other Provisions The Syracusians therefore easily possess'd themselves of the Forts which were slightly guarded and made a great Slaughter of them that came from the Sea-shoar in aid of their Fellows Ant. Ch. 410. Hereupon a great Noise and Clamour being made about the Forts and in the Camp the Athenians Souldiers now engag'd at Sea were struck with great Terrour and gave back and at length betook themselves to the defence of the Forts and Fortresses that were left whom the Syracusians pursu'd without observing any order Whereupon the Athenians discerning there was no hope nor way left of escaping at Land for that the Syracusians had possess'd themselves of Two of their Forts tackt about and were forc'd to renew the Fight Upon which with their whole Fleet in a Line of Battel they fell upon the Syracusians who were separated one from another and had their Line broken and disordered by the Pursuit and sunk Eleven of their Ships pursuing the rest to the Island After the Fight both sides set up a Trophy the Athenians for their Victory at Sea and the Syracusians for their Success at Land The Fight at Sea having this Issue and the Victory so hardly obtain'd the Athenians understanding that Demosthenes within a few Days would be with them with a Fleet were resolved not to attempt any thing further till those Forces arriv'd The Syracusians on the contrary resolv'd to lay all at stake and try the utmost by force of Arms before the Army of Demosthenes came up And to that end they fac'd the P. 336. Ant. Chr. 410. Athenian Fleet and did all they could every Day to provoke them to a Battel About that time Aristo a Corinthian Commander of a Vessel advis'd the Syracusians to make the Fore-Castles of their Ships shorter and lower which was of great advantage to them in Fights at Sea afterwards For the Fore-Castles of the Athenian Gallies were both very slender and
That Time and Want would ruin the Carthaginians without Fighting Upon this delay the Syracusians were so enrag'd that they deserted his Camp Hereupon he was in a great Fright and forthwith made free all the Slaves Yet afterwards the Carthaginians sending Ambassadors to treat upon Terms of Peace he made Peace with them Dionysius makes Peace with the Carthaginians and forthwith restor'd the Servants and Slaves to their Masters The Conditions were like the former but something fuller in this That the Sicilians should be Subject to Dionysius and that he should have Tauromenium When the Articles were Sign'd and Confirmed Mago left Sicily and Dionysius after his taking possession of Tauromenium banish'd thence most of the Sicilians and plac'd in their room the Choicest of his Mercenaries Thus stood the Affairs of Sicily at this time And in Italy the Romans took * Rather Phalerium Falerum a City of the Falisci by storm After the End of the Former this Year Nicoteles executed the Office of chief Magistrate Olymp. 97. 2. Ant. Ch. 389. at Athens and three Military Tribunes Marcus Furius Caius Aemilius and Catlus Berus were vested with the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time they of Rhodes that sided with the Lacedaemonians expell'd all the Citizens that favour'd the Athenians and when they got together in Arms to defend their Interest the Lacedaemonian Confederates routed them with the slaughter of many and proscrib'd all the rest that made their Escape And The Lacedaemonians fled to Rhodes because they were afraid lest the Citizens should be contriving some Innovations they sent for Aid from Lacedaemon Upon this the Lacedaemonians setting out seven Gallies sent away Eudocimus Philodicus and Diphila to manage Affairs there who arriving at Samos caus'd the City to fall off from the Athenians Then coming to Rhodes they busy'd themselves in settling and composing Matters there And now the Lacedaemonians seeing their Affairs to succeed and prosper they resolved again to recover the Dominion of the Sea Prepare a Fleet. and to that end prepar'd a Fleet and by degrees brought in more and more Confederates to join with them And for the same purpose they fail'd to Samos Rhodes and Cnidus and getting together Shipping from all Parts they Listed from thence the best Seamen they could get and at length bravely Equipped a Fleet of Twenty seven Gallies P. 447. At that time Agesilaus King of Lacedaemon hearing that the Argives lay Encamp'd at the Siege of Corinth made an Incursion into the Territories of Argos with all the Forces of Sparta except one Regiment and having Plunder'd and Spoil'd the People of their Goods and Cattel and cutting down the Trees all along through the Country he returned to Sparta In Cyprus Evagoras of Salamis a Man of a Noble Family for he was descended from Ant. Ch. 389. the Founders of that City who was then sometime before expuls'd the City by a Sedition Evagoras made King of Salamis but return'd not long after with a small number of Men his Consederates drave Abdemon the Tyrrian Petit-Prince of Salamis a Friend and Allie of the King of Persia out of the City and so at first became King only of Salamis the Greatest and Richest City of Cyprus but in a short time after growing Rich he raised an Army and purpos'd to bring the whole Island under his Dominion To which end he gain'd some Cities by Force and others he wan by fair Promises But the Amathusians Solians and Citians resolving to stand it out sent Ambassadors to Artaxerxes for aid and charg'd Evagoras The King of Persia prepares for War against Evagoras with the Killing of Agyris the Persians Confederate and promis'd to be assistant to the King in getting the Island into his Hands The King therefore both to clip the Wings of Evagoras that he might not grow too strong and for that he consider'd the commodious Situation of the Place for the supply and provision of the Shipping whereby he might defend Asia gave order to send Aid to the Islanders Dismissing therefore the Ambassadors he sent Letters to all the Sea-Port-Towns and their Governors to build with all speed what Ships they could and to furnish them with Tackle and all things necessary for the Use of the Navy He commanded likewise * Hercatomnus Hecatomnus Lord-Lieutenant of Caria to make War upon Evagoras And he himself going through the Cities of the Upper Asia sail'd thence with a great Army to Cyprus And such were the Affairs of Asia at this time In Italy the Romans after they had made Peace with the Falisci began the Fourth War against the Equi and took Sutrium by Storm but lost the Town of Verrugo When this Year ended Demostratus was chosen Archon or Lord-Chancellor of Athens Olym 97. 3. and Lucius Lucretius and * Servilius Sulpitius Ant. Ch. 388. Thimbro sent into Asia Servilius Cossus were Roman Consuls At this time Artaxerxes declar'd Strutha his General and sent him down with an Army to the Sea-Coasts against the Lacedaemonians and they hearing of his March sent Thimbro their General into Asia against him who possess'd himself of the Castle Jonda and of the high and steep Mountain Corossus about Forty * About 5 Mile Stages distant from Ephesus From thence he wasted and spoiled the King's Provinces with Eight thousand Men that he had rais'd in Asia But Struthas who with a great Body of Horse and Five thousand Heavy-arm'd Men and with above Twenty thousand Light-arm'd Encamp'd near to the Lacedaemonians at length when Thimbro was out with a Party and had loaded himself with Plunder on a sudden and by surprise fell upon him and kill'd him and took and kill'd many of his Soldiers and the rest being but few escap'd to the Castle Cnidiniam At the same time Thrasybulus the Athenian General loosing from Lesbos arriv'd with his Fleet at Aspendus and Anchor'd at the River Eurymedon and thô he receiv'd Contributions from them of Aspendus yet some of his Soldiers Ravag'd and Plunder'd the Country P. 448. which highly provok'd the Aspendians in so much that in the Night they set upon the Athenians and kill'd many of them together with Thrasybulus himself which struck Thrasybulus kill'd Ant. Ch. 388. such a Terror into the Captains and Officers of the Fleet that they forthwith return'd to their Ships and sail'd to Rhodes where finding that the City had deserted them they join'd with the Exiles that posess'd themselves of a certain Castle and put themselves in Array against the City But as soon as the Athenians heard of the Death of Thrasybulus they dispatch'd away Argyrius to be General in his room Thus stood the Affairs of Asia at that time CHAP. XII Dionysius his Expedition against Rhegium The War between the Lucanians and Thurians in Italy The Thurians cut off by their own rashness Leptines generously sav'd those that swam to his Ships though he was a Friend to
Creatures he had Brib'd them with Gifts Preferments and many large Promises When the King had read these Letters believing all to be true he writ back to Orontes to seize upon Terabazus and to send him forthwith to him Whereupon he executed the Command and when Terabazus came before the King he desir'd he might Terabazus seiz'd be brought to his Legal Trial upon which he was committed into Custody But the Trial was long deserr'd because the King presently after was engag'd in the War against the Carducians In the mean time Orontes now Chief Commander of the Army in Cyprus seeing Evagoras Ant. Ch. 383. courageously defend the Place and perceiving his own Soldiers discontented with the seizing of Terabazus and to slight his Commands and fall off from the Siege fearing some sudden Misfortune sent to Evagoras and a Peace was concluded upon the same Terms he would have agreed with Teribazus And thus Evagoras beyond his own Expectation Peace made with Evagoras freed from absolute Slavery enter'd into a League upon Conditions that he should pay a Yearly Tribute to the King and be Sovereign Lord of Salamis and Subject to the King no otherwise than as one King to another And thus ended the Cyprian War which was spun out near Ten years though most of that time was only spent in Preparation and not above two Years of it in actual War But Gaius the Vice-Admiral of the Fleet who had marry'd the Daughter of Terabazus was in great pain lest he should suffer something or other out of suspicion of his being Familiar and Conversant with Terabazus Therefore he resolv'd to be before hand with the Gaius revolts from the King of Persia King and to that end being well furnish'd with a brave Navy and having the Love of the Sea-Captains and Officers he began to advise and consider of a Defection and forthwith without any further stop enter'd into a League with Acoris King of Aegypt against the great King of Persia He stirr'd up likewise the Lacedaemonians by his Letters and amongst P. 463. other large and glorious Promises he engag'd he would assist them in settling their Affairs in Greece and maintaining and supporting their Sovereignty And in truth the Ant. Ch. 383. Spartans had sometime before been contriving how to recover the Sovereign Power over the Graecians and at that time had given clear indications by their disturbances of their design to Enslave the Cities And that which further'd the Matter was they repented of the Peace made with Artaxerxes because they were Charg'd and Accus'd to have betray'd all the Graecians in Asia by that League with the King therefore they were very ready to catch at an Opportunity to renew the War and to that end very chearfully made a League with Gaius After Artaxerxes had ended the War with the Cadusians he brought Terabazus to his A People ãâ¦ã g between the Euxine and Caspian Seas Judges flead alive Terabazus brought to his Trial. Trial and referr'd the Cognisance of his Cause to Three Honourable Persons Near this time some Corrupt Judges were flead alive and their Skins spread round the Judgment-Seats that those that sate there might always have an Example before their Eyes of the Punishment due to Injustice to deterr them from the like The Accusers therefore of Terabazus produced against him the Letters of Orontes earnestly pressing them as sufficient Evidence to convict him On the other hand Terabazus that he might make it evidently appear that the Accusation was a meer Scandal contriv'd between Orontes and Evagoras produc'd the Agreement between them whereby Evagoras was to obey the King as a King himself and no otherwise and that the Terms upon which Terabazus would have made Peace were That Evagoras should be observant to the King as a Servant to his Master And as to the Oracle he brought all those Graecians Ant. Ch. 383. that were at that time present to testify That the God return'd not any Answer relating to the Death of any Person And as to the good Correspondence between him and the Lacedaemonians he declar'd that he enter'd into a League with them not for any private Advantge of his own but for the Profit and Advantage of the King For by this means he told them the Graecians in Asia being divided from the Lacedaemonians were made better Subjects and more Obedient and going on with his Defence he put the Judges in mind of his former remarkable Services to the Crown Amongst those which clearly manifested his Faith and Loyalty to the King and which Terabazus kill'd two Lions to save the King deserv'd the greatest Commendation and chiefly as was said wan the King's Heart was this That when the King was one day in his Chariot a Hunting two Lions ran fiercely upon him and tearing the two Chariot-Horses in pieces they made at him at which instant Therabazus came fortunately in kill'd both the Lions and so rescu'd the King It 's likewise reported of him that he was a Person of extraordinary Valour and of so sound and solid a Judgment in Council that the King never miscarry'd when he follow'd his Advice When Terabazus had ended what he had to say in his own defence all the Judges with Terabazus acquitted one Voice acquitted him and pronouc'd him Innocent of all the Crimes and Offences laid to his Charge But the King afterwards sent for the Judges to him severally and examined every one by himself upon what Grounds of Law they pronounc'd the Accus'd Innocent To whom the first answer'd That the Matter of the Accusation was Uncertain and Dubious but his good Services were Clear Apparent and Manifest to all Another said That thô those things objected against him were true yet that all his Faults were over-ballanced by his Deserts The Third justify'd his Vote to discharge him by declaring Ant. Ch. 383. That he had no regard to his Merits because the King had rewarded them above their Deserts but upon strict Examining the Nature of every particular Charge it did not appear to him that the Party accus'd was guilty of any of them Upon which the King commended the Judges as Just and Upright Men and advanc'd Terabazus to the highest Places of Honour But as to Orontes he discarded him as a False Accuser and noted P. 464. him with all the Marks of Ignominy and Disgrace And thus stood Affairs in Asia at this time CHAP. II. Mantinea Besieg'd by the Lacedmonians Dionysius aims to gain the Islands of the Adriatick Sea The Parii built Pharos Dionysius his Expedition into Hetruria Prepares for War against the Carthaginians The Sicilians routed at Cronion The quarrel between the Clazomenians and them of Cuma about Leuce The War between Amyntas and the Olynthians The Lacedemonians seize the Citadel Cadmea at Thebes Eudamidas breaks into the Olynthians Country IN Greece the Lacedemonians press'd on the Siege of Mantinea and the Mantineans bravely defended the place all
that Summer For they were reputed the most valiant Men of all the Arcadians and therefore the Spartans in former times were us'd to account these their fastest and truest Friends in all Fights and Engagements But when Winter drew on and the River running under the Town swell'd high by the Rains the Lacedemonians dam'd up the River with Earth and Rubbish and turn'd the Current into the City so that all the place round about was like to a standing Pool by reason whereof the Houses fell down which amaz'd them of Mantinea that they were forc'd to deliver up the City Which being thus taken the Citizens suffer'd no other hardships from Mantinea taken the Lacedemonians save only that they were order'd to return to those Ancient Villages from whence at first they came they were forc'd therefore to leave their Country and Ant. Ch. 383. Dionysius designs upon Aepyius settle themselves and their Families in the Villages About this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had a design to gain the Cities lying upon the Adriatick Sea and that which chiefly mov'd him to it was because he covered to be Master of the Jonian Sea as they call it to the end he might have a free and open passage to Epirus and to have Towns and places for his Ships ready to touch at For he was every day making preparation to Transport great number of Forces into Epirus and to rifle and plunder the rich Temple at Delphos To this end he made a * Molussus a part of Epirus League with the Illyrians by the help of Alcetas the Molossian who was then an Exile at Syracuse And the Illyrians being then engag'd in a War he sent them Two thousand Soldiers and Five hundred Grecian Arms the Arms they distributed amongst the strongest and stoutest of their Men and the Auxiliaries they mixt here and there in several of their own Companies and Regiments The Illyrians having now rais'd a great Army made an irruption into Epirus in order to restore Alcetas to his Kingdom and wasted and spoil'd the Country without opposition or controul Afterwards a sharp Battle was fought between them and the Molossians in which the Illyrians were Victors and kill'd A great slaughter of the Molossians above Fifteen thousand of the Molossians which Slaughter of the Epirots being made known to the Lacedemonians they sent them aid to curb and bridle the fierceness and cruelty of the Barbarians During the transaction of these Affairs the * Paros an Island of the Egean Sea near Delos Lyssus built by Dionysius in Pharos Parii by the encouragement of an old Prophecy sent forth a Colony to the Adriatick Coast where they built Pharos by the help of Dionysius in an Island so call'd For not many years before he had sent a Colony thither and built the City Lyssus by the advantage of which place when he had little else to do he rais'd an Arsenal for Two hundred Gallies and Wall'd the Town in so large a Circuit that it exceeded in compass all the Cities of Greece He likewise built stately Schools and Colledges on the on the side of the River * Or rather Anapis in Sicily Olymp. 96. 1. A. M. 3588. Ant. Ch. 382. P. 465. Ant. Ch. 381. P. 465. Anapus with Temples and other beautiful Fabricks to advance the Glory and Greatness of the City And now ended the Year when Diotrephes for the next was Archon of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls At Aelis was solemniz'd the Ninety ninth Olympiad in which Dicon the Syracusian wan the Prize At this time the Pharii who were now seated in the Island Pharos Wall'd in the City they had built near the Sea side not in the least injuring the Barbarians the Ancient Inhabitants of the Island but allotted them a place very strong and excellently well fortify'd But this nestling of the Greeks was a great Eye-sore to the natural Inhabitants therefore they sent for the Illyrians bordering upon the Continent over against them who pass'd over to Pharos in many small Vessels to the number of Ten thousand Men and upwards and fell upon the Greeks and kill'd many of them But he who was made Governor of Lyssus by Dionysius with a great Fleet set upon the Shipping of the Illyrians and took and sunk all of them kill'd Five thousand of their Men and took Two thousand prisoners Dionysius being now in great want of Money began an Expedition with Threescore Gallies into * Tyrthenia by the Greek but mistaken Hetruria under colour to scour the Seas of Pyrats but in truth to rob a famous Temple in those parts which was very full * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã of rich Gifts and Donations It stood in the Suburbs of Agylla a City of Hetruria where was the Arsenal which they call the Towers He landed in the Night and forcing in at break of day accomplish'd his Design For there being but a small Guard in the Castle he easily over-power'd them rifled the Temple and took out above a Thousand Talents And tho' they of Agylla sally'd out to repel the Enemy yet he routed 'em took many Dionysius rifles a Temple at Agylla in Hetruria to get Money prisoners and after he had wasted and spoil'd the Country sailed back to Syracuse where he rais'd no less than Five hundred Talents by the sale of the Spoils Having thus fill'd his Coffers he rais'd Soldiers from all parts and got together a great Army so that it was evident to the apprehension of all that he design'd War against the Carthaginians And these were the things done this year Afterwards the Dignity of Archon was conferr'd upon Phanostratus at Athens And Olymp. 99. 2. Ant. Ch. 381. the Romans made Four Military Tribunes Consuls Lucius Lucretius Servius Sulpitius * Caius Lucius Emilius and Lucius Furius At this time Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse being prepar'd for the War against Carthage watch'd for a fair occasion to colour and countenance his Design Discerning therefore that the Cities subject to the Carthaginians were inclin'd to a Revolt he receiv'd into his Protection as many as would come to him and enter'd into a League with them carrying himself with great complacency and winning behaviour Upon this the Carthaginians first sent Ambassadors to him and demanded the restitution of the Cities which being deny'd was the occasion of a new War The Carthaginians therefore entred into Confederacies with their Neighbours and all Another War with the Carthaginians by Dionysius Ant. Ch. 381. join'd together in the War against the Tyrant And because they prudently foresaw the greatness of the War they Listed Soldiers out of the choicest of the Citizens and laid up great Sums of Money wherewith they hir'd a vast number of Foreigners And having made Mago their General who at that time bore the Title of King they Transported many Thousands of Soldiers both into Italy and Sicily for they had decreed
Jupiter Spirit a quickning Influence is deriv'd from this into all Living Creatures as from the original Principle and upon that account he is esteem'd the common Parent of all things And to this the most famous Poet of the Greeks gives Testimony where speaking of this God he says ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Hom. ãâ¦ã d. 8. Ver. 54â Of Men and Gods the Father Fire they call'd by Interpretation Vulcan and him they had in Veneration as a Great God as he that greatly contributed to the Generation and Perfection of Vulcan Fire all Beings whatsoever The Earth as the Common Womb of all Productions they call'd Metera as Metera The Earth the Greeks in process of time by a small alteration of one Letter and an omission of Two Letters call'd the Earth Demetra which was antiently call'd Gen Metera or the Mother Earth as Orpheus attests in this Verse ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The Mother Earth Demeter also call'd Brings forth most richly Water or Moisture the Antients call'd Oceanus which by Interpretation is a Oceanus Water nourishing Mother and so taken by some of the Grecians of which the Poet says thus ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Hom. Ilia 14. Ver. 302. The Father of the Gods the Ocean is Tethys the Mother call'd But the Egyptians account their Nile to be Oceanus at which all the Gods were Born For in Egypt only among all the Countries in the World are many Cities built by the ancient Gods as by Jupiter Sol Mercury Apollo Pan Elithia and many others To the Air they gave the Name of Minerva signifying something proper Minerva Air. to the nature thereof and call'd her the Daughter of Jupiter and counted a Virgin because the Air naturally is not subject to Corruption and is in the highest part of the Universe whence rises the Fable that she was the Issue of Jupiter's Brain They say she 's call'd also Tritogeneia or Thrice Begotten because she changes her natural Qualities thrice in the Year the Spring Summer and Winter and that she was call'd Glaucopis not that she hath Grey Eyes as some of the Greeks have suppos'd for that 's a weak Conceit but because the Air seems to be of a Grey Colour to the view They report likewise that these Five Gods travel through the whole World representing themselves to Men sometimes in the shapes of Sacred living Creatures and sometimes in the Form of Men or some other Representation And this is not a Fable but very possible if it be true that these generate all things and the * Homer Poet who travell'd into Egypt in some part of his Works affirms this Appearance as he learnt it from their Priests ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The Gods also like Strangers come from far In divers Shapes within the Towns appear Viewing Mens good and wicked Acts And these are the Stories told by the Egyptians of the Heavenly and Immortal The Earthly Gods of Egypt Gods And besides these they say there are others that are Terrestrial which were begotten of these former Gods and were Originally Mortal Men but by reason of their Wisdom and Beneficence to all Mankind have obtain'd Immortality of which some have been Kings of Egypt Some of whom by Interpretation have had the same Names with the Celestial Gods others have kept their own proper Names For they report that Sol Saturn Rhea Jupiter surnam'd by some Ammon Juno Vulcan Vesta and lastly Mercury reign'd in Egypt and that Sol was the first King of Egypt whose Name was the same with the Celestial Planet call'd Sol. But there are some of the Priests who affirm Vulcan to be the first of their Vulcan the first Inventer of Fire Kings and that he was advanc'd to that Dignity upon the account of being the first that sound out the use of Fire which was so beneficial to all Mankind For a Tree in the Mountains hapning to be set on Fire by Lightning the Wood next adjoyning was presently all in a Flame and Vulcan thereupon coming to the Place was mightily refresht by the heat of it being then Winter Season and when the Fire began to fail he added more combustible Matter to it and by that means preserving it call'd in other Men to enjoy the Benefit of that which he himself was the first Inventer as he gave out Afterwards they say Saturn reign'd and marry'd his Sister This Saturn is judg'd upon good grounds to be Naoh Boccard Phaleg lib. 1. c. 1. f. 1. Stilling Orig. Sacr. lib. 5. c. 5. Sect. 8. Rhea and that he begat of her Osiris and Isis but others say Jupiter and Juno who for their great Virtues rul'd over all the World That of Jupiter and Juno were born Five Gods one upon every day of the Five Egyptian â These were Five Days added to the end of every Year to make up their former Year to consist of 365 Days See the Reason Orig. Sacr. 9â 91. intercalary Days The Names of these Gods are Osiris Isis Typhon Apollo and Venus That Osiris was interpreted Bacchus and Isis plainly Ceres That Osiris marry'd Isis and after he came to the Kingdom did much and perform'd many things for the common This Osiris was call'd Apis and was King of Argos and afterwards of Egypt Vid. Strab. Plin. about the time of Jacob's leaving Laban Anno Mund. 2205 before Christ 1744. Hely Cron. but by Isaacson Ann. Mund. 2778. Benefit and Advantage of Mankind For he was the first that forbad Men eating one another and at the same time Isis found out the way of making of Bread of Wheat and Barley which before grew here and there in the Fields amongst other common Herbs and Grass and the use of it unknown And Osiris teaching the way and manner of Tillage and well management of the Fruits of the Earth this change of Food became grateful both because it was naturally sweet and delicious and Men were thereby restrain'd from the mutual Butcheries one of another For an evidence of this first finding out the use of these Fruits they alledge an antient Custom amongst them For even at this day in the time of Harvest the Inhabitants offer the first Fruits of the Ears of Corn howling and wailing about the Handfuls they offer and invoking this Goddess Isis And this they do in return of due Honour to her for that Invention at the first In some Cities also when they celebrate the Feast of Isis in a Pompous Procession they carry about Vessels of Wheat and Barley in memory of the first Invention by the care and industry of this Goddess They say likewise that Isis made many Laws for the good of Human Society whereby Men were restrain'd from lawless Force and Violence one upon another out of fear of Punishment And therefore Ceres was call'd by the ancient Greeks Themophorus that is Lawgiver being the Princess that first constituted Laws for the
the Pillars so that the sharp Points of the Angles cut the Stream and gave a check to its violence and the roundness of them by litâle and little giving way abated the force of the Current This Bridge was ãâã wiâh âreat âoices and Planks of Cedar Cypress and Palm Trees and was Thi ãâ¦ã âoot in breadth and for Art and Curiosity yielded to none of the Works oâ ãâã On either side of the River she rais'd a Bank as broad ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã great cost drew it out in length an Hundred Furlongs She built likewise Two Palaces at each end of the Bridge upon the Bank of the River whence she might have a Prospect over the whole City and make her Passage as by Keys to the most convenient Places in it as she had occasion And whereas Euphrates runs through the middle of Babylon making its course to the South the Palaces lye the one on the East and the other on the West Side of the River both built at exceeding Costs and Expence For that on the West had an high and stately Wall made of well burnt Brick * 7 Miles and an half Sixty Furlongs in compass within this was drawn another of a round Circumference upon which were portray'd in the Bricks before they were burnt all sorts of living Creatures as if it were to the Life laid with great Art in curious Colours This Wall was in Circuit Forty Furlongs Three Hundred Bricks thick and in height as Ctesias says â 50 Origia ' s. a Hundred Yards upon which were Turrets an Hundred and Forty Yards high The Third and most inward Wall immediately surrounded the Palace Thirty Furlongs in Compass and far surmounted the middle Wall both in height and thickness and on this Wall and the Towers were represented the Shapes of all sorts of Living Creatures artificially exprest in most lively Colours Especially was represented a General Hunting of all sorts of wild Beasts each Four Cubits high and upwards amongst these was to be seen Semiramis on Horseback striking a Leopard through with a Dart and next to her her Husband Ninus in close Fight with a Lion piercing him with his Lance. To this Palace she built likewise Three Gates under which were * Banqueting Houses Apartments of Brass for Entertainments into which Passages were open'd by by a certain Engin. This Palace far excell'd that on the other side of the River both in greatness and adornments For the outmost Wall of that made of well burnt Brick was but Thirty Furlongs in compass Instead of the curious Portrature of Beasts there were the Brazen Statues of Ninus and Semiramis the great Officers and of Jupiter whom the Babylonians call Belus and likewise Armies drawn up in Battalia and divers sorts of Hunting were there represented to the great diversion and pleasure of the Beholders After all these in a low Ground in Babylon she sunk a Place for a Pond Four-square every Square being â Almost 40 Miles Three Hundred Furlongs in length lin'd with Brick and cemented with Brimstone and the whole Five and Thirty Foot in depth Into this having first turn'd the River she then made a Passage in nature of a Vault from one Palace to another A Passage made under Water from one Palace to another whose Arches were built of firm and strong Brick and plaister'd all over on both sides with Bitumen Four Cubits thick The Walls of this Vault were Twenty Bricks in thickness and Twelve Foot high beside and above the Arches and the breadth was Fifteen Foot This Piece of Work being finish'd in Two Hundred and Sixty Days the River was turn'd into its ancient Channel again so that the River flowing over the whole Work Semiramis could go from one Palace to the other without passing over the River She made likewise Two Brazen Gates at either end of the Vault which continu'd to the time of the Persian Empire In the middle of the City she built a Temple to Jupiter whom the Babylonians Jupiter's Temple call Belus as we have before said of which since Writers differ amongst themselves and the Work is now wholly decay'd through length of Time there 's nothing that can certainly be related concerning it Yet it 's apparent it was of an exceeding great height and that by the advantage of it the Chaldean Astrologers exactly observ'd the setting and rising of the Stars The whole was built of Brick cemented with Brimstone with great Art and Cost Upon the top she plac'd Three Statues of beaten Gold of Jupiter Juno and Rhea That of Jupiter stood upright in the posture as if he were walking he was Forty Foot in height and weighed a Thousand Babylonish Talents The Statue of Rhea was of the same weight sitting on a Golden Throne having Two Lions standing on either side one at her Knees and near to them Two exceeding great Serpents of Silver weighing Thirty Talents apiece Here likewise the Image of Juno stood upright and weighed Eight Hundred Talents grasping a Serpent by the Head in her right Hand and holding a Scepter adorn'd with precious Stones in her left For all these Deities there was plac'd a * Or Altar Common Table made of beaten Gold Forty Foot long and Fifteen broad weighing Five Hundred Talents Upon which stood Two Cups weighing Thirty Talents and near to them as many Censers weighing Three Hundred Talents There were there likewise plac'd Three Drinking Bowls of Gold one of which dedicated to Jupiter weigh'd Twelve Hundred Babylonish Talents but the other Two Six Hundred apiece but all those the Persian Kings sacrilegiously carry'd away And length of Time has either altogether consum'd or much defac'd the Palaces and the other Structures so that at this day but a small part of this Babylon is inhabited and the greatest part which lay within the Walls is turn'd into Tillage and Pasture There was likewise a Hanging Garden as it 's call'd near the Citadel not See Qu Curtius lib. 5. Sect. 1. built by Semiramis but by a later Prince call'd Cyrus for the sake of a Curtesan who being a Persian as they say by Birth and coveting Meadows on Mountain Tops desir'd the King by an Artificial Plantation to imitate the Land in Persia This Garden was Four Hundred Foot Square and the Ascent up to it was as to the Top of a Mountain and had Buildings and Apartments out of one into another like unto a Theater Under the Steps to the Ascent were built Arches one above another rising gently by degrees which supported the whole Plantation The highest Arch upon which the Platform of the Garden was laid was Fifty Cubits high and the Garden it self was surrounded with Battlements and Bulwarks The Walls were made very strong built at no small Charge and Expence being Two and Twenty Foot thick and every Sally-port Ten Foot wide Over the several Stories of this Fabrick were laid Beams and Summers of huge Massy Stones each Sixteen Foot long and Four
Agamemnon made War upon the Trojans at which time the Assyrians had been Lords of Asia above a Thousand Years For Priam the King of Troy being a Prince under the Assyrian Empire when War was made upon him sent Ambassadors to crave aid of Teutamus who sent him Ten Thousand Ethiopians and as many out of the Province of Susiana with Two Hundred Chariots under the Conduct of Memnon the Son of Tithon For this Tithon at that time was Governor of Persia and in special Favour with the King above all the rest of the Princes And Memnon was in the Flower of his Age strong and couragious and had built a Pallace in the Cittadel of Susa which retain'd the Name of Memnonia to the time of the Persian Empire He pav'd also there a Common High-way which is call'd Memnon's Way to this day But the Ethiopians of Egypt question this and say that Memnon was their Country-man and shew several antient Palaces which they say retain his Name at this day being call'd Memnon's Palaces Notwithstanding however it be as to this matter yet it has been generally and constantly held for a certain Truth that Memnon led to Troy Twenty Thousand Foot and Two Hundred Chariots and signaliz'd his Valour with great Honour and Reputation with the Death and Destruction of many of the Greeks till at length he was slain by an Ambuscade laid for him by the Thessalians But the Ethiopians recover'd his Body and burnt it and brought back his Bones to Tithon And these things the Barbarians say are recorded of Memnon in the Histories of their Kings Sardanapalus the Thirtieth from Ninus and the last King of the Assyrians exceeded Sardanapalus the Thirtieth King and the last all his Predecessors in Sloth and Luxury for besides that he was seen of none out of his Family he led a most effeminate Life For wallowing in pleasure and wanton Dalliances he cloathed himself in Womens Attire and spun fine Wool and Purple amongst the throngs of his Whores and Concubines He painted likewise his Face and deckt his whole Body with other Allurements like a Strumpet and was more lascivious than the most wanton Curtezan He imitated likewise a Womans Voice and not only daily inured himself to such Meat and Drink as might incite and stir up his lascivious Lusts but gratify'd them by filthy * By Sodomy Catamites as well as Whores and Strumpets and without all sense of Modesty abusing both Sexes slighted Shame the concomitant of filthy and impure Actions and proceeded to such a degree of Voluptuousness and sordid Uncleanness that he compos'd Verses for his Epitaph with a Command to his Successors Epitaph to have them inscrib'd upon his Tomb after his Death which were thus Translated by a â Cli ãâ¦ã vide ãâ¦ã neus lib. 12. Clemens lib. 2. Strom. Grecian out of the Barbarian Language ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Haec habeo quae edi quaeque exsaturata Libido Cicero Tusc lib. 5. Hausit at illa jacent multa ac praeclara relicta What once I gorg'd I now injoy An Epitaph fitter for an Ox than a Man says Aristotle And wanton Lusts me still imploy All other things by Mortals priz'd Are left as Dirt by me despis'd Being thus corrupt in his Morals he not only came to a miserable end himself but utterly overturn'd the Assyrian Monarchy which had continu'd longer than any we read of For Arbaces a Mede a Valiant and Prudent Man and General of the Forces Arbaces which were sent every Year out of Media to Ninive was stir'd up by the Governor of Babylon his Fellow Soldier and with whom he had contracted an intimate familiarity to overthrow the Assyrian Empire This Captain 's Name was * 2 Kin. 20. ãâã call'd Baladan and Isa 39. 1. Ush Ann. 61. Ant. Ch. 747. Belesis a most Famous Babylonian Priest one of those call'd Caldeans expert in Astrology and Divination of great Reputation upon the account of foretelling future Events which happen'd accordingly Amongst others he told his Friend the Median General that he should depose Sardanapalus and be Lord of all his Dominions Arbaces hereupon hearkning to what he said promis'd him that if he succeeded in his Attempt Belesis should be chief Governor of the Province of Babylon Being therefore fully persuaded of the truth of what was foretold as if he had receiv'd it from an Oracle he enter'd into an Association with the Governors of the rest of the Provinces and by feasting and caressing of them gain'd all their Hearts and Affections He made it likewise his great business to get a sight of the King that he might observe the Course and manner of his Life to this end he bestow'd a Cup of Gold upon an Eunuch by whom being introduc'd into the King's Presence he perfectly came to understand his Laciviousness and Esseminate course of Life Upon sight of him he contemn'd and despis'd him as a Vile and Worthless Wretch and thereupon was much more earnest to accomplish what the Chaldean had before declar'd to him At length he conspir'd with Belesis so far as that he himself persuaded the Medes and Persians to a defection and the other brought the Babylonians into the Confederacy He imparted likewise his Design to the King of Arabia who was at this time his special Friend And now the Years attendance of the Army being at an end new Troops succeeded and came into their Place and the former were sent every one here and there into their several Countries Hereupon Arbaces prevail'd with the Medes to invade the Assyrian Empire and drew in the Persians in hopes of Liberty to join in the Confederacy Belesis in like manner persuaded the Babylonians to stand up for their Liberties He sent Messengers also into Arabia and gain'd that Prince who was both his Friend and had been his Guest for a Confederate When therefore the Yearly Course was run out all these with a great number of Forces flockt together to Nineve in shew to serve their Turn according to custom but in truth to overturn the Assyrian Empire The whole number of Soldiers now got together out of those Four Provinces amounted to Four Hundred Thousand Men. All these being now in one Camp call'd a Council of War in order to consult what was to be done Sardanapalus being inform'd of the Revolt led forth the Forces of the rest of the Provinces against them whereupon a Battel being fought the Rebels were totally routed and with a great Slaughter were forc'd to the Mountains Seventy Furlongs from Nineve Being drawn up a Second time in Battalia to try their Fortune in the Field and now fac'd by the Enemy Sardanapalus caus'd a Proclamation to be made by the Heralds that whosoever kill'd Arbaces the Mede should receive as a Reward Two Hundred Talents of Gold and double the Sum to him together with the Government of Media who should take him alive The like Sum he promis'd
to whom the Authority of the chief Magistrate is committed by Divine Providence Being so elected he orders the Course of his Life according as the Law has P. 102. prescrib'd and governing in all other respects according to the Customs of the Country he neither confers Rewards nor inflicts Punishments upon any but according to the ancient Laws ratify'd and approv'd by his Ancestors from the beginning It is a Law among them That no Subject shall be put to Death nor Condemn'd to Dye though he be never so guilty But one of the â Sheriffs Lictors is sent to the Criminal bearing before him the Badge or Sign of Death upon sight of which the Party goes Home and kills himself It is not lawful to change his Punishment by wilful Banishment and flying into other Countries as it is the Custom of the Greeks And therefore they report that one once preparing to fly out of Ethiopia after the Sign of Death was sent to him by the King that his Mother discerning his Design fastned her Garter about his Neck and he never in the least lifted up his Hands to hinder her but underwent all till he was strangl'd to Death lest he should leave behind him a Blot and Stain upon his Kindred and Family And above all that Custom is most strange which relates to the Death of the Kings for those Priests that are imploy'd in the Service of the Gods at Meroe who are here of greatest Authority whensoever they please they send a Messenger to the King commanding him to put himself to death for that such is the pleasure of the Gods and that it is not lawful for any to despise the Commands of the Gods adding also other Reasons which a plain and honest Mind inur'd to an ancient and constant Custom and not being furnish'd with sufficient Arguments to evince the unreasonableness of the Commands is easily induc'd to believe And so in former Ages the Kings without force or compulsion of Arms but meerly bewitcht by a fond Superstition observ'd the Custom till Ergamenes a King of Ethiopia who reign'd in the time of Ptolomy the Second bred up in the Grecian Discipline and Philosophy was the first that was so bold as to reject and despise such Commands For this Prince assuming the Spirit and Courage becoming a King marcht with a considerable Body of Men to the Place very difficult of access where stood the Golden Temple of the Ethiopians and there cut the Throats of all the Priests and having abolish'd that ancient barbarous Custom reform'd what appertain'd to the Service of the Gods in such manner as he thought fit There is moreover a strange and wonderful Law amongst the great Officers of the King's Houshold which continues they say to this very day For it 's a Custom amongst the Ethiopians that if the King be maim'd or debilitated upon any occasion in any Member of his Body all his Houshold-Servants do the same thing to themselves For they hold it a base and unworthy thing that if the King be lame for his Servants to attend upon him with whole and sound Limbs and not all to be lame as well as he And that it 's a thing most unworthy of true and firm Friendship not to sympathize and bear a share both in Prosperity and Adversity in Sorrow and Sadness and in the pains and deficiencies of the Body They say moreover that it 's a Custom for the King 's Domestick Servants to put themselves to Death when their Kings dye and such Death they account honourable and as a Testimony of their sincere love to their Prince and therefore it 's no easie matter for the Ethiopians to assassinate any of the King's Friends being that both they and the King are careful and solicitous for the mutual preservation of each other These are the Laws of those Ethiopians that inhabit the Capital City and the Island Meroes and those Tracts that lye next unto Egypt But there are many other Ethiopian Nations whereof some dwell on both sides the River Nile and in P. 103. the Islands in the River others border upon Arabia and some are seated in the heart of Africa The greatest part of these especially those in and about the River are Blacks flat Fac'd of curl'd Hair exceeding fierce and cruel and in their Manners like Beasts not so much in their natural Temper as in their study'd and contriv'd pieces of wickedness Their whole Bodies are filthy and nasty and their Nails long like wild Beasts and cruel one towards another They have a shrill Voice and in regard they are never taught by any how to lead a more civiliz'd Course of Life in that way of Education as others are they mightily differ from us in all their Manners Some of them carry Shields made of the raw Hide of an Ox and short Launces Others Darts with forkt Points sometimes they use Bows of Wood * 8 Foot Four Cubits long and discharge their Arrows by forcing the Bow with the help of their Foot and when their Shafts are spent they fall on with â A great Stake burnt at one end Cloaths Clubs They arm likewise their Women till they attain to such an Age many of whom use to hang a Brass Ring at their Lips Some of them never wear any Cloaths but go naked all their Lives long and shelter themselves from the scorching heat of the Sun only with such helps and defences as in their way they can meet withal Some of them cut off Sheeps Tails and bind them about their Loyns to cover their Privities Others make use of Beasts Skins for this purpose Some there are that are cloth'd round their Loyns with Breeches made of the Hair of their Heads for the nature of the Ground is such that the Sheep carry no Fleeces Their Meat is a certain Fruit that grows about the Pools and Marishes Some pluck off the tender Branches of small Trees and with them cover themselves from the heat of the Southern Sun Some sow Sesamus and Lotus And others live upon certain tender Roots of Canes And many of them that are good Archers maintain themselves with abundance of Fowl they kill But most of them live upon Flesh Milk and Cheese Those that inhabit the Parts above Meroes have Two Opinions concerning the Gods Some of them say they are eternal and incorruptible Amongst which they Religion reckon the Sun Moon and the intire Universe Others they conceive were at first Mortal Men but for their Virtue and their Benefits procur'd to Mankind purchas'd immortal Honour They especially worship Isis Pan Hercules and Jupiter whom they account to be the greatest Benefactors to Mankind But some few of the Ethiopians are of opinion that there are no Gods at all And these fly to the Marishes from the Sun when it rises as from an implacable Enemy They have Laws likewise different from all other Nations about their Funerals Some throw their Dead into the River
ease Thus dividing themselves into Companies they finish their Pursuit and feed together upon the Prey they have caught Very rarely it is that any of them are kill'd even by the fiercest or strongest of them but by slight they overcome might If they miss of their Prey they wash the Skins of those they have formerly taken and lay them upon a Fire made for the Purpose and scorching off the Hair under the Ashes and dividing the Skin amongst themselves with this hard Fare they satisfy their Hunger They teach the Boys to cast Darts exactly to hit a Mark and if they miss they suffer them not to eat And by this Means through pinching Hunger they become excellent Archers Not far from these towards the West inhabit the Ethiopians that are call'd Elephant fighters Elephantomachies They dwell in large and woody Forests where from the Tops of the highest Trees they diligently observe the Motions and Walks of the Elephants But they set not upon the intire Troops at once for that were to little Purpose but with wonderful Courage single them out as they come near to them For when the Beast approaches to the right side of the Tree where he that watches for him lyes hid just as the Elephant passes by he catches hold of his Tail with his Hands and clasps his Feet close to his left Thigh Then with his Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist l. 8. c. 8. right Hand he lays hold of a sharp Ax bound upon his Shoulder and managable by one Hand and with that gives him one Wound after another whereby he cuts the Nerves and Sinews of the Elephant's right Ham guiding and governing his Body in the mean time by his right Hand This Feat is perform'd with that admirable Quickness and Activity as if the Combat had been design'd to be ended no otherwise than by the Loss of one of their Lives For what could be expected since the Nature of the thing cannot admit of any other Conjecture but either the Man must dye or the Beast be overcome The Beast being thus Hamstrung not able to turn himself round by reason of the Slowness of his Motion sinks sometimes on that side where he is wounded and falls down and together with himself kills the Ethiopian Sometimes the Elephant dashes the Man against a Tree or a Stone and with his Weight presses upon him till he has kill'd him Some of the Elephants overmaster'd through the Smart and Torment of their Wounds never regard him that wounds them but run so long up and down the Plain till the Ethiopian behind by his continual hacking and cutting in one and the same place cuts his Sinews in pieces and at length altogether disables him and brings him down Whereupon the Ethiopians run in flocking and cutting of Collops of his Flesh while he is yet alive feed and feast themselves merrily together P. 113. The Manner of taking Elephants Some of the neighbouring Ethiopians take the Elephants without any Danger of their Lives at all overcoming Force by Slight For this Creature when he is full after feeding differs from all other four-footed Beasts in disposing of himself to Sleep For he cannot bend his Knees and lye down but sleeps leaning his Body to the side of a Tree so that the Tree by his frequent resort to it and pressing upon it withers and rots there being therefore many Signs and Footsteps of the Elephant's Walks by which the Hunters of this Prey discover where he rests himself they having found out the Tree saw it a little above the Ground till it be almost ready to fall then rubbing out the Marks of their Feet they go away before the Elephant comes there who afterwards in the Evening being full fed makes to his usual Resting-place and as soon as he leans with the Weight of his whole Body to the Tree down it falls and the Beast along with it and there lyes all Night with his Heels upward for he cannot possibly rise As soon as it's day they that saw'd the Tree come to the Place and there kill the poor Creature without any Hazard and build themselves Huts where they stay till they have eaten him up Next to these Nations upon the West inhabit those Ethiopians call'd Simoes To the South lye the Nation of the Struthophages for among them is a sort of Bird Simoes of a mixt Nature partly a Fowl and partly a Beast and thence it has its Name Struthophages She 's little less than the greatest Hart Nature has form'd her with a long Neck a round Body with Wings but a tender and small Head yet she has strong Thighs Ostrich and Legs and her Feathers are forkt and she 's so heavy and unweldy that she cannot fly above the Earth but she runs along with that Swiftness that she scarce touches the Ground With a brisk gale of Wind she mounts up her Wings and makes forward as swift as a Ship with her Sayls spread under Sayl. Against the Pursuer she defends her self with flinging of Stones which she throws with that Violence out of her Feet as out of a Sling but when the Wind is low her Wings flag and so being depriv'd of that natural Help she 's easily taken There are a great Number of those Birds and by divers Arts and Devices the Barbarians easily take Multitudes of them and feed upon their Flesh and make use of their Skins both for Vestments and Coverlets for Beds But when these Struthophages are set upon by the Ethiopians call'd Simoes for Arms they use the Horns of the â The Oryx is a Beast as big as a Roe-buck which has a Horn as sharp as it will pierce Brass Oryxes with which they repel the Assaults of their Enemies For they are very great and sharp at the Ends and these sort of Beasts do there so abound that their Horns are found scatter'd up and down and so they become of special use to the Inhabitants A little distant from these are the Acridophages bordering upon the Deserts Acridophages Locust-eaters lesser they are than other Men of lean and meager Bodies and exceeding black In these Parts in the time of the Spring the South Winds rise high and drive an infinite Number of Locusts out of the Desert of an extraordinary Bigness furnish'd with most dirty and nasty colour'd Wings and these are plentiful Food and Provision for them all their days They have a strange and peculiar way of catching of them for in their Country there 's a large and deep Vale extending far in P. 114. length for many Furlongs together all over this they lay Heaps of Wood and other combustible Matter of which they have Plenty in every Place and when the Swarms of Locusts are by the Force of the Winds driven thither then some of the Inhabitants go to one Part of the Valley and some to another and set the Grass and other combustible Matter on Fire which was before thrown among
Clubs bound round with Iron at the thick ends the rest are arm'd with Bows and Spears When they are dead they tye them Neck and Heels with the Twigs and Branches of the Plant Paliurus then they carry the Body to the Top of a Hill where with great Sport and Laughter they pelt it with Stones till it be covered over and then they stick up a Goats Horn upon the Heap and so leave it without the P. 116. least Sense of Pity or Compassion They fight not one with another out of any Spleen or Rage one against another like the Grecians but meerly for their flourishing Pastures In the beginning of their Fights they make their Onsets with throwing of Stones after some Wounds given on both Sides they fall to it with their Bows and Arrows whereupon great Numbers are slain in a short time For by long Experience they become good Marksmen and being all naked are expos'd to every Shot At length their old Women by their Intreaties put an end to their Conflicts whom they greatly reverence for it 's unlawful to do them the least Harm and therefore as soon as they see them come towards them they cease casting their Darts immediately and all are quiet When they grow so old that they cannot follow the Flocks they tye themselves by their Necks to an Oxes Tail and so put an end to their days And if any defer his Death any one as a Friend may first admonish him and then if he does it not the other may cast a Rope about his Neck and strangle him In the like manner its lawful to put to Death any that become lame or are seiz'd with any desperate and incurable Distemper For they count it the highest and greatest Offence for any one to love his Life when he is able to do nothing worth living And therefore all the Troglodites are of sound Bodies and of a strong and healthful Age none exceeding Threescore But this shall suffice concerning the Troglodites Yet if this Account seem strange to any and this Manner of living incredible let but the Climate of Scythia be compar'd with that of the Troglodites and then this our Relation may easily gain Belief For there 's so great a Difference between our Climate and theirs of which we write that the different Natures being weigh'd and consider'd distinctly are scarce credible For in some Places of Scythia by the Extremity of Cold the greatest Rivers are so frozen that vast Armies and Chariots may pass over them and Wine and other Liquors do so congeal that they must be cut with Knives and Hatches And most strangely and wonderfully Mens Fingers and Toes drop off with rubbing against their Cloaths and their Eyes grow dark and dim Neither can the Fire cast any Warmth or Heat and by the Force of Cold even brazen Statues are burst asunder and at these Seasons they say the Clouds are so thick and gross that there 's neither Thunder nor Lightning in those Parts Many other Things there happen which seem incredible to the ignorant but are intolerable to them that feel them by Experience But in the utmost Coasts of Egypt and the Troglodites the Sun is so scorching hot at Mid-day that two standing together cannot see each other by reason of the Thickness of the Air. Neither is it safe for any to go without Shoes in these Parts for if they do the Soles of their Feet are presently blister'd all over And except Men have something ready to drink to quench their Thirst they forthwith faint and dye the violence of the heat quickly exhaling all the moisture out of a Man's Body And moreover if any do put Meat and Water into a Brazen Pot and set it in the open Sun it 's presently boil'd without Fire and Fuel But the Inhabitants of both these Countries are so far from seeking to avoid these uncomfortable Circumstances that they chuse rather to be as it were ever dying here than to be forc'd to live another sort of Life elsewhere And thus every Country is belov'd by its own natural Inhabitants and a long usage even from the time of Childhood overcomes the inconveniences of an intemperate Climate These great differences of P. 117. Climates are sometimes not far asunder for from the Lake Meotis where some of the Scythians inhabit in the midst of extream Cold and biting Frost many with a fair Wind sail to Rhodes in Ten Days time thence in Four Days more they reach to Alexandria thence crossing the River Nile they recover Ethiopia most commonly the Tenth Day so that it 's not above Four and Twenty Days sail from the coldest to the hottest Climates in the World And therefore it 's no wonder that there 's such diversity of Food Manners and Bodies so far differing from ours when there 's so great a Contrariety of Climates in so small a distance one from another Having given a distinct account of Nations and their strange and unusual Manners and Customs something now is to be said particularly concerning the wild Beasts bred in those Countries There 's bred in Ethiopia a Creature call'd from the nature of the Beast a Rhinoceros Rhinoceros so call'd from a Horn in his Nose for Courage and Strength equal with the Elephant but not so tall His Skin is exceeding hard and of the colour of Box. He has a flat Horn growing out a little above his Nostrils as hard as Iron He 's always at war with the Elephant for his Pasture and for that purpose whets his Horn against a great Stone in the Conflict he gets under the Belly of the Elephant and cuts and gashes him as if it were with a Sword and by this means his Enemy bleeds to death and thus he destroys many of them But if the Elephant prevent him from coming under his Belly he catches the Rhinoceros up in his Trunk and easily overcomes him being far stronger in Body and wounding deeper with the Stroaks of his Tushes * Sphinges are Marmozites Plin. Nat. His lib. 8. c. 44. Sphinges are bred near to the Troglodites in Ethiopia not much unlike those which the Limners draw save that they differ only in being rough They are of a gentle nature very docible apt to learn any thing presently that is taught them Those that are call'd â Cynocephales Baboons Heads like Dogs Plin. ib. Cynocephales resemble ugly fac'd Men and are continually snarling and grumbling This Creature is exceeding curst never to be tam'd and from his Eye-brows looks with a most surly Countenance The Females are extraordinary remarkable for having their Privy Parts continually hanging down out of their Body The Beast call'd * Cepus Cepus so nam'd from the beauty of his Body and the comliness of Proportion He has the Face of a Lion and in all other Parts is like to a Panther except that for his bigness he is as large as a Deer Of all these strange A wild Bull. Carnivorus Beasts none
their Actions following the Example of Dionysius who writ the History of the Argonauts and Bacchus and many other Actions perform'd in ancient Times In Africa there was not only one Race of Women who were famous for Valour and Warlike Exploits For we are inform'd that the Gorgones against whom Perseus made War for Courage and Valour were eminent How famous P. 130. and potent they were may be gather'd hence in as much as that * Perseus Son of Jupiter the most eminent Hero among the Grecians in his time made choice of this Expedition as the greatest and most noble Enterprize And as for the Amazons of whom we are now about to write their Valour was most eminently remarkable if we compare them with the greatest Spirited Women of our own Times In the Western Parts of Africa upon the Borders of those Tracts that are inhabitable there were anciently a Nation under the Government of Women whose Manners and Course of Living were altogether different from ours It was the Custom for those Women to manage all matters of War and for a certain time keeping themselves Virgins they went out as Soldiers into the Field and after so many Years run up in their warfare they accompany'd with Men for the preservation of Posterity but the Magistracy and all publick Offices they kept wholly in their own Hands and the Men as the Women do with us lookt to the Houshold Affairs submitting to whatever was thought sit to be done by the Wives and were not upon any terms admitted to intermeddle in Martial Affairs or to Command or be in any publick Authority which might any ways incourage them to cast off the Yoak of their Wives As soon as any Child was born they deliver'd it to the Father to nurse it up with Milk and other Meat agreeable to its Age. If it were a Girl they sear'd off its Paps lest they should be burthensom when they grew up for they lookt upon them to be great hindrances in Fighting and from the searing of their Paps the Grecians call'd them Amazons It 's reported they inhabited an Island call'd Hisperia because it lies to the West near to the Morass call'd Tritonides This Fen they say is near to the Ocean which surrounds it and is call'd Tritonides from a River that runs into it call'd Triton This Morass borders upon Ethiopia under the greatest Mountain in those Parts call'd by the Grecians Atlas extending it self to the Ocean This Island they say is very large abounding with all sorts of Fruit-Trees which supply the Inhabitants with Food That they have many Herds of Cattel and Flocks of Sheep and Goats which feed their Possessors both with their Milk and Flesh But that they had no sort of Corn for that in those Times they knew not what it was These Amazons therefore for Valour eminent above all others and heated with an ambitious desire of War first subdu'd all the Cities of this Island except one call'd Mena accounted Sacred inhabited now by the Ethiopians call'd Ichthophages It 's often scorch'd with many Eruptions of Fire which break out of the Earth and its Bowels are inricht with precious Stones which the Grecians call â Carbuncles Anthraces * Sardonixes Sardes and â Emeraulds Smaragdos Afterwards having subdu'd many of the Neighbouring Africans and Numidians they built a great City in the Morass of Triton which for the shape of it was call'd Chersonesus Then being further instigated by their innate Valour and Courage they attempted greater Matters and invaded many other Countries And first they set upon them upon Mount Atlas a soft sort of People who injoy'd a rich Country full of great Cities among whom in those Parts bordering upon the Ocean the Gods first had their Original as the Grecians fabulously report of whom a particular Account shall be given hereafter To this end when Merina was Queen of the Amazons she rais'd an Army of Merina Queen of the Amazons P. 131. Thirty Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Horse for they were very exact and diligent in Training up Horses for the War The Armour they wore for Coats of Mail were the Skins of vast Serpents with which sort of Creatures Africa abounds But for offensive Arms they carry'd Swords Darts and Bows in which they were so expert that with these they not only broke their Enemies Battalions but when they pursu'd them upon their Flight they were sure to hit their Mark Entring therefore the Country of the Atlantides in a Battel they routed them Atlantides that inhabited Cercenes and pursu'd them so close that they enter'd pell-mel with them that got within the Walls and took the City And to strike a greater Terrour into their Neighbours they executed horrid Cruelties upon the Conquer'd for they put all the Men to the Sword and having raz'd the City to the Ground carry'd away Captive all the Women and Children The noise of this Destruction being spread all over the Country the rest of the Atlantides being struck with a Pannick Fear submitted and deliver'd up all their Cities Whereupon Merina receiv'd them all into her Favour and made a League with them and in the room of that which was destroy'd built another City calling it after her own Name and peopled it with the Captives and with such as were willing to come there to inhabit In the mean time being presented by the Atlantides with many rich Gifts and decreeing to her with a general Consent many high Honours she not only graciously accepted those Marks of their Kindness but promis'd she would for the future endeavour to merit the good Opinion of the whole Nation Being therefore often infested by their envious Neighbours the Gorgans Merina to gratifie the Atlantides who address'd themselves to her for that purpose with an Army invaded the Country of the Gorgons where joining Battel with them the Ingagement was smart in which the Amazons got the day and kill'd great numbers of their Enemies and took Three Thousand Prisoners The rest flying into Woods Merina designing utterly to root up the Nation endeavour'd to set the Woods on Fire but not being able to effect it she return'd with her Army into the Confines of her own Country where by reason of her late Victory being secure and careless in setting her Watch the Prisoners kill'd many of her Amazons with their own Swords as they were asleep but at length being surrounded by the whole Army fighting it out to the last they were every Man kill'd upon the spot Then Merina erected Three Funeral Piles and burnt up all those of her Army that were slain and rais'd up as many Mounts of Earth over them which are at this day call'd the Amazon's Sepulchers The Gorgonians notwithstanding were afterwards of great Power till the Reign of Medusa at which time they were conquer'd by Perseus At length both they and the Amazons were utterly extinct by Hercules The Gorgonians rooted out by Perseus and the
Amazons by Hercules Perseus destroyed the Gorgonians in the time of Crideon An. Mund. 2657 before Christ 1291. at the time when he travell'd into the Western Parts and erected the Pillar in Africa For it was a thing intollerable to him who made it his business to be renown'd all the World over to suffer any Nation to be govern'd any longer by Women It 's reported likewise that by an Earthquake the Tract towards the Ocean open'd An Earthquake its Mouth and swallow'd up the whole Morass of Triton Merina likewise overran a great part of Africa and passing into Egypt made a League with Orus the Son of Isis who then reign'd there She made War also upon the Arabians and destroy'd many of them Afterwards having subdu'd Syria the Cilicians met her with Presents and submitted themselves whom upon the account they of their own accord gave up all into her Hands she by an Edict ordain'd to be a free People and for that reason they are call'd the free Cilicians to this Day Afterwards having conquer'd the Nations about Mount Taurus who were both Men of strong Bodies and stout Hearts she descended through P. 132. the greater Phrygia to the * The Mediterranean Sea thence passing through the Maritime Tracts she put an end to her Expedition at the River Caicus Out of her new Conquests she pickt out the most convenient Places for the building of Cities and built many there among others one after her own Name the rest she call'd after the Names of the chief Commanders of her Army as Cymes Pitanes and Prineia situated upon the Sea-Coasts others she built up higher into the Continent She possess'd her self likewise of several Islands particularly Lesbos where she built Mitylene calling it after the Name of her Sister who went along with her in the Expedition Whilst she was busie in taking other Islands she was endanger'd by a Storm at Sea where offering up her Prayers to the â Cybele or Vesta the Mother of the Gods Mother of the Gods for deliverance she was driven upon a certain Desert Island which she consecrated to the before-mention'd Goddess being admonish'd so to do by a Dream and there she erected Altars and offered magnificent Sacrifices This Island is call'd Samothracia which according to the Greek Dialect signifies the Sacred Island But there are some Historians that say it was formerly call'd Samos and from some Thracians that came to inhabit there Samothracia After that the Amazons were return'd into the Continent they fabulously report that the * Cybele Mother of the Gods being delighted with this Island plac'd there her Sons call'd the Corybantes In the Records of their Sacred Mysteries it 's declar'd who was their Father and she her self they say taught them the Rites and Mysteries that are now in use in that Island and instituted and appointed a Sacred Grove and an inviolable Sanctuary About these times they say one Mompsus a Thracian banish'd by Lycurgus King of Thrace with an Army invaded the Country of the Amazons His Associate was one Sipylus who was likewise Banish'd out of Scythia bordering upon Thrace They with Sipylus and Mompsus overcame the other in a Battel in which Merina the Amazon Queen and many more of the Amazons were slain In process of Time after the Thracians had overcome them in several Engagements they say that those that remain'd of the Nations of the Amazons retir'd into Lybia And such was the end of the Amazonian Expedition out of Africa And now since we have made mention of the Atlantides we judge it not impertinent to relate what the Atlantides fabulously report concerning the Genealogy of the Gods not much differing from the Fables of the Greeks The Atlantides inhabited a Rich Country bordering upon the Ocean and were Atlantides the Gods born among them esteem'd to excel all their Neighbours in civil Reception and Entertainment of Strangers and they boast that the Gods were born amongst them and say that the most famous Poet amongst the Grecians does confirm this their Assertion where he brings in Juno speaking thus ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The utmost bounds of Earth far off I see Where Thetys and Ocean boast to be The Parents of the Gods They say that Vranus was their first King who caus'd the People who then Vranus Heaven or Coelum or Coelus wandred up and down to dwell in Towns and Cities and reducing them from a lawless and savage Course of Life taught them to use and lay up the Fruits of the Earth and many other things useful for Man's Life It 's said he had under his Dominion the greatest part of the World especially towards the West and the Northern Parts And that being much addicted to Astrology he prognosticated many things that were come to pass in the World and measur'd the Year according to the Course of the Sun and the Months according to the Motion of the Moon and divided the Days into Hours and therefore the People as at that time ignorant of the constant motion of the Stars did so admire his Prognostications P. 133. that it grew into a common Opinion among them that he was a God and when he was dead by reason of his Deserts and Art in Astronomy they honour'd him as a God The Starry Heaven was call'd after his â ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Ouranos Name because that he was so familiarly acquainted with the Rising and setting of the Stars and other things hapning in the Etherial World and for that his Merits transcended all the Honours that could be attributed to him he was call'd the Eternal King of the Universe They report that this Vranus had Five and Forty Children by several Wives and Eighteen of these were by one Titea who had each of them a peculiar Name but all in Common call'd Titanes from their Mother Titea who for her Wisdom The Titanes and Beneficence was after her Death reputed a Goddess by those whom she had oblig'd by her Kindnesses and was call'd Terra Of Vranus and Titea were born several Daughters of whom Two were most famous above the rest Basilea and Rhea by some call'd Pandora Basilea being the Eldest and most Prudent and Discreet bred up her Brothers with the care and affection of a Mother and therefore was call'd the Great Mother After the Death of her Father by the general Suffrage of the People and Consent Basiled of her Brothers she was elected Queen being as yet a Virgin and remarkable for her Modesty and Chastity She was long unwilling to marry but afterwards desiring to leave Heirs of her own Body to succeed in the Kingdom she marry'd Hyperion one of her Brothers whom she most dearly lov'd by whom she had two Children * Helio that is the Sun Helio and â Selene that is the Moon Selene who for their Beauty and Modesty were the Admiration of all her other Brothers they say partly
Terra and in an horrible manner naturally breath'd forth Flames of Fire at her Mouth This Monster first appear'd in Phrygia and burnt up the whole Country which is therefore call'd Burnt Phrygia at this Day Afterwards she bent her Course to the Places about Mount Taurus and burnt and destroy'd all the Woods and Forests all along as far as to India Thence she mov'd towards the Sea-Coasts and burnt down the Cedars upon Mount Libanus in Phaenicia Thence passing through Egypt she burnt up Lybia as far as to the Western Shoar till at length she set on Fire all the Woods upon the Ceraunian Mountains The Earth being thus all in a Flame and the Inhabitants partly consum'd and partly through Fear having forsaken their Country Minerva they say eminently furnish'd both with Wisdom and Courage kill'd this Monster and wore its Skin upon her Breast to be both as a Breast-plate and Coat of Mail against future Encounters and likewise as a Memorial of her Valour and glorious Victory Terra the Mother of this Monster being hereat inrag'd in revenge brought forth the Giants those implacable Enemies of the Gods which were afterwards destroy'd by Jupiter with the assistance of Minerva Bacchus and other Deities But as for Dionysus bred up in Nysa and instructed in the most learned Arts Bacchus and Sciences he grew not only eminent for the Strength and Beauty of his Body and Endowments of his Mind but for his Inventions of things useful for Man's Life For while he was but as yet a meer Boy he found out the nature and use of Wine discovering the pressing of the Clusters of the Vine and drying of the Grapes to the end to store them up for future use He found out likewise what Ground was most proper for the planting of every thing and in hopes of attaining unto Immortal Honour for the great Benefits and Advantages of those things by him discover'd he communicated his Inventions to Mankind When his Fame and Glory was nois'd abroad in every Place Rhea it 's said inrag'd at Ammon endeavour'd to seize Dionysus But being disappointed in her Design she forsook Ammon and returning to her Brother the Titans Marry'd her Brother Saturn who at the instigation of Rhea with the other Brothers made War upon Ammon and in a Battel routed him That Ammon by reason of Famine was forc't to fly into Crete and marry'd Geta one of the Daughters of the Curati then reigning there and with her gain'd the Sovereignty of the Island and call'd it after his Wife's Name Gete which was before called Idea Saturn they say having gain'd the Kingdom of Ammon govern'd cruelly and P. 143. marcht with an Army to Nysa against Dionysus who hearing of the routing of his Father and the Confederacy of the Titans against him rais'd Souldiers in Nysa Two Hundred of which were bred up with him who as they were eminent for Valour so they were great Lovers of Dionysus He confederated likewise with the Neighbouring Lybians Africans and the Amazons of whom we have before related that they were both valiant and us'd to send great Forces abroad in other Countries and had brought many Parts of the World under their Dominion They were brought they say into this Confederacy chiefly for the sake of Minerva who minded the same way and course of Life as they did For the Amazons were both Warriers and Virgins The Army with Dionysus was divided into Two Bodies the Men commanded by him and the Women by Minerva and in this Order they made a violent Charge upon the Titans The Ingagement was very hot and great numbers fell on both sides At length upon a Wound given to Saturn Dionysus gain'd the Day who signaliz'd his Valour in this Battel above all others The Titans then fled to the Places formerly belonging to Ammon and Dionysus with a great number of Prisoners return'd to Nysa where he surrounded them with his Souldiers and then in an Harangue accus'd the Titans so that all thought they must every Man be put to the Sword But forthwith pardoning them all he gave them liberty either to go Home or to take up Arms with him Upon which they all chose to serve him and upon the account of their suddain and surprizing Deliverance all ador'd him as a God Then giving to each of them a Cup of Wine as a Sacred Pledge of their Fidelity he caus'd them Man by Man to swear that they would serve him faithfully and fight for him to the end of the War This Rite and Ceremony of pledging their Faith on both sides by pouring out and drinking of Wine being then first begun was afterwards imitated by Posterity and Truces and Leagues in times of War were called * Drink Offerings Libations Dionysus afterwards undertaking a War against Saturn and marching out of Nysa with all his Forces for that purpose they report that Aristaeus his Tutor was the First that with great Solemnity offered Sacrifices to him as to a God It 's said the noblest of the Nysaeans call'd Silenians were his Companions For Selenus was the First that reign'd in this Island who is so very ancient that none knows his Original And forasmuch as he had a Tail growing out at his Rump his Posterity partaking of his nature had the same Badge Dionysus therefore marcht away with his Army and after much toyl and hazard for lack of Water passing through many Deserts infested with wild Beasts he came at length to â Zacira Zabima a City of Lybia and there encamp'd near to this place he kill'd the Monster the Spawn of * The Earth Monster Campes Terra call'd Campes which had destroy'd many of the Inhabitants for which he was in high Reputation among the People for his Valour He rais'd a Mount of Earth over this Monstrous Beast he had kill'd to the end to leave an everlasting Monument of his Valour to Posterity which remains to this very day Thence he marcht against the Titans causing his Army to pass quietly and orderly through all Places carrying himself courteously and civilly towards all assuring every Body that he undertook this Expedition for no other Reason but to punish the Impious and benefit all Mankind So that the Lybians admiring his good Order and Discipline and the Greatnese of his Mind largely supply'd his Army with Provision and freely join'd with him as Confederates And now approaching near to the City of Ammon he routed Saturn again before the Walls who afterwards set the City on Fire in the Night with a purpose to destroy the ancient Palace of Ammon and he himself with his Wife P. 144. Rhea and others of his distressed Friends secretly fled out of the City But Dionysus was nothing like to him in his Temper for he not only pardon'd Saturn and Rhea whom he had taken Prisoners upon the account of being his Kindred but intreated them that for the future they would as his Parents love him and live with him as
Expedition wherein he was ingag'd with Jason he pickt out a fit opportunity afterwards and sail'd as some say with Eightheen Ships against Troy but as Homer says with Six only in the whole who introduces Tlepolimus in these Words ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã But Hercules my Father as is said The Lions strong in Valour did exceed That only with Six Ships and Slender Force For Laomedon's Horses took his Course And then Besieg'd and took the City Troy And many of her People did destroy Hercules therefore when he arriv'd in the Country of Troas marcht straight with a Valiant Number of Men to Troy but left Oiclcus the Admiral the Son of Amphiaraus with the Fleet to be ready to assist him as occasion serv'd In the mean time Laomedon being surpriz'd by the suddain advance of the Enemy in a great hurry raised as many Forces as the shortness of the time would admit him to do and led them against the Fleet hoping by burning of it to put a speedy end to the War Oicleus the Admiral met the Enemy and was kill'd at the first Onset P. 166. the rest being forc'd to their Ships stood off to Sea Laomedon then return'd and Fought with Hercules and he and most of his Men were cut off Hereupon Hercules presently took the City by Storm and put many of the Inhabitants that oppos'd him to the Sword but advanc'd Priam for his Justice to his Father's Throne He was the only Son of Laomedon that disapprov'd what his Father did and advis'd that the Horses should be deliver'd to Hercules according to the Contract Hercules to crown Telamon's Valour with an honourable Reward gave him Hesione the Daughter of Laomedon to Wife For he was the first that in this Storm made his Way into the City at the very strongest part of the Castle Wall where Hercules himself made the Assault After his Return into Peloponesus he made War upon Augeas for defranding him of his promis'd Reward but after a Battel fought with the Eleans without effecting any thing further at that time he return'd to Olenus who had before entertain'd him as his Guest whose Daughter Hippolyte was at that time just Marry'd to Axanus Hercules being then there kill'd Eurytion the Centaur for offering Violence to Hippolyte at the time of her Marriage Being return'd to Tirynthe Eurystheus mov'd upon some Suspicion of Treason or other Banish'd him with his Mother Alcmena and likewise Ephicle and Iolaus out of the Kingdom Being thus forc'd away he resided at Pheneus in Arcadia Where he heard that the Sacreds of Neptune in a Solemn Procession were sent to the Istmos under the Conduct of Eurytus the Son of Augeas Whereupon he hasted away and set upon Eurytus on the suddain near to Cleone where Hercules's Temple now stands and kill'd him Afterwards entring the Country of Elis with a Potent Army he kill'd also King Augeas and took the City by Storm and recall'd Phyleus into his Country and gave up the City together with the Kingdom into his Hands For he was banish'd by his Father for ordering the Reward to be given to Hercules being chosen an Arbitrator between them Afterwards it happened that Tyndarus was banish'd from Sparta by Hippocoon whose Sons likewise being Twenty in number had kill'd Hyionus the Son of Lycimnius Hercules his Special Friend Hercules understanding what they had done made War upon them and in a great Battel routing them slew Multitudes of them and took Sparta by Storm and restor'd Tyndarus the Father of the * Castor and Pollux Dioscuri to the Kingdom upon this Condition that in as much as he had gain'd it by Conquest he should keep it and hereafter deliver it up intire to his Posterity In this Battel there were very few kill'd on Hercules his side amongst whom were those Famous Men Iphiclus and Seventeen Sons of Cepheus for of Twenty Three only escap'd On the other side there fell Hippocoon himself with Ten of his Sons and a great number of the Spartans After this Battel he return'd into Arcadia and resorted to King Aleos whose Daughter Augeas by stealth lay with and got with Child and then went to Stymphalus Aleos being ignorant of what was done afterwards discover'd the matter by the swelling of his Daughter's Belly and thereupon askt her who was the Father who answer'd she was forc'd by Hercules Her Father not giving any credit to what she said deliver'd her to a Nauphan whom he consided in and order'd him to drown her Auge being carry'd away for â Nauphalia a City in Argos Nauphalia in her Voyage fell in labour near the Mountain Parthenius and turn'd aside into a Wood near adjoining under colour of discharging the necessities of nature and there was deliver'd of a Son which she left hid among the Shrubs Then she went away with the Nauplian and came at length to Nauplia a Port in the Territory of Argos and so was unexpectedly P. 167. preserv'd For the Nauplian was not willing to drown her as the King had commanded but gave her to certain Strangers of Caria who were then setting Sail for Asia who took her away and sold her to Teathras King of Mysia In the mean time the Child that was left in Mount Parthenius was found sucking of an Hind by some Shepherds belonging to King Corythus who brought it to their Master Corythus willingly receiv'd it and educated and brought it up as his own Son and nam'd him Telephus from the * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Elaphos is a Hind in Greek Hind that suckl'd him When he was grown up to Mans Estate he went to the Oracle at Delphos to inquire who was his Mother where he was answer'd that he must repair to Teuthras King of Mysia Having found out his Mother and it being now known who was his Father he was in high Esteem and Reputation so that Teuthras who had no Heir Male marry'd him to his Daughter Argiope and adopted him his Heir and Successor to the Kingdom In the mean time Hercules the Fifth Year after his Banishment into Pheneus being exceedingly griev'd for the Deaths of Hyionus the Son of Lycimnius and of his Brother Iphiclus wholly abandon'd Arcadia and Peloponesus and being accompany'd with Multitudes of the Arcadians went to Calydon a City of Aetolia And having now neither Wife nor lawful Issue he marry'd Deianira the Daughter of Oenâus Meleeager being then dead And here it will not be amiss to make a small Digression and declare what hapned to Meleager Oencus upon a great Plenty of Corn in Gratitude sacrific'd to all the Gods but Meleager only Diana At which the Goddess being inrag'd sent among them that so fam'd and mighty Calydonian Boar which wasted and spoyl'd all the Neighbouring Region and kill'd and destroy'd most of their Cattle Meleager the Son of Oeneus being then in the Flower
great Tumult But their Ships being all burnt by the Sicilians Cocalus his Subjects they were out of all hope ever to return into their own Country and therefore resolv'd to settle themselves in Sicily To that end some of them built a City which from the Name of their King they call'd Minoa Another part of them went up into the heart of the Country and possessing themselves of a Place naturally very strong there built Engium a City so call'd from a Fountain there After the Destruction of Troy they receiv'd Merion with other Cretians that were cast upon Sicily and because they were of the same Nation they made them The Curetes or Corybantes Members of their City Afterwards making frequent Inroads into the Neighbouring Country from so strong a Fort they subdu'd many of the Borderers and got some small Territory afterwards being grown wealthy they built a Temple to the * Call'd the Mother Goddesses in Crete Curetes or Corybantes and most religiously ador'd those Goddesses and adorn'd their Temple with many rich Gifts They say these Goddesses came into Cicily out of Crete where they were most especially ador'd and honour'd It 's reported that they privatly bred up and conceal'd Jupiter from his Father Saturn In reward of which Kindness they were taken up into the Heavens and plac'd among the Stars where they make the Constellation call'd * The Bear Arctos Of whom Aratus agreeable hereunto in his Poem of the Stars speaks thus ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Vpon their Shoulders him they bore away If that we may believe what Stories say From Crete great Jove advanc'd to th' Heavens clear And plac'd the Curetes in the Northern Bear For that from 's Father Saturn him they hid When young and th' Youth out of all danger rid It 's not fit therefore that we should pass by in silence the piety of these Goddesses P. 195. and their Fame and Reputation amongst all Men. For they are not only ador'd by the Inhabitants of this City but several of the Neighbouring Countries worship them with pompous Sacrifices and other Religious Services And the Oracle at Delphos injoyn'd many Cities to give divine Honour to these Goddesses promising that by this means they should be bless'd both in their private and publick Concerns And at length these Goddesses grew so Famous that rich Gifts both of Gold and Silver were dedicated to them by the Inhabitants and such Offerings are continu'd to the very time of writing this History For they built to them a most sumptuous Temple both for greatness of Structure and Costlyness of Ornament For in regard there was not Stone in that part of the Country fit for the raising such a Structure they took care to have it brought from the Agyrinaeans which was a * About Fifteen Miles Hundred Furlongs distance and the way very rough and craggy and hard to pass And therefore to convey the Stones they provided â Gr. Carts with Four Wheels Wagons and a Hundred Yoke of Oxen being the better inabled to bear the Charge for that the Sacred Treasures were very large For a little before our time there were Three Thousand Oxen dedicated to those Goddesses and so much Land as rais'd a vast Revenue But having said enough of this we shall proceed to the History of Aristaeus Aristaeus was the Son of Apollo and Cyrene the Daughter of Gypsaeus who was Aristaeus his Original the Son of Peneus Of his Birth some tell this Story They say that Cyrene was very beautiful and brought up at Mount Pelion and that Apollo fell in love with her and transported her into Lybia where in later time was built a City call'd after her Name Cyrene There Apollo committed his Son Aristaeus begotten of Cyrene then a young Infant to the care of the Nymphs to be brought up by them who gave him Three several Names Norricus Aristaeus and Agreus These Nymphs taught him how to * To make Cheese curdle Milk to order and make Bee-Hives and plant Olive-Yards and by this means he became the first that directed all other Men in this Art For which he was so honour'd that all ador'd him as a God as much as they did Bacchus Afterwards they say he went to Thebes where he marry'd Autonoe one of Cadmus's Daughters by whom he had Actaeon torn in Pieces as the Mythologists Actaeon say by his own Dogs Some give this Reason of his Misfortune Because that he design'd Nuptial Imbraces with Diana in her â Within the Consecrated Ground belonging to the Temple Temple dedicating to her what he got in hunting for that Solemnity Others say because he boasted that in hunting he excell'd * Others say because he look'd at her when she was Bathing See Paus Boetic c. 2. Diana her self And it is not improbable but that the Goddess might be incens'd at either of these For whether for the gratifying of his Lust by his Prey he abus'd the Goddess who was ever averse from Marriage or that he dar'd to prefer himself in the Art of Hunting before her who by all the Gods themselves was granted to excel all others in that respect the Goddess was certainly most justly angry It 's therefore very probable that being transform'd into the likeness of those Beasts he us'd to take the Dogs when they were in pursuit of other Game might tear him himself in Pieces After the Death of Actaeon Aristaeus went to â Apollo the Oracle being call'd the Oracle of Apollo his Father the Oracle at Delphos and there it 's said he was commanded by the Oracle to remove into the Island Coos who told him that he should be there highly honour'd and in great esteem with the Coons Thither therefore he sail'd a Plague afterwards raging over all Greece he sacrific'd to the Gods for the deliverance of the Grecians When he had perfected his Sacrifice about the rising of the * In August Dog Star at which time the Etesian Winds began to rise the Plague staid This remarkable change if it be seriously P. 196. considered may justly be wonder'd at for he who had his Son torn in Pieces with Dogs allay'd the evil Influences of the Dog-Star which commonly are pernicious and at that time restor'd Health to many Thousands Afterwards leaving his Children behind him he went to Lybia and from thence being furnish'd with Shipping by the Nymph his Mother he sail'd into Sardinia where being taken with the pleasantness of the Island he feated himself and improved the Ground with Planting and Tillage and civiliz'd the Inhabitants who were before Rude and Barbarous Here he begat Two Sons Carmus and Calaecarpus Afterwards he sail'd to other Islands and staid for some time in Sicily upon the account of its Fruitfulness both in Corn and Cattel where he imparted several things to the Inhabitants that were of great Benefit and
the Paeans when they are just ready to charge the Enemy The Iberians especially the Lusitanians are singular in one thing that they do for those that are young and prest with âant but yet are strong and couragious get together upon the Tops of the Mountains and furnish themselves with Arms and having made up a considerable Body make Incursions into Iberia and heap up Riches by Thieving and Robbery and this is their constant Practice in despite of all hazard whatsoever for being lightly arm'd and nimble of Foot they are not easily surpriz'd And indeed steep and craggy Mountains are to P. 216. them as their natural Country and to these they fly for shelter because there 's no way in those Places for great Armies to pass And therefore though the Romans often set upon them and in some measure have curb'd them yet they were never able wholly to put an end to their Thieving and Robbing Having related what concerns the Iberians we conceive it not impertinent to say something of their Silver Mines For almost all this Country is full of such Mines whence is dug very good and pure Silver from whence those that deal in that Mettal gain exceeding great Profit And in the former Book we have spoken of the Pyrenean Mountains in Iberia when we treated of the Acts and Atchievements of Hercules These are the highest and greatest of all others for from the South-Sea almost as far as to the Northern Ocean they divide Gall from Iberia and Celtiberia running out for the space of * About 400 Miles Three Thousand Furlongs These Places being full of Woods and thick of Trees it 's reported that in ancient time this Mountainous Tract was set on Fire by some Shepherds which continuing burning for many Days together whence the Mountains were call'd â Pyrenean the parch'd Superficies of the Earth swet abundance of Silver and â Signifying Fiery in Greek the Ore being melted the Metal flow'd down in Streams of pure Silver like a River the use whereof being unknown to the Inhabitants the Phaenician Merchants bought it for Trifles given for it in Exchange and by transporting it into Greece Asia and all other Nations greatly inricht themselves and such was their Covetousness that when they had fully loaded their Ships and had much more Silver to bring Aboard they cut off the Lead from their Anchors and made use of Silver instead of the other The Phaenicians for a long time using this Trade and so growing more and more wealthy sent many Colonies into Sicily and the Neighbouring Islands and at length into Africa and Sardinia But a long time after the Iberians coming to understand the nature of the Metal sunk many large Mines whence they dug an infinite quantity of pure Silver as never was the like almost in any other place of the World whereby they gain'd exceeding great Wealth and Revenues The manner of working in these Mines and ordering the Metal among the Iberians is thus there being extraordinary rich Mines in this Country of Gold as well as Silver and Brass the Labourers in the Brass take a Fourth part of the pure Brass dug up to their own use and the common Labourers in Silver have an Euboick Talent for their Labour in Three Days time for the whole Soil is full of solid and shining Oar so that both the nature of the Ground and the industry of the Workmen is admirable At the first every common Person might dig for this Metal and in regard the Silver Ore was easily got ordinary Men grew very rich But after that Iberia came into the Hands of the Romans the Mines were manag'd by a throng of Italians whose Covetousness loaded them with abundance of Riches for they bought a great number of Slaves and deliver'd them to the Task-masters and Overseers of the Mines These Slaves open the P. 217. Mouths of the Mines in many Places where digging deep into the Ground are found Massy Clods of Earth full of Gold and Silver and in sinking both in length and depth they carry on their Works in undermining the Earth many Furlongs distance the Workmen every way here and there making Galleries under Ground and bringing up all the Massy Pieces of Ore whence the Profit and Gain is to be had even out of the lowest Bowels of the Earth There 's a great difference between these Mines and those in Atâica for besides the Labour they that search there are at great Cost and Charge and besides are often frustrated of their hopes and sometimes lose what they had found so that they seem to be unfortunate to a Proverb But those in Iberia that deal in Mines according to their Expectations are greatly inricht by their Labours for they succeed at their very first sinking and afterwards by reason of the extraordinary richness of the Soyl they find more and more resplendent Veins of Ore full of Gold and Silver for the whole Soil round about is interlac'd on every hand with these Metals Sometimes at a great depth they meet with Rivers under-ground but by Art give a check to the violence of their Current for by cutting of Trenches under ground they divert the Stream and being sure to gain what they aim at when they have begun they never leave till they have sinished it and to admiration they pump out those Floods of Water with those Instruments call'd Aegyptian Pumps invented by Archimedes the Syracusian when Aegyptian Cochleans he was in Egypt By these with constant pumping by turns they throw up the Water to the Mouth of the Pit and by this means drain the Mine dry and make the Place fit for their Work For this Engin is so ingeniously contriv'd that a vast Quantity of Water is strangely with little Labour cast out and the whole Flux is thrown up from the very bottom to the Surface of the Earth The Ingenuity of this Artist is justly to be admir'd not only in these Pumps Archimedes but in many other far greater things for which he is famous all the World over of which we shall distinctly give an exact narration when we come to the time wherein he liv'd Now though these Slaves that continue as so many Prisoners in these Mines incredibly inrich their Masters by their Labours yet toyling Night and Day in these Golden Prisons many of them by being over-wrought dye under Ground For they have no rest nor intermission from their Labours but the Task-masters by Stripes force them to intollerable hardships so that at length they dye most miserably Some that through the Strength of their Bodies and vigour of their Spirits are able to endure it continue a long time in those Miseries whose Calamities are such that Death to them is far more eligible than Life Since these Mines afforded such wonderful Riches it may be greatly admir'd that none appear to have been sunk of later Times But in answer hereunto the Covetousness of the Carthaginians when they were
healthfulness of the Climate is such that they are not without cause call'd but are really and in truth Blessed and Happy Islands Lastly Macareus King of Lesbos made the first Law among them which was so beneficial and advantagious to the Publick that he gave it the Name of the Lion because of the strength and force of that Beast A considerable time after this Colony planted in Lesbos another was brought into the Island Tenedos in this manner Tennes was the Son of Cyrnus King of Colone in Troas and was a Man renown'd Tenedos for his Valour he brought over a Colony out of the opposite Continent and possess'd himself of the Island Leucophrys at that time desolate After he had divided the Country by Lot amongst his Subjects and had built a City he call'd it Tennus after his own Name By his good and upright Government he gain'd upon the Hearts of his People and was highly honour'd while he liv'd and after his Death was ador'd as a Demy-God For they built a Temple in honour of him and offered Sacrifices to him as a God Which Religious Veneration was continu'd to Times not long since But we are not here to omit what the Islanders report concerning Tennes the Founder of the City * Or Tennus Tenedos They say that Cygnus the Father of Tennes giving Ear to the false Suggestions and Calumniations of his Wife lockt his Son in a Chest and caus'd him to be thrown into the Sea and that the Chest was cast up by the Waves upon Tencdos and being thus strangely preserv'd by the special Providence of God became King of the Island and afterwards growing renown'd for his Justice and other eminent Virtues he was at length honour'd and ador'd as a God And because his Stepmother hir'd a â A Minstrel Piper by a false Oath to support her own Calumny it 's a Law amongst them of Tenedos That no Piper shall come into the Temple Afterwards when Tennes was kill'd by Achilles in the time of the Trojan War and Tenedos then laid wast by the Grecians the Tenedeans made another Law that it should not be lawful so much as once to name Achilles in Tennes his Temple These are the things related of Tenedos and it's ancient Inhabitanas Having now given an Account of the most considerable Islands we shall proceed in the next place to the lesser The Cyclade Islands were Formerly desolate and uninhabited But Minos the The Cycladae Islands Son of Jupiter and Europa King of Crete having a strong Army at Land and with a powerful Navy Master at Sea sent many Colonies out of Crete and Peopled many of the Islands of the Cyclades and divided the Lands to the People by Lot and subdu'd a great part of the Sea-Coasts of Asia and therefore the Sea-Ports and Havens of Asia and of the Islands have the same Names with those in Crete and are call'd Minoi Minos being now grown great and powerful began to envy his Brother Rhadamanthus his Copartner in the Kingdom for the honour and reputation he had gain'd by his Justice Willing therefore to remove him as far from him as possibly he could he sent him into the furthest parts of his Dominions Whereupon Rhadamanthus abiding in the Islands over against Ionia and Caria caus'd Erythrus to build a City in Asia after his own Name and made Oenopion the Son of Ariadna the Daughter of Minos Lord of Chius These things were all done before the Trojan War But after the destruction of Troy the Cares grown rich and wealthy gain'd the Dominion at Sea and subdu'd the Cyclades some of which they took into their own hands and rooted out the Cretians others they injoy'd in Common with the ancient Cretian Inhabitants But in process of time the Grecians growing strong and powerful the barbarous Carians were ejected out of most of the Cyclades and the Islands fell into the hands of the Greeks Of which we shall give a more particular Account hereafter in proper Time and Place D. G. The following Books that is to say the VI VII VIII IX X are lost THE Last Ten Books OF THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian CONTAINING The Affairs of the WORLD for the space of 179 Years from the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece to Seleucus his coming into Cappadocia with his Army and the other Confederate Princes into other Parts against Antigonus in the 3 d Year of the 119 th Olympiad Together with The Fragments of PHOTIUS his BIBLIOTHECA and others Published by L. Rhodomannus AND The Fragments Published by H. Valesius and by F. Vrsinus WITH A SUPPLEMENT Made English By GEORGE BOOTH of Chester Esq LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1700. ANTIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Cluuerius THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI The PREFACE THE Book next before this being the Tenth in the whole Composure of our History ends with things done in the Tear immediately before the Descent of Xerxes into Europe and with those Debates in the General Assemblies of the Grecians at Corinth concerning the admission of Gelo into the Grecian Confederacy In this to proceed as things were done in a continued Series of the History we shall begin with Xerxes ' s Expedition into Greece and end the Year immediately before the Army of the Athenians under Cymon their General invaded Cyprus CHAP. I. Of Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Battel of Thermopyle and the Sea Fight at Salamis CAllias being Archon or chief Magistrate of Athens Spurius Cassius and Proclus Virginius Tricostus Consuls at Rome in the Seventy Fifth Olympiad celebrated at Elis in which * Asyehus Asylus the Syracusian Olymp. 75. Ant. Chr. 478. was Victor Xerxes for the reason after mention'd rais'd an Army against the Grecians â He married Artozostra the Daughter of Darius and was himself the Son of Gobrias whose Daughter Darius married Herod lib. 6. c. 43. and lib. 7. c. 5. Mardonius the Persian was Cousin German and by Marriage likewise nearly related to Xerxes of great esteem among the Persians for his Valour and Prudence This Man prompted forward by the greatness of his Spirit and the heat of his Youth burned with Ambition to be General of so great an Army as that Expedition requir'd and therefore persuaded Xerxes that he would bend all his power to subdue the Grecians those implacable Enemies of the Persians Being brought over to close with this Advice he determin'd utterly to destroy and root them up And to that end sent Embassadors to Carthage to treat with them concerning the joining of their Forces together Whereupon it was thus agreed between them That Xerxes should Land his Forces in Greece and that the Carthaginians at the same time should with a great Army invade the Greeks in Italy and Sicily According to which Compact the Carthaginians raised a great sum of Money and hired
the Lacedemonians prevailed by their Interest that the Honour of the Day should be given to them of Aegina and among the Athenians to Amynias the Brother of Aesculus the Poet because that he being General of the Gallies first charg'd the Admiral of the Persians and sunk both him and his Ship together But when the Athenians shewed their Resentment that they were so undeservedly Jealousies between the Athenians and the other Grecians slighted the Lacedemonians were afraid lest Themistocles being provoked with the Indignity should contrive some considerable Mischief against them and the rest of the Grecians Therefore to stop his Mouth they rewarded him doubly above all the rest But when the People of Athens understood that he had accepted what was given him they were much incens'd and remov'd him from his Place as General and put Xanthippus of the Family of Ariphron into his stead And now the Distaste given by the Grecians to the Athenians being spread Abroad Embassadors came to Athens both from the Persians and the Grecians The Persian Embassadors spoke to this effect That if the Athenians would side with the Persians they should have what part of Greece they would chuse that Mardonius the Persian General would rebuild their Walls and their Temples and that the City should have and enjoy its former Laws and Liberties On the other Hand the Lacedemonian Embassadors earnestly intreated them that they would not make any League with the Barbarians but preserve their ancient Amity with the Grecians being so near one with them both in Nation and Language To the Barbarians the Athenians gave this Return That the Persian had no Country so rich nor Gold so heavy which could tempt them to forsake their Confederates the Grecians in their necessity And to the Lacedemonians they commanded Answer to be given That as heretofore their care had been to preserve Greece so for the future to their utmost Endeavour they would defend it And in the mean time desired that they would forthwith with all their Forces pass into Attica in regard it was very apparent that Mardonius when he came to understand the Athenians to be so Resolved against him would invade Athens with all his Force And so it came to pass for Mardonius Encamping in Beotia first endeavour'd to draw the Cities of Peleponesus to a Defection by sending Monies here and there to the Governors and Chief Men. And after when he received the Answer return'd him by the Athenians he rag'd like a Mad Man and forthwith marched with all his Army into Attica For besides those which Xerxes left with him he rais'd many out of Thrace and Macedonia and other Confederate Cities to the number of Two Hundred Thousand Men and upwards And now Attica being invaded by so great a Multitude the Athenians sent Mardonius invades Attica Messengers to the Spartans and desired their Aid who were so slow that the Enemy violently broke in upon the Country so that the Athenians were reduced to great Streights and now a Second time with their Wives and Children and all other things that they could in that Distraction and Hurry carry away left their Country and fled to Salamis Mardonius greatly inrag'd destroy'd and wasted all the Country levelling the City to the Ground and utterly demolished all the Temples that were left untouch'd in the former Desolation Upon his returning thus to Athens with his Forces it was determined in the P. 258. general * At the Isthmus Assembly of the Grecians that they would all join with the Athenians and march to Platea and there join Battel with the Persians for the Liberty of their Country And made Solemn Vows to the Gods that if they became Victors they would celebrate and set apart a Festival Day and institute Sports to the Goddess Libertas at Platea At the General Rendezvous in Peleponesus they took an Oath to oblige one another to the Prosecution of the War to the end their League might be inviolably observ'd and that all Difficulties might be undergone with undaunted Courage The Form of the Oath was thus I will not prefer Life before Liberty The Oath of the Consederacy I will not desert my Officers whether they live or dye but that I will bury my Fellow-Souldiers that shall fall in the War how many soever they may be If I be victorious in this War I will not destroy or spoil any City of my Confederates I will not rebuild any of the Temples that are burnt or ruin'd but leave them as Monuments of the Impiety of the Barbarians to Posterity When they had thus sworn they march'd over the Mountain Citharon into Beotia and incamp'd at the Foot of the Hill near the City Erythra Aristides was the Commander of the Athenians and Pausanias the Tutor of Leonidas who was under Age was General of the whole Army When Mardonius understood that the Enemy was enter'd Beotia he march'd from Thebes and pitcht his Tents at the Ante Chr. 478. River â Near Platea and Thebes The Fight with the Persians at Erybra Aesopus and fortify'd himself with a deep Trench inclosing his Camp round with a Wall of Timber The Grecians were an Hundred Thousand but the Persians were Five Hundred Thousand The Barbarians began the Fight who all the Night long roving up and down with all their Cavalry set upon the Grecians in their Camp The first that felt the Brunt were the Athenians who forthwith in good order valiantly oppos'd them so that the Fight was very hot At length the rest of the Grecians put all to Flight that made the Onset on them only the Magareans who had to deal with the General and best of the Persian Horse were over-press'd yet gave no ground but sent with all speed to the Athenians and the Lacedemonians for Succors When Aristides understood their Distress he forthwith sent the chief of such Athenians as were then about him to their aid who joyning with the other made such a Charge upon the Barbarians that they soon freed the Magareans from their Dangers killing the General of the Persian Horse with many others and put the rest to flight This happy success at the beginning of the War fill'd the Grecians with hope of absolute Victory in the Conclusion Afterwards The great Battel with the Persians at the River Asopus near Platea they remov'd their Camp out of the Plain next under the Foot of the Mountain into another Place more convenient for obtaining a perfect Victory For on their Right Hand was an high Hill and on their Left the River Asopus for their Defence Between these Two they encamp'd thus guarded by a natural Fortification The straitness of the Place thus chosen by the Grecians was of great advantage and did much conduce to the Victory For the Persians could not enlarge their Front as otherways they might by reason whereof so many Thousands of the Barbarians became useless and unprofitable The Generals Pausanias and Aristides
all other things necessary for the War as far as was possible being jealous that the Ionians were ready to revolt Leotychidas with his whole Fleet well provided sail'd with a straight Course against the Barbarians at Mycale and sent before him a Ship with an Herald or Cryer in it one of greater Voice than any of the rest of his Army and gave him in charge that when he approached the Enemy he should proclaim with a loud Voice That the Grecians that had routed the Persians at Platea were now at Hand resolv'd to restore the Greek Cities in Asia to their Liberty which was done by those with Leotychidas because they conceiv'd that upon the News the Grecians in the Army of the Persians would revolt and great Tumult and Disorder would be made amongst them which happened accordingly As soon as the Cryer came up to the Persian Fleet and had executed his Commands the Persians grew jealous of the Grecians and the Grecians began to consult together of a Revolt The Officers of the Grecian Fleet having well debated and considered all things relating to the present Affair landed their Forces The next Day when all things were ready for the Onset a Rumor was on a suddain spread in the Army that the Grecians had overcome the Persians at Platea Upon which Leotychidas and his Collegues drew up the Army in a Body incouraging them to fight making use of several Arguments to that purpose and withall singing among them Songs of the Victory at Platea thereby the more to stir up and inflame their Spirits to the present Encounter But the Circumstances of Affairs were then very remarkable for it 's certain both Armies fought on one and the same Day the one at Mycale and the other at Platea Therefore since Leotychidas could not then know any thing of the Victory at Platea we may conclude that this Report was a Stratagem invented by him on purpose especially considering the great distance of Places the News could not possibly arrive in P. 261. so short a time But the Persians now no longer confiding in the Grecians took away their Arms and deliver'd them to their Confederates and encouraged their Souldiers telling them that Xerxes was at hand with a great Army for their Assistance whereby they rais'd up their Spirits Both Armies being now drawn up in Batalia and advancing one towards the other when the Persians saw the inconsiderable Number of the Grecians they despised them and forthwith charged upon them with a great shout In the mean time the Samians and Milesians determin'd to assist the Grecians with all the strength they could make and to that end with a swift March made towards the Enemy And the Ionians conceiv'd that when they came in sight of the Grecians they would be thereby more incouraged which fell out otherwise for those with Leotychidas being seis'd with a pannick Fear upon the apprehension and suspition that Xerxes was at hand with all his Forces from Sardis there was nothing but Confusion and Distraction through various Surmises and Opinions amongst them Some were for retiring forthwith to their Ships others were for standing their Ground and fighting valiantly to the last Man Whilst they were in this Terror Disorder and Confusion the Persian Army advanced in order of Battel and in a terrible manner with great shouts fell in upon the Grecians who were forc'd to receive the Charge having now no time left for further Consultations The Battel being now join'd great Courage and Resolution was shewn on all hands and a long time the Fortune of the Day was doubtful and many fell on both sides But as soon as the Samian and Milesian Armies appear'd the Courage of the Grecians was reviv'd and the Persians so flag'd and fail'd that they forthwith fled and were pursu'd with a very great Slaughter for the Souldiers of Leotychidas and Xanthippus follow'd them close at their Heels to their very Tents In the mean time the Aeolians and many other of the Inhabitants of Asia came in to the assistance of the Grecians though then almost Conquerours For a general and ardent desire of Liberty possess'd all the Asian Cities and therefore many neither regarded Leagues made or Hostages given but together with the other Grecians with the same Rage hew'd down and slew the flying Persians And thus the Persians were routed and dispers'd with the slaughter of Forty Thousand Men of the rest some of them escap'd to their Camp and others fled to Sardis Xerxes being inform'd both of the Slaughter of his Men at Platea and of the routing of his Army at Mycale leaving part of his Forces to carry on the War in a great Fright fled with the rest to Ecbatana When all was over Leotychidas and Xanthippus sail'd back to Samos and then receiv'd the Ionians and Aeolians as their Confederates in the War And some time after used many persuasive Arguments to them to leave Asia and come over into Europe promising them to bestow upon them the Estates of all those that Ant. Chr. 477. had confederated themselves with the Persians For if they continued in Asia they would be in continual Alarms by Enemies that far excell'd them in strength and that were near to them and that their Friends by reason of the distance by Sea could not be assistant to them so opportunely and at such Seasons as their Necessity might require Upon which Promises the Ionians and Aeolians were persuaded and in observance of the Grecians Desires prepar'd themselves to take Shipping for Europe But the Athenians afterwards changing their Minds now persuaded them to remain where they were and faithfully promis'd that though now if the rest of Greece should assist them yet that they would from time to time send them aid as being they who were only oblig'd so to do by reason of their Kindred and Relation to them For the Athenians were jealous that if the Ionians settled in new Habitations by the common concurrence of the Grecians they would not for the future own Athens as their Metropolitan City and place of their Original Whereupon the Ionians upon second thoughts determin'd not to remove out of Asia Things thus accomplished the Grecian Army divided The Lacedemonians Olymp. 75. 2. Ant. Chr. 477. Ann. Mund. 3471. P. 262. sail'd back into Laconia the Athenians with the Ionians and Islanders made for Sestos which Xanthippus the General took at the first Assault and after he had put a Garrison into it and discharg'd his Confederates he return'd with his Citizens to Athens And this was the event and issue of the Medean War as it was call'd after it had continu'd for the space of Two Years Herodotus the Historian began his History with some things before the War of Troy and relates in Nine Books whatever happen'd of Moment almost in all parts of the World and concludes his History with the Fight at Micale and the Herodotus ends his History Siege and taking of Sestos
Two and Forty Years At the same time died Anaxilaus King of Rhegium and Zancles after he had governed Eighteen Years and Micychus a faithful Trustee was admitted into the Government upon Condition that he should restore all to the Children of the deceased King when they P. 267. came of Age. Hiero King of Syracuse after the Death of Gelo had a jealous Eye towards Hiero King of Syracuse his Brother Polyzelus because of his great Interest and Esteem among the People and therefore contriv'd how to take him out of the way to which end he imploys all Mercenaries and Strangers about him for his Guard judging that to be the surest way for the keeping Possession of the Kingdom And when the * A People of Sybaris in Greece Sybarites were besieged by the â A People of Croton in Italy Crotonites and desir'd assistance from him he rais'd a great Army and committed the charge of the War to Polyzelus with a purpose that he might fall in the Battel But Polyzelus suspecting the Design refused the Command at which the King fell into a great Rage against his Brother who fled to Thero King of Agrigentum whereupon Hiero makes all preparation Ante Chr. 474. and speed to besiege them both In the mean time Thrasideus the Son of Thero being Governor of Himera by Thrasideus his Oppression his harsh and severe Government quite lost the Hearts of the People But they not daring to complain to his Father not looking upon him as an impartial Judge sent Embassadors to Hiero with great Accusations against Thrasideus and offer both to deliver up their City and to assist him against Thero But Hiero judging it better for his purpose to deal with Thero in a calm and peaceable manner secretly betrays the Himerians and their Plots against him All things being made apparent and plain Thero is not only reconcil'd to Hiero but likewise The Treason of the Himerians discover'd by Hiero Hiero expels the Cataneans restores Polyzelus to his Brother 's former Love and Favour and puts to death many of the Traitors of Himera About the same time Hiero expelled the Cataneans and Naxians from their own Country and planted the Cities with new Colonies of Five Thousand Men out of Peloponesus and as many from Syracuse and call'd Catana Aetna and distributed not only the Country of Catana but many large Tracts adjoyning by Lot amongst the Citizens which were Ten Thousand And this he did both to have Succors at hand upon any Pressing occasion and likewise that he might be honoured after his Death as the Founder of so great a City wherein were contained Ten Thousand Inhabitants The Cataneans and Naxians he transplanted into the City of the Leontines commanding them to abide there in common freedom with the rest of the Inhabitants Thero in like manner considering how Himera was in a great measure depopulated planted the Doreans there and ordered that whosoever would should be inroll'd Citizens of that Place These govern'd the Commonwealth with great Commendation for the space of Fifty Eight Years Not long after which time the Carthaginians raz'd the City to the Ground which hath continu'd ruin'd and in its Rubbish to this Day CHAP. VIII The Lacedemonians quarrel with the Athenians for the Dominion of the Sea WHen Dromoclides was Archon of Athens and Marcus Fabius and Caius Manlius Olymp. 76. 2. Anno Mund. 3497. Ant. Chr. 473. Consuls of Rome the Lacedemonians were highly concern'd for their loss of the Sovereignty of the Sea and therefore being greatly exasperated against the Grecians who had deserted them they breath'd out Revenge with just Indignation against them A General Council therefore being call'd they advis'd together concerning War to be proclaim'd against the Athenians in order to the Recovery of their Dominion at Sea And in several other Assemblies of the People most of them especially the Young Men were very hot and eager for the War vaunting every where how rich they should be if they succeeded in their Design and how all would be encouraged in the Service of their Country when every private Family hath had such advantages and occasions to enrich and advance themselves And they call'd to mind an old Prophesie from the Oracle which bid them P. 268. beware of having but an half Empire which could signifie nothing else as they alledg'd but the present Circumstances they were in For being there were Two Sovereignties the one at Land and the other at Sea if they lost the one they must needs be Masters but of a Lame Government The whole City almost being of the Opinion for a War the matter was again referr'd to the Senate supposing none would dare to contradict the general Sense of the Citizens But one of the Senators of the Family of Hercules Ant. Chr. 473. call'd Hetaemaridas a Man of great Esteem among the Citizens for his Virtue advised quite otherwise and declar'd his Opinion that they should suffer the Athenians quietly to enjoy the Dominion of the Sea for that it was not the Custom of the Commonwealth of Sparta to contend about that Sovereignty And urging many Reasons for the confirmation of his Opinion which was not at first very grateful he at length prevail'd both with the Senate and People to wave the War And so it was concluded according to his Advice as most advantagious to desist The Athenians at the first were in great fear of a bloody War with the Spartans about this Command at Sea and therefore they built many Gallies for that purpose and provided a great Mass of Treasure and sought to gain all their Neighbours and Confederates with the greatest Demonstrations of kindness and courtesie imaginable But hearing of what was resolv'd and determin'd by the Lacedemonians all fear of War being now vanish'd they wholly bent their Minds to advance the power and greatness of their City CHAP. IX Hiero breaks the power of the Hetruscans by Sea WHen Acestoridas was Archon of Athens and Cesus Fabius and T. Virginius Olymp. 76. 3. An. Mu. 3498. Ante Chr. 472. Consuls of Rome at that time Hiero King of Syracuse at the Request of the Citizens of Cuma in Italy by their Ambassadors who were greatly annoy'd by the Hetruscans sent a considerable Fleet to their Assistance who joyning Battel with the Hetruscans of Tyrenia in a Sea-Fight sunk several of their Ships and obtain'd a compleat Victory and so the power of the Hetruscans being broken they return'd to Syracuse CHAP. X. The War between the Tarentines and the Japigians MEnon being Archon of Athens L. Aemilius Mamercus and C. Cornelius Lântulus Consuls of Rome broke out a War between the Tarentines and the Olymp. 76. 4. Ant. Ch. 471. Japiges concerning the Limits of their Lands At the first there were but little Skirmishes and taking Booties one from another But the Enmity increasing by degrees and in the mean time Slaughters being committed far and near on both
any Wife that had a desire to leave Law about Marriage her Husband to marry any other Man provided he were no younger than her former Husband and that he who cast off his Wife should marry none younger than the Wife he rejected And he succeeded so well in his Proposal that by having the Law amended he not only escap'd the Rope but by this means his Wife that had a Mind to a young Fellow was forc'd to return to him again Ant. Chr. 445. The Third Law which Solon likewise had made which was amended was that concerning Virgins and Orphans The Law was that where there was an Heiress left the next of Kin might demand her in Marriage and so on the other hand a young Woman an Orphan might demand him that was of her next Kindred in Marriage and he should be forc'd to marry her or if she were poor give her Five Hundred * Drachma was of the Value of 7 d. in our Money Drachma's for her Portion There was an Orphan of this kind left of a good Family but yet extream Poor she by reason of her Poverty in no likelihood to get a Husband made her application to the People and with many Tears bemoaned her desolate condition and despicable state of Life and desir'd an amendment of the Law to this purpose That in lieu of the Five Hundred Drachma's the next of Kin whom by the Law the Orphan might demand in Marriage should be forc'd to marry her The People commiserating her Condition chang'd the Law and so she was delivered from P. 299. the Rope and the rich Kinsman was forc'd to marry the poor Maid without any Dowry Now it remains we should speak of the Death of Charonidas concerning which The remarkable Death of Charonidas there happened something remarkable and wonderful for when he was gone forth against some Robbers that made inroads into the Country before he return'd there happened a Tumult to be rais'd by the People in one of their Common Assemblies Determining therefore to make diligent Enquiry into the Cause and Authors of the Sedition he came hastily in amongst them with his Sword girt at his side and a Law he had made that none should come arm'd into the Senate-house but had forgotten his Sword then at his Side and so rushed into the Assembly and thereby gave an occasion to them that maligned him to accuse him Upon which one cries out You break the Law which you your self made No says he but I will confirm it and forthwith ran himself through â Vid. lib. 13. f. 53. Some Writers ascribe this Fact to Diocles the Law-maker of Syracuse But having spoken enough of Charonidas we shall now relate something in short of Zaleuchus the Law-maker because they were much alike in their Consultations The Law-maker Zaleuchus and bent their Minds and Thoughts to the same things and flourished in Cities near adjoyning one to another Zaleuchus was an Italian born at Locris of a noble Family of great Learning and Scholar to Pythagoras He was of great esteem and account in his Country and chosen by the People to be their Law-maker He began his Laws first with the Worship of the Gods In the Preface he requires the Inhabitants That in the First place and above all they should be fully perswaded and Law about Religion Excellent Notions and Rules of Natural Religion relating to Divine Worship and this by a Heathen undoubtedly believe that there were Gods and that devoutly looking up to Heaven and viewing the Beauty and admirable Harmony and Order thereof they should judge and certainly conclude that that great Work was not of Men or came there by chance And therefore he ordain'd they should adore and worship the Gods from whom all that is good descends upon Men. And to that end that they ought to have their Minds pure and unspotted inasmuch as the Gods are better pleas'd with the just and honest Actions of Righteous Men than with all their costly Sacrifices Having made this Preface or Introduction he then subjoyns his Precepts First That none should be implacable Ant. Chr. 445. 1. Against Implacableness one against another but that all should so manage their Animosities as to keep a reserve in a short time to be reconcil'd and in full Friendship with their Adversaries and if any did otherwise such a Man should be reputed of a fierce and inhumane Disposition Secondly He commanded the Magistrates 2. About Magistrates that they should not be Proud and Domineering that they should not give Judgment in any matter either for Love or Hatred And in other particulars he devised many things with great Wisdom Prudence and Ingenuity 3. Whereas in all other Countries by the excess and extravagance of Women 3. Against the Expence of Women much Silver was spent and wasted by a witty and ingenious kind of Punishment he restrain'd their Excess for he ordered That no Woman that was Free of the City should be attended Abroad with any more than one Servant unless she were Drunk That none should walk abroad in the Night except it were with an intent to play the Whoâe nor wear golden Ornaments or Garments embroider'd with Gold unless with the same intent Nor that any 4. Expences of Men. Man should wear a Gold Ring of a Milesian Garment unless he were guilty of Fornication or Adultery By these dishonourable Exceptions and Conditions of Indempnity which were Punishments in themselves he easily restrain'd the Citizens from Luxury and Excess for none were willing to expose themselves as laughing-stocks to their Fellow Citizens by owning themselves guilty of such foul Offences Many other Laws concerning Contracts and other Differences which might arise were with great Judgment made by him which would be too tedious particularly to relate and beside the scope and intent of our History We shall therefore return whence we made a digression P. 300. Olymp. 83. 4. Ant. Ch. 443. Lysimachides was chief Ruler of Athens when the Romans conferr'd the Consular dignity upon Titus Menenius and Poplius Sestius Capitolinus In their time the Sybarites that had escap'd in the late Sedition seated themselves at the River Tarentum where they continu'd for some time but at length were rooted out and utterly destroy'd by the Brutii In Greece in the mean time the Athenians having recovered Eubea drave the Hestians out of the City and sending thither a Colony of a Thousand Citizens of their own they divided the City and Land adjacent amongst them by Lot CHAP. IV. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws The War between the Thurians and Tarentines The sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome which caus'd a disturbance and great Sedition The Law of the Twelve Tables Peace all over the World WHen Praxitiles was Governor of Athens the Eighty Fourth Olympiad was Olymp. 84. 1. Ant. Ch. 442. celebrated in which Crison of Himera
was Victor and at Rome Ten Persons call'd the Decem-viri were chosen to compose new Laws * Appius Publius Claudius Regillanus Titus â Crenucius Minutius Sporius Viturius Caius Julius * Servius Caius Sulpitius Publius Sestius â T. Romilius Romilius Sporius Posthumius * A. Manlius Culbinius and Publius Horatius By these Persons were Laws made In their time a War broke out between the Thurians and them of Tarentum in which War the Countries were wasted on both sides by Inroads by Land and Invasions from Sea many small Battels and Skirmishes were fought but nothing done of any moment Lysanias being chief Ruler at Athens the Romans again chose Ten Men for Olymp. 84. 2. Ante Chr. 441. The Story of the Daughter of Virginius making of Laws Appius Claudius Marcus Cornelius Lucius Minutius Caius Sergius Quintus Pitilius Marcus Rabuleius T. Antonius Meranda Q. Fabius Vibulanus C. Duilius and Sp. Oppius But these could not perfect the Business wherein they were imploy'd for â Appius one of them fell in Love with a beautiful Virgin but of small Fortune whom he endeavour'd to debauch by Money But when he saw he could not gain his Design by those means he subborn'd a * One Marcus Claudius Fellow fit for his purpose to claim her for his Bondslave and to bring her before the Decem-viri and demand Judgment against her as his Slave which was easily obtain'd from a corrupt Judge the Author of the Villany She being delivered to him the Sycophant Knave carry'd her away as his Bond-maid In the mean time the â One Lucius Virginius Father of the Young Woman mov'd with Grief and Rage at the indignity offer'd hasten'd to the Court where seeing no hopes of redress he follow'd his Daughter close behind her and spying a Knife in a Butcher's Shop as he pass'd by he snatcht it up and forthwith stabb'd his Daughter to Death to avoid the indignity and disgrace of such a condition and forthwith without delay hastening out of the City made to the Army that was then encamp'd at Algidum and with many Tears declar'd his miserable Condition and implor'd their Assistance which on the suddain affected them all with Commiseration and great sorrow at his Calamity upon which being all stirr'd up with a resolution to relieve the distressed Father in the Night they rush into Rome and possess themselves of the Aventine Mount As soon as the Day brake the Decem-viri being inform'd of the Rage of the Soldiers against the wickedness of the Fact by force of Arms resolving to defend their Collegue got together a multitude of Young Men to dispute the matter with their Adversaries by the Sword And now a great and bloody Fight seem'd to be at hand when some of the Citizens of the best Quality foreseeing the danger interpos'd by Messengers to both Parties in order to compose the Difference intreating and earnestly beseeching them that they would forbear and not involve their Country in Blood and Destruction At length the matter was agreed upon these Conditions That there Tribunes of the People chosen at Rome should be Ten call'd * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Tribunes of the People Tribunes of the People chosen who should have Sovereign Power and Authority over all the rest of the Magistrates of the City and who might protect the common Liberty of the People And that one of the Consuls every Year should be chosen out of the Senators and the other out of the Common People Yea further that they should have Power to chuse both Consuls out from among themselves if they thought fit And this Law was then made to be a Check to the exorbitant power of the Patricians for they Ant. Chr. 441. P. 301. under colour of their great and high Birth and the glory of their Families with insufferable Pride engross'd to themselves all the power and authority of the City Amongst the Conditions it was further added That the Tribunes of the People at the end of every Year should appoint as many new ones in their room to succeed and if they did neglect it they should be burnt alive And though the Tribunes could not agree in their Choice yet they should continue still in their Offices in the mean time And this was the end of the great Commotion at Rome Diphilus being Archon of Athens the Romans created Marcüs Horatius and Olymp. 84. 3. Ant. Ch. 440. The Twelve Tables at Rome Lucius Valerius Potitus Consuls who perfected the Laws which suffered an irruption by the Sedition For there were then Ten of the Twelve Tables as they were call'd only finished the other Two were added by these Consuls The Roman Laws thus perfected the Consuls ordered them to be engraven upon Twelve Tables of Brass and fix'd them to the Pleaders Desk in the face of the Court. And these Laws thus written briefly and plainly without any flourish of Words remain unto this Day About the time these things were done most Nations through the World were at Peace for the Persians made a double League with the Grecians and with the Athenians and their Confederates Most Nations of the World at Peace whereby Liberty was restor'd to all the Greek Cities of Asia The other afterwards was with the Lacedemonians by which This may be the time mention'd in Zachary Zach. 1. 11. which continued to the time of Darius Nothus Ant. Chr. 440. it was agreed quite contrary that the Greek Cities in Asia should remain under the power of the Persians In like manner the Grecians were at Peace among themselves the Athenians and Spartans having entred into a League for Thirty Years And all was likewise quiet in Sicily the Carthaginians having made Peace with Gelon and all the Grecian Cities submitted to them of Syracuse And the Agrigentines after the Slaughter at Himera accepted of Terms of Peace And all the People of Italy France Spain and most Parts of the World were at perfect Concord one with another Therefore we have no account in History of any thing memorable done in War during this time but all were every where at rest solacing themselves with Sports and Sacred Festivals and other Jollities the common Attendants of a prosperous State and Condition CHAP. V. The War between the Samians and the Melesians A Sedition in Samos which revolts from the Athenians The War in Sicily by the Syracusians against the Trinacrians TImocles was now chief Governour of Athens and Larius Herminius and Titus Virginius Tricostus Roman Consuls In their time the Samians break forth into War against the Milesians concerning Olymp. 84. 4. Ant. Chr. 439. * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã pro Priene Thucyd. Priene a Town in Ionia under the Mountain Micale Pericles sent against the Samians Priene and discerning the Athenians more to favour the Milesians they revolted from them Hereupon the Athenians sent Pericles made Admiral some time before with Forty Sail against the
and Symmachus to lead the Army against Aristides and Symmachus sent into Lesbos against the Exiles of Mitylene them who having passed over the Forces into Lesbos after some few Assaults took Antandrus and put part of the Exiles to the Sword and expelled the rest out of the City And after they had strenghned the Place with a Garrison they departed from Lesbos After this Lamachus with Ten Ships under his Command Sail'd for Pontus and lay with his Fleet at Heraclea and near the River Cacheta lost all his Ships For abundance of Rain falling the Rain by the violence of the Stream dash'd in Pieces all the Vessels against the Rocks lying upon the Shoar Hereupon the Athenians made a Truce with the Lacedemonians P. 323. A Truce propounded and made for a Year for a Year upon these Conditions that all that was then under the Power and Government of each other should so remain on both sides And after several Debates and Consultations it was Judged to be the wisest course to put an end to the War and those destructive Contentions between themselves for ever after That which chiefly mov'd the Lacedemonians was the earnest desire they had to release those who were taken in the Island Sphacteria Thus far the Truce went on but they could not agree concerning Scione though all other things were consented to on both sides The Contention was so hot that all Ant. Chr. 424. War continu'd further overtures of Peace were at an end and the War was still carry'd on upon the Account of Scione About this time the City Menda fell off to the Lacedemonians which caused Menda revolts to the Lacedemonians a greater heat and resolution for the keeping of Scione To this end Brasidas remov'd all the Women and Children and their best Goods out of Scione and Menda and put strong Garrisons into them The Athenians were so enraged at this that they made a Decree to put all the Sciones to the Sword when ever they took the City To that end they sent Nicias and Nicostrates with Fifty Sail against them Menda retaken They first set upon Menda which they took by the Treachery of some within Then they Besieg'd Scione compassing it round with a Wall and press'd upon Scione besieg'd by the Athenians it with continual Assaults But the Garrison in Scione being very strong and well provided with all things necessary easily defended themselves and from the top of the Walls greatly gall'd the Besiegers And these were the things done this Year The Year following Alceus governing at Athens and Opicter Lucretius and Olymp. 89. 3. Ant. Ch. 423. Lucius Sergius * Fidenas Fideniates Roman Consuls the Athenians cast the Delians out of the Island and took the City into their own Hands because they kept secret correspondence as they alledg'd with the Lacedemonians Being thus expuls'd Pharnaces the Persian Lord Lieutenant gave them the City â Or Adrametum a City in Mysia in the Lesser Asia Adramyttium to inhabit The Athenians at the same time sent forth Cleon with a great Body of Foot unto the Coasts of Thrace who arriving at Scione shipt part of them that lay before the Town and sail'd with them to Torona For he had intelligence that Brasidas was gone from those Parts and had left but few Soldiers at Torona To which Place he approached as close as he could and besieged it both by Sea and Land at length he took it by Storm and made the Women and Children Captives the Souldiers he bound in Chains and sent them to Athens having left at Torona a small Garrison he march'd with the rest of his Forces to the River Strymon in Thrace and thence to the City Scione which is distant Thirty Stages from the City Amphipolis which he fiercely assaulted But here having intelligence that Brasidas incamp'd with his Army at Amphipolis he makes against him with a swift March who being inform'd of the approach of the Enemy sets forth in Battalia to meet the Athenians whereupon they presently join'd Battel the Victory continuing very doubtful for some time where it would fall both sides bravely behaving themselves In the mean time the Generals The Battel of Amphipolis where the Generals on both sides were kill'd P. 324. fought with that Resolution as if each would gain the Victory with his own Hands and the Officers themselves with undaunted Courage rush'd into the heat of the Battel insomuch as many brave Men on both sides breathed out their last At length Brasidas fell in the Bed of Honour amongst Heaps of his Enemies slain by his own Hand Cleon likewise was slain in the thickest of the Combatants And now both Armies were at a stand and in a Consternation at the loss of their Generals but at length the Lacedemonians got the day and set up a Trophy And the Athenians upon a Truce made bury'd their Dead and sail'd back to Athens When some who return'd to Lacedemon gave an account of the Victory and Death of Brasidas it is reported that his Mother Ant. Chr. 423. asked how he behaved himself in the Battel To whom Answer was made That he went beyond all the Lacedemonians Upon which she replied Her Son Brasidas was an Honest and Good Man but much inferiour to many other Spartans in Valour What she said being nois'd through the City the Ephori decreed her publick Honours because she prefer'd the Glory of her Country before the particular praise of her Son After this Battel the Athenians determin'd to make Peace concluded Peace with the Lacedemonians for Fifty Years and did so upon these Conditions that the Prisoners on both sides should be discharg'd and that the Cities taken in the War should be restored And so the Peloponesian War that had now continu'd Ten Years of the Peloponesian War Ten Years was in this manner ended at this time CHAP. VIII The continuance of the Peloponesian War The War by the Romans against the Fidinates for putting their Ambassadors to death The Quarrels between the Aegistines and the Seluntines in Sicily The Expedition of the Athenians against Sicily under Nicias being the Sixteenth Year of the Peloponesian War ARiston was Archon at Athens when the Romans committed the Consulship Olymp. 89. 4. Ant. Chr. 422. New Commotions to Titus Quintius and Aulus Cornelius Cossus The Peloponesian War was scarcely ended when new Commotions and Dissentions broke out afresh occasion'd as follows The Athenians and Spartans with the common Consent of all their Confederates had enter'd into Terms of Truce and Peace But in the mean time they privately confederated in a League Offensive and Defensive without taking in the Cities that had sided with either Party which rais'd a suspicion as if there was a Design laid by this secret Association to inslave all The Cities confederate both against Athens and Sparta Ant. Chr. 422. Greece And therefore the chiefest Cities in Greece sent one to another
Authors of the Truce insomuch as they of Argos cast Stones at the Officers of the Army and had order'd them all to be put to death which had been executed if by great intercession their Lives had not been spared but their Goods were confiscated and their Houses pull'd down The Lucedemonians also intended to have put Agis to Death but upon his Agis threatned to be put to Death promise to wipe off the stain of the late miscarriage by his future Services with much adoe he was spar'd However for the future they join'd with him Ten Persons approv'd for their Wisdom and Prudence without whose Advice he was strictly charg'd not to do any thing for the time to come After this when the Athenians had sent forth a Thousand well-arm'd Men and Two Hundred Horse by Sea to them of Argos under the command of Nichetes Ante Chr. 420. and Nichostratus to whom Alcibiades join'd himself though then in no command for the great love and kindness he bore towards the Mantineans and Eleans the Argives in a common Assembly decreed that notwithstanding the former Agreement they should make it their business to carry on the War with all their Power To that end all the Officers incouraged every one their own Souldiers who readily and heartily follow'd their Leaders and encamp'd out of the Walls of the City There it was concluded to be most advisable to begin first with an Expedition against Orchomenia in Arcadia To that purpose having advanced into Arcadia they besieg'd the City and wearled it out with Orcomenia taken by the Argives daily Assaults and having taken the Town they march'd to Tegea determining to force that likewise The Tegeans desiring speedy aid from the Lacedemonians they with the strength of their whole City and of their Confederates made for Mantinea conceiving that by Besieging of that a stop would be easily put to the Siege of Tegea But the Mantineans being inforc'd by the Assistance of their Confederates march'd out with the Youth of their City and had an Army in the Field ready to oppose the Lacedemonians Presently hereupon Battel was joyn'd and a select Band of the Argives consisting of a Thousand well disciplin'd and expert Souldiers were the first that put the Enemy to flight and made a great Slaughter in the Pursuit But the Lacedemonians returning from Ant. Chr. 420. A Battel between the Lacedemonians and the Mantineans the Pursuit and Slaughter of those they had routed in another part of the Army fell upon the Conquering Argives and surrounding them made no question but to cut them off every Man And whereas these brave Men although far inferior in number prevail'd in a great measure against their Enemies the Lacedemonian King being earnest to perform his Promise to the Citizens and to wipe off the stain of his former disgrace by some great and remarkable Action in the Head of his Army ran through all sorts of Difficulties in the Fight and had kill'd them all upon the spot if he had not been prevented for Pharax one of the Ten join'd with the King as his Council a Man of great authority in Lacedemon commanded the Souldiers to open a way for the Arcadians lest fighting with Men in a desperate condition they came to experience what Valour can do when it 's driven to a necessity The King restrain'd by his Command a Passage was made for the Enemy to break through as Pharax had ordered And in this manner these Thousand Men got off and the Lacedemonians having gain'd an eminent Victory set up a Trophy and return'd Home The former Year ended Antopha was chief Governour at Athens and Four Military Tribunes Caius Furius * Titus Quinctius Quintilius Olymp. 90. 3. An. Mund. 3554. Ante Chr. 419. Marcus Posthumus and Aulus Cornelius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome At that time the Argives and Lacedemonians had several Meetings and Messages to and fro about entring into a League one with another which was effected P. 327. accordingly Upon this the Mantineans now deserted by A League between the Lacedemonians and the Argives the Garrison put in there by the Argives were forc'd to come under the power of the Lacedemonians About the same time the Thousand choice Men before spoken of in the City of Argos conspir'd to overthrow the Democracy and set up an Aristocracy from among A Sedition in Argos themselves And having many Associates and Abettors in this Affair of the wealthiest and most couragious Men of the City they forthwith seiz'd upon the Tribunes of the People and the Heads and chief of those that were for Popular Government and cut their Throats The rest being terrified repealed all the ancient Laws and began to order all Affairs in the Commonwealth according to the Will and Pleasure of these Men. And after they had thus govern'd for the space of Eight Months they were by an insurrection of the People depos'd and the Democracy restor'd Another Disturbance likewise arose in Greece for upon a Difference happening between the Phoceans and the Locrians the matter came to a decision by the Sword The Phoceans were Conquerors Quarrels and a Fight beween the Phoceans and Locrians and kill'd above a Thousand of the Locrians In the mean time the Athenians under the Command of Niceas took Two Ant. Ch. 419. Cities * Cithera in Peloponesus Cithera and â Nicea a Port Town in Megara Nicea and in * Melus in Thessaly Melus which was taken by Storm they put all but Women and Children to the Sword and them they made Captives In Italy the Fidenates put the Roman Ambassadors to Death upon a light occasion At which base act of Injustice the People of Rome were highly incens'd and decreed to revenge it by a War To this end they made Manius Aemilius Dictator and according to the Custom join'd with him Aulus Cornelius the Master of the Horse When all things were in readiness he marcht against the Fidenates with all expedition who drew out and met him upon which there was a sharp Ingagement and so continu'd for a long time and after many were cut off on both sides they parted at length upon equal Terms At this time Euphemus was chief Magistrate at Athens and the Military Tribunes Olymp. 90. 4. An. Mu. 3555. Ant. Chr. 418. Lucius Furius Lucius Quinctius and Aulus Sempronius again executed the Consular Dignity at Rome At this time the Lacedemonians inforc'd by the Aid of their Confederates made an incursion into Argaia and took the small Town of of Argias kill'd the Inhabitants and raz'd the Castle Then hearing that they of Argos had enlarged their Walls out as far as to the Sea they marched thither and pull'd them down and return'd Home The Athenians made Alcibiades General who with Twenty Ships under his Command was order'd to do the utmost he could to restore the Argives to their former Government for there was such
small intermission from writing we gain a breathing fit the fruit and advantage by Prefaces But in as much as we have promis'd to endeavour in a few Books not only to relate things that have been done but likewise to comprehend in that Relation the time of above Eleven Hundred Years it 's necessary to avoid Prefaces and come presently to the matters in Hand Only promising this to inform the Reader that in the Six former Books are contain'd the things done in all Parts of the World from the Trojan War to the time the Athenians decreed the War against the Syracusians to which from the Destruction of Troy is Seven Hundred and Threescore Years And that we shall begin this Book with that Expedition against the Syracusians and end it at the beginning of the Second Carthaginian War against Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse CHAP. I. The Athenian Fleet rigg'd out for Sicily Alcibiades accus'd Flies Is Condemned Goes to Sparta out of Italy The Syracusians send for Aid to Lacedemon Gylippus is sent to them The Battel at Syracuse WHen Cabrias bore the Office of Archon at Athens and the Romans invested Olymp. 91. 2. An. Mu. 3531. Ant. Chr. 412. Lucius Sergius Marcus Servilius and Marcus Papyrius Three Military Tribunes with Consular dignity the Athenians having decreed War against the Syracusians rigg'd out a Fleet rais'd Money and prepar'd with great diligence all other things necessary for the Expedition To this end they commission'd Three Generals Alcibiades Nicias and Lamachus to whom they committed the management of the whole War The richer sort to ingratiate themselves with the People some of them supply'd the Fleet with Arms others promis'd to advance Money towards the Victualling the Navy and providing Pay for the Souldiers Many likewise of the People both Citizens and Strangers freely offer'd Preparations against Sicily themselves to the Generals to be listed and inroll'd And all were so confident that they were ready to divide the Country of Sicily amongst themselves by Lot And now the Navy was ready to set sail when on the sudden in one Night All the Images in Athens had their Heads struck off in one Night Ant. Chr. 412. all the Statues of the Goddess Minerva through the City which were very many had their Heads struck off The Populacy conceiv'd this not to be done by any of the meaner sort but by some in authority with a design to destory the Democracy and therefore they were highly incens'd at the wickedness of the fact and promis'd great Rewards to find out the Authors In the mean time one of the Citizens came to the Senate and told them that in the new Moon about Midnight he saw several Persons go into the House of a Foreigner amongst whom Alcibiades was one And when the Senate askt him how he could know him at such a time of the Night He answered he discerned him by the light of the Moon By which Contradiction he detected his own Falshood and never after could the least Discovery be made of that Fact by any Person whatsoever However notwithstanding this Accident an Hundred and Forty Gallies were rigg'd out besides Ships of Burden and other Ships for transporting of Horses P. 332. Provisions and other Necessaries whereof there was a very great number In this Expedition there went forth with them above Seven Thousand Men at Arms and Slingers and Horsemen sent from their Confederates besides those belonging to their Fleet. During this time the Officers had a private Consult with the Senate concerning the Administration of Affairs in Sicily in case they should conquer the Ant. Chr. 412. Island Where at length it was determined that they of Selinuntium and Syracuse should be carry'd away as Captives and Slaves and that the rest should have only a Yearly Tribute impos'd upon them The next day the Officers with the Army march'd down into the * The Port of Athens Five Miles from Athens join'd to it with a long Wall Plin. Nat. Hist lib. 2. c. 85. Piraeum and were follow'd with a great Multitude both of Citizens and Strangers throughout the whole City every one making it his business to take leave of his Friend or Relation The Ships lay on every side of the Harbour with their Fore-decks adorn'd with Flags and Streamers erect and shining with the splendor of the Arms. The Shoar round the Harbour was fill'd with â ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Altars of Incense and Silver Bowls out of which were poured out into Golden Cups Drink-Offerings to the Gods by them who worshipped the Deity and earnestly pray'd for the happy Success of the Expedition At length they set sail from the Pyraeum and sailing round the Coasts of Peloponesus arriv'd at â Now Corfu Corcyra For here they were commanded to stay till they were join'd by some others of their Neighbour Confederates Being all come up to them passing through the Ionian Sea they came to the Promontory * A Promontory of Italy of Japygia hence sailing along the Coasts of Italy they were refused by the Tarrentines and passing by the likewise of Metapontum and Heraclea they came to the Thurians by whom they were courteously received Loosing from thence they made for Crotona and there bought some Provisions And sailing by the Temple of Juno Lacinia pass'd under the Promontory call'd Dioscurias After this leaving Tesasletius as it is call'd and Locris behind them they anchor'd near Rhegium and invited the Rhegians to join with them who answered that they must first advise with the other Italians As soon as the Syracusians heard that the Athenians were within their * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã In the Streights Seas they made Three Generals invested with Absoute Power Hermocrates Sicanus and Heraclides who rais'd Souldiers and sent Messengers through all the Cities of Sicily to press them with all earnestness to join with them in Arms for the common safety of their Country For that the Athenians under Colour of a War against the Syracusians had no other Design but to subdue the whole Island To which the Acragentines and Naxians answered that they were resolv'd to abide firm in their League with the Athenians The Camarians and Messenians declared they were for Peace and refused to return any Answer to what was propos'd The Himereans and Seluntians with them of Gela and Catanea promis'd their Assistance The Cities of the â The Siculi are they that came out of Italy and call'd it Sicily which was before Sicania Sicilians is a general Name for all the Inhabitants Siculi though they favoured the Syracusians yet desired to be at ease and not knowing what to resolve judg'd it most advisable to consider a while of the business that they might be better able to discern what was like to be the issue of so great a War The Aegistines plainly declaring they could not contribute to the Athenians Ant. Ch. 412. above Thirty Talents the Athenian Generals accused them
prepar'd a greater Fleet and let their Money fly Abroad amongst all their Confederates that were resolved to stick by them to the utmost extremity to gain and keep the Sovereign Power And to that end they gave full Authority to Four Hundred Persons chosen out of the Citizens to rule and govern the Commonwealth For in their present Four Hundred chosen to govern in Athens circumstances they preferr'd an Oligarchy before their former Democracy But the thing did not in the least answer their Expectations for they were much more unsuccessful afterwards for they sent forth Two Generals that were at Dissention between themselves with a Fleet of Forty Sail against the Enemy And although the present distressed Condition and bad state of Affairs with the Athenians call'd aloud for Peace and Concord amongst themselves yet the Generals did all they could to widen the breach and cherish the Enmities and Animosities they bore one against another At length sailing to Oropus unawares and unprepared they fought with the Peloponesians where through their carelesness The Athenians routed at Sea by the Peloponesians at the beginning and their sloath and inadvertency in the heat of the Fight they lost Two and Twenty Ships and brought the rest with great difficulty into Eretria Upon this the Confederates of the Athenians considering the Overthrow in Ant. Chr. 409. Sicily and the late ill Management of the Two Commanders join'd with the Lacedemonians Darius likewise the King of Persia sought earnestly to enter into Darius seeks to make a League with the Lacedemonians a League with the Lacedemonians And to that end Pharnabazus his Lieutenant upon the Sea-Coasts supply'd the Lacedemonians with Money and sent for Three Hundred Ships from Phenicia which he had before ordered to be sent to them to Beotia And now when the Athenians were involv'd in so many Mischiefs at one time all Men thought the War at an end For none had the least hopes that the Athenians could make any further opposition not for the least moment of time But the thing had a far different issue from that which was commonly suppos'd for such was the brave Spirit of the Athenians that the event was quite contrary which happened upon this occasion Alcibiades being Banished from Athens aided the Lacedemonians for some time in the War and was very useful to them being an eloquent Orator daring and bold of the most noble Family and the greatest Estate of any of the Citizens and therefore esteemed the chief Man of Athens This Man having a great desire to be re-call'd from his Banishment did all he could to ingratiate himself into the People of Athens by doing them some remarkable Service at such a time as when they seem'd to be in the lowest ebb of Fortune And therefore having a great interest in Pharnabazus Darius's Lieutenant and understanding that he design'd to send Three Hundred Ships to aid the Lacedemonians prevail'd with Ant. Chr. 409. Alcibiades prevents Aid from the Persians to the Lacedemonians him to alter his Resolution For he suggested to him that it was not safe for the King to make the Lacedemonians too strong nor for the advantage of the Persians And that it was much more their interest to keep the Ballance equal that so the Two Commonwealths might be in continual War one with another Pharnabazus conceiving Alcibiades had given him sound and wholsome Advice sends back the Fleet to Phenicia And thus the Aid intended for the Lacedemonians was prevented by Alcibiades A little time after he was recall'd Alcibiades recall'd to Athens and made General of the Army and overcame the Lacedemonians in several Battels and rais'd up his Country from their low Estate to their former height of glory But of these matters we shall speak more fully hereafter lest we should transgress the due order of an History by too much Anticipation CHAP. IV. The Government by Four Hundred abrogated in Athens The Victory by the Athenians over the Lacedemonians at Sea between Sestus and Abydus The Persian Garrison driven out of Antandris by the help of the Lacedemonians Twenty Two Years of the Peloponesian War ended Here Thucydides ends his History AFter this Year was ended Theopompus govern'd Athens and the Romans invested P. 350. Olymp. 92. 2. Ant. Ch. 408. Four Military Tribunes with Consular Dignity Tiberius Posthumius Caius Cornelius Caius Valerius and Caeso Fabius At this time the Athenians abrogated the authority of the Four Hundred and restor'd the Democracy Theramenes Democracy stor'd in Athens was the Author of this Change a sober and prudent Man who was the only Person that advis'd the recalling of Alcibiades by whom they recover'd their Strength and by many other good Offices perform'd by Theramenes to the advantage of the Publick he gain'd great Authority and Favour with the People But not long after the following things happened At this time in order to carry on the War Two Generals were chosen by the Athenians Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus who randevouz'd a Fleet at Samos and there train'd and exercis'd the Souldiers every Day to inure them to Fighting at Sea Mindarus the Lacedemonian Admiral in the mean while lay for some time at Miletus expecting the Aids from Pharnabazus and hearing that Three Hundred Gallies were arriv'd from Phenicia was confident now he should be able with so great Supplies utterly to ruin the Athenian State But presently after having intelligence that the Fleet was return'd to Phenicia through the persuasions of Alcibiades being now out of all hopes of any assistance from him he furnish'd some Ships he had with him from Peloponesus and from other Foreign Confederates and sends Dorieus with Thirteen Sail which some of the Grecians had lately sent him out of Italy to Rhodes For he had heard that some innovations were contriving there with the rest of the Fleet to the number of Eighty Three he made to the Hellespont because he heard that the Athenian Navy lay at Samos When the Athenian Commanders saw them pass by they hasted after them with Threescore Sail. But the Lacedemonians arriving at Chios the Athenians determined to sail to Lesbos to be supplied with more Ships from their Confederates lest they should be overpower'd by Number Ant. Chr. 408. While the Athenians were thus busied Mindarus with the Lacedemonian Fleet in the Night with all speed makes for the Hellespont and the next Day arriv'd at Sigeum The Athenians hearing that they were sail'd off from Chios having receiv'd from their Confederates at the present only Three Gallies made after the Lacedemonians but when they came to Sigeum they found the Lacedemonians were sail'd from thence save only Three Gallies which fell forthwith into their Hands Loosing from thence they came to * A Town in Thrace Eleuntis where they prepar'd themselves for a Sea-Fight On the other side the Lacedemonians when they saw their Enemies were fitting themselves for a Conflict they likewise for Five
the Assaults of the Enemy began to be discourag'd but then again presently when they discern'd that the Charge made by the Enemy upon them was eluded by the Art of the Pilot their Spirits and Courage Ant. Chr. 407. reviv'd Neither were they less active who fought upon the Decks for they who were at a distance ply'd the Enemy continually with Darts so that the Place where they fell seem'd to be covered over They who fought at Hand threw their Launces one at another sometimes piercing through the Bodies of their Opposers and sometimes the Bodies of the Pilots themselves If the Ships fell fowl upon one another then they disputed it with their Spears And many times when they came close they would board one another and fight it out with their Swords What with the doleful Complaints of them that were hastening in to the Succour of those that were worsted and the triumphing Shouts of them that were Conquerors every Place was full of Noise and Confusion The Fight continu'd a long time with great obstinacy on both sides till on a sudden Alcibiades who was meerly by chance sailing from Samos to the Hellespont with Twenty Ships came in view Before he came near both sides hop'd to have Succour from them And both being confident they fought with more Resolution on both sides When he drew near the Lacedemonians being still in the dark he presently set up a Purple Flag from his own Ship as a Sign to the Athenians as it was before order'd and agreed Upon which the Lacedemonians in a great Fright forthwith fled But the Athenians incouraged with this happy success pursu'd them with all their might and presently Ant. Chr. 407. took Ten of their Ships but afterwards a great Storm arose which much obstructed them in the Pursuit For the Sea was so raging that the Pilots were not able to manage the Helm nor could they make any impression with the Beaks of their Ships upon the Enemy because the Ships aim'd at were born back by the violence of the Waves At length the Lacedemonians came safe to Shoar and March'd to the Land-Army of Pharnabazus The Athenians in the mean time endeavour'd to gain the Empty Ships and press'd on with great Valour and Confidence through many hazards P. 355. and difficulties but being kept off by the Persian Army they were forc'd to return to Sestus Pharnabazus was the more earnest in opposing the Athenians to the end he might convince the Lacedemonians that he had no ill Design against them when he sent back the Three Hundred Gallies to Phenicia For he told them he did it because at that time the King of Egypt and Arabia had some Designs upon Phenicia After this issue of the Fight at Sea the Athenian Fleet arriv'd at Sestus in the Night And as soon as it was Day and all their Fleet was got up together they set up another Trophy near to the former Mindarus arriv'd at Abydus about the First watch of the Night and falls a repairing his shatter'd and disabled Ships and sends to the Lacedemonians for Supplies both of Land and Sea-Forces For whilst his Fleet was repairing he determin'd with his Land Souldiers to join with Pharnabazus and to besiege the Confederate Ant. Chr. 407. Cities of the Athenians in Asia The * Of Calcis in Eubea now Negropont Calcideans and almost all the Eubeans had deserted the Athenians and therefore were now in great fear in regard they inhabited an Island lest the Athenians being Masters at Sea would invade them they solicited therefore the Beotians to assist them to stop up Euripus Euripus a strait of the Sea between Beotia and Eubea by which Eubea might be annexed to the Continent of Beotia To which the Beotians agreed beause by this means Eubea would be but as the Continent to them and an Island to others Hereupon all the Cities set upon the Work and every one strove with all diligence to perfect it And Orders were sent forth not only to the Citizens but all Foreigners and Strangers to attend upon the Business and all Hands were to be at Work that it might be with all speed effected The Mould began at Calcis in Eubea on the one side and at Aulis in Beotia on the other For here it was the narrowest In these straits the Sea was very boisterous and rugged but after this Work much more unquiet and raging the Passage being made so very strait and narrow For there was left only room for one Ship to pass There were Forts built on both sides upon the extremities of the Mould and Wooden Bridges made over the Current Ant. Chr. 407. for Communication Theramenes indeed at the first being sent thither with Thirty Sail endeavour'd to hinder the Project but being over-power'd with the Number of those that defended them that were imploy'd he gave over his Design and made away towards the Islands And purposing to relieve the Confederate Cities who were under the burden of Contributions he wasted and spoiled the Enemies Country and return'd loaden with much Spoil and Plunder He went likewise to some of the Confederate Cities and impos'd upon them great Mulcts and Fines because he understood that they were secretly contriving some Changes and Innovations Thence he sail'd to â An Island in the Aegean Sea Paros and freeing the People from the Oligarchy there he restor'd the Democracy and exacted a great Sum of Money from them who set up the Oligarchy About the same time a cruel and bloody Sedition arose in Corcyra which is A Sedition in Corcyra said to be occasion'd through private Grudges and Animosities as much as any other Cause In no City of that time were ever such horrid Murthers of the Citizens committed nor ever was more Rage to the destruction of Mankind heard of For once before this in their quarrelling one with another there Ant. Ch. 407. were Fifteen Hundred Slaughter'd and all of them the chiefest of the Citizens But these Murders following were much more miserable the Sparks of old Discords being blown up into a devouring Flame For they in authority at Corcyra aspiring to an Oligarchy sided with the Lacedemonians but the People favour'd P. 356. the Athenians These Two People contending for the Sovereignty took different measures The Lacedemonians set up an Oligarchy in the Cities of their Confederates but the Athenians establish'd every where in theirs a Democracy The Corcyrians therefore discerning that the great Men of their City intended to betray them into the Hands of the Lacedemonians sent to Athens for a Garrison for the defence of their City upon which Conon the Athenian Admiral sails to Corcyra and leaves there Six Hundred Messenians drawn out from Naupactus and passing from thence with the Fleet anchor'd at Juno's Temple In the mean time Six Hundred of them that were for the Democracy rush'd into the Forum and forthwith set upon them that sided with the Lacedemonians
casting some into Prisons killing others and driving above a Thousand out of the City And because they feared the number and strength of the Exiles they manumitted all the Slaves and infranchiz'd all the Strangers The Exiles presently fly into the Continent to Epirus lying over against them A few Days after some of the People who favour'd them that were ejected enter'd the Ant. Chr. 407. Forum in Arms and sending for the Exiles into the City laid all at stake and fought it out When Night parted them Proposals were made for a Pacification which taking effect they all continu'd in their Country with equal Priviledges And this was the issue of the flight of the Exiles from Corcyra At the same time Archelaus King of Macedonia march'd against the Pydneans who had revolted and besieg'd their City with a great Army to whose assistance Theramenes came with some Ships but the Siege continuing longer than he expected he return'd â A City in Macedonia Pydnea taken to Thrace to Thrasybulus the Admiral of the whole Fleet. But Archelaus at length takes Pydnea after a strait Siege and removes the Inhabitants Twenty Furlongs further from the Sea The Winter now near an end Mindarus randezouzes his Shipping from all Quarters for many came both from Peloponesus and other Confederates The Athenian Generals who lay at Sestus hearing of the great Preparations of their Enemies were in no small fear lest if they should be set upon with their whole Fleet at once they should lose all their Navy and therefore hailing down those Ships they had laid up at Sestus they sail'd round Chersonesus and Anchor'd at Cardia and thence sent to Thrace to Thrasibulus and Theramenes to come to them with the whole Fleet with all speed Alcibiades likewise they re-call'd from Lesbos So that now the Fleet was brought together with that Expedition that the Admirals long'd to fight and put all to the hazard of a Battel In the mean time Mindarus the Lacedemonian Admiral sails in a direct Course for Cyzicum and there lands all his Forces and besieges the City Pharnabazus joins him with a great Army and by his Assistance takes the Place by Storm Upon which the Athenian Admirals were resolv'd to make for Cyzicum and to that end they advanced with their whole Fleet and sailing round Chersonesus arriv'd at Eleuntis Then they contriv'd all they could to pass by Abydus in the Night lest the Enemy should have intelligence of the number of their Ships Sailing thence to * An Island in the Propontis Preconnesus they there lay at Anchor all Night The next day they landed their Men in the Territories at Cyzicum with a command to Chareas who led the Army to march strait to Cyzicum The Fleet was divided The Fight at Cyzicum P. 357. into Three Squadrons one under the Command of Alcibiades another under Theramenes and the Third commanded by Thrasybulus Alcibiades made out with his Squadron far from the rest and dar'd the Lacedemonians to Fight Theramenes and Thrasybulus us'd their utmost endeavour to close in the Enemy so as to prevent their Sailing back to the City When Mindarus saw only that part of the Fleet which was with Alcibiades having no intelligence of the rest he despised them and with Fourscore Sail in great Confidence attacks them When he came near to Alcibiades the Athenians as they were commanded counterfeited a Flight Whereupon the Peloponesians with great joy hotly pursu'd them as Conquerors But when Alcibiades saw that he had decoy'd and drawn them far off from the City he lifts up his Sign from his Ship At which all his Squadron at one instant tackt about full in front upon the Enemy Ant. Chr. 407. Theramenes and Thrasybuls in the mean time making to the City left them no way to return Upon this they that were with Mindarus considering the strength of their Enemies and perceiving how they were outwitted were in a great Consternation At length the Athenians appearing on every side and the return of the Peloponesians to the City intercepted Mindarus was forc'd to fly to a Place upon that Coast call'd Cleros where Pharnabazus was encamp'd with his Army But Alcibiades making a hot Pursuit after them sunk and took many of their Ships and forcing the rest upon the Shoar endeavour'd to hale them thence with grapling Irons Upon this there was a greater Slaughter among the Athenians in regard the Army upon the Shoar assisted the Peloponesians And indeed the Athenians lifted up with their Victory evidenc'd more Valour than Prudence for the Peloponesians far exceeded them in number and the Army of Pharnabazus assisted the Lacedemonians with great resolution and fighting from Land had the advantage of a certain and fixt station But when Thrasybulus saw the aid that was given to the Enemy from the Land he landed the rest of his Men with all speed in order to succour Alcibiades and commanded Theramenes that with all expedition he should join the Foot under the Command of Chares and fight the Enemy at Land Whilst these Orders were Ant. Chr. 407. in executing Mindarus the Lacedemonian General bore all the brunt in preserving of the Ships Alcibiades had laid hold on Clearchus the Spartan with the Peloponesians and Mercenary Persians fought with Thrasybulus who for some considerable time with his Seamen and Archers bore up with great Valour against the Enemy killing many of them but not without great loss of his own And just when the Athenians were inclos'd round with the Souldiers of Pharnabazus on a sudden falls in Theramenes with his own and Chares his Foot Upon this those with Thrasybulus who were before almost spent and quite out of Heart gather'd Courage so the Fight was renew'd and continu'd very hot and sharp a long time after till the first that gave ground were the Persians and by little and little their whole Body began to break in pieces At length the Peloponesians with Clearchus being forsaken of their Fellows after many Wounds given and receiv'd and Slaughters on both sides were forc'd likewise to give Ground These being thus broken and dispers'd Theramenes hasted to assist Alcibiades who was sorely press'd in another part And though now all the P. 358. Athenian Forces were join'd together yet Mindarus was not at all startled at the approach of Theramenes but divides the Peloponesians into Two Bodies and commands the one to ingage the fresh Supply and keeping the other with himself earnestly adjures them that they would not stain the honour of the Spartan Name especially when the business was now to be disputed with Alcibiades by Ant. Chr. 407. a Fight at Land And now the Battel for the safety of the Ships was renew'd with great Gallantry and Mindarus in the Head of his Men exposing himself to all manner of Dangers beats down many of his Enemies but at length was kill'd by the Souldiers of Alcibiades though he fought with that Valour as was agreeable
himself and therefore forthwith sent a Messenger in whom he could most confide and by him laid all open before the King That when Alcibiades saw that Pharnabazus would not p. 401. furnish him with Letters to make way for him to the King's Palace he made a Journey to the Lieutenant and Governor of Paphlagonia and desir'd his assistance to get to the King And that Pharnabazus fearing lest the King should come to understand the Truth sent some to lie in wait for Alcibiades in the way and to murther him and that these finding him in his Inn in Phrygia rais'd up a Pile of Wood round his Lodging in the Night and set it on fire and that Alcibiades endeavouring to save himself in the midst Ant. Ch. 402. of the Flames partly by the Fire and partly by Darts cast at him by his Enemies there perish'd About the same time Democrates the Philosopher died being Ninety Years of Age. And Lasthenes the Theban who wan the Prize this Olympiad is said to run a Race on foot with a Running Horse from * From Coronea to Thebes 30 Miles both in Beotia in Greece Coronea to the Walls of Thebes and won the Match In Italy the Volsci set upon the Roman Garrison at * Verulanum in Latium Olymp. 94. 2. Ant. Ch. 401. Verugine took the City it self and kill'd many of the Garison-Soldiers After the Affairs of this Year thus past Euclides became Chief Magistrate of Athens And Four Military Tribunes bore the Consular Dignity at Rome Publius Cornelius Numerius Fabius Lucius Valerius and Terentius Maximus During the time of their Governments the Affairs of Byzantium were but in an ill posture by reason of their intestine Seditions and their Wars with the Thracians their Neighbours Not being able to put an end to their Civil Discords they desir'd a Governor from the Lacedemonians to which end Clearchus was sent to them who after the whole Power was put into his hands got together a great number of Mercenaries and acted more like a Tyrant than a Governor For First having invited the Magistrates of the City to a Feast after a publick Sacrifice Clearchus acts like a Tyrant in Byzantium he caus'd them all to be put to Death Presently after when there was none left to Govern the City he strangled Thirty of the Chief Men of Byzantium and seiz'd upon all their Goods to his own use He likewise put to death some of the richest of the Citizens under colour of pretended Crimes and others he banish'd Having thus enrich'd himself Ant. Ch. 401. he Listed vast numbers of Foreign Troops and confirm'd and strengthen'd himself in the Sovereignty When the Cruelty and Power of the Tyrant was spread abroad the Lacdemonians at the first sent Messengers to him to advise him to lay down his Government But when he flatly refus'd they sent an Army against him under the Command of Panthedas but when Clearchus heard of his coming he march'd away with his Forces to Selymbria of which he had before possess'd himself For by reason of his Cruelty in Byzantium he foresaw that not only the Lacedemonians but the Citizens would be his Enemies and therefore concluding that he could with more safety march out against his Enemies from Selymbria he brought all his Money together with his Army thither When he came there and heard of the approach of the Lacedemonians he withdrew out to meet them and at a place call'd Porus they engag'd The Battle was doubtful à long time but at length the valiant Spartans prevail'd and the Tyrants Army was miserably Clearchus routed at Selymbria by the Lacedaemonians Is employ'd by Cyrus the Brother of Artaxerxes Mnemon Ant. Ch. 401. destroy'd Clearchus with a few escap'd to Selymbria and was there a while besieg'd but afterwards in a great fright he fled out of the Town in the night and sail'd over to Jonia where becoming familiar with Cyrus the King of Persia's Brother he was made General of his Army For Cyrus being made Chief of all the Princes and Governors of the Sea Coasts and being of an high and aspiring Spirit determin'd to make War against his Brother Artaxerxes Looking therefore upon Clearchus to be a fellow of a bold and daring Spirit ready for any adventure furnish'd him with Money and order'd him to raise an Army of as many Foreigners as he could hoping he had new got fit a Companion to assist him in the execution of those bold Attempts he had taken in hand As for Lysander the Spartan after he had setled all the Cities subject to the Lacedaemonians according P. 402. to the Orders and Directions of the Ephori some to be govern'd by a * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã a Decemvirate a Government under 10 Persons Decemvirate others by an Oligarchy became of great Note and Reputation at Sparta For by his Conduct he had put an end to the Peloponnesian War and thereby had gain'd for his Country the Sovereign Command both at Sea and Land without controul Being puft up with this Success he design'd to put an end to the Reign of the Heraclidae and to that end endeavour'd so to contrive the matter as to procure a Decree That any Spartan whatsoever should be capable of being elected King Thereby he hop'd that the Regal Power would presently be devolv'd upon himself for the Great and Noble Services that he had done But considering that the Lacedaemonians were led much by Lysander contrives to cut the Line of the Heraclidae and to be chosen King of Sparta Seeks to bribe the Oracles the Answers given by the Oracle he resolv'd to bribe the Prophetess of Delphos with a large Sum of Money For he concluded that if he were favour'd by the Oracle his Business was done according to his Heart's desire But when he saw that by his repeated and continual Promises of Reward day by day he could not prevail he address'd himself upon the same account to the Priest of the Oracle at Dodona by one Pherecrates of the Family of Apolloniatus who was familiarly acquainted with the Officers of that Temple But being disappointed here likewise he took a Journey to * In Africa near Carthage Cerene under colour to pay a Vow to Jupiter Hammon but in truth to no other purpose than to bribe that Oracle To that end he carry'd with him a great Sum of Money to bring over the Priests of that Temple to his Interest For Lybis the King of that Country had been his Father's Guest and for the great Love and Friendship that there was between them the Brother of Lysander was call'd Lybis But notwithstanding all his hopes to prevail by his Interest in the King and the Fulness of his Purse he was not only frustrated of his Ant. Ch. 401. Hope there but the Priests of the Oracle sent Ambassadors to Sparta and accus'd Lysander for his offering of Bribes to corrupt the Oracle Upon which when he was
space of Six years At the same time in Athens Socrates the Philosopher accus'd by Anytus Socrates condemn'd and Melitus of Atheism and corrupting the Youth was condemn ' to dye and after executed by drinking of a Cup of Poison Of which wicked Action the People in a short time after repented when in vain they could have wish'd that Excellent and worthy Man alive again therefore they turn'd all their Fury upon his Accusers and kill'd them without staying for any Formalities of Law When the Year was ended Aristocrates bore the Office of Archon at Athens for the Year ensuing And at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with Consular Dignity An. M. 3573. Olymp. 95. 2. Ant. Ch. 397. P. 417. Caius Servilius Lucius Virginius Quintus Sulpitius Aulus * Manlius Manlius â Capitus * Quintus Servilius Clodius and * Marcus Sergius Marcus Ancus During their Magistracy the Lacedaemonians understanding that the Affairs of the War were ill managed by Thimbro sent Dercyllidas General into Asia Upon his arrival he forthwith march'd with the Forces against the Cities of * Capitolinus Troas and in a trice took * For Larissa Arisba Hamaxitus and Colone afterwards Ilium Cebrene and all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Troas some by Tricks and Surprize and others by Storm After this he and * Tissaphernes A Sedition at Heraclea Pharnabazus agreed upon a Truce for eight Months and in the mean time he fell upon the Thracians in Bythinia and wasted their Country and then drew his Army into Winter-Quarters At that time a great Sedition broke out in Heraclea in Thrachinia and thereupon the Lacedaemonians sent Eripidas to compose the Differences who when he came there procur'd a Council to be call'd and having beset the Senate round with arm'd Men seiz'd the Authors and put all to death to the number of Five hundred Men. He likewise march'd with an Army against the Inhabitants of Oetas who had made a Defection and after many Hardships he had reduc'd them unto he forc'd them out of those Places and the greatest part of them with their Wives and Children fled into Thessaly and five Years after were transplanted into Boeotia During these Affairs the Thracians in great Bodies made an Irruption into the * The Chersonese is an Istmos near the Hellespont containing 37 Furlongs i. e. above Four Miles from one Sea to another Xenoph. Hell Lib. 3. Chersonese of Thrace wasting and ravaging the Country every where where they possess'd themselves of all the fenced Cities Upon this they of the Chersonese sent for Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian out of Asia who transported his Army thither and drave the Thracians out of the Country and drawing a Wall cross from one Sea to the other fortify'd the Chersonese so as that by this means he prevented the Incursions of the Thracians for the time to come and so he return'd with his Forces into Asia after he had been bountifully Ant. Ch. 397. rewarded for his Services During the time of the Truce * Tissaphernes Conon made Admiral by the Persians Pharnabozus went up to the King and he and others persuaded him to equip a Navy and make Conon the Athenian Admiral for he was a very skilful and expert Soldier the best that was then in Cyprus with King Evagorus Pharnabazus having wrought upon the King and receiv'd Five hundred Talents for that purpose forthwith made it his business to set forth a Fleet and after he had sounded Conon concerning his acceptance of Chief Command at Sea he created him Admiral making him many great and fair Promises in the King's Name Hereupon Conon accepts the Place in hopes not only to recover the Sovereignty of the Seas for his Country by subduing the Lacedemonians but to advance his own Reputation by the success of his Arms. But in regard the whole Fleet was not as yet ready he sailed away only with Forty Sail into Cilicia and there prepared himself for the War Pharnabazus likewise and Tissaphernes having rais'd Men out of their several Provinces The Persians and Lacedemonians make a Truce near Ephesus Ant. Ch. 397. march'd forth and made their way towards Ephesus because the Enemies Forces lay there There were with them under their Command Twenty thousand Foot and Ten thousand Horse Dereyllidas the Lacedemonian hearing of the Enemies march drew forth his Army having no more than Seven thousand Men but when the Armies drew near one to another a Truce was agreed upon and a certain time prefixt within which Pharnabazus might send the Articles to the King to know his pleasure whether he would have Peace or War and that Dereyllidas might inform the Spartans how Affairs stood in the mean time And upon these terms the Armies drew off into their several Quarters CHAP. VII The War between the Rhegians and Dionysius He prepares to make War upon the Carthaginians Most of the Cities submit to Dionysius He returns to the Siege of Motya It 's taken Forces sent from Carthage against Dionysius A Sea-fight between the Carthaginians and the Sicilians Syracuse Besieg'd The Speech of Theodorus against Dionysius A grievous Plague in the Carthaginian Army A great destruction of the Carthaginian Fleet in the Harbour of Syracuse The miserable condition of Imilco in his own Country The Troubles of the Carthaginians THE Rhegians formerly a Colony of the Chalcideans were now uneasie under the growing Power of Dionysius for he had enslav'd the Naxians and Gataneans who were P. 418. The Rhegians jealous of Dionysius of their own Blood and Nation and the Rhegians seeing that they themselves were in the same common danger with those already express'd were in a great Consternation lest they should all be brought under the same Calamity Therefore they judg'd it most advisable and highly to concern them to make War upon him while they had an opportunity before the Tyrant grew too strong Those that were banish'd from Syracuse by Dionysius join'd in this War being furnish'd with all things necessary for that purpose by the Rhegians for there was a great multitude of them at that time at * A City in Italy Rhegium who being press'd by the Rhegians with the necessity and advantage they were likely to reap by the War resolv'd to make use of the first opportunity To that end Officers were at length chosen and with them they sent Six thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse with Fifty Crabyes when they were landed they sollicited the Messenian Commanders to join with them telling them it would be a most dishonourable thing if they should suffer The Rhegians invade Sicily a Grecian City and next to them to be utterly destroy'd by a Tyrant The Officers being thus persuaded led forth the Soldiers without the order of the State The number was Four thousand Foot and Four hundred Horse and with them Thirty Gallies Before they had march'd to the utmost borders of Messina
there was rais'd a great Mutiny Ant. Ch. 397. among the Soldiers by a Speech made to them by Laomedon a Messinian For he advis'd 'em not to be the Agressors upon Dionysius who had not hitherto offer'd them any injury Upon which the Soldiers of Messina because the People had not by their Suffrage order'd this War presently follow'd his Advice and forsaking their Captains return'd The Rhegians return home Whereupon the Rhegians considering themselves not able to carry on the War alone now the forces of Messina were fallen off return'd likewise to their own City As for Dionysius he had upon the first notice of the Design upon him drawn out his Forces to the utmost Confines of Syracuse expecting the Enemy but hearing by his Spies that they were march'd back he likewise return'd with his to Syracuse After this when they of Rhegium and Messina sent Ambassadors to him to treat upon Terms of Peace he conceiving it much to the advantage of his Affairs to prevent all other Hostilities and Disturbances from these Cities made Peace with them He likewise observ'd that many of the Grecians ran into the Carthaginian Garisons not only bringing along with them their Goods and Estates but the Laws and Customs of their several Cities and therefore concluded that as long as the Peace continu'd with the Carthaginians those that were yet his Subjects would from time to time be sheltring themselves Ant. Ch. 397. under their Protection to remedy which he conceiv'd that if he renew'd the War against Carthage all those that were fled to them being oppress'd by the Carthaginians would return to him And he was the more encourag'd for that he heard that in Africa a Plague then rag'd and swept away many of the Carthaginians Having now therefore a fit opportunity to declare War against them as he conceiv'd he determin'd to make it his chief Care to prepare Necessaries for so great an Expedition being to engage with the most Potent Nation that then had any footing in Europe and judging as he very well might that it was likely to be a great War and of long continuance To this end he forthwith gets together all sorts of Artificers some out of the Towns and Cities of his own Dominions and others hir'd with more than ordinary Wages out of Italy and Greece For he resolv'd to make a vast number of all sorts of Arms and Weapons likewise Gallies both of three Oars on a Bank and of Five which last were never us'd before For this purpose a great multitude of all sorts of Workmen were brought together to every one of whom he order'd their proper Work according to their several Trades and appointed some of the best and most substantial of the Citizens to be Overseers promising great Rewards for the encouragement of the diligent He himself directed the Form and Fashion of every sort of Weapon because Mercenary Soldiers came flocking in to him out of many different Countries for he purpos'd that every one should P. 419. use such Arms both Offensive and Defensive as they were accustom'd unto in their own Nations for he concluded that as it would strike a greater Terror into his Enemies Ant. Ch. 397. so his Soldiers would Fight much the better with those Arms that they had most commonly us'd The Syracusians did all they could to forward him in his design so that every one strove who could most advance the Work For not only the Porches and back parts of the Temples but the publick Schools and Walks and Galleries about the Forum and every place up and down were full of Workmen and besides these publick places Arms were made in great number in every large House belonging to any Citizen The Art of making * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Engines to hurl great Stones was now first known at Syracuse for that at this time the most excellent Artificers were met together from all parts For the great Wages and large Promises of Rewards to the perfecting of the Work made the Tradesmen and Artificers very intent and industrious And besides all this Dionysius himself came every day to oversee the Workmen speaking kindly and courteously to them and when he saw any more than ordinarily diligent and quick of dispatch that Man would be sure to receive some Reward or Honour as a mark of his Favour and sometimes for further encouragement he would invite such to Dine or Sup with him The Artificers thus encourag'd wrought with all diligence striving to out-vie one another so that there were made a vast number of strange Weapons and Warlike Engines for Battery He Ant. Ch. 397. built likewise Gallies with their Boats both of Three and Five Oars on a Bank of which last he was the first Inventer For when he understood the first Galley of Three Oars was made at Corinth he was desirous a Colony from thence as the Syracusians were should be the first that should enlarge the number Having therefore provided plenty of Materials to be brought over from Italy he sent away one half of the Workmen to Mount Aetna where in those days were abundance of Firr and Pitch Trees the rest he commanded to sail to Italy and order'd them Carts to convey the Timber to the Sea side and Ships and Seamen there to receive them and thence without delay to transport them to Syracuse When Dionysius had got together Materials sufficient for his purpose he forthwith set about building above Two hundred Gallies and to resit an Hundred and Ten. Besides he built several Holds round the Harbor for the receiving of the Ships to the number of an Hundred and sixty of which many would receive two Ships apiece He likewise repair'd and cover'd over with new Planks and Hundred and fifty old and useless Vessels This great preparation struck the Beholders with admiration to see so vast a number of Ships and all belonging to them built together in one place For indeed the preparation was such that if a Man did cast his Eies upon the Ships and consider the great Costs and Expences in fitting them out he would presently conclude that all the Power and Riches of Sicily were there imploy'd And then to turn and look upon the Army and Engines he would judge that there was no Art or Trade but what there had shew'd the height of their skill to the utmost of what could possibly be done in that kind And tho' he had perform'd all these with so much Cost and Care that nothing seem'd to be wanting or could be added to make them Magnificent and Glorious yet for further State Ant. Ch. 397. and Grace to the preparation he made an hundred and forty thousand Bucklers or Targets as many Swords and Helmets and caus'd to be forg'd Fourteen thousand Corssets of all sorts of excellent Workmanship These he appointed and order'd to the Horse and to the Colonels and Captains of the Foot and to the Mercenaries who were of his
as he march'd But Imilco seeing all things succeed according to his Hearts desire march'd with his Army against Messina earnest to possess himself of that City by reason of its fit and convenient situation for the Haven there was very commodious capable to receive his whole Fleet which consisted of about Six hundred Ant. Ch. 394. Sail and by that means having the Command of the Sea in those parts he judg'd he should be able to intercept all the Shipping that should be sent both from Italy and Peloponnesus to aid them of Syracuse While he was musing and considering of these things he made Peace with them of Hymera and the Inhabitants of Cephalaedium And taking in the City of Lipara he impos'd a Mulct of Thirty Talents upon the Islanders Then Imilco marches to Messina in order to besiege it he march'd straight away with his Forces for Messina his Fleet sailing near at hand over against him and in a short time encamp'd at Pelorides not above a * Betwixt Seven and Eight Miles Hundred Stages from thence When they of the City-heard of the approach of the Enemy they began to disagree about the concerns of the War For some of them understanding the great strength of the Carthaginian Army and seeing how they deserted by their Confederates and that they wanted their Horse which were then at Syracuse were of Opinion that the City could not be defended Besides to their further discouragement their Walls were down in many places and they had now no time to make necessary P. 427. Preparations for their Defence Therefore they sent away their Wives and Children and all their choicest Goods and the richest of their Treasures to the neighbouring Cities Others there were who remembred an old Prophesie whereby it was foretold by the Oracle That the Carthaginians should be carriers of Water in that City which was commonly interpreted in that Sense as might portend most advantage to themselves as if the Carthaginians should be Slaves in Messina From hence they were very confident and by this means greatly encourag'd others so that they resolv'd to undergo the utmost extremity in defence of their common Liberty They sent out therefore presently a select number of their briskest young Men to Pelorides to prevent the Enemies Inroads into the Country who did according to Order Upon which Imilco seeing the Messinians dispers'd and scatter'd in order to oppose his Descent he commanded Two hundred Ships to make towards the City For he hop'd Ant. Ch. 394. as he might easily conjecture that the whole Garrison of Messina would be so earnest in opposing his breaking into their Borders that the City would be left unguarded so that it would be easie for his Fleet to enter and at that time the North Wind blew fresh by which means the Ships were carry'd with a full Gale straight into the Harbor and though the Guard sent to Pilorides hasten'd back with all speed yet the Enemies Fleet was in before they return'd And now the Carthaginian Army coming in on every side speedily batter'd down the Walls entred and took the City Messina As many of the Messinions as engag'd with the Enemy died valiantly upon the spot the rest fled to the next Cities many of the common People fled to the Mountains near at hand and were dispers'd and scatter'd into several Garrisons in the Country Some were taken by Messina taken by the Carthaginians the Enemy others that were got into narrow Creeks about the Harbour flung themselves into the Sea thinking they should be able to swim over to * Which is not above a Mile and an half to Rhegium in Italy Land on the other side but of Two hundred scarce Fifty recover'd the Shoar of Italy Afterwards Imilco entred Messina with his whole Army and the first thing he set upon was the Besieging the Castles and Forts near to the City but being very strong and bravely defended by them that had fled thither when he saw he could not win them by force he return'd to the City And having refresh'd and recruited his Army resolv'd to march against Syracuse The Sicilians bearing an inveterate hatred to Dionysius having now a fair opportunity all of them except the Assarines fell to the Carthaginians Dionysius therefore to the end he might be supply'd with Men sets free all the Slaves and Servants of the Syracusians and with them sufficiently Mann'd Threescore Gallies he was furnish'd likewise Ant. Ch. 394. with a Thousand Mercenaries from the Lacedemonians Passing likewise from place to place through the Country he fortify'd all the Castles and strong Holds and furnish'd them with Provision But his greatest care was to fortifie the Castles of the Leontines and to that end laid up Stores and Magazines there brought in from all parts He likewise persuaded the Campanians who at that time inhabited in Catana to remove and reside at the City Aetna because it was a place of great strength After things thus setled Dionysius led forth his Army an hundred and sixty Stages from Syracuse and encamp'd near to a place call'd Taurus He then had with him Thirty thousand Foot and something above Three thousand Horse His Navy consisted of a Hundred and fourscore Ships of which there were but few that had Three Oars on a Bank In the mean time Imilco demolish'd Messina and commanded his Soldiers to pull down Messina raz'd the Houses to the ground so as not one stick should be left standing or one Stone upon another which was effectually executed by burning some and pulling down others For by so many hands the business was done in a trice and such was the ruine and desolation of the City that that place which was so lately full of Inhabitants could now scarce be known where it stood For Imilco considering how remote it was from the P. 428. Confederate Cities and yet the best Port and Situation in all Sioily judg'd it absolutely necessary either to ruine it as he had done or at least so far to destroy it as that it could not be repair'd in a long time And thus Imilco having sufficiently discover'd his implacable hatred to the Grecians commanded Mago the Admiral to sail with the whole Fleet to the Promontory of Taurus Here the Sicilians inhabited in great numbers but Ant. Ch. 394. without any Head or certain Commander Dionysius had heretofore given the Country of the Naxians to these Sicilians but they induc'd by the Promises of Imilco then dwelt upon this Hill which was naturally fortisy'd and there at that time they were and so continu'd after the War in a City strongly Wall'd call'd Tauromenium from its situation Tauromenium built upon Taurus Imilco himself by swift marches came with his Army to the before mention'd place of Naxia Mago sailing all along near to the Coast But because Mount Aeina had a little before vomited out Fire as far as to the Shoar the Army at land could
with his Navy Five hundred Soldiers So that the Ships were near Two thousand Sail insomuch as the whole Haven tho' it were large was so fill'd with Shipping that it was almost covered over When the Navy had cast Anchor in the Harbour presently appear'd the Land Army on the other side consisting as some report of Three hundred thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse besides Two hundred Long-Ships Imilco the General Encamps near the City pitch'd his Tent in the Temple of Jupiter the rest of the Army encamp'd round him about * A male and a half 12 Stages distant from the City A while after Imilco draws out his whole Army in Battalia under the Walls of Syracuse daring the Syracusians to Battel and at the same time ordered a Hundred of his best Ships to enter into all the rest of the Harbors the more to terrifie the Syracusians and to convince them that the Carthaginians were Masters at Sea but when he saw none durst come out against him he march'd back to the Camp After this he most shamefully for the space of Thirty days wasted and spoil'd all the Country round about to the end to gratifie his Soldiers on the one hand and to discourage his Enemies on the other He wan also the Suburbs of * Part of Syracuse Achradina and plunder'd the Temples of Ceres and Proserpina But he paid for his Sacrilege within a short time after for his Fortune began to change and things to go worse and worse with him every day And whenever Dionysius took Courage and skirmish'd with the Enemy the Syracusians came off Conquerors Such Terror sometimes seiz'd the Carthaginians in the Camp that in the Night they would run with great Terror and Confusion to their Arms as if an Enemy had broken in upon them Besides a Disease at length seiz'd upon them which was the cause of all the Mischiefs which afterwards overtook them of which we Ant. Ch. 394. shall speak hereafter that we may observe due course and order of Time in the Relation Imilco now eager to block up the City demolishes almost all the Sepulchres amongst which were the Monuments of Gelo and his Wife Demareta of rich and excellent Workmanship He rais'd likewise three Forts near the Sea one at Plenmynium another about the middle of the Port and the third near the Temple of Jupiter In these he laid up Stores of Meat and Drink and all other Necessaries believing the Siege would continue long He sent away likewise the Transport-Ships to Sardinia and Africa to bring from thence Corn and all other Provisions About this time Polyxenus Dionysius's Father-in-Law being return'd from Italy and Peloponnesus brought with him Thirty Galleys Men of War from the Confederates under the Command of Pharacidas the Lacedaemonian After this Dionysius and Leptines made out to Sea with some Galleys to endeavour to get some Provision into the Town and while they were cruising about the Syracusians from the City espy'd a Ship loaden with Provision coming up to Imilco's Army upon which they made out with Five Sail upon it and took it and brought it into the Town As they were sailing away with their Prize Forty Sail of the Carthaginians pursu'd them upon which the whole Syracusian Fleet presently hoisted up Sail and engag'd took the Admiral and sunk and destroy'd The Syracusians beat the Carthaginians at Sea P. 431. Twenty Ships more The rest they put to flight and pursu'd the Carthaginians to their main Fleet and dar'd them to Battel but they amus'd with this sudden Disaster stirr'd not Then the Syracusians fastned the Gallies they had taken to the Poops of their own Ships and brought them into the City Being now puff'd up with this good Success they proudly vaunted That Dionysius was often overcome by the Carthaginians but that now when they had not him with them they triumph'd and were return'd Conquerors And in their Cabals here and there they would frequently discourse and ask one another why they should suffer themselves Ant. Ch. 394. Designs to depose Dionysius to be made Slaves by Dionysius especially when they had now so fair an Opportunity to depose him For till of late they said they were disarm'd but now by occasion of the present War they had again got Arms into their Hands While these things were thus whisper'd up and down Dionysius lands at the Port and presently after calls an Assembly and in an Harangue highly praises the Syracusians wishing them That as they had done so they would still continue to shew their Valour and Courage for the time to come promising them that in a short time he would put an end to the War When the Assembly was ready to break up Theodorus a Syracusian a Man of great Authority among the Nobility and one that had done remarkable Service for his Conntry stood up and boldly made this Speech concerning their Liberties The Speech of Theodorus ALthough Dionysius has interlac'd his Discourse with many Lyes yet what he said in the close of his Harangue That he would make a speedy dispatch of the War he may truly perform if he himself who has always been beaten be not the General but forthwith restore us to our own Laws and Liberties For there are none of us that can freely and chearfully venture our Lives in the Field when there 's not a Pin to chuse whether we be conquer'd by the Carthaginians or being Conquerors become Slaves at home to Dionysius For whilst Conquerors or Conquer'd we are sure either to serve the Carthaginians on the one hand or a more severe and tyrannical Master on the other If the Carthaginians prevail by paying of Tribute we shall enjoy our Laws but this Tyrant robs our Temples seizes our Estates takes away our Lives and deprives Ant. Ch. 394. Masters of their Servants to fill up the number of his Mercenaries And he that has acted as great cruelties in a time of Peace as any that have been executed upon the storming of Cities in a time of War now promises to put an end to the Carthaginian War But it as highly concerns us Oh fellow Citizens to be rid of the Tyrant within our Walls as to put an end to the War without For the Castle which is now Garison'd by our own Slaves is built as a Fort against the City it self and the Mercenary Soldiers are kept in Pay to keep the Syracusians in Slavery and he himself Lords it over the City not as a good Magistrate for the execution of Justice but as sole and absolute Lord to Rule according to the Dictates of his own insatiable Desires The Enemy now enjoys but a small part of the Country but Dionysius has bestow'd all that he has conquer'd upon them that have given assistance to the advancement of his Tyranny Why are we content so long tamely to suffer these base Abuses such as a generous Spirit would rather chuse to Die than to be brought into a hazard
the other side in the mean time the Horse with some Gallies made to the Fort near Dascon and took it And forthwith came up the whole Fleet and the Army Assaulted the rest of the Forts with a mighty Shout which struck the Barbarians with great terror and amazement For at the first they all ran to defend their P. 435. The miserable condition of the Garthaginians Ant. Ch. 394. Camp but now seeing the Enemies whole Fleet come up they bestirr'd themselves as much to preserve their Navy that then lay at Anchor But all their Care was to little purpose for they were prevented by the suddainness of the surrprize For while they were ascending the Decks and hasting on board the Enemies Ships came up with that fierceness upon them and so pierc'd their Broad sides that some were sunk down right at the first shock others by repeated and frequent Assaults were broken in pieces so that the Carthaginians were fill'd with dread and horror And while the best and greatest of their Ships were up and down pierc'd through and through the Air resounded with a terrible noise by the crashing of the Vessels broken by the Beaks of the Gallies and the Shoar over against them was presently fill'd with dead Bodies The Syracusians still more and more encourag'd by their Success while each strove who should first leap into their Enemies Ships in every place killed and dispersed and scattered Barbarians astonish'd and amaz'd with the fear of the present destruction Neither was the Land Army wanting in their Assistance in which Dionysius then was by chance having rid to Dascon some time before For finding there Forty Ships of Fifty Oars apiece besides Ships of Burden that lay near to them and some Gallies they threw Fire amongst ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The strange burning of the Carthaginian Ships them upon which the Flame mounting up and spreading it self far and wide set all the Ships on fire and neither Merchants nor Mariners were able to stop the violence of the Flame which the Wind being then high ran along from the Ships at Anchor and catcht upon the Transport Ships which lay near to them And the Men to avoid the Fire leaping out of the Ships into the Sea and the Cables snapping asunder the Ships fell foul one upon another by reason whereof some broke in pieces many were burnt and others by the violence of the Winds scatter'd and dispers'd here and there so that all one way or other were destroy'd And here a Show as upon a Theatre was represented to the Citizens while the Fire ran through the Transport Ships from one to another and the Flame mounted the Masts and consum'd the Main Yards and the ruine of the Barbarians seem'd like the overthrow of such as were destroy'd for some notorious Ant. Ch 394. Impiety by Thunder and Lightning from Heaven Upon these Successes both young and old that were able took Boats and pass'd over to the Harbour to rifle those Ships that were almost consum'd by the Fire and to save such as might be refitted and those that were yet sound and untouch'd to tow them by their Boats to the City Yea such was the exceeding Joy and Emulation of all to share in the Honour of the Victory that those whom Age might well have excus'd from intermedling with matters of War yet now beyond their Age and natural Strength made themselves remarkable And now the Victory spread swiftly through the City upon which the Women and Children and whole Families left their Houses and ran to the Walls and fill'd them with Spectators of whom some lift up their Hands to Heaven and gave thanks to the Gods others cry'd out that the Barbarians were justly punish'd for their prophaneness in rissing and plundering of the Temples For indeed it seem'd as if the Gods themselves were engag'd in the Fight where so many Ships were on fire with the Flame mounting into the Air above the Masts and the Grecians only standing by with joyful Acclamations as Eye-witnesses of every happy Event And on the contrary the Barbarians amaz'd and astonish'd Ant. Ch. 394. with the dreadful misfortune in great Confusion and with mournful Cries bewailing themselves But Night put an end to the Battle and Dionysius encamp'd near to the Barbarians at the Temple of Jupiter The Carthaginians being thus routed both by Sea and Land sent Ambassadors privately to Dionysius to offer him Three hundred Talents which they had then ready in their Camp if he would permit the remainder of their Army to transport themselves into Africa To this Dionysius answer'd that he could not suffer all to be gone but he was content that those who were Citizens of Carthage might depart privately in the Night but no other For he knew well enough that neither the Syracusians nor his Confederates P. 436. would ever suffer him to grant to them any such liberty But he did this because he was unwilling utterly to destroy the Carthaginians that the Syracusians through fear of them might find no opportunity or leisure by disturbing of him to seek after the regaining of their Liberty Having therefore agreed with the Carthaginians that they should be gone the fourth Night next after he draws his whole Army into the City Upon which Imilco deliver'd the Three hundred Talents to some appointed for that purpose Imilco gives 300 Talents to Dionysius to have liberty to depart into Africa who convey'd them secretly in the night into the Castle When the time appointed was come Imilco fill'd Forty Gallies with Citizens of Carthage with an intent to be gone leaving the rest of the Army behind him And he was no sooner entred into the Port but some Corinthians discerning that Dionysius trifled away the time in getting the Soldiers and Officers together were impatient and forthwith made after them And by rowing hard at length got up to the Carthaginian Ships that were in the Rear which they sunk by piercing them through with the Beaks of their Ships Afterwards Dionysius drew The Carthaginians pursu'd Ant. Ch. 394. out his Army but the Sicilians who sided with the Carthaginians were almost all fled through the heart of the Country and escap'd to their several Cities before the Syracusians could reach up to them In the mean time when Dionysius had plac'd Guards at several Passes to intercept them that fled he march'd with his Army in the Night to the Enemies Camp Upon which all the Barbarians now betraid both by their General and the Carthaginians and likewise by the Sicilians fled away in great fear and amazement of whom part were taken falling in among their Enemies Guards that way-laid them others and the greatest part threw away their Arms and cry'd for Quarter But the Spaniards with their Arms got into a Body and sent a Trumpet to Dionysius to offer themselves to him as Confederates Upon which he made a League with them and join'd them to the Regiments of his
and Government by Treachery And they made Peace with them of Erbissa and so stood the Affairs of Sicily at that time CHAP. VIII Agesilaus made General against the Persians by the Lacedemonians goes to Ephesus They send to the King of Egypt for Assistance The Persians routed at Sipylus by Agesilaus Tissaphernes's Head cut off in a Bath at Larissa The War between the Phoceans and Baeotians IN Greece when the Lacedemonians foresaw the great War they were likely to have with the Persians they made Agesilaus one of their two Kings their General who raising Six thousand Men and chusing Thirty of the most eminent Citizens to be Members of the Senate pass'd over out of Europe to Ephesus There he rais'd Four thousand more and so march'd into the Field with an Army of Ten thousand Foot and Four Ush Ann. 174. rather Four thousand Horse ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Hundred Horse After the Camp follow'd a Rabble for the sake of Pillage and Plunder not inferior in Number to the Army it self He ran through the Plains of the Caystrions and wasted and spoil'd all that belong to the Persians as far as to Cumae Moving from thence he spent the greatest part of the Summer in spoiling and wasting Phrygia the Country next adjoyning and having loaded his Army with Pillage and Spoil about the latter end of Autumn return'd with his Army to Ephesus While these Things were acting the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to * Otherwise called Nepherites Nephreus King of Egypt in order to procure his Assistance in the War who sent to the Spartans Tackle and Furniture for a Hundred Gallies and Five hundred thousand Bushels of Wheat instead of Soldiers Pharax therefore the Lacedemonian Admiral loosing from Rhodes with a Hundred and twenty Sail arriv'd at Cassandra a Castle of Caria distant a Hundred Ant. Ch. 394. The King of Egypt sends Tackle for Ships and Wheat to the Lacedemonians and fifty Stages from Caunus Setting sail from thence he besieg'd Caunus and Conon the Persian Admiral who then lay there with a Fleet of Forty Sail. But Artaphernes and Pharnabazus approaching to the Relief of Caunus with a great Army Pharax rais'd his Siege and return'd with his Fleet to Rhodes After this Canon got together Fourscore Gallies and with these sails over the Chersones In the mean time the Inhabitants of Rhodes refuse to suffer the Peloponnesian Fleet to enter Rhodes revolts foom the Lacedemonians their Harbour and Revoit from the Lacedemonians and receive Conon with his Navy into their Port and City And presently after they who brought Corn out of Egypt design'd for the Lacedemonians not knowing any thing of the Defection of the Rhodians sail'd boldly to the Island Upon which Conon the Persian Admiral with the help of the Rhodians brought them and their Loading into the Port and stor'd the City with Corn. And there came likewise other Ships to Conon Ten from Silicia and Fourscore from Phenicia under the Command of the Lord Lieutenant of the Province of Sâdon But afterwards Agesilaus drawing out his Army into the Plain of Caystrus and the Places Ant. Ch. 394. Agesilaus pââlages in Asia near to Sipylus plunder'd and spoil'd the Inhabitants Upon which Tissaphernes with an Army of Ten Thousand Horse and Fifty Thousand Foot came upon the Backs of the Lacedemonians and kill'd all the Stragglers as they were forraging and ranging about the Country But Agesilaus with a Phalanx drawn up in a Square possess'd himself of the rising Grounds at Sipylus watching his opportunity to set upon the Enemy and from thence over-ran all the Country as far as to Sardis and amongst others wasted and P. 439. destroy'd a * Paradise Garden belonging to Tissaphernes set with all sorts of Trees and other Things for Delight and Divertisement in time of Peace beautifi'd with very great Art and Cost Marching thence when he came half way between Sardis and Thyberne he sent Xenocles the Spartan in the Night with Fourteen hundred Men into a Wood to lie in Ambush in order to intercept the Enemy he himself about spring of Day marching forward with the Army As soon as he had passd the Ambuscade the Barbarians in great Routs Tissaphernes by an Ambuscade Fury on the sudden set upon his Rear upon which he forthwith wheel'd about and when they were hotly engag'd he lift up a Sign to them in Ambush who forthwith with a great Shout came in and fell upon the Enemy who seeing themselves surrounded in great Fear and Terror betook themselves to their Heels of whom Six thousand were kill'd in the Pursuit and a great number of Prisoners taken and the Lacedemonians seiz'd the Enemies Camp which was very rich Tissaphernes himself amaz'd at the Valour of the Spartans in a great Fright fled out of the Battel to Sardis Agesilaus was mov'd to march up higher into the other Provinces but because the Sacrifices did not point out to him any good Success he return'd with his Army to the Sea-side Artaxerxes King of Asia hearing of the routing of his Army was both Afraid and Angry Afraid of the Lacedemonians and Angry at Tissaphernes who was the occasion of the War And Parysatis the Queen-Mother had not long before pray'd Artaxerxes even upon her Knees to take Revenge upon Tissaphernes for she bare him a mortal Hatred Ant. Ch. 394. because he was instrumental to frustrate the Expedition of her Son against his Brother Artaxerxes therefore makes Tithraustes General and commanded him to seize Tissaphernes giving him likewise Letters directed to all the Cities and Governors of the Provinces ordering them to observe his Commands As soon as Tithraustes came to Colosse in Phrygia by the help of the Governor of Larissa he seiz'd Tissaphernes in a Bath and cut off his Tissaphernes kill'd by the King's Order Head and sent it to the King After which he made a Truce with Agesilaus for Six Months While Affairs went thus in Asia the Phoceans made War upon the Boeotians and pray'd War between the Boeotians and Phocian call'd the Boeotian War Aid and Assistance from the Lacedemonians Upon which Lysander was sent thither with a few Soldiers who rais'd more after he came to Phocis but not long after Pausanias King of Sparta was sent to Phocis with Six thousand whereupon the Boeotians drew out their Forces and being join'd by the Athenians their Confederates found Haliartus besieg'd by Lysander and the Phoceans Whereupon a Battel was fought in which Lysander and many of the Lacedemonians with their Confederates were kill'd The Boeotians pursu'd not far but Two hundred Thebans lost their Lives by falling down some steep Precipices through their own Carelesness This was afterwards call'd the Boeotian War But Pausanias hearing of the Defeat of the Lacedemonians enter'd into a Truce with the Boeotians and return'd with his Army into Peloponnesus In the mean time Conon the Persian Admiral committed the Care of the Fleet to
Hieronymus and Nicodamus two Athenians and he himself hasten'd away to the King sailing Ant. Ch. 394. Conon employ'd by the King of Persia against the Lacedemonians P. 440. to Silicia and from thence passing to Thapsacus in Syria he put himself in a Barge and sail'd down the River Euphrates to Babylon Here being admitted to the King he promis'd That if the King would but furnish him with Money and other Necessaries as he should think fit he would undertake to ruin the Lacedemonian Fleet. The King was much pleas'd and highly Commended and Rewarded him and order'd a Paymaster to attend him and pay him as much Money as he should from time to time require He gave him likewise liberty to chuse what Persian he would to be his Collegue and Assistant in the Command and he thereupon chose Pharnabazus and after he had taken Order for all Things according to the utmost of his Power he went down to Sea CHAP. IX The Confederate War by the Argives and others against the Lacedemonians The Battel at Aricas The Fight at Nemea Pisander the Lacedemonian Admiral routed in a Sea-Fight at Cnidus by the Persian Fleet commanded by Conon the Athenian The Corinthian War against the Lacedemonians and the great Sedition there AT the end of the year Diophantus was made Lord Chancellor at Athens and at Rome Six Military Tribunes were invested with the Consular Authority that is to say Olymp. 96. 2. Ant. Ch. 393. Lucius Valerius Marcus Furius Quintus Servilius Quintus Sulpitius * Mistaken Claudius * Marcus Valerius Maximus Ogron and * Lucius Furius The Confederate War Marius Appius In the time of their Governments the Boeotians and Athenians the Corinthians and the Argives Confederated For they conceiv'd that if they being the most considerable and largest Cities of Greece did but stick close one to another they might easily overcome the Lordly Power of the Lacedemonians and the rather for that they were hated of their Confederates for their Tyrannical Government To this end they first order'd a General Assembly of Members from the several Cities to meet at Corinth where being met they order'd all Things necessary concerning the War Afterwards they sent Messengers from City to City and by that means took off many from siding with the Lacedemonians And presently there join'd with them all Eubea generally the Leucadians Acarnanians Ambraciots and Chalcideans of Thrace They then endeavour'd to bring into the Confederacy the Inhabitants of Peloponnesus but none of them would hearken to them For Sparta lying close to the sides of Peloponnesus was as a Castle or Bulwark for the Defence of the Country Medius the Prince of Larissa in Thessaly was about that time engag'd in a War with Lycophrone Tyrant of the * Phera a City in Macedonia Phereans to whom upon his Request this General Assembly sent in Aid Two thousand Men who being furnish'd with these Aides takes Pharsalus a Lacedemonian Garison and sells all the Inhabitants for Slaves After this the Boeotians with them of Argos separating themselves from Medius took Heraclea in Trachinia being let within the Walls in the night and there they put all the Lacedemonians to the Sword but suffer'd the Peloponnesians to depart with all that belong'd to them Then they recall'd the Trachinians to inhabit the City whom the Lacedemonians had forc'd to till the Land though they were the ancient Inhabitants of the Country And not long after Istmenias the General of the Boeotians leaving the Argives to guard the City caus'd the Eneans and Achamaneans to desert the Lacedemonians and having rais'd among them and other Confederates many Soldiers he march'd with an Army of no less than Six thousand Men against the Phoceans Not long after he encamp'd near Aricas a City of Locris the Birth-place of Ajax as 't is said where the Phoceans under the Ant. Ch. 393. Conduct of Lacisthenes a Laconian came out against him and fought him The Dispute was very sharp for a long time but at length the Boeotians got the Day and pursu'd the The Battel at Aricas Enemy till it grew dark of whom they kill'd above a Thousand and lost Five hundred of their own After this Battel both Sides disbanded their Armies and the Phoceans returned to their own Country and the other to Corinth where having call'd a Senate and encourag'd by this good Success as they conceiv'd of it they muster'd at Corinth rais'd out of all the Cities far and near to the Number of about Fifteen thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse The Lacedemonians seeing that the greatest Cities of Greece had confederated against them determin'd to send for Agesilaus and the Army he had with him out of Asia Yet P. 441. in the mean time they march'd out against the Enemy with Three and twenty thousand The Battel at Nemea Foot and Five hundred Horse which they had rais'd out of their own City and from among their Confederates And not long after a Battel was fought at the River Nemea which continu'd till Night parted them wherein part of the Army on both sides prevail'd one against the other There fell of the Lacedemonians and their Confederates Eleven hundred but of the Boeotians and their Confederates were slain Two thousand Eight hundred As soon as Agesilaus had landed his Army in Europe he was encountred by a great Body Ant. Ch. 393. of Thracians whom he routed and kill'd the greatest part of them Thence he march'd through Macedonia on purpose to pass that way Xerxes had formerly done when he came with a powerful Army into Greece Having therefore pass'd through Macedon and Thessaly he went on forward to the Straits of Thermopylae and pass'd through that way In the mean time Conon and Pharnabazus the Persian Admirals lay at Doryma in the Chersonese with a Fleet of more than Ninety Men of War and being inform'd that the Enemies The Sea-fight at Cnidus Navy lay at Cnidus they prepared for a Sea-Fight * Periarchus is here mistaken for Pisander Ush Ann. 179. Periarchus the Admiral of the Lacedemonian Fleet weighing Anchor from Cnidus arrived at Physeus in Chersonesus with Eighty five Gallies and loosing from thence fell upon the King's Fleet and had the advantage against those Ships he first attack'd But upon the Persian Gallies coming up in a full Body to rescue their Fellows his Confederates fled and made to the Shoar but he judging it a base and dishonourable thing for a Spartan to turn his Back tack'd about to front the Enemy and fighting with great Gallantry after he had destroy'd many of the Persians in the heat of the Fight was at length kill'd and so fell with Honour worthy Pisander kill'd and the Lacedemonians routed at Sea of his Country Then they with Conon pursuing the Lacedemonians to the Shoar took Fifty of their Gallies but the most part of the Men swam to Land and escap'd only Five hundred were taken Prisoners
Mylas and took it and and discharg'd all the Naxians that were there * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã upon terms of mutual Friendship who went to the Sicilian and Grecian Cities some to one place and some to another Dionysius now having made a League with the Cities that lay upon the Sea-Coasts determin'd to pass over with an Army against Rhegium But for the present his Design was retarded by the Sicilians at Tauromenum whom therefore he resolv'd in the first place to reduce Dionysius besieges Tauromenium to which end he marched thither with all his Forces and Encamp'd on that side towards Naxos and continu'd his Siege all Winter in hopes that the Sicilians would leave the Hill because they had not been long there But they having heard their Fathers declare that the ancient Sicilians the former Inhabitants of that Place were expuls'd thence by the Grecians when they arriv'd there and built Naxus they therefore concluded they had just cause both to defend their own Country and to revenge the Injury done to their Ancestors by the Greeks and so they defended the Place with great Resolution In the mean time while the Dispute was hot on both sides * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Ant. Ch. 392. the Winter Solstice drew near at hand and Winter coming on apace all the Places near the Castle were full of Snow and Dionysius conceiving that the Sicilians by reason of the strength of the Place and height of the Walls kept but a slender Guard in the Castle he ascends those high and steep Places in a dark and tempestuous Night and with much difficulty by reason of the steepness of the Rock and depth of the Snow at length with a scarr'd Face and half blind with Cold and Snow possess'd himself of one part of the Castle Then presently forcing into another he laid open a Passage for his Army into the City Upon which the whole Power and Strength of the Sicilians ran together and drove the Dionystans out of the City and Castle and he himself by a blow upon his Brigandine in the pursuit was knock'd down and was very near falling alive into the hands of his Enemies And in regard the Sicilians had the advantage of high Ground from whence they gall'd the other above Six hundred of Dionysius's his Men were kill'd and many lost their Arms Dionysius himself Dionysius near killing sav'd only his Corslet After this Misfortune they of Agrigentum and Messina those that sided with Dionysius being at a great distance were altogether intent upon regaining their Liberty and therefore sent back Dionysius's Ambassador who was order'd to them to renew and continue the Confederacy and League that then was between them and the Tyâant About this time Pausanias King of Sparta fled out of his Country by reason of some hainous Crimes laid to his charge by the Citizens when he had reign'd Fourteen Years Agistpolis his Soft succeeded him and continu'd as many years more Then likewise dy'd Pausaniaâ King of Macedon whom Amyntas treacherously murther'd after he had reign'd only one Year Amyntas who thus thus got the Kingdom held it Four and twenty Years At the End of the Year Demostratus was chosen Archon of Athens and six Military Olymp. 96. 4. Ant. Ch. 391. Tribunes Lucius Titinius Publius Licinius Publius Melius Quintus * Maenius The Acts of Mago in Sicily P. 444. Mallius Gneius Genutius and Lucius Attilius govern'd as Consuls at Rome In their time Mago the Carthaginian General was busie in Sicily endeavouring to settle the Affairs of Carthage there which were then but in an ill Condition since the last slaughter and ruin of their Army To this end he carry'd himself with all Mildness and Humanity towards all the Cities within his Government and receiv'd all others into his Protection that were Enemies to Dionysius and enter'd into Leagues with many of the Sicilians At length he rais'd an Army and march'd against Messina and when he had wasted the Country he return'd with rich Booty and Encamp'd near Abacena a City of his Confederates But Dionysius with his Army march'd up to him and upon his approach both Armies were drawn out in order of Battel upon which there was a sharp and hot Engagement in which the Carthaginians were routed and fled to the City with the loss of above Eight hundred Men And Dionysius return'd to Syracuse But within a few days after he made an Expedition against Dionysius sets upon Rhegium in Italy Rhegium with an hundred Sail well Mann'd and coming upon them on a sudden in the Night he set the Gates on Fire and rear'd Scaling-Ladders to the Walls A few only of the Rhegians at first ran to repulse the Enemy and busied themselves in extinguishing the Fire but by the advice of Heloris the Governor they left the Fire and fell with all their force upon the Enemy and by that means sav'd their City For if they had continu'd Ant. Ch. 391. still in quenching the Flames so small a number could not have kept out the Dionysians till the rest of the Citizens had come in to their assistance For by throwing of Timber and other combustible matter from the Tops of the Houses next adjoining they rather increas'd the Fire Dionysius being thus disappointed in his design wastes and destroys all the Country round about with Fire and Sword but afterwards made a Truce with them for one Year and so return'd to Syracuse In the mean time the Grecians in Italy perceiving that Dionysius his Covetousness and The Grecians confederate in Italy against Dionysius Ambition extended as far as to their Countries enter'd into a general League and appointed a publick Place for their Common Assemblies By this means they hop'd that they should both be able to oppose Dionysius and likewise have an Army always ready to fight the Lucanians who were ever and anon making inroads upon them While these things were doing the Exiles that were in the Lecheum at Corinth being let into the City in the Night endeavour'd to possess themselves of the Walls but were The Lacedaemonians beaten by Iphicrates near Corinth driven out again by Iphicratis and forc'd to fly to the Arsenal with the loss of Three hundred Men. Within a few days after part of the Spartan Army march'd through the Territories of Corinth and were suddenly fallen upon by Iphicrates and some other Confederates who out off the greatest part of them And marching from thence with his Light-arm'd Men against Phlias he engag'd with them that came out of the Town and kill'd above Three hundred of them Hence he made against Sicyon who drew out under Ant. Ch. 391 the Walls and fought him but were beaten and forc'd into the City with the loss of Five hundred Citizens After these things the Argives with all their Forces came against Corinth and took both Corinth taken by the Argives the Castle and City and join'd that Territory to their
their Enemies Dionysius his second Expedition into Italy Besieges Caulonia and routs Heloris Makes Peace with the Rhegians Razes Caulonia to the Ground and transplants the Inhabitants to Syracuse Watches an Occasion to be reveng'd on them of Rhegium Besieges it He sends rich Chariots to the Olympick Games His Poetry ridicul'd IN Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse though he had a Design and did what he could to bring all Sicily and the Neighbouring Greeks in Italy under his Power yet deferr'd the Expedition against them to some other time as we said before Having therefore Dionysius prepares to Besiege Rhegium in the mean time consider'd how greatly it would advance his Affairs if he could gain Rhegium the Key of Italy he now drew out his Army into the Field He had then under his Command Twenty thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse and a Hundred and Twenty Gallies With these he pass'd over to the Borders of Locris and thence marching through the Heart of the Country he wasted and spoiled all the Territories of Rhegium with Fire and Sword His Fleet attending over against him he at length Encamp'd with all his Forces near the Sea But the Italians hearing of the Arrival of Dionysius and his Design upon Rhegium with all speed put forth sixty Sail from Crotona for the aid of the Rhegians Whereupon Dionysius made forth against them with fifty Gallies and though they made to the Shore to avoid him yet he pursu'd them so close that he threw Grappling-Irons into them to draw them off from Land and all the Sixty Sail had cettainly Ant. Ch. 388. fallen into his hand if the whole Body of the Rhegians had not with showers of Darts forc'd him from the Shore and by the Advantage of a Storm that then arose hal'd up Dionysius overtaken by a Storm the Ships to Land And thô Dionysius fought very Valiantly yet he lost seven Gallies and no less than Fifteen hundred Men on the Rhegian Shore and both Ships and Men being thrown upon the Shore by the Storm many of the Seamen were taken Prisoners by the Citizens The Tyrant himself flying in a Vessel of Five Oars escaped drowning very narrowly and landed at length with much difficulty about Midnight at the Port of Messina And because Winter now drew on having made a League with the Lucanians he return'd with his Army to Syracuse Returns out of Italy to Syracuse After this the Lucanians made an Incursion into the Territories of the Thurians upon which they sent forthwith to their Confederates for assistance For the Greek Cities throughout all Italy had agreed together That if the Lucanians fell upon any one of them all the rest should come into the help of them that were so oppress'd And if any City should not have their Forces ready to defend them the Chief Commanders should be put to Death As soon therefore as the Cities had notice by the Posts of the march of the Enemy the Thurians all unanimously prepar'd for the Encounter and hastily and unadvisedly in an imprudent Heat not waiting for their Confederates with above Fourteen thousand Foot and a Thousand Horse march'd against the Enemy The Lucanians hearing of their approach suffer'd them to enter into their Country Ant. Ch. 388. Upon which they pierc'd into Lucania with great Violence and at the first were so successful as that they took a Castle and carry'd away thence much Plunder which was in truth but as a Bait laid in their way for their Destruction For while they were puff'd up and grown high-crested with this Success they contemned the Enemy so far as that they daringly ventured through straight and craggy Passages through the heat of Ambition and Covetousness eager to possess themselves of a City and Country so bless'd with The Thurians miserably Entrap'd by the Lucanians in Italy P. 449. the Fulness of all things as that was But as soon as they came into the Plain surrounded with high and steep Hills on every side the Lucanians coming in with their Forces from all Parts intercepted all the Passages leaving them no hopes of return any ways And shewing themselves on every side from the tops of the Hills the Grecians were struck with great Fear and Terror both with the Greatness of their Army and the Difficulty of the Places For the Lucanians were no fewer than Thirty thousand Foot and Four thousand Horse While the Graecians were in this perplexity unexpectedly surrounded with insuperable danger the Barbarians march'd down into the Plain and Battle being join'd ' the Italians were over-power'd by multitude and above Ten thousand of them kill'd upon the spot for the Lucanians gave no Quarter as they were before order'd the rest fled to a Hill near the Sea side from whence espying some long Ships sailing towards them hoping that they came from Rhegium out of eagerness to save themselves they leap'd into Ant. Ch. 388 The generosity Leptines to the distressed the Sea and some of 'em by swimming got to the Ships But this Fleet proy'd to be Ships sent by Dionysius to the assistance of the Lucanians under the Command of Leptines his Brother who very generously receiv'd them that swam into his Ships and set them all on Shoar being about a Thousand and prevail'd with the Lucanians to accept a * Thurians Mina for every Man for their Ransom and he himself engag'd for the payment and so order'd Matters among them that the Lucanians and Italians made peace one with another Mina about 3 l. 2s 6 d. From this time Leptines was in great favour and much esteem with the Italians having made an end of the War more to his own than to the advantage of Dionysius who was in hopes that by means of the differences between the Lucanians and the Greeks of Italy he should be able with much ease to accomplish his Designs there but if he should make Peace he judg'd his Conquest would be difficult Therefore he discarded Leptines and created Thearides his other Brother Admiral of the Fleet. During these Transactions the Romans divided the Country of the Veians distributing to every one Four * Plethra an hundred Foot or an Acre Plethra of Land but as others say Eight and Twenty At the same time they made War upon the Aequi and took Liflus by Storm They sent Forces likewise against the * The Volsci whose Chief City was Velitta .. Olymp 97. 4. Ant. Ch. 387. Dionysius passes again into Italy Veliternines who had revolted Satricum likewise made a Defection and a Colony was sent forth into * Certium At the close of the year Antipater was chosen Chief Governor of Athens and Lucius Valerius and Aulus Manlius were Roman Consuls Now Dionysius King of Syracuse Declar'd openly his Design of a Descent upon Italy and to that end loos'd from Syracuse with a numerous Army For he had with him above Twenty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse a Navy of
gave the Lands to the Locreans for he was always very desirous to oblige them because they so readily comply'd with him in the business of his Marriage On the other hand he studied Revenge upon the Rhegians for their denial For when he sent an Ambassador to them to Treat with them to send him a Virgin of some of their Citizens to be his Wife It 's said the Rhegians answer'd his Ambassadors that he should have none from them except it were the Hangman's Daughter Being highly incens'd at this gross abuse as he took it to be he continually studied how to be reveng'd For he made not peace with Ant. Ch. 386. them the year before out of any design of Kindness or Friendship with them but only out of a desire he had to possess himself of their Fleet of Seventy Sail. For he knew he could easily take the City when they could have no aid or assistance by Sea To this end he made several Halts and delayd as much as he could his drawing his Forces out of Italy waiting for some colourable pretence or occasion to break his League with the Rhegians without any refleicton upon his Honour Drawing therefore his Forces down to the Sea side he prepares all things necessary for his passage and then desires that the Rhegians wou'd furnish him with Provision for his Army and he would send them as much back again from Syracuse His design in this was that if they refus'd to supply him he thought he might have a just ground to raze their City and if they readily answer'd his Request then after their Corn and Provision was spent upon laying Siege to the Town he might with more ease through their scarcity of Food possess himself of the place The Rhegians not suspecting any thing for some few days furnish'd him liberally But when he delaid and trifled away the time sometimes pretending himself sick other times framing other excuses they at length smelt his design and therefore forbore sending any further Provision to his Camp Upon which Dionysius seeming to be much enrag'd at this affront return'd to them all the Hostages and beg ãâ¦ã ing the Town round with his Forces assaulted it every day and with a great number of Engines of an incredible bigness so batter'd the Walls as if they had been shaken by a Storm and Tempest so earnest was he to gain the City The Rhegians on the other hand having made Ant. Ch. 386. Dionysius assaults Rhegium Phile their General order'd all that were of Age and Strength to take up Arms and to keep strict Guards and spying a fit opportunity they made a vigorous Sally and burnt the Enemies Engines and often skirmish'd out of the Walls with that Valour and Resolution to the exasperating of the Enemy that they both lost many of their own and kill'd no few of the Sicilians Nay Dionysius himself was so wounded with a Lance P. 452. about the Privy Parts * The Scrotum that he was very near losing his Life it being a long time before he recover'd Notwithstanding tho' the Siege was tedious and the Rhegians resolv'd to defend their Liberty yet he imploy'd his Soldiers in continual Assaults not in the least receding from his former design and purpose The Olympick Games in the mean time drawing on he sent to that Solemnity many Chariots drawn with Four Horses apiece Sends Chariots and Gifts to the Olympick Games and exceeding swift and likewise Tents glistering with Gold and adorn'd with rich and various Embroideries of admirable Workmanship and with these he sent likewise the most skilful Singers to advance his own praise by the reciting of Poems compos'd by himself For he was even to madness given to Poetry and he committed the care and oversight of all these things to his Brother Thearides who when he came to the ground by the multitude of the Chariots and richness and splendor of the Tents and Pavilions attracted the Eyes of all the Beholders And when the Singers began to recite the Poems of Dionysius the People at first ran together and greatly admir'd the sweet and pleasant Airs of * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Ant. Ch. 396. the Stage-Players But as soon as they perceiv'd how bad and Ballad like the the Verses were they ridicul'd Dionysius and despis'd him to that degree that they rist'd the Tents Lystas likewise the Orator then at Olympid advis'd the People that they should not admit any of those Procurators sent by so wicked a Tyrant to have any thing to do with those Sacred Sports At which time he made the Speech styl'd by him The Olympick Oration And how the Race began and it so happen'd that the Chariots of Dionysius were some of 'em driven out of the Line others were broken in pieces by dashing one upon another Neither did the Ship prosper better which convey'd the Procurators For in their return from the Games to Sicily they were forc'd by violence of a Tempest to Tarentum a City in Italy And it is reported that when they came to Syracuse they spread it abroad That the badness of Dionysius's Verses had not only disgrac'd the Singers but prejudic'd both the Chariots and the Ship However tho' he knew that his Verses were hiss'd at yet still he addicted himself to Poetry being told by his Flatterers that those thrt envy'd every thing that was Noble and Brave would at length admire what they then despis'd At that time the Romans slew a great number of the Volsci in the Battel at Gurasum CHAP. XIII The Peace of Antalcidas The War by the Persians against Evagoras in Cyprus The miserable Condition of Rhegium It 's Surrender'd The cruel usage of Philo the Governor of Rhegium and of his Son The Expedition of the Galls against Italy The Romans routed by the Galls at the River Allia Rome taken by the Galls The Romans Besieg'd in the Capitol The Volsci Revolt from the Romans The Galls routed by Marcus Furius in their return All cut off afterwards in the Plains of Trausium WIth these Actions the year ended and now Theodotus was made Chief Magistrate Olymp. 98. 2. Ant. Ch. 385. of Athens and Six Military Tribunes executed the Consular Authority at Rome Quintus Caesus Sulpitius Aenos Caesus Fabius Quintus Cervilius * Quintus Sulpicius Publius Cornelius and * Servius Cornelius The Peace of Antalcidas Marcus Claudius At this time the Lacedemonians tir'd out with the War both against the Greeks and Persians order'd their Admiral Antalcidas to go to Artaxerxes to strike up a Peace When he had deliver'd his Ambassage to the King he answer'd that he would make Peace with the Grecians upon condition that all the Greek Cities in Asia should return to their Obedience and that the rest of the Grecians should all Govern their Cities according to their own Laws and that if any should stand out and not submit to these Conditions it should be lawful for him to
some time but when the King recover'd strength and was re-instated into his former Dignity he demanded restitution of the Land which the Olynthians deny'd Upon which Amyntas rais'd both an Army of his own and enter'd into a League with the Lacedemonians and prevail'd with them to send a General with a great Army Amyntas quarrels with the Olynthians against the Olynthians The Lacedemonians resolving to fix in those parts of Thrace rais'd an Army out of their own Citizens and Confederates to the number of Ten thousand Men over which they made Phoebidas that Spartan General and commanded him to join with Amyntas and make War upon the Olynthians They sent out another Body against the Phaeuntians whom they subdu'd and forc'd to submit to their Government About this time the Two Lacedemonian Kings having different Sentiments disagreed one with another For Agesipolis was a lover of Peace and a Just and Wise Man and therefore Declar'd against oppressing the Greeks For he said that Sparta would become infamous amongst all the People if after they had been instrumental in making the Grecians in Asia Slaves to the Persians they should now enslave all the Cities of Greece to themselves whose Liberties they had sworn in the common League to preserve inviolable On the other hand Agesilaus being naturally Turbulent and inclin'd to War thirsted after Dominion over the Grecians Afterwards when Menander was Lord Chancellor of Athens and six Military Tribunes Olymp. 99. 3. An. M. 3590. Ant. Ch. 380. Quintus Sulpitius Caius Fabius * Servius Cornelius The Citadel Cadmea seis'd by the Lacedemonians P. 468. Cornelius Servilius Quintus Servilius Sextus Annius and Caius Marcius bore the Consular Dignity at Rome the Lacedemonians seiz'd upon Cadmea the Citadel of Thebes for the Reasons following They had for some time before consider'd how Boetia was full of Towns and Cities and that the Inhabitants were Men both of stout Hearts and strong Bodies and especially that Thebes which continu'd to that Day in its ancient State and Grandeur was even the Guard and Bulwark of all Beotia therefore they were afraid lest at some fit opportunity or other they should become Lords of Greece For this Reason they gave private Instruction to their Commanders to seize upon Cadmea as soon as they could spy out an opportunity Phoebidas the Spartan General in his March against the Olynthians remembring his Instructions Surpriz'd Cadmea which so enrag'd the Thebans that they rose in Arms but were beaten and he Banish'd three hundred of the most eminent Citizens and put all the rest into a great fright and leaving there a strong Garrison March'd away in pursuance of the business he had chiefly in hand All the Grecians every where complain'd of the Lacedemonians for this unworthy Act. And they indeed themselves Fin'd Phaebidas for it but could not be brought to withdraw the Garrison And thus the Thebans were Robb'd of their Liberty and brought under the pow'r of the Lacedemonians But the Olynthians resolutely persisting in the War against Amyntas King of Macedon Phaebidas was order'd to lay down his Commission and Eudamidas his Brother was made General and sent away with Three thousand heavy arm'd Men to carry on the War against the Olynthians who breaking into the Olynthians Country Ant. Ch. 380. joyntly with Amyntas fell upon them but the Olynthians being good Soldiers and overpowring the other in Number beat them both Upon this the Lacedemonians rais'd a great Army and made Teleutias King Agislaus his Brother General who was a Man of high Esteem among the Citizens for his Valour who as soon as he entr'd to the Borders of Olynthus was join'd with the Forces of Eudamidas and now being strong enough to fight the Enemy he first Spoil'd and Wasted the Country and Divided the Prey which he had got together in abundance amongst the Soldiers Afterwards the Olynthians march'd out with their own and the Forces of their Confederates Upon which the Armies Engaged and at the beginning the Battle was doubtful but afterwards the Fight was renew'd with that extraordinary Courage and Resolution that Teleutias The Olynthians beat the Lacedemonians bravely acquitting himself and above Twelve hundred Lacedemontans more were there kill'd upon the Place The Spartans being nettl'd at this Success of the Olynthians made greater Preparations in order to repair their Loss So on the other hand the Olynthians suspecting that the Lacedemonians would bring down greater Forces upon them and that the War might continue long furnish'd themselves with store of Corn and Provision and Aids from their Confederates Demophilus was now Archon at Athens and Publius Cornelius Lucius Verginius Lucius Olymp. 99. 4. Ant Ch. 379. Papurius * Valerius Marcus Furius Valerius Aulius Manlius * Lucius and * Lucius Posthumius Quintus Military Tribunes were Consuls at Rome when the Lacedemonians decreed War against the Olynthians and made their King Agesipolis General over an Army of Force sufficient â Aulus Manlius for the Expedition As soon as he entr'd the Enemies Country he join'd with those that were Encamp'd there and forthwith fell to Action The Olynthians this Year fought no considerable Battle but kept the Kings Army in play whom they were afraid â Posthumius War with the Olynthians by the Lacedemonians to Encounter with continual pickeering and light and frequent skirmishes CHAP. III. Polypidas sent General by the Lacedemonians against the Olynthians A great Plague in Carthage The Beotian War Cadmea retaken A Confederacy of the Cities against the Lacedemonians Cleombrotus attempts to Surprize the Pireum at Athens The Athenians Seize Actea in Eubea Agesilaus enters Beotia The Sea-fight at Naxus AFter the end of the Year Pytheas was Created Chief Magistrate of Athens and P. 469. Olymp. 100. 1. An. M. 3592. Ant. Ch. 378. six Military Tribunes bore the consular Authority at Rome Titus Quintius Lucius Servilius Lucius Julius Aquilius * Lucius Decius Lucretius Anchius and Servius Sulpitius At that time was Solemnized the Hundred Olympiad at Elis in which Dionysiodorus the Tarentine bore away the Prize In the mean time Agestpolis King of Lacedemon died in the fourteenth Year of his Reign and his Brother Cleombrotus succeeding him Reign'd Nine Years But the Lacedemonians Constituted Polybidas General and sent him forth against Polybidas subdues the Olynthians the Olynthians He swore all his Souldiers to be true and faithful to him and gain'd many Victories managing the War with the Valour and Conduct that became a good General At length improving his good Fortune and frequent Sucesses he drove the Olynthians within their Walls and pinning them up so Terrifi'd them that he forc'd them to Submit to the Lacedemonians as their Sovereign Lords As soon as the Ant. Ch. 378. Olynthians were Enroll'd among the Confederates of the Spartans many other Cities sought to come under the same Protection And now the Power of the Lacedemonians was in its greatest Strength as being
many Noble Exploits in the Wars yet he glory'd more in this than in all others before and by the favour of the Chabrias highly honour'd by the Thebans People procur'd Statues to be erected in memory of the Project representing the thing as it was done The Thebans after the departure of Agesilaus set upon Thespiae and kill'd the Guard which consisted of Two hundred Men but making several Assaults upon the City tho' all in vain they drew off in order to their return with their Forces to Thebes Upon which Phebidas the Lacedaemonian the Governour of Thespiae who kept the Place with a strong Garison made a Sally upon the Thebans in their retreat and through his pressing on too rashly after many Wounds receiv'd and signalizing his Valour he lost his own Life and the Lives of above Five hundred of his Fellows Phebidas Kill'd Not long after the Lacedaemonians march'd against Thebes with the same Army And then again the Thebans possest themselves of some other Places that were of difficult access by which means they did indeed hinder the wasting and spoiling the Country but dar'd not at first to engage with the Enemy in the Plain But upon the appearance of Agesilaus Ant. Ch. 374. in the Van of the Army they began to march slowly towards him and after long time the Armies at length engag'd with great Heat and Fury At the first Agesilaus had the advantage but when he discern'd the whole City of Thebes to sally out upon him he A Fight near Thebes P. 475. The Lacedaemonians are repuls'd A Sea-Fight sounded a Retreat Whereupon the Thebans judging themselves nothing inferior to the Lacedaemonians erected a Trophy and never after stuck to engage with the Spartans And this was the issue of the Fights at Land But about the same time there was a great Fight at Sea between Naxus and Paros upon this occasion Pollis the Lacedaemonian Admiral had intelligence of a great quantity of Corn that was passing by Sea to Athens upon which he made it his Business to lie in wait to surprize the Transport-Ships The Athenians being inform'd of the Design sent out a Fleet to guard the Ships loaden with the Provision and brought them all into the Pireum After this Chabrias the Athenian Admiral sail'd with the whole Fleet to Naxus and besieg'd The Sea-Fight at Naxus it and battering it with his Engines us'd his utmost endeavour to take it by storm But while he was earnest in prosecuting his Design Pollis the Lacedaemonian Admiral came up with his Fleet to the Assistance of the Naxians upon which the Fleets engag'd charging one another in a Line of Battel Pollis had a Navy of Sixty five Sail and Chabrias Eighty three Pollis in the Right Wing valiantly charg'd the Athenians in the Left Commanded by Cedon the Athenian whom he kill'd and sunk his Vessel He fell likewise upon others and broke some of them in pieces with the Beaks of his Ships and put the rest to flight Which Chabrias discerning he ordered some Ships near him to the Ant. Ch. 374. Relief of those that were overpower'd and so rescu'd them He himself with the greatest part of the Fleet under his Command with great Valour broke in pieces and took many of his Enemy's Gallies But however tho' he obtain'd the Victory and put the Enemy's whole Fleet to flight yet he would not pursue remembring the Battel at Arginusa where tho' the Athenians were Victorious yet the People instead of a Reward put the Officers to death only because they did not bury their Parents who were kill'd in that Fight Fearing therefore the like Fate he wav'd the Pursuit and took up the Citizens swimming and floating here and there and so preserv'd those that were alive and order'd the Dead to be bury'd In this Battel the Athenians lost Eighteen Gallies and the Lacedaemonians Four and twenty and Eight were taken with all the Men. Chabrias crown'd with this glorious Victory return'd with great and rich Spoils to the Pireum and was receiv'd by the Citizens with great Honour and Acclamation This was the First Victory at Sea gain'd by the Athenians since the Peloponnesian War for at Cnidus they prevail'd not by the Strength of their own Forces but by the Assistance of the King of Persia While these things were acted in Greece Marcus Manlius was put to death at Rome for aspiring to the Monarchy CHAP. IV. The Treballians make Incursions into Thrace Chabrias the Athenian General Assassinated The Thebans rout the Spartans at Orchomena Artaxerxes seeks to make Peace among the Graecians Peace concluded The Thebans only disagreed The Commendation of Epaminondas Seditions in several Cities of Greece WHEN Chariander was Archon at Athens and Servius Sulpitius Lucius Papyrius Olymp. 101. 1. Act. Ch. 373. * Marcus Cornelius Cornelius Titus and * Titus Quintius P. 476. Treballians make an Inroad into Thrace Are slaughter'd by the Abderites Marcus Quintius Four Military Tribunes were in Consular Authority at Rome the Hundred and First Olympiad was celebrated at Elis and Damon of Thurium bore away the Prize At that time the Treballians in Thrace being in great Scarcity of Corn made an Incursion with Thirty thousand arm'd Men into their Neighbours Territories to get Provision To that end they enter'd the Borders of the Abderites in another part of Thrace and wasted and spoiled the Country without any Opposition and having loaden themselves with abundance of Plunder they return'd so carelesly and disorderly as that the whole City of Abderita falling upon them when they were scatter'd and dispers'd kill'd above Two thousand of them To revenge which the Exasperated Barbarians made a second Inroad into the Abderites Country But they being encourag'd by the late Victory and strengthen'd with the assistance of their Neighbour Thracians drew up in Battalia against the Barbarians The Armies furiously engag'd The Abderites cut off The Abderites rescu'd by Chabrias when on a sudden the Thracians drew off and left the Abderites to themselves Who were presently hemm'd in by the Barbarians and almost every Man cut off As soon as this grievous Slaughter of the Abderites was nois'd abroad and they were now ready to be besieg'd in comes Chabrias the Athenian with his Army and not only delivers the Abderites but drives the Barbarians out of the Country And after he had Chabrias assassinated Ant. Ch. 373. strengthen'd the City with a strong Garison he was basely assassinated the Person by whom not known Upon this Timotheus was made Admiral of the Athenian Fleet and sailing to Cephallenia he block'd up the City with his Navy and wrought upon the Cities of Acarnania to side with the Athenians Presently after he enter'd into League with Acetas The Acts of Timotheus the Athenian General King of the Molossians and now having in his power all the Countries subject to the Cities in those Parts he routed the Lacedaemonians in a Sea Fight at Leucades
vain to persuade the Grecians to be at Peace among themselves to which all willingly comply'd except the Thebans who were so obstinate that they refus'd the Conditions having before brought all Beotia in subjection to their own Government There being therefore no hopes of Peace Philiscus return'd into Asia leaving behind him Two thousand-Mercenaries who receiv'd their Pay for the Service of the Lacedemonians Whilst these things were doing Euphron of Sicyon a bold and rash Fellow not inferior Euphron gains the Sovereignty of Sycion to any in that kind with the assistance of the Argives plotted to gain the Sovereignty and to that end Fortune favour'd him so far that forthwith he banish'd Forty of the Citizens and confiscated their Goods and Estates by which he rais'd a vast sum of Money wherewith he hir'd a Guard of Foreigners and so possess'd himself of the Command of the City Nausigenes being Lord Chancellor of Athens and Four Military Tribunes viz. Lucius Papyrius Lucius Menenius Servius Cornelius and Servius Sulpitius executing the Consular Olymp. 103. 1. Ant. Ch. 366. Authority at Rome the Hundred and Third Olympiad was celebrated at Elis in which Pythostratus the Athenian carry'd away the Prize This Year Ptolemy Alorites the Son of Amyntas treacherously Murther'd his Brother Alexander and Govern'd the Kingdom of Macedonia for the space of Three Years At the same time Pelopidas in Beotia emulating the Glory of Epaminondas and perceiving what great Service he had done in Peloponnesus for the Common-wealth of Beotia made it his business to advance his own Reputation by enlarging the Power and Sovereignty of the Thebans in other parts out of Peloponnesus To that end and joining with Ismenia his special Friend and a Man of great Esteem for his Valour he took a journey into Thessaly where upon Discourse Pelopidas and Ismenias unexpectedly secur'd by Alexander of Pherea with Alexander Tyrant of Pherea when he never expected any such thing he and Istmenias were both seizd and clapt up in prison This Fact highly incens'd the Thebans upon which they sent Eight thousand heavy Arm'd Men and Six hundred Horse into Thessaly At whose coming Alexander was in a great fright and sent Ambassadors to Athens to Treat with them for their assistance Upon this the People of Athens forthwith dispatch'd away Thirty Sail and a Thousand Men under the Command of Autocles But while he sail'd round Eubea the Thebans entred Thessaly And tho' Alexander was well furnish'd with Foot and exceeded the Beotians in Horse yet the Beotians at the first concluded they should put an end to the War by one Fight especially being enforc'd by the Thessalians But being deserted by them and Alexander assisted by the Athenians The Boeotians brought into a great strait in Thessaly and other Confederates and Meat and Drink and all other Provision being scarce the Baeotarchs were resolv'd to return home and accordingly drew off and in their march through the Plain they were fallen upon in the Rear by Alexander's Horse who kill'd and wounded many of the Beotians At length not being able either to keep their Ground or go forward they knew not which way to turn themselves or what to do Ant. Ch 366. Brought off by Epaminondas and to aggravate the perplexity they were in they were in want of Food In this desperate condition Epaminondas who was then but a private Soldier was chosen General by the Army who presently plac'd the best and choicest of the Light Arm'd Men and the Horse in the Rear with these he repuls'd the Enemy that press'd upon the backs of the Beotians and by frequent skirmishes making head as occasion serv'd and keeping his Troops in good Order he brought off the Army safe Thenceforth more and P. 495. more advancing his own Reputation by his Noble Actions he wan Praise and Renown both amongst his Citizens and all their Confederates But The * Beotarchs Magistrates of Beotia set great Fines upon the Officers and Leaders in this late Expedition and so rais'd a great deal of Money But in regard the Question may be very well ask'd How it came to pass that so great a Man was plac'd in so low a Post as a Common Soldier in that Expedition into Thessaly It 's fit a Reason should be given in justification of Epaminondas When he had in the Fight at Corinth beaten off the Lacedemonians who guarded the Fortification he might have kill'd a great number of them but resting satisfy'd that he had gain'd the Pass he forbore all further pursuit Being therefore suspected that he spar'd the Lacedemonians out of a design to ingratiate himself into their Favour those that envy'd his Glory watch'd an opportunity to accuse him of Treason Upon which the People were so exasperated that they depriv'd him of his Command and order'd him to serve as a Common Soldier But having by his Noble Actions wip'd off those stains of Dishonour cast upon him he was restor'd by the People to his former Dignity Not long after a sharp Battel was fought between the Lacedemonians and the Arcadians in which the former obtain'd a famous Victory and was the first Fight since that at Fight between the Arcadians and Lacedemonians Note Not one Man lost Leuctra wherein they had any considerable success There were above Ten thousand of the Arcadians slain and not one Man lost of the Lacedemonians The Priests at Dodona had before foretold That this War should end without any Mourning on the Lacedemonians part After this Battle the Arcadians were in that fear of the Lacedemonians that they built the City call'd Megalopolis in a place commodiously situated for their security and brought into it the Menalians and Parrhasians out of Twenty Villages in Arcadia And this was the state of Greece at that time In Sicily Dionysius the Tyrant having rais'd a great Army resolved to take advantage of Ant. Ch. 366. Dionysius invades the Carthaginian Territory in Sicily the present Opportunity and to fall upon the Carthaginians who were then but in a very ill Condition by reason of the Plague that rag'd amongst them and their being deserted by many of the Africans And because he had not the least colour and ground for the War he pretended that the Carthaginians Incroach'd and made Incursions into his Country Having therefore an Army of Thirty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse besides a Navy of Three hundred Sail with these he Invades the Carthaginian Territory and presently wan Salinunte and Entella and wastes and harrasses all the Country round about Then taking Aeryx he at length besieg'd Lilybeum But the strength of the Garison presently forc'd him to raise his Siege Afterwards being inform'd that the Arsenals belonging to the Carthaginians were burnt down and therefore conceiving their whole Fleet was destroy'd he grew secure and despis'd the Enemy so that he laid up Thirty of his best Gallies in the Haven at Eryx and sent all the rest back to
The Foot as soon as they Engag'd fought with wonderful heat and resolution Never was there greater Armies in the Field in any Battle between Grecians and Grecians nor more brave and excellent Commanders or that ever approv'd themselves with more Valour and Courage For the Boeotians and Lacedemonians who were in that Age counted the best Land Soldiers in the World fronted one another and began the Onset with that Fury as if they valu'd not their Lives in the least They first began with their Lances which being for the most part broken in pieces by the violence and heat of the Charge they fell to their Swords Then setting Foot to Foot all sorts of Wounds curable and Mortal slight and deadly were given and receiv'd without remitting any thing of their first Heat or Resolution And they continu'd in this sharp Engagement with that Valour and so long a time neither side giving the least ground that Victory seem'd to hover over both uncertain where it would fall For every one slighted and contemn'd Danger and desiring nothing more P. 503. than to make himself remarkable by some Glorious piece of Service for his Country with a brave Gallantry of Mind coveted to exchange Life for Honour After the Battle had continu'd long and none were able to judge who would be the Conquerors Epaminondas conceiving the present state of the Parties engag'd requir'd his assistance resolv'd to decide the Matter with the hazard of his own Life To that end taking a choice Band of the most able Men he had with him and drawing them up in close Order he forthwith Charg'd at the head of them and was the first that cast his Javelin and kill'd the Lacedemonian General and then broke into the midst of his Enemies Ant. Ch. 361. then others presently following beating down all before him he clave asunder the Enemies Battle For the Fame of Epaminondas and the strength of that Body he then had with him struck such a Terror into the Lacedemonians that they turn'd their backs and began to make away Upon which the Boeotians pursu'd close and kill'd all that were in the Rear so that heaps of Carkasses cover'd the Ground At length when the Lacedemonians perceiv'd that the fierceness and heat of Epaminondas had precipitated him too far they all in a Body made up upon him throwing infinite number of Darts at him of which he put by some and receiv'd others upon his Target and pluckt others out of his Body with his own hands and threw them back into the face of the Enemy At last whilst he was most Heroically bestirring himself to gain the Victory for his Country he receiv'd a Mortal wound in his Breast by a Dart * By one Anticiates a Spartan Justin Epaminondas falls thrown with such a force as that the Wood broke and the Iron with the Trunchion remain'd in his Body so that by the greatness of the wound he suddenly fell to the ground And now the Contest grew very sharp and hot for the recovery of his Body and after a great slaughter made the Thebans being of much stronger Bodies than the Lacedemonians at length put their Enemies to flight The Boeotians pursu'd them a little way but presently return'd as looking upon it absolutely necessary to have the power of the Bodies The Trumpets therefore sounding a Retreat both Armies drew off and each party erected a Trophy both pretending to the Victory For the Athenians possess'd the Bodies of all those Eubeans and Mercenaries that were slain at the Hill On the other side the Boeotians that had routed the Lacedemonians and were Masters of the dead challeng'd the Victory And for some time neither side sent any Trumpets to Treat for burying the Ant. Ch. 361. Dead lest they that were first should be thought to yield the day Yet at last the Lacedemonians first sent a Trumpet to procure Liberty to bury their Men Whereupon all were buried that were slain on both sides But Epaminondas yet living was brought back into the Camp and when the Physitians that were sent for told him that he would certainly Die as soon as the Dart was drawn out of his Body he was not at all daunted But first call'd for his Armour-bearer and ask'd whether his Shield was safe When he answer'd it was and shew'd it to him then he enquir'd whether side had got the day The Youth making return that the Boeotians were Victors Why then saith he Now is the time to die And forthwith order'd the Dart to be drawn out And when all his Friends round about him cry'd out and one with great Lamentation express'd himself thus And what O Epaminondas Dost thou die Childless No by Jupiter said he But I leave behind me Two Daughters whereof the one is Victory at Leuctra and the other at Mantinea And so upon drawing out the head of the Dart he quietly breath'd out his last without any shew of Trouble or Disorder Epaminondas dies of his ãâ¦ã und of Mind And because it was our usual Method to give an Honourable Testimony of Worthy and Deserving Men after their Deaths we think we might be justly blam'd if we should The Commendation of Epaminondas omit so brave a Man without a peculiar remark For he seems to me to be not only the most skilful General and of the most Just and Generous Disposition of any of his own time among whom the most famous were Pelopidas the Theban Timotheus Conon Chabrias Iphicrates Athenians and Agesilaus the Spartan who was a little before him but likewise P. 504. Ant. Ch. 361. of any that liv'd before him in the time of the Medes and Persians as Solon Themistocles Miltiades Cimon Mironides Pericles and some other Athenians and Gelo the Son of Dinomenes in Sicily and some others whose several Excellencies if any will compare with the Military Art and the Glory of the Arms of Epaminondas he shall soon find him to exceed them in many degrees For among them some one peculiar Excellency was only remarkable in each particular Person but in him a Constellation of Virtues were Hous'd together For in Strength and Comliness of Body Volubility of Tongue Gallantness of Spirit Contempt of Wealth and impartial Justice and that which was far before all the rest in Valour and Skill in Martial Affairs absolutely necessary for a General he far excell'd 'em all When alive he gain'd the Sovereign Power for his Country but by his Death they lost it again and their Affairs declin'd to the worse ever afterwards and at length by the Sloth and Ignorance of their Commanders they were utterly ruin'd and reduc'd to perfect Slavery And this was the end of Epaminondas a Man honoured and esteemed of all After this Battle the Grecians being tir'd out with continual Wars and contented now to draw stakes put an end to the War and entred into a general League Offensive and Defensive in which the Messineans were included But the Lacedemonians
and the Illyrians rais'd again great Forces and design'd another Expedition against the Macedonians And to aggravate the matter one * Son of Aeâopus who formerly had Usurp'd the Kingdom of Macedon Pausanias of the Royal Family by the assistance of the King of Thrace endeavour'd to Invade the Kingdom of Macedon The Athenians likewise Enemies to Philip endeavour'd to restore * Argaeus another Son of Aeropus Argaeus to the Kingdom of his Ancestors and to this purpose had sent away their General Mantias with Three Thousand well-arm'd Men and a most excellent well provided Navy Hereupon the Macedonians by reason of the late Defeat and the Storm that then threatned them were in great Fear and Perplexity However notwithstanding all the Difficulties and Fear of those things that were at hand Philip nothing discourag'd with those dreadful Clouds of Mischief that seem'd to hang over his Head by his Speeches in the daily Assemblies retain'd the Macedonians in their Duty and by his Eloquence wherein he excell'd stirring them up to be courageous reviv'd their drooping Spirits Then setting upon Reforming the Military Discipline he compleatly arm'd his Men and Train'd them every Day teaching them how to handle their Arms and other Postures of War He likewise instituted the new way of Drawing up into a close Body imitating the Heroes at Troy in locking their Shields one within another so that he was the first that found out the Macedonian Phalange He was very Courteous and Gaining in his Converse and wan the Peoples Hearts both by his Bounty at present and his generous Promises of future Rewards very Politickly likewise as it were by so many Engines defending himself against the many and various Ant. Ch. 358. Mischiefs that were pressing upon him For when he discern'd that the Athenians made it their great business to recover Amphipolis and that Argaeus was endeavour'd to be restor'd to his Kingdom for that end he left the * Amphipolis City of his own accord suffering them to govern themselves according to their own Laws He sent likewise an Ambassador to the Paeones and some of them he corrupted with Bribes others he ensnar'd with fair and winning Promises and for the Present made Peace with them He prevented likewise Pausanias from being restor'd by bribing the King that was ready to assist him for that purpose In the mean time Manthias the Athenian Admiral being arriv'd at * Methone in Macedonia Methone there lay but sent Aegaeus before with a Body of Mercenaries to â Aegae in Macedonia Aegae Coming to the City he endeavour'd to perswade the Aegaeans to allow of his Return and to appear the first for his Restauration to the Kingdom but none consenting he went back to Methone Presently after Philip advancing with a well appointed Army set upon them and cut off many of the Mercenaries the rest who had fled to a Hill near at hand having first delivered up to him the Fugitives he dismiss'd by Agreement Philip being now Conqueror in this first Battel greatly encourag'd the Macedonians and made them hearty and eager to undergo further Toils and Difficulties Whilst these things were acting the Thracians planted a Colony at Crenides as it was heretofore call'd which the King afterwards call'd Philippi after his own Name and fill'd it with Inhabitants From this Time Theopompus of Chiâs begins his History of Philip and continues it in Fifty eight Books of which Five are controverted Afterwards Eucharist us was Archon of Athens and Quintus Servilius and Lucius Genucius were Consuls at Rome when Philip sent Ambassadors to Athens with Proposals of Peace Olymp. 105. 2. An. M. 3613. Ant. Ch. 357. and prevail'd with the People upon the account that he was content to quit all his Right in Amphipolis Being therefore thus freed from the War with the Athenians and hearing that Agis King of the Paeones was dead he judg'd that a fair Opportunity was offer'd him to invade the Paeones And to that end he enter'd their Country with a considerable Army overcame them in Battel and forc'd them to stoop to the Macedonian Yoke But still the * Illyrium now Dalmatia and the Inhabitants Dalmatians or Sclavonians Illyrians remain'd an Eye-sore to him whom his Heart and all his Thoughts were continually at work to bring under To that end he call'd a General Council and by a Speech fitted for the Occasion having spirited the Soldiers to the War he led an Army into the Illyrians Country of no less than Ten thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse Bardylis King of the Illyrians hearing of his coming first sent Ambassadors to Philip to renew the League between them upon these Terms That both of them should keep those Towns that they then had To which Philip answer'd That he was very desirous of Peace but resolv'd not to admit of it before that the Illyrians had quitted all the Towns belonging to the Kingdom of Macedon The Ambassadors therefore being return'd without effecting any thing Bardylis confiding Ant. Ch. 357 in the Valour of his Soldiers and encourag'd by his former Victories march'd forth against his Enemies with a strong Army having with him Ten thousand choice Foot and Five hundred Horse When the Armies drew near one to another they suddenly set up a great Shout and so fell to it Philip being in the Right Wing with a strong Body of Macedonians commanded his Horse to wheel about to the end to charge the Enemy in the Flank and he himself charged the Front upon which there was an hot Engagement On the other side the Illyrians drew up in a * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã like a Tilâ foursquare Body and valiantly join'd Battel The Valour of the Armies on both sides was such that the issue of the Battel was doubtful a long time many fell but many more were wounded and the Advantage was now here and then there according as the Valour and Resolution of the Combatants gave Vigour and Life to the Business At length when the Horse charg'd both upon the Flank and the Rear and Philip with his stoutest Soldiers fought like a Hero in the Front the whole Body of the Illyrians were routed and forc'd to fly outright whom the Macedonians pursu'd a long way After many were kill'd in the pursuit Philip at length gave the Signal to his Men to retire and erected a Trophy and bury'd the Dead Then the Illyrians sent another Embassie and procur'd a Peace having first quitted all the Cities belonging to Macedon There were slain of the Illyrians in this Battel above Seven thousand Men. Having thus given an account of things done in Macedonia and Illyrium we shall now relate the Affairs of other Nations CHAP. II. The Actions of Dionysius the Tounger in Sicily and other Parts Dion's Flight to Corinth and his Return to Sicily Andromachus Peoples Tauromenum The Civil Wars in Euboea The Social War between the Athenians and other Nations Philip takes Amphipolis and
rest fled into the Castle and clapt the Gates upon them and so escap'd Dion when he had perform'd this Exploit the most Glorious of any ever before quench'd the Fire and so preserv'd the Houses that were all on a Flame and firmly repair'd the Wall that fronted the Castle and so by one and the same piece of Work he both defended the City and strengthned the Garison within the Acropolis Then he cleans'd the Town of the Dead Bodies erected a Trophy and Sacrific'd to the Gods for the Deliverance of his Country On the other hand the People to testifie their Gratitude to Dion call'd a General Assembly and by an unanimous Vote made him * Dion made Chief Magistrate over the Syracusians chief Governor with full and absolute Power and conferr'd upon him the Honours due to a Demy-god Afterwards agreeable to the Glory of his other Actions he freely pardon'd all that had maliciously injur'd him and by his frequent Admonitions brought the People to mutual Peace and Concord For all the Citizens of all Ranks and Degrees highly honour'd and applauded him as their great Benefactor and as the only Saviour of their Countrey CHAP. V. The Continuance of the Social War Iphicrates and Timotheus join'd Admirals with Chares by the Athenians Iphicrates and Timotheus accus'd by Chares and fin'd and remov'd Chares joins with Pharnabasus and routs the Persians The End of the Social War Philip subdues the Confederates IN Greece the Social War growing on apace wherein the Chians Rhodians Coons and Byzantines join'd together against the Athenians great Preparations were made on both sides to make a Decision of the Quarrel by a Sea-Fight The Athenians tho' they had rigg'd out a Fleet of Sixty Sail under the Command of Chares yet they sent out others for the further strengthening of them that were employ'd before under the Commands of Two of the most Eminent of their Citizens Iphicrates and Timotheus who were invested in equal Power of Command with Chares to carry on the War against their rebellious Confederates On the other side the Chians Rhodians and Byzantines being furnish'd with an Hundred Sail from their Confederates waste and spoil the Islands Imbrus and Lemnos belonging Ant. Ch. 354. to the Athenians Thence they made for Samos with a great Army and harass'd the Country and besieg'd the City both by Sea and Land Many other Islands likewise under the Government of the Athenians they wasted and spoil'd and by that means got together a Treasure for the carrying on of the War The Athenian Generals therefore joining their Forces resolv'd in the first place to besiege Byzantium But the Chians and their Confederates raising their Siege at Samos and preparing to relieve Byzantium the Fleets on both sides met in the Hellespont And now just as they were ready to join Battel there arose suddenly a violent Tempest which prevented their Design However Chares was resolv'd to fight tho' Nature herself with the Wind and Seas conspir'd against him but Iphicrates and Timotheus by reason of the Storm refus'd Chares attesting the Faithfulness of the Soldiers accus'd his Colleagues of Treason and wrote Letters to the People of Athens whereby he inform'd them that they wav'd fighting purposely out of Design At which the People were so incens'd that they condemn'd them both and having fin'd them in many Talents revok'd their Commissions Chares now having the sole Command of the Fleet designing to free the Athenians from Ant. Ch. 354. Charge and Expence did a very rash Act Pharnabasus had revolted from the King and was now ready to engage with a very small Force the Persian Lord-Lieutenants who had in their Army Seventy thousand Men Chares joins this Man with all his Forces so that they totally routed the King 's and Pharnabasus in Gratitude for the Service gave him as much Money as was sufficient to pay all his Soldiers This Act of Chares was at first very grateful and acceptable to the Athenians but after that the King by his Ambassadors complain'd of the Injurie done him by Chares they altogether chang'd their Notes and were as far the other way For a Rumor was spread abroad that the King had promis'd Three hundred Sail for the Aid and Assistance of the Athenians Enemies Upon which the People were so terrify'd that they decreed to agree Matters with the Revolters and finding them as willing to embrace Terms of Peace as themselves the Business was The End of the Social War easily compos'd And this was the end of the Social War after it had continu'd four Years In the mean time in Macedonia Three Kings that is to say of Thrace the Paeones and Illyrians confederated against Philip. These Princes being Borderers upon the Macedonians could not brook without Envy his growing Power And though they had had Experience that they were not his equal Match singly being not long before conquer'd by him yet by joining their Forces together they confidently concluded that they should be able to deal with him But Philip coming suddenly upon them while they were raising their Forces and as yet without any form'd Troops being in readiness in this Surprize he broke them in pieces and forc'd them to stoop to the Yoak of the Macedonian Kingdom CHAP. VI. The Beginning of the Sacred or Phocian War Philomelus seizes the Temple at Delphos after he had routed the Locrians How the Oracle at Delphos was first discover'd and the Beginning of the Tripode The Athenians and others join with Philomelus AFter Callistratus was created Archon at Athens and Marcus Fabius and Caius Plotius Olymp. 106. 2. An. M. 3595. Ant. Ch. 353. The Sacred War Consuls of Rome the War call'd The Sacred War broke forth which continu'd Nine Years For Philomelus the Phocian inferior to none in Impudence and Wickedness having seiz'd the Temple at Delphos occasion'd the Sacred War on the Account following After the Lacedaemonians were routed by the Thebans at the Battel of Leuctra the Thebans made great Complaints against them in the Court of the Amphictyons for their seizing of Cadmea Upon which they were adjudg'd to pay to them a great Sum of Money The Phocians likewise were accus'd and condemn'd by the same Court to pay many Talents to the Use of the Oracle at Delphos because they had intruded into a large Piece of Land call'd Cirrhaea belonging to the Oracle and had till'd and plough'd it But the Muâct being neglected to be paid the * The Priests and Officers of the Temple Hieromemones accus'd the Phocians in the Senate of the Amphictyons and pray'd them if the Money were not paid that the Lands of the sacrilegious Persons might be confiscated and devoted to the Deity They requird likewise that the rest that were condemn'd among whom were the Lacedaemonians should pay what was due upon that account and pray'd That if they did not observe what was so order'd that then they should be prosecuted as hateful Enemies by all the Grecians
upon all the Inhabitants of Phaenicia especially upon the Sidonians To this end he Rendevous'd all his Army both Horse and Foot at Babylon and presently march'd away against the Phaenicians In the mean time while the King was upon his March the Governor of Syria and Mazaeus Lord Lieutenant of Caelicia joined together against the Phaenicans On the other side Tennes King of Sidon procured for their assistance Four thousand Greek Mercenaries from the Aegyptians under the Command of Mentor the Rhodian with these and a Body of the Citizens he engaged with the Lord Lieutenants and got the Day and expelled them out of Phaenicia While these Things were acted in Phaenicia the War in Cyprus began at the same time the one depending much upon the other There were Nine great Cities in this Island under whose Jurisdiction were all the other smaller Towns Every one had its several King who managed all publick Affairs yet subject to the King of Persia These all enter'd into a Confederacy and after the Example of the Phaenicians shook off the Yoak and having made all necessary Preparations for the War took upon them the Absolute Power and Soveraignty in their own several Dominions Ant. Ch. 349. Artaxerxes being enrag'd at this Insolence writ to * Or Garieus Idrieus Prince of Caria then lately come to the Throne a Friend and Confederate of the Persians as all his Ancestors were before him to raise him both Land and Sea-Forces for his Assistance against the Kings of Cyprus Upon which he forthwith rigg'd out a Fleet of Forty Sail and sent on board Eight thousand Mercenaries for Cyprus under the Command of Phocion the Athenian and Evagoras who had been for some Years before King of the Island As soon as they lander in Cyprus they march'd then streight to Salamina the greatest of the Cities where they cast up a Trench and fortify'd themselves and so straitly besieg'd the City both Salamina in Cyprus besieg'd or Salamis by Sea and Land The Island had continu'd a long time in peace and quietness and therefore was grown very Rich so that the Soldiers who had now the Power to range over the Country had got together great Booties Which Plenty and Confluence being nois'd abroad many sn the opposite Continent in hope of Gain came slocking out of Syria and Silisia to the Persian Camp The Army of Phocion and Evagoras being increas'd to double the number the Petty Kings were brought into great Straits and much terrify'd And in this Condition was Cyprus at that time About this time the King of Persia march'd with his Army from Babylon and made towards Phaenicia But Mentor General of the Sidonians when he heard how great an Army was approaching and considering how unequal in number the Rebels were he privately consulted his own Safety To that end he secretly dispatch'd away from Sidon a faithful Servant of his own call'd Thessalion to Artaxerxes promising to betray Sidon to him and that he would effectually assist him in subduing of Egypt he being in that respect more especially able to serve him for that he was well acquainted with all the Places in Egypt and knew exactly the most convenient places over the River Nile The King was wonderfully pleas'd when he heard what Thessalion said and promis'd he would not only Ant. Ch. 349. pardon Mentor for what he had done but would bountifully reward him if he perform'd what he had promis'd But Thessalion further added that Mentor would expect that the King should confirm his Word by giving out his Right Hand Upon which the King was so incens'd as being distrusted that he gave up Thessalion into the hands of the Officers with Command to cut off his Head When he was led to Execution he only said thus Thou O King dost what thou pleasest but Mentor who is able to accomplish all I have said will perform nothing that is promis'd because thou refusest to give him Assurance on thy part Upon hearing of which the King alter'd his Mind and commanded the Officers to discharge the Man and so he put forth his * His Hand to kiââ Right Hand to the Thessalion which is a most sure and certain Earnest among the Persians of performance of what is promis'd Then he return'd to Sidon and secretly imparted to Mentor what he had done In the mean time the King counting it his greatest Happiness if he could subdue Egypt which he had before attempted in vain sent Ambassadors to the chiefest Cities of Greece to solicit for some Auxiliary Forces from them The Athenians and Lacedaemonians return'd Answer That they would continue still Friends to the Persians but that they could not supply them with Forces But the Thebans commanded a thousand heavy-arm'd Men to be sent to the Assistance of the King under the Command of Locrates The Argives likewise furnish'd him with Three thousand Men but sent no Captain with them because the King had expresly by Name appointed Nicostratus to Command them and they were unwilling to contradict him He was a Man of great Account both as to Councel and Execution having both Valour and Prudence assistant one to another And because he was of vast Strength of Body imitating Hercules in his Arms he carry'd both a Club and a Lion's Skin in every Battel Neither were the Grecians who inhabited Ant. Ch. 349. upon the Sea Coasts of Asia wanting on their parts but sent out Six thousand Men So that all the Auxiliary Forces from the Grecians amounted to Ten thousand But before these came up the King had pass'd through Syria and enter'd Phaenicia and encamp'd not far from Sidon In the mean time while the King spent a considerable time in making preparation the Sidonians had been very active and diligent in furnishing themselves with Arms and Provisions and besides had drawn a treble deep and broad Trench and an high Wall round the City They had likewise a brave Body of tall handsom and stout Men of the Citizens well exercis'd and train'd up in martial Discipline out of the Schools And this City went far beyond all the rest of the Cities of Phaenicia for Wealth and all other sumptuous Ornaments both for State and Grandeur And that which was not the least among the rest they were furnish'd with a hundred Gallies of three and five Oars on a Bank And now * Here Mentor is put for Tennes in the Greek Tennes became a Party with Mentor who Commanded the Mercenaries out of Egypt in the Treachery and left Mentor to keep a certain Quarter of the City in order to help forward the Execution of the Treason and himself went out with Five hundred Soldiers upon pretence to go to the Common Assembly of the Phaenicians For he had in his Company a Hundred of the Best Quality of the Citizens to be Senators as was pretended But these he caus'd to be seiz'd and deliver'd up into the hands of Ariaxerxes as soon as they came near
against Olynthus the greatest City of those Parts with a very numerous Army and having first routed the Olynthians in two Battels he laid Siege to the Town upon which he made many Assaults and lost a great number of his Men in their approaches to the Walls At length by bribing Euthycrates and Lasthenes the Chief Magistrates of Olynthus he entred the City by Treachery and Plunder'd it and Sold all the Citizens for Slaves and expos'd Philip takes Olynthus and other Cities in the Hellespont to sale all the Prey and Plunder under the Spear Whereby he furnished himself with abundance of Money for the carrying on of the War and put all the rest of the Cities into a terrible Fright Then he bountifully rewarded such as had behav'd themselves with Courage and Valour and having exacted vast Sums of Money from the Richest of the Citizens of the Cities round about he made use of it to corrupt many to betray their Country so that he himself often boasted that he had enlarg'd his Dominion more by his Gold than by his Sword In the mean time the Athenians being jealous of the growing Greatness of Philip ever after sent Aid to them whom he invaded by his Arms and dispatch'd Ambassadors to all The Athenians jealous of Philip the Cities to look to their Liberties and to put to death such of their Citizens as should be discover'd to go about to betray them promising withal to join with them upon all Occasions At length they proclaim'd open War against Philip. Demosthenes the Orator at that time the most Eminent in Politicks and Eloquence of Demosthenes incites the Athenians against Philip. all the Grecians was the chief Instrument that incited the Athenians to take upon them the Defence of all Greece But the City could not cure that itch of Treason that infected many of the Citizens such a shoal of Traitors there was at that time all over Greece And therefore it is reported that Philip having an earnest desire to gain that once strong and eminent City and one of the Place telling him it could never be taken by Force he ask'd him whether it were not possible that Gold might mount the Walls for he had learn'd by Experience That they that could not be subdu'd by Force were easily overcome by Gold To this end he had by his Bribes procur'd Traitors in every City and Philip corrupts the Cities by Bribes such as would receive Money he call'd his Friends and Guests And thus with Evil Communication he corrupted Men's Manners After the taking of Clynthus he celebrated Olympick Games to the Gods in Commemoration of his Victory and offer'd most splendid Sacrifices and in regard there were a vast number of People got together he set forth specious Sports and recreating Plays and invited a great number of Strangers to his Feasts And in the midst of his Cups would talk courteously and familiarly with them and drink to many and reach over the Cup to them with his own Hands To many he gave rich Gifts and made large and liberal Promises to all to the end his Kindness and Generosity might be bruited abroad by them that had had the Experience During the time of his Feasting observing Satyrus the * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Stage-player to look four and knit his Brows he ask'd him why heonly would not accept of the Fruits of his Bounty and Generosity To which he answer'd That he would very willingly receive a certain Gift from him but he was afraid if he should ask it openly he would deny him Upon which the King fell a laughing and bid him ask what he would and he would freely bestow it upon him Upon which he desir'd that two young Maids in the flower of their Age the Daughters of one that was his Host might be given to him from among the Captives whose Liberties he crav'd not to make any Gain or Advantage of them himself but really to give them Portions out of his own Estate and procure them Husbands and likewise to prevent their being injur'd by any unworthy Attempt Whose Request the King so approv'd as that he not only forthwith order'd the Virgins to be deliver'd to Satyrus without Ransom but bestow'd upon him likewise many other rich Gifts and Presents as special Marks of his Favour and Bounty so that many excited with the Hopes of Reward strove which should serve Philip most and be the first that should betray their Country into his Hands The next Year Themistocles was Archon at Athens and Caius Cornelius and Marcus Popilius Olymp. 108. Ant. Ch. 345. 2. An. M. 3601. Battelt between the Boeotians and Phocians Roman Consuls at which time the Boeotians over-ran the Country of the Phocians with Depredations and beat the Enemy at Hyampolis killing about Seventy of them But not long after engaging with the Phocians in another Battel they were routed at Coroâea and lost many of their Men. And whereas the Phocians were possess'd of some small Towns in Boeotia the Boeotians made an Inroad upon them and shamefully spoil'd and destroy'd all their standing Corn but in their Return were beaten While these things were acting Phalecus the General of the Phocians being convicted Phalecus depriv'd and others chosen of Sacrilege in converting the Sacred Treasure of the Temple to his own use was depriv'd of his Commission and three others were created in his room viz. Democrates Callias and Sophanes who manag'd the Business and Trial concerning the Sacred Treasure at such time as the Phocians demanded an Account of them that had the disposing of it The greatest part of the Money was found to be intrusted in the hands of Philon who not being able to give a clear Account was condemn'd and being put upon the Rack Ant. Ch. 345. by order of the Generals he nam'd many of his Accomplices At length being tortur'd to the utmost extremity he died upon the Rack and so came to an end worthy his Impiety The Robbers indeed restor'd the rest of the Monies that were left but they themselves were put to death as Sacrilegers The first of the former Generals Philomelus forbore to meddle with the Sacred Treasures but his Brother and Successor Onomarchus converted much of those Treasures to the use of the War The third General Phayllus Brother of Gaods taken out of the Temple Onomarchus while he executed that Command made use of many of the consecrated Things of the Temple for the paying off the foreign Soldiers For he melted down and coin'd into Money the Hundred and twenty Golden Tiles dedicated by Croesus King of Lydia In the same manner he dealt with the 300 Golden Bowls or Viols every one weighing Two Minas and likewise the Lion and Woman of Gold all which weigh'd 30 Talents of Gold so that all the Gold according to the value of Silver would amount to Four thousand Talents And besides these there were Things in Silver dedicated by Croesus and others
their backs after receiving many Wounds there perish'd And many though they were never toutch'd by the Enemy's Sword yet through Fear and the Throng and Difficulties of passage over the River being press'd in heaps one upon another there breath'd out their last And that which contributed no little to the common Destruction the River was swollen to that excessive heighth that many especially such as attempted to swim over the Water with their Arms were drown'd In conclusion Two thousand and five hundred who made up the Sacred Brigade of the Carthaginians and for Valour Ant. Ch. 338. and the Glory of their Arms and greatness of their Estates excell'd all the rest fought valiantly and were cut off every Man Of the rest of the common Soldiers there were slain at least Ten thousand and above Fifteen thousand taken Prisoners Many of the Chariots being broken in pieces in the Fight only Two hundred fell into the hands of the Grecians but all the Bag and Baggage The greatest part of the Arms were lost in the River But a Thousand * Coats of Mail. Brigandines and Ten thousand Shields were brought into the Tent of Timoleon of which some were hung up in the Temples at Syracuse and others distributed among the Confederates others were sent to Corinth and order'd to be dedicated to Neptune And although very rich Spoils were taken for that the Carthaginians abounded in Gold and Silver * At Flaggens Cups c. Plate and other Furniture of great value according to the Grandeur and Riches of their Country yet he gave all to the Soldiers as the Reward of their Valour The Carthaginians that escap'd with much ado got to Lilibeum in such Fear and Consternation that they durst not go on board their Ships in order to return to Africa as if through the Anger of the Gods they should be swallow'd up by the Libean Sea As soon as the News of this Overthrow was brought to Carthage their Spirits were mightily broken and they expected that Timoleon would invade them with his Army upon the first Opportunity Therefore they forthwith recall'd Gescon the Brother of Hanno from his Banishment and being a stout Man and an experienc'd Soldier created him General But looking upon it not Adviseable for the future to venture the Lives of the Citizens they resolv'd to hire Soldiers out of other Nations and especially from among the Graecians not doubting but that many would List themselves by reason of the large Pay promis'd by the rich Carthaginians They sent likewise Ambassadors into Sicily with Orders to strike up a Peace upon any Terms whatsoever After the end of this Year Lysimachides was created chief Governor of Athens and Quintus Servilius and Marcus Rutilius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome Then Timoleon Olymp. 110. 2. Ant. Ch. 337. An. M. 3606. as soon as he return'd to Syracuse in the first place expell'd those as Traytors out of the City who had deserted him through the Instigation of Thracius These being transported into Italy they seiz'd upon a Sea-Port Town of the * Brutii Brettians and plunder'd it Upon which the Brutians were so enrag'd that they forthwith came against them with a great Army took the Town by Storm and put every Man of them to the Sword And such was the miserable End of these Deserters of Timoleon as the just Punishment of their former Villany Afterwards he took Posthumius the Tyrant and put him to Death who had infested the Seas with his Piracies and came at that time into the Port of Syracuse as a Friend He receiv'd likewise with all Demonstrations of Kindness Five thousand Persons whom the Corinthians had sent over to plant new Colonies The Carthaginians now by their Ambassadors having earnestly su'd to him for Peace he granted it to them upon these Terms That all the Greek Cities should be set free That the River Lycus should be the Bound between the Territories of both Parties and That the Carthaginians should not for the future assist any of the Tyrants against the Syracusians Having afterwards subdu'd Hicetas he order'd him an Honourable Burial and took Aetna by Storm and put all the Campanians to the Sword And he so terrifi'd Nichodemus the Tyrant of the Centorippians that he fled out of the City Then he forc'd Apoilonides who Lorded it over them of Agyra to Abdicate Ant. Ch. 337. the Government and the Inhabitants thus freed he inroll'd them as Citizens of Syracuse To conclude having rooted up all the Tyrants throughout the whole Island and freed the Cities from their Oppression he receiv'd them all into his Protection and they became his Confederates Then he caus'd Proclamation to be made throughout all Greece That the Senate and People of Syracuse offer'd Houses and Lands to all who were willing to be Members of the Commonwealth of Syracuse Upon which many came flocking over as to the Possession of a new Inheritance At length Forty Thousand new Planters had their Shares by Lot in those Lands that yet remained undivided within the Territories of Syracuse and Ten thousand were allotted to Agyra being a very large and pleasant Country Not long after he caus'd all the ancient Laws of Diocles for the Government of the Syracusians to be review'd and amended Such part of them as concern'd private Commerce and Inheritances he alter'd not but those that related to the Administration of the Publick Government and the Commonwealth he amended as he thought most expedient Cephalus a Corinthian a Learned and Prudent Man was chiefly concerned in this Emendation and Correction of the Laws When this Business was finish'd he translated the Leontines into Syracuse and greatly enlarg'd Camarina with Multitudes of Inhabitants And to sum up all he brought Things to that pass throughout all Sicily now through his Care in perfect Peace and Tranquility as that the Cities in a very short time abounded in Wealth and all Earthly Blessings For through the Seditions and Intestine Wars which Sicily labour'd under for a long time together and the many Tyrants that set up for themselves it was brought to that miserable Condition that the Ant. Ch. 337. Cities were depopulated and the Lands lay wast and untill'd and no Crops to be had for the Supply of Daily Food But now that there were many Plantations of Colonies bless'd with a constant Peace and the Land was every where manur'd and improv'd by the Labour of the Husbandman it began to yield all sorts of Fruits which being vented with great Advantage to the Merchants the Inhabitants grew exceeding rich in a very short time And this abundance of Wealth occasion'd in that Age many stately Structures to be erected up and down in Honour of the Gods As one among the rest near to the Island of Syracuse called The House of Sixty Beds built by Agathocles for Greatness ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã and Beauty excelling all the Works in Sicily and because as it were in Contempt
it overtop'd all the Temples of the Gods as a manifest Indication of their Anger it was beaten down by a Thunderbolt At the lesser Haven likewise there were Towers built of Outlandish Stone in which were Inscriptions cut and the Name of Agathocles who rais'd them Besides these not long after were built by Hiero the King an * A Temple Olympus in the Market-place and an Altar near the Theatre a Furlong in length and in height and breadth proportionably In the lesser Cities likewise as in Agyra which by reason of the Richness of the Soil as aforesaid received new Colonies * Hiero. he built a Theatre the most Glorious of any in Sicily next to that at Syracuse and erected Temples to the Gods built a Court a Market-place and stately Towers and rais'd over the Tombs and Monuments many large Pyramids of admirable Workmanship CHAP. XIV Elatea taken by Philip. Great Consternations in Athens for fear of Philip. The Boeotians join with the Athenians through the Sollicitation of Demosthenes Python a famous Orator The Battel at Cheronaea between Philip and the Athenians Lycides the Athenian General put to Death Philip rebuk'd by Demades made General of Greece Timoleon dies WHEN Charondas executed the Office of Lord Chancellor of Athens and Lucius Olymp. 110. 3. Ant. Ch. 336. An. M. 3607. Elatea taken by Philip. Athens in great fear of Philip. Aemilius and Caius Plotius were Roman Consuls Philip King of Macedon being in Amity with many of the Graecians made it his chief Business to bring under the Athenians thereby with more ease to gain the Sovereignty of Greece To that end he presently possess'd himself of Elatea and brought all his Forces thither with a Design to fall upon the Athenians hoping easily to overcome them in regard they were not as he conceiv'd prepar'd for War by reason of the Peace lately made with them which fell out accordingly For after the taking of Elatea some hasted in the Night to Athens informing them that Elatea was taken by the Macedonians and that Philip was designing to invade Attica with all his Forces The Athenian Commanders surpriz'd with the Suddenness of the Thing sent for all the Trumpeters and commanded an Alarm to be sounded all Night Upon which the Report flew through all the Parts of the City and Fear rouz'd up the Courage of the Citizens As soon as Day appear'd the People without any Summons from the Magistrate as the Custom was all flock'd to the Theatre To which Place as soon as the Commanders came with the Messenger that brought the News and had declar'd to them the Business Fear and Silence fill'd the Theatre and none who were us'd to influence the People had a Heart to give any Advice And although a Crier call'd out to such as ought to declare their Minds what was to be done in order to their Common Security yet none appear'd who offer'd any thing of Advice in the present Exigency The People therefore in great Terror and Amazement cast their Eyes upon Demosthenes who stood up and bid them be Couragious Demosthenes and advis'd them forthwith to send Ambassadors to Thebes to Treat with the Boeotians to join with them in Defence of the Common Liberty for the shortness of Time he Ant. Ch. 336. said would not admit of an Embassy of Aid from the other Confederates for that the King would probably invade Attica within Two Days and being that he must march through Boeotia the main and only Assistance was to be expected from them And it was not to be doubted but that Philip who was in League with the Boeotians would in his March sollicit them to make War upon the Athenians The People approv'd of his Advice and a Decree was forthwith Recorded that an Embassy should be dispatch'd as Demosthenes had advis'd But then it was debated who was the most Eloquent Person and so most fit to undertake this Affair Whereupon Demosthenes being pitch'd upon to be the Man he readily comply'd forthwith hasted away prevails with the Boeotians The Boeotians join with the Athenians and returns to Athens The Athenians therefore having now doubled their Forces by the Accession of the Boeotians began again to be in good Heart and presently made Charetes and Physicles Generals with Command to march with the whole Army into Boeotia All the Youth readily offer'd themselves to be Listed and therefore the Army with a swift March came suddenly to Cheronaea in Boeotia The Boeotians wondred at the quickness of their Approach and were thereupon as diligent themselves and hasting to their Arms march'd away to meet the Athenians and being joined they there expected the Enemy Philip indeed had first sent Ambassadors to the Council of the Boeotians amongst whom the most famous was Python for he was so Eminent for Eloquence that in the Senate he was set up to encounter Demosthenes in the Business relating to the Confederacy excelling Ant. Ch. 336. indeed the rest by far but judged inferior to Demosthenes Demosthenes himself in one of his Orations glories as if he had done some mighty Thing in a Speech of his against Python a famous Orator this Orator in these Words Then I yielded not a jot to Python strutting in his Confidence as if he would have overwhelm'd me withâa Torrent of Words However though Philip could not prevail with the Boeotians to be his Confederates yet he resolv'd to fight with them both To this end after a stay for some time for those Forces that were to join him he march'd into Boeotia with an Army of at least Thirty thousand Foot and Two thousand Horse Both Armies were now ready to ingage for Courage and Valour neither giving Place to the other but as to Number of Men and Skill in Martial Affairs the King was far Superior For having fought very many Battels and for the most part coming off a Conqueror he had gain'd much Experience in Matters of War on the other hand Iphicrates Chabrius and Timotheus the Athenians best Commanders were now dead and Chares the chief of them that were left differ'd but little from a common Soldier as to the Wisdom and Conduct of a General About Sun-rising the Armies on both Sides drew up in Battalia The King order'd his The Battel of Charonea between Philip and the Athenians Son Alexander who was then newly come to Man's Estate and had even at that time given evident Demonstrations of his Valour and the Sprightliness of his Spirit in managing Affairs to Command one Wing joining with him some of the best of his Commanders He himself with a choice Body of Men commanded the other Wing and plac'd and dispos'd the Regiments and Brigades in such Posts and Stations as the present Occasion requir'd The Athenians marshall'd their Army according to the several Nations and committed one Part to the Boeotians and commanded the rest themselves At length the Armies engag'd and a fierce and bloody Battel was
the Persian War by Neoptolemus his Verses Philip's Pride His Murther The Cause of it and how it was done and by whom WHen Pythodorus was chief Governor of Athens and Quintus Publius and Tiberius Olymp. 111. 1. Ant. Ch. 334. An. M. 3609. Aemilius Mamercus were Roman Consuls the Hundred and Eleventh Olympiad was celebrated wherein Cleomentis Cletorius wan the Prize In this Year Philip began the War against the Persians and forthwith sent A taâus and Parmenio before into Asia to free the Greek Cities there from Slavery He himself intending to have the Concurrence of the Gods consulted the Oracle at Delphos whether or no he should be victorious over Philip consults the Oracle the King of Persia The Answer was thus ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The Ox is crown'd when 's end is near at hand To offer him a Man doth ready stand This doubtful Answer Philip constru'd to his own advantage as if the Oracle had expresly foretold that he should lead away the Persian King as a Victim to the Sacrifice But in truth it fell out quite otherwise and by the effect it appear'd that it had a contrary Signification to wit that Philip in a Throng at the time of a Sacred Festival was to be knock'd on the Head like a Bullock crown'd with a Garland for Sacrifice In the mean time he was very jocund as if he had conquer'd Asia already and concluded the Gods were engag'd with him in the Expedition Without delay therefore he offer'd most costly and magnificent Sacrifices and at the same time solemnized the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra by Olympias He Marry'd her to Alexander King of Epirus Brother of Olympias Having therefore a desire of a considerable Appearance of Philip's pompous Festivals at the Marriage of his Daughter Cleopatra the Graecians at this Nuptial Festivity conjoin'd with his Religious Sacrifices he made most pompous Preparation for the Entertainment of his Friends and Guests both with Musick Dancing and Feasting To this End he Invited those that were his special Friends and Familiars all over Greece and commanded his Servants and Attendants that they should invite as many Strangers from all Places as were of their own Acquaintance And his main design in all this was that he might assure all the Graecians of his Kindness towards them and testify his Gratitude by these Friendly Entertainments for the Honours conferr'd upon him A vast Concourse of People therefore were got together from all Places to the Solemnity of these Nuptials which were magnificently Solemniz'd at * Or Aegeas Aeges in Macedonia with all sorts of Sports and Plays so that not only Noblemen and Persons of Quality but even many great Cities presented Philip with Crowns of Gold Among the Cities Athens made one and when the Common Cryer with a loud Voice presented the Crown sent from them to Philip he clos'd with this That if any Plotter of Treason against Philip should hereafter slee to Athens for shelter he should be forthwith deliver'd up By this accidental Publication of this Cryer it seem'd to be intimated as it were by some Divine Providence that some piece of Treachery was near at hand to be executed There were several other the like Words as by a Divine Instigation uttered which portended the King's Death There was then at the Festival Neoptolemus the Tragedian Neoptolemus the Poet. remarkable above all others for the Loudness of his Voice and Famous and Eminent in other respects He had commanded him to repeat some Verses which he was ordered to compose especially relating to the Persian Expedition Whereupon he began to recite a Witty Poem proper as he thought to Philip's intended Passage into Asia wherein he set forth the Glory and Greatness of the Persian King and though he was so Famous all the World over yet that Fortune would some time or other bring him down The Poem was thus ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Y 're Minds are Higher than the Sky o'er-grown The greatest part of Earth you wish y 're own Houses to Houses join Fools without end You would y 're Lives as well as Lands extend But doleful Death alas Although ye do Creep towards it will gallop unto you Of long Hopes very shortly cut the Clue He added likewise other to the same Sense with these But Philip resting wholly upon these recited his Thoughts were altogether full of his Conquering the King of Persia And he much revolv'd in his Mind the Answer given him by the Oracle which agreed in all Points with the Words of the Tragedian After the Feast for that time was ended and the Sports were to be renew'd the next Day a great number of People in the Night-time flock'd into the Theatre And whereas twelve Images of the Gods amongst other sumptuous Preparations most curiously wrought and richly adorn'd were brought forth in pompous Procession the Image of Philip cloth'd like the Gods in every respect made the Thirteenth hereby arrogating to Philip's Pride himself a Place as if he would be inthron'd among the * There were 12 chief Gods among the Greeks they were call'd Olympii their Names Jupiter Mars Mercury Neptune Vulcan Apollo Juno Vesta Minerva Ceres Diana Venus Vid. Herodotus in Terpsicore Gods The Theatre being now full he himself came forth cloathed in a white Robe his Life-Guard following him at a great Distance designing thereby to evidence it to all that he judg'd himself secure in the Hearts and Affections of the Grecians and therefore stood not in need of the Guard of his Halberteers While he was thus with loud and joyful Acclamations cry'd up as it were to the Stars and the whole Multitude resounded his Praise upon a sudden and beyond all Mens expectation he was treacherously â Phi. murder'd murther'd But for the Clearer and more distinct Understanding of the History in this matter we This was about our 24th of September The manner and occasion of Philip's Murther shall first relate the Causes and Grounds of this Assassination There was one Pausanias a Macedonian of the City call'd Oristis one of the King's Esquires of the Body and for his Beauty dearly belov'd of him This Man taking notice how much another young Youth of the same Name was doted on by Philip fell upon him with very foul and opprobrious Language telling him he was an * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Hermaphradite for that he prostituted himself to the Lust of every one that would He resented this Disgrace very ill but conceal'd it for a while Afterwards consulting with Attalus what was to be done for the future he determin'd presently after in an unusual manner to put an end to his own Life For within a while after in a Battel wherein Philip was engag'd against Plurias King of the Illyrians Pausanias in the heat of the Fight interpos'd himself between the
that the Name of the King was only chang'd but that the Government should not be manag'd a jot worse than it was when his Father was alive He courteously likewise gave Audience to the Ambassadors and desir'd the Grecians that they would have the same Kindness for him that they had for his Father which he so esteem'd as that he look'd upon it as part of his Inheritance Then he employ'd himself in the frequent Trainings of the Soldiers and in Martial Exercises and brought the Army readily to submit to his Commands Attalus the Uncle of Cleopatra Philip's other Wife conspir'd to gain the Kingdom and therefore he resolv'd to take him out of the way For Cleopatra was brought to bed of a Son a few Alexander ân rives how to kill Attalus Days before the Death of Philip and Attalus was sent a little before as General with Parmenio his Colleague with an Army into Asia where by his Bribes and fair Tongue he so gain'd the Hearts of the Soldiers that the Army was wholly at his Devotion Therefore the King conceiv'd he had just cause to be jealous of him lest if he should side with the Grecians who he knew were his Enemies he should by that means gain the Kingdom to himself Therefore he made choice of Heccateus one of his Friends and sent him with a considerable Army into Asia with Command to bring over Attalus alive if Ant. Ch. 333. he could and if he could not effect that to take the first Opportunity to kill him When he came into Asia he join'd his Forces with Attalus and Parmenio and watch'd a fit Opportunity to execute what he was commanded In the mean time Alexander being inform'd that many of the Greciani were hatching some Mischief in order to new Commotions his Thoughts were greatly perplex'd and Conspiracies among the Grecians against Alexander disturb'd For the Athenians Demosthenes stirring them up against the Macedonians rejoyc'd at the News of Philip's Death and resolv'd that the Macedonians should no longer domineer over Greece To this end they sent over Ambassadors to Attalus and privately consulted with him concerning the Management of the whole Affair and stirr'd up many of the Cities to assert their Liberties The Etolians made a Decree to recall the Exiles of Acarnania whom Philip had driven out of their Country The Ambrociots by the Persuasion of Aristarchus drave outthe Garison that was there and restor'd the Democracy The Thebans likewise decreed to cast out the Garison that was in the Citadel of Cadmea and that Alexander should never with their Consent have Command in Greece The Arcadians Ant. Ch. 333. also as they were the only People that refus'd to give their Consent that Philip should be General of Greece so they now rejected Alexander The rest of the Peloponnesians as the Argives Eleans Lacedaemonians and some others were with all their might for their own Government To conclude many of the Nations beyond Macedonia waited for an Opportunity to rebell and great Commotions there were among the Barbarians in those Parts Notwithstanding all which and the Fears that were every where in the Kingdom and though he was but a Youth yet in a short time beyond all expectation he overcame all those Difficulties and made all plain and clear before him reducing some to their Duty by fair and smooth Words and others through fear and dread of Punishments and the rest he compell'd by force to stoop to his Sovereignty In the first place he so far gain'd upon the Thessalians both by Promises of large Rewards and by his smooth and courteous Language telling them how near of kin he was to them by his Descent from Hercules that they by a Publick Decree declar'd him General of Greece as that which descended to him from his Father Having gain'd this Point he brought over the bordering Nations to the same Good Opinion of him Then he went to Pyle and in the Senate of the Amphictyons he so manag'd his Matters that by the General Consent of all he was created Generalissimo of all Greece He assur'd the Ambrociots Alexander made General of Greece in a kind and smooth Oration made to them That he had that Kindness for them that he would presently restore them to that Liberty which they so lately sought to recover But to strike the greater Terror into those that regarded not his Words he came with a swift March with an Army of Macedonians in an hostile manner into Baeotia and encamping near Cadmea struck a Terror into the City of the Thebans About the same time the Athenians hearing of the King 's coming into Boeotia slighted Ant. Ch. 333. him no longer For the Quickness of the Youth and his diligent dispatch of Business greatly terrify'd the Revolters Hereupon the Athenians order'd every thing they had in the Country to be brought into the City and the Walls to be repair'd and guarded as well as they could and sent Ambassadors to Alexander to beg pardon that they had no The Athenians send Ambassadors to Alexander sooner own'd his Sovereignty and order'd Demosthenes to accompany the Ambassadors But he came not with the other to Alexander but return'd from Citherone to Athens either because he was afraid upon the account of the Speeches he had publickly made against the Macedonians or that he was not willing to displease the Persian King For it is reported that he had receiv'd great Sums of Money from the Persians to beat down the Interest of the Macedonians by his Orations Which was hinted they say by Eschines in one of his Speeches wherein he upbraids Demosthenes for taking of Bribes in these Words Now the King's Gold plentifully bears all his Charges But this will not serve his turn long for * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã a debaucht Course Covetousness is never satisfy'd with Abundance But to proceed Alexander return'd a very courteous Answer to the Ambassadors which freed the Athenians from their Fears and he order'd all the Ambassadors and * Of the Amphictyons Members of the Council to meet him at Corinth where when those who were usually Members of the General Council were come the King by a gracious Speech so prevail'd with the Grecians that they created him General of all Greece and decreed him Aid and Assistance against the Persians in order to revenge the many Injuries the Greeks had receiv'd Ant. Ch. 333. from them Having gain'd the Honour he thus sought for he march'd back with his Army into Macedonia Having now given an Account of the Affairs of Greece we shall relate next what things were done in Asia For Attalus presently upon the death of Philip began to set up for himself and to that end made a League with the Athenians in order by their joint Concurrence to oppose Alexander But afterwards he chang'd his Mind and fent a Letter written to him by Demosthenes to Alexander and in many smooth and flattering Expressions endeavour'd to
and return'd into Macedonia with a Design to hasten into Greece to quiet the Tumults and Disturbances there In the mean time the Thebans were intent upon driving the Macedonian Garison out of Alexander besieges Thebes Cadmea and to that end besieg'd the Citadel and had no sooner done so but Alexander was presently at the City Walls and lay before it with his whole Army The Thebans before Alexander's Approach had so begirt Cadmea with a deep Trench and a strong Ant. Ch. 333. Baracado of Timber that neither Relief nor Provision could be brought in to them They had sent likewise to the Arcadians Argives and Eleans for their Assistance and sollicited the Athenians by their Ambassadors to join with them and had receiv'd a great Number of Arms freely given to them by Demosthenes with which they arm'd those that had none Among those to whom the Thebans address'd themselves for Assistance the Peloponnesians had sent Forces as far as to the Isthmus and there order's them to make an Halt till the King came who was then expected The Athenians though they had decreed Aid to the Thebans yet they sent no Forces thither minding first to observe how Matters were like to go The Governor likewise of the Castle Cadmea taking Notice what great Preparation the Thebans were making for the Siege was very diligent to strengthen and fortify the Walls and had furnish'd the Garison with all sorts of Weapons But after that Alexander was come unexpectedly and on a sudden with his whole Army out of Thrace and that it was uncertain whether any Assistance would come in to the Thebans the Forces of the Enemy far exceeding them of Thebes the Officers call'd a Council of War to consult what to determine and there it was unanimously agreed to stand it out in Defence of the Liberties of their Country Which Resolution being approv'd of by all the Citizens all earnestly set themselves to the carrying on of the War But the King forbore Force for some time to the end they might have space to recollect themselves not thinking that one only City would engage with so great an Army Ant. Ch. 333. For Alexander had with him above Thirty thousand Foot and Three thousand Horse all old Experienc'd Soldiers Conquerors almost in every Battel under Philip in whose Valour he so far confided that he doubted not but by them to put an End to the Persian Monarchy However if the Thebans had yielded to the present Difficulty of the Time and had sent Ambassadors to the Macedonians with Terms of Peace he had no doubt comply'd with them and granted whatever they would have desir'd For he wish'd greatly to have all Quiet in Greece and to be Free and Undisturb'd in his War against the Persians But when he saw that he was slighted by the Thebans he resolv'd to destroy the City and by that means to terrify all others that for the future should dare to Rebel And now when the Army was drawn out in Battalia ready to engage the King caus'd Proclamation to be made that any of the Thebans should have Liberty to come in to him and whosoever did should enjoy the Common Liberty of Greece On the other side the Thebans to shew themselves as forward in their Ambition as the Enemy by the Voice of a Crier from an high Tower made another Proclamation That whosoever had a Desire to join with the * King of Persia great King and the Thebans to defend the Liberties of the Graecians and kill the Tyrant of Greece should be receiv'd by them This touch'd him to the Quick and he was thereupon so inrag'd that he vow'd all sorts of Death to the Thebans and so commanded the Engines to be prepar'd in order to an Assault and other Things to be made ready for an Engagement In the mean time the Greeks considering the utter Ruin that seem'd to hang over the Ant. Ch. 333. Heads of the Thebans were greatly affected with the Miseries wherewith they were like to be overwhelm'd yet none durst appear to Relieve the City for that they had rashly and inconsiderately brought apparent Destruction upon themselves However the Thebans were very forward and resolute to venture all to the utmost Extremity though they were a little startled with some Prophecies and Prodigies from the Gods The most Remarkable was that in the Temple of Ceres a slender Spider's Web was observ'd to spread out it self as broad as a Cloak and to represent the Rainbow in an Arch'd Circumference Concerning which the Oracle at Delphos gave them this Answer ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The God to all by this Sign gives a Call To the Boeotia first and Neighbours all And the Oracle in their own Country return'd them this other ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã This Web for one works Bane And for another Gain This Prodigy happen'd about Three Months before the King came against Thebes Prodigies About the time of the King's Arrival the Statues plac'd in the Forum seem'd to sweat to that degree that great Drops in every part stood upon them Moreover the Magistrates were inform'd that in the Lake of Onchestus were heard Voices like roaring and bellowing of Oxen. And that the Waters in Dirce were to the view as if they had been all turn'd into Blood There were others from Delphos that reported that the Roof of the Temple built by the Thebans out of the Spoils of the Phocians appear'd to be besmear'd over with Blood Those who addicted themselves to the Interpretation of Prodigies said That the Web Ant. Ch. 333. portended the Departure of the Gods from the City by the Colour of the Rainbow was signify'd various Troubles and Turmoils by the appearance of Sweat extream Miseries and by the Blood Slaughters and Destructions in the City Therefore they advis'd the Thebans that insomuch as the Gods plainly pointed at the Ruin of the City That they should not engage in Fight with the Enemy but rather seek to agree Matters some other way which was much more safe But the Thebans abated nothing of their Courage but on the contrary push'd forward by the Heat of their Spirits encourag'd one another with the Remembrance of their famous Victory at the Battel of Leuctra and other Successes gain'd by their former Valour So that trusting more to the Valour of their Arms than making use of Prudent Councils they ran headlong to the Ruin of themselves and their Country In the mean time the King within the space of Three Days put all Things in order both for assaulting the City and marshalling of his Army for Battel His Army he divided into Three Parts One Part he order'd to assault the Out wall another to fight the Thebans Army and the third he kept for Reserves to relieve his Men and renew the Fight as there should be occasion But the Thebans plac'd their Horse within the Ramparts Their Slaves that were manumitted the Exiles and
Ground Halicarnassus taken Then he order'd part of his Army to march further up into the Country in order to force other Provinces to his Obedience these Forces valiantly brought under the Power of Alexander all the Nations as far as to the Borders of the Greater Phrygia and forc'd Ant. Ch. 332. them to find Provision for their Army Alexander himself subdu'd all the Sea Coast of Asia to Cilicia gaining many Cities by Surrender and taking several Forts and Castles by Storm amongst which there was one that was taken after a wonderful manner which by reason of the Rarity of the Thing is not to be pass'd over In the utmost Borders of Lycia the Marmarensians who inhabited upon a great Rock and well fortifi'd set upon the Rear of Alexander's Amy in their March thither and slew many of the Macedonians and carry'd away a great number of Prisoners and Carriage-Horses At which the King was so inrag'd that he resolv'd to besiege the Place and us'd his utmost Endeavour to gain it But the * Or Marmarians Marmarensians trusting to their own Valour and the Strength of the Place manfully endur'd the Siege for they were assaulted two Days together without any intermission and were assur'd that the King would not stir thence till he had taken the Rock The ancient Men therefore at the first advis'd the Younger to forbear standing it out with such Violence and to make Peace with the King upon as good Conditions as they could which when they deny'd and all resolv'd to part with their Lives and the Liberties of their Country together the graver Men then advis'd them to kill all the old Men Women and Children and that those that were strong and able to defend themselves should break through their Enemies Camp in the Night and flee to the next Mountains The young Men approv'd of the Councel and The strange Resolution of the Marmarians thereupon an Edict was made That every one should go to his own House and Eat and Drink plentifully with his Wife Children and Relations and then expect the Execution of the Decree But some of the young Men who were more considerate than the rest who were about Six hundred in the whole judg'd it more Advisable to forbear Ant. Ch. 332. killing their own Kindred and Relations with their own Hands but rather set the Houses on fire and then to sally out at the Gates and make to the Mountains for their Security This was presently taken to and the Thing put in execution and so every Man's House became his Sepulchre And the young Men themselves broke through the midst of their Enemies and fled to the Hills near at hand And these were the chief Things done this Year CHAP. III. Mytelen taken by Memnon Darius his General His Successes He dies Charidemus the Athenian unjustly put to Death by Darius Alexander falls sick recover'd by Philippus Alexander seizes Alexander of Lyncestas upon his Mother's Letters Alexander takes Issus The memorable Battel at Issus where the Mother Wife Two Daughters and Son of Darius were taken Alexander's noble Carriage towards them Darius's Letters and Offers to Alexander Darius prepares another Army BUT in the following Year wherein Nicocrates was chief Governor of Athens and Olymp. 3. 4. Ant. Ch. 331. An. M. 3617. Cesus Valerius and Lucius Papirius succeeded in the Consular Dignity at Rome Darius sent a great Sum of Money to Memnon and declar'd him General of all his Forces Hereupon he rais'd great Numbers of Men from all Parts and fitting out a Navy of Three hundred Sail set himself with all diligence to the prosecution of the War To that end he brought in Chius to join with him Then he sail'd to Lesbos and presently took Antissa Mythimnus Pyrrhus and Erissus But for * Mitylene besieg'd and taken by Memnon in the Island Lesbos Mitylene and â Lesbos a City in Lesbos Lesbos because it was much larger and strongly Garison'd and well provided he gain'd it not without many Assaults and the Loss of many of his Men though he took it at length with much ado The Fame of this Action being presently nois'd abroad many of the Cyclade Islands sent Ambassadors to him to make Leagues with him Then there was a Report spread abroad that Memnon with his whole Fleet was intending to invade Eabaea which put all the Cities into a great Consternation And some of the Graecians being come into the Confederacy of the Persians were hearten'd in hopes of a change of their Affairs for the better Besides Memnon had corrupted many of the Greeks with Money to sail in the same Bottom with the Persians But Fortune put a stop to the Progress of this Man's Success for he fell sick of a mortal Distemper and dv'd and by his Death the Memnon dies Affaris of Darius went backward For the * Of Persia King hop'd to have transferr'd the whole Weight of the War out of Asia into Europe But when he heard of the Death of Memnon he call'd his Friends together and ask'd their Advice Whether he should send a General with the Army or go himself in Person and try his Fortune with the Macedonians Some were of Opinion for the King to go himself for that they said the Persians would then with more chearfulness venture their Lives But Charidemus the Athenian who was in great Esteem for his Valour and Prudence as a General for under Philip he gain'd a great Reputation and was his chief and principal Adviser in all his weighty Affairs advis'd Darius not to lay the Kingdom rashly at stake but still to continue Lord of Asia and keep the Government in his own Hand and to appoint an Experienc'd General to manage the Concerns of the War And he told him that an Hundred thousand Men of which Number a Third Part to be Mercenaries out of Greece were sufficient for the Expedition and engag'd that he would see the Thing accomplish'd The King at the first agreed to what he said But his Friends peremptorily rejected this Advice suspecting that Charidemus sought for the chief Ant. Ch. 331. Command out of design to give up all into the Power of the Macedonians Hereupon Charidemus was in such a Rage as that he call'd them all Cowards With which Words the King was much more offended than before and whereas Anger never suffers a Man to consider wisely before hand Darius orders him to be bound in a Belt which is the manner of the Persians and delivers him to his Guard to be put to Death Who when he was leading to Execution cry'd out That the King would in a short time repent of what he had done in this Matter and would be punish'd for that unjust Judgment against him by the loss of his Kingdom Thus fell Charidemus from the top of all his Hopes and Expectations Charidemus unjustly put to Death by Darius through the unseasonable Liberty of his Tongue But the King as
Battel at Issus But to return to the Kings themselves Darius with all his Army being thus routed fled and by changing from time to time one Horse after another the best he had he made away with all speed to escape out of the Hands of Alexander and to get to the Governors of the Upper Provinces But Alexander with the best of his Horse and chiefest of his Friends pursu'd him close at the very Heels earnestly longing to be * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Lord of Darius But after he had rid Two hundred Furlongs he return'd at midnight into the Camp and having refresh'd his weary Body in the Baths went to Supper and then to his rest In the mean time one came to the Mother of Darius and told her that Alexander was return'd from the pursuit of Darius and had possess'd himself of all the rich Spoils of his Tent. Upon which there was given up a great Shriek and Lamentation amongst the Women and from the multitude of the Captives lamenting with the Queen at the sad News all places were fill'd with Cries and Lamentations The King understanding what Sorrow there was among the Women sent Leonatus one his of Courtiers to them to put an end to their Fears and to let Sisygambres the Mother of Darius know that her Son was alive and that Alexander would have respect to their former Dignity and that to confirm the Promise of his Generosity by his Actions he would come and discourse with them the Day following Whereupon the Captives were so surpriz'd with the sudden and happy Turn of their Fortunes that they honour'd Alexander as a God and their Ant. Ch. 331. Fears were turn'd into Exultations of Joy The King as soon as it was light with Hephestion one of the trustiest of his Friends Alexander's great Humanity towards the Persian Captives went to visit the Queens When they entred in regard they were both habited alike Sisygambres taking Hephestion for the King because he was the more comely and taller Man fell prostrate at his Feet but the Attendants by the Nods of their Heads and Pointing of their Fingers directed her to Alexander whereupon being much asham'd and out of Countenance by reason of Mistake she salutes Alexander in the same manner she had done before the other Upon which he lift her up and said Mother trouble not nor perplex your self for that Man also is Alexander By which courteous and obliging Title of Mother to a grave and honourable Matron he gave a clear Demonstration of the Respects and Civilities he intended towards them all Having therefore own'd her for a Second Mother he presently confirm'd his Words by his Actions For he order'd her to be cloath'd in her Royal Robes and restor'd her to all the Honours becoming her former State and Dignity For he gave her all her Attendants and Houshold Servants and Furniture allow'd her by Darius and added also as much more of his own Bounty He promis'd likewise to dispose of the young Ladies in Marriage far better than if their Father had provided Husbands for them and that he would educate the King's little Son as carefully and honourably as if he were his own Then he call'd him to him and kiss'd him and taking notice that he was not at all dash'd nor seem'd to be in the least afrighted turning to Hephestion and those about him This Youth but Six Years of Age says he carries in his Countenance Marks of a stcut and brave Spirit above his Age and is better than his Father He further declar'd That he would take care of the Wife of Darius that nothing should be wanting to her in order to the support and maintenance of her Royal State and former Prosperity Many other kind and gaining Expressions he us'd insomuch as the Ladies fell a weeping in Showers of Tears Ant. Ch. 331. out of Transports of Joy upon account of the Greatness of their unexpected Felicity After all he at length put forth to them his Right Hand to kiss upon which not only they who were immediately honour'd with those Kindnesses set forth his Praiâe but even the whole Army cry'd up his incomparable Grace and Clemency And indeed I conceive that amongst the many Brave and Noble Acts of Alexander none of them were greater than this nor more worthy by History to be handed down to Posterity For storming and taking of Cities gaining of Battels and other Successes in War are many times the Events of Fortune more than the Effects of Valour and Virtue but to be compassionate to the miserable and those that lie at the Feet of the Conqueror must be the Fruit only of Wisdom and Prudence For many by Prosperity grow high-crested and are so far swell'd with Pride by the favourable Blasts of Fortune that they are careless and forgetful of the Common Miseries of Mankind so that 't is common to see many to sink under the weight of their prosperous Successes as an heavy Burden they are not able to bear Therefore though Alexander was many Ages before us who are now living yet the remembrance of his Virtue justly challenges Honour and Praise from all those that succeed him in future Generations As for Darius being now got to Babylon he musters up his broken Troops that were escap'd from the Battel of Issus and though he had receiv'd so great an Overthrow yet he was not at all discourag'd but writ Letters to Alexander whereby he advis'd him to use his Good Fortune and Success moderately and offer'd him a great Sum of Money Ant. Ch. 33â for the Ransom of the Captives He promis'd likewise to give up to him all that part of Asia with the Cities which lay on that side within the * This was all Narolia Course of the River â Now Casilimer in Paphligonia Halys if he were willing to be his Friend Whereupon Alexander call'd a Council of War and laid before them such Letters as he judg'd most for his own Advantage but conceal'd the true ones By which Contrivance the Ambassadors were dismiss'd without any effect of their Embassie Darius therefore concluding that Things were not to be compos'd by Letters sets himself wholly to make preparation for War To which end he arm'd those Soldiers that had loft their Arms in the late unfortunate Battel and rais'd others and form'd them into Regiments He sent likewise for those Forces he had through Haste left behind him in the Upper Provinces when he first began his Expedition To conclude he was so earnest and diligent in recruiting his Army that they were now twice as many as they were at Issus for they made up a Body of Eight hundred thousand Foot and Two hundred thousand Horse besides a vast multitude of hook'd Chariots These considerable Actions were the Events of this Year CHAP. IV. Alexander marches towards Egypt Besieges Tyre Prodigies of Tyre The Tyrians bind Apollo with Golden Chains The Inventions of the Tyrians to defend
the Mole and by a considerable number of Vessels guarded the Work for the future The Work being brought near to the City and the Town now in a probability of being taken on a sudden a violent Storm of Wind arose and tore away part of the Mole which so perplex'd Alexander that he repented that he ever began the Siege But however being prick'd forward with an unquenchable Thirst after Glory he caus'd Trees of an incredible magnitude to be cut down in the Mountains and brought thither and with them Booths Branches and Earth pil'd together gave a check to the Violence of the Stream Having therefore presently repair'd the Breach that was made the Mole by the help of many Hands was brought again within the Cast of a Dart and by Engines mounted upon it he batter'd down the Walls and by shot with Darts and Arrows out of Engines beat off the Enemy from the Bulwarks With these likewise both Archers and Slingers ply'd the Besieg'd and grievously wounded and gall'd many of the Townsmen upon the Walls But the Tyrians being accustom'd to the Sea and having many Artificers and Contrivers of Engines us'd many Arts and ingenious Contrivances to preserve themselves For against the Shot they contriv'd Wheels with many Spoaks which being whirl'd about with an Engine shatter'd in pieces some of the Darts and Arrows and turn'd off others and broke the Force of all the rest And to give a check to the Violence of the Stones that were shot out of the Ballasts they prepar'd Wooll-packs and other things that were soft and pliant to receive them But the King not contented to assault the City only from the Mole girt the Town round with his whole Fleet and diligently view'd all parts of the Walls as if he resolv'd to besiege the Place both by Sea and Land The Tyrians not daring to engage him at Sea he destroy'd three Ships that were then by chance in the Mouth of the Harbour and then return'd to his Camp But the Tyrians that they might make their Walls as strong again as they were before rais'd another Wall ten Cubits broad and five Cubits distant from the former and fill'd the empty space between the two Walls with Earth and Stones Alexander likewise made a Battery by joining many of his Ships together and planted upon them all sorts of Rams and Battering Engines whereby he beat down an hundred Foot of the Wall and attempted to break into the City over the Ruines Upon which the Tyrians discharg'd a shower of Darts and Arrows and with much ado repuls'd the Enemy and the Night following repair'd that part of the Wall that had been batter'd down But after that the Passage to the City by the joining of the Mole close to the Walls was made as if it had been a Peninsula there were many and sharp Contests both to get and defend the Walls For though they had imminent Destruction before their Eyes and the Miseries that attend upon a Town 's being taken by Storm yet they so resolv'd to go through all Dangers that they despis'd Death it self For when the Macedonians approach'd with Towers of that height that they equall'd the Battlements and cast out Planks whereof one of the ends lay upon the Top of the Ramparts and so by a Bridge mounted the Walls the Tyrians by the ingenuity of the Artificers were supply'd with many sorts of Engines and Weapons for their effectual Defence As amongst others they had very great * Tridents the Inventions of the Tyrians three Fork'd Hooks which they cast close at hand and therewith wounded them in the Towers to which were fastned Cords one end whereof they held themselves and by these fixing in their Enemies Targets they pluck'd them out of their hands For to this Necessity and Streight the Macedonians were brought that they must either stand naked and expos'd without defensive Arms to a multitude of Darts and Arrows and so be wounded to Death or else out of a point of Honour stick to their Arms and so perish by being pluck'd headlong out of the Towers Others threw Fishing Nets upon them that were engag'd upon the Bridges laid to the Walls and so intangled their Hands that they drew them off and tumbled them headlong to the Ground Another wonderful invention they found out against the Macedonians whereby they grievously plagu'd the chiefest of their Enemies which was this they fill'd their Iron and Brazen Shields with Sand and heated them so long in the Fire till the Sand was scorching hot which by an Engine they threw upon them that were chiefly engag'd whereby they were cruelly tormented for the Sand getting within their Breast-plates and Coats of Mail and grievously scorching their Flesh no Remedy could be apply'd for the curing of the Malady So that though they made most bitter Complaints as Men upon the Rack yet none there were who were able to help them insomuch as they grew mad in the Extremity of the Torture and dy'd in the height of unexpressible Torments In the mean time the Phaenicians never ceas'd casting Fire-darts and Stones at their Enemies so that they were scarce able to endure the Multitude was so excessive Moreover Ant. Ch. 330. with long Poles with sharp Hooks at the end they cut the Cords of the Battering-Rams in pieces which forc'd them forwards whereby the Force of the Engine was lost and shot out of Machines for the Purpose great massy pieces of red hot Iron into the midst of great multitudes of the Assailants which by reason of the number of them against whom they were discharg'd were sure to do Execution They pluck'd likewise Men in Armour from off the Rampiers with Iron Instruments call'd Crows and others shap'd like Mens Hands And having * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã many Hands at work they eluded all the Enemies Engines and kill'd multitudes of them And although the Service was so amazing and the Conflict so sharp that it was scarce to be endur'd yet the Macedonians remitted nothing of their ancient Valour but made their way over the Bodies of those that were slain not at all discouraged by the Misfortunes of others In the mean time Alexander batter'd the Walls with massy Stones shot out of his Engines and grievously gall'd the Defendants with Arrows and Darts and all sorts of shot from the Wooden Towers To prevent which mischief the Tyrians plac'd Marble Wheels before the Walls which were turn'd round by certain Engines and with these they either broke the Darts in pieces or so threw them off that they were ineffectual And to allay the Force of the Stones shot against the Wall they sow'd together Hides and Skins oil'd over to receive them which meeting with what was soft and pliant their Force was thereby much abated To conclude the Tyrians were not short in any thing whereby their Valour might be made to appear for the Defence of the Place And being sufficiently supported with fresh Ant. Ch.
the things done by Alexander to the time of his Death This present Book relating the Actions of those who succeeded ends with the Year next before the Reign of Agathocles which makes an History of Seven Years CHAP. I. Quarrels about a Successor to Alexander Arideus made King The Provinces divided amongst the Chief Commanders Matters contain'd in Alexander's Note-Books Meleager executed by Perdiccas The Grecians revolt A Description of Asia Pithon sent against the revolting Grecians who were all cut off The Lamian War The cause of it Alexander's Epistle to the Exiles Leosthenes the Athenian General Lamia besieg'd Leosthenes kill'd Antiphilus plac'd in his room WHen Cephisodorus was Chief Magistrate of Athens the Romans created Olymp. 114. 2. Ant. Ch. 321. Lucius Furius and Decius Jovius Consuls About which time Alexander being now dead without Issue and so the Government without a Head there arose great Dissentions and Differences about the Empire For the * The Macedonian Phalanx Foot were for setting up of â Arideus the Son of Philip by one Philima of Larissa a Strumpet Justin l. 13. c. 2. Plut. Arideus the Son of Philip a weak-spirited Man labouring under many natural Infirmities But the Chiefest of the Nobility and Esquires of the Body met together in Council and being join'd with the Squadron of Horse call'd the Social they resolv'd to try it out with the Macedonian Phalanx Therefore they sent the most eminent Commanders among whom Meleager was the Chief to the Foot to require them to observe Commands But Meleager who was the most Eminent Man of the Phalanx as soon as he came to the Battalion which was of the greatest Account and Esteem in the Army he said nothing at all of the Business for which they were sent but on the contrary highly commended them for their Choice and stirr'd them up against the Opposers Whereupon the Macedonians created Meleager their Captain and with their Arms made out against the contrary Party Ant. Ch. 321. Those of the King's Life-guard and Esquires of the Body march'd likewise out of Babylon in order to fight but the most Interested and Popular Men amongst them endeavour'd all they could to make Peace on both sides Upon which it was presently agreed Arideus made King that Arideus the Son of Philip should be made King and call'd Philip and that Perdiccas to whom the late King when he was upon the point of death deliver'd his Ring should be invested with the * Lord Protecter Executive Power of the Kingdom and order'd that the Esquires of the Body and the Chief Commanders should govern the Provinces and all be observant to the Commands of the King and Perdiccas Arideus being thus made King he call'd together a General Council of the chief Commanders The Provinces divided and to Ptolomeus Lagus he committed the Government of Aegypt to Laomedon of Mitylene Syria to Philotas Cilicia to Python Media to Eumenes Cappadocia and Paphlagonia and the bordering Countries which were never entred by Alexander all the time of his Wars with Darius through want of convenient Opportunity To Antigonus he assign'd the Command of Lycia and the greater Phrygia to Cassander Caria to * Meleager for Menander Ush Ann 290 Arrian lib. 3. p. 56. Meleager Lydia to Leonatus Phrygia all along the Coast of the Hellespont And in this manner were the Provinces divided In Europe Thrace with the Nations bordering upon the Sea of Pontus were committed to Lysimachus and Macedonia with those bordering upon it to Antipater As for the rest of the Asian Provinces it was thought most adviseable not to alter but to leave them under the Government of the former Lord Lieutenants The Province next adjoining was intrusted with Taxilis and the Kings bordering upon him But the Province adjoining to Mount Caucasus call'd Parapamisus was assign'd to Oxiertes Ant. Ch. 321. King of the Bactrians whose Daughter Rhoxana Alexander had marry'd Arachesia and Gedrosia to Sybirtius Ariana and Drangina to Stasanoris of Solos Bactriana and * Sardiana for Sogdiana Sardiana were allotted to Philip Parthia and Hyrcania to Phrataphernes Persia to Peucestes Carmania to Tlepolemus Media to Atrapas The Province of Babylon to Archon and Mesopotamia to Arcesilaus Seleucus he created General of the brave Brigade of the Social Horse Hephestion was the first Commander of that Brigade then Perdiccas and the third was this Seleucus He order'd that Taxiles and Porus should enjoy the absolute Authority within their own Kingdoms as Alexander himself had before appointed The care of the * The laying of the Body to sleep at rest Funeral and of preparing a Chariot to convey the King's Body to Hammon was committed to Arideus But as for Craterus the most Noble of Alexander's Captains he was some time before sent by Alexander with Ten thousand of the old Soldiers that were discharg'd from further Service in the Persian War into Cilicia to put in Execution some Instructions in writing given him by the King which after the King's Death his Successors determin'd should be no further proceeded in For Perdiccas finding in the King's Commentaries not only the vast Sums of Money intended to be expended in the Funeral of Hephestion but likewise many other things of extraordinary Cost and Charge design'd by the King he judg'd it far more advisable to let them alone But lest he should seem to take too much upon him Ant. Ch. 321. and by his private Judgment to detract from Alexander's Wisdom and Discretion he referr'd all these Matters to the determination of a General Council of the Macedonians The Chief and the most considerable Heads of the King's purposes contain'd in his * Commentaries Books of Remembrance were these That a Thousand long Ships larger than those of three Tire of Oars should be built in Phaenicia Syria Cilicia and Cyprus in order to an Invasion Things set down in Alexander's Commentaries upon the Carthaginians and others inhabiting the Sea Coasts of Africa and Spain with all Islands adjoyning as far as Sicily 2. That a Plain and Easie way should be made straight along through the Sea Coasts of Africa to Hercules his Pillars 3. That Six magnificent Temples should be built and that Fifteen hundred Talents should be expended in the Cost of each of them 4. That Arsenals and Ports should be made in Places convenient and fit for the Reception of so great a Navy 5. That the new Cities should be planted with Colonies and that People should be transplanted out of Asia into Europe and others out of Europe into Asia to the end that by Intermarriages and mutual Affinities he might establish Peace and Concord between the two main Continents of the World Some of the Temples before-mention'd were to be built in Delos Delphos and Dodona Some in Macedonia as the Temple of Jupiter in Dio Diana's Temple in Amphipolis another to Minerva in * Corsica Ant. Ch. 321. Cyrnus To which Goddess he
place look'd upon all Greece to be the common Country of every Grecian and that they had heretofore repuls'd the Barbarians at Sea who invaded them with a Design to Inslave Greece and that now they had determin'd to oppose the Macedonians for the common Good with their Navies Lives and Fortunes The Wiser sort of the Grecians judg'd the Athenians more forward than prudent in passing this Decree and what they had design'd seem'd to carry an honourable Aspect but Ant. Ch. 321. nothing of Profit and Advantage to the State For that they made a stir and bustle unseasonably and began a War against mighty and victorious Armies when there was no necessity for it and though they had the repute of a prudent People yet they consider'd not the notorious Ruine and Destruction of Thebes However notwithstanding the Ambassadors came to the Cities and by their usual florid way of address had heated and egg'd them on to the War yet many confederated in the League some in the Names of their several Cities and others in the Names of whole Countries As for the rest of the Grecians some sided with the Macedonians and others stood Neuter But all the Aetolians generally as is before said enter'd into the Confederacy and after them all the Thessalians except them of Pellena Likewise the Oetaeans except the Heracleans The Phthiotians amongst the Acheans except the Thebans The Elians except the Maleans Then generally all the Doreans Locrians and Phocians join'd in the League Also the Enians Clyzeans and Dolopeans To these join'd likewise the Athamanes Leucadians and Molossians under the Command of Arypteus But this Man play'd the Impostor in the Confederacy and afterwards underhand treacherously aided the Macedonians A small Part likewise of the Illyrians and Thracians out of hatred to the Macedonians came into the League together with the Carystines out of Euboea and at length out of Ant. Ch. 321. Peloponnesus the Argives Sicyonians Eleans Messenians and those that Inhabited * The Sea Coasts Acta All these before nam'd confederated with the Grecians The People of Athens also sent Auxiliaries to Leosthenes out of the Cities Five thousand Foot and Five hundred Horse and Two thousand Mercenaries who were oppos'd by the Boetians in their march through Boetia for the Reasons following Alexander when he raz'd Thebes granted the Territories of the City to the neighbouring Boetians who divided the Lands of those miserable People amongst themselves by Lot and thereby gain'd large Possessions who understanding that the Athenians if they prevail'd design'd to restore the Country and Lands to the Thebans sided with the Macedonians and while the Boetians were Encamp'd at Platea Leosthenes came with part of his Forces into Boetia and drawing up the Athenians into Battalia fell upon the Inhabitants routed them and set up a Trophy and then return'd to Pylas Here after he had block'd up all the Passages he Encamp'd for some time expecting the Macedonian Army But Antipater who was left Viceroy of Europe by Alexander as soon as he heard of his Death at Babylon and of the Divisions of the Provinces sent to Craterus in Cilicia to come to him with all the Force he had for his Assistance For he being sent away some time before into Cilicia had ready Thirty thousand Macedonians who were dismiss'd from the Service in Asia with which he was returning into Macedonia He likewise solicited Philotas Ant. Ch. 321. who had the Province of Phrygia near the Hellespont under his Command to assist him and promis'd to him one of his Daughters in Marriage For as soon as he heard of the Insurrection of the Grecians against him he left Sippas with a considerable Body of Men General in Macedonia with Orders to raise many more and he himself march'd out of Macedonia into Thessaly with Thirteen thousand Foot and Six hundred Horse For at that time there was great scarcity of Soldiers in Macedonia by reason of the Recruits sent into Asia With these Forces sail'd along the whole Fleet near at hand which Alexander had sent into Macedonia with a vast Treasure out of the King's Treasuries The Navy consisted of an Hundred and ten Gallies of three Tire of Oars The Thessalians indeed at the beginning joining with Antipater had sent to him many brave Horses but afterwards being brought over by the Athenians into the contrary Interest they turn'd off with their Horse to Leosthenes and join'd with the Athenians for the recovery of the Liberty of Greece The Athenians therefore growing very strong by many flocking thus in to them the Grecians Antipater routed Ant. Ch. 321. Lamia a City in Thessaly over power'd the Macedonians and overcame them in a Battel Antipater being routed not daring to abide in the Field nor judging it safe to return into Macedonia fled to Lamia where he drew in his Army into the City repair'd the Walls furnish'd himself with Arms Offensive and Defensive and with Corn and Provision waiting for supplies out of Asia Leosthenes with all his Forces coming up close to Lamia fortify'd his Camp with a Lamia besieg'd deep Trench and Rampire And first he drew up his Army in the face of the City to provoke the Macedonians to fight But they not daring to Engage he daily assaulted the Walls with fresh Men succeeding one another But the Macedonians made a stout Defence and many of the Grecians through their Rashness and Imprudence were cut off For having a strong Body of Men in the City and well furnish'd with all sorts of Weapons and the Walls of the City with great Expence being strong and well built the Besieg'd easily repuls'd the Enemy Leosthenes therefore perceiving he could not gain the Town by force of Arms block'd it up to hinder all supplies of Provision supposing the Besieg'd would be presently subdu'd by Famine and want of Bread To this end he rais'd a Wall and drew a deep Trench round about it and so penn'd them up Afterwards the Aetolians being call'd away upon the occasion of some Publick concerns got leave of Leosthenes to return home and so all of them march'd back into Aetolia But while Antipater with his Army was in these desperate Straights and the City near Ant. Ch. 321. lost for want of Provision Fortune on a sudden turn'd the Scale to the Advantage of the Macedonians For Antipater made a Sally upon them that were busy'd in opening the Trenches where Leosthenes coming in to their Relief receiv'd a Blow upon the Head with a Stone which fell'd him to the Ground and so was carry'd off half dead into the Camp and died the Third day after and was honourably Bury'd upon the account of Leosthenes kill'd the Noble Service he had perform'd in the War The Athenians commanded Hyperides to set forth his Praise in a Funeral Oration who was esteem'd the Chiefest of the Orators at that time both for his Eloquence and particular hatred of the Macedonians For Demosthenes the
stoutest Foot Soldiers and bid them boldly attack the Enemy for they were sure to be Conquerors Hereupon they came up with Nicanor in the Night and about Another Sea-fight between Clitus and Nicanor Clitus totally reuted Ant. Ch. 318. Clitus slain by Lysimachus his Soldiers break of Day fell in suddenly upon the Enemy still in confusion and presently upon the very first Charge put them to flight some of the Enemy's Ships they broke in pieces with the Beaks of their own and brush'd off the Oars of divers some they gain'd without fighting being deliver'd up by the Men themselves that were on board At length all the rest except the Admiral 's Ship fell into their Hands Clitus forsook his Ship and got ashore and design'd to have preserv'd himself by getting into Macedonia but in his way falling amongst some of Lysimachus his Soldiers he was slain Antigonus his Reputation for Skill and Prudence in the management of Martial Affairs was much advanc'd by this remarkable Victory Hereupon he was very earnest and intent Antigonus goes after Eumenes to be Master at Sea and without the least doubt of the matter to gain the Sovereignty of Asia To this end he pick'd out of his whole Army Twenty thousand Foot and Four thousand Horse that were the briskest and most active Men and march'd towards Cilicia to break Eumenes before he grew too strong But Eumenes understanding the hot Temper of Antigonus march'd away into Phaenicia to regain it for the Kings then unjustly detain'd from them by Ptolemy But not having an opportunity to do what he design'd he remov'd out of Phaenicia and march'd with his Army through Caelo-Syria to get into the higher Provinces Afterwards he lost some of his Men at the River Tigris by an attack upon him in the Night by some of the Inhabitants In the like manner he Eumenes near losing his whole Army by the Breach of a Dike in Babylonia Ant. Ch. 318. was fallen upon in the Province of Babylon by Seleucus near the River Euphrates and was in great danger to have lost all his Army where by the Breach of a Dyke his whole Camp was very near being over-flow'd and drown'd But setting his Wits at work he fled to a high Bank of Earth and diverting the Water another way preserv'd both himself and his Army And so beyond his expectation he escap'd Seleucus and got into Persia with Fifteen P. 667. thousand Foot and * Three thousand in the Margent Thirteen hundred Horse Having refresh'd his Soldiers after all their Toils and Labours he sent to the Governors and Captains of the higher Provinces to furnish him with more Men and Money And in this State were the Affairs of Asia this Year But as for Europe after the Losses and Misfortunes of Polysperchon at Megalopolis many of the Greek Cities revolted from the Kings to Cassander And because the Athenians In Greece the Greek Cities revolted to Cassander could not get rid of the Garison either by the help of Polysperchon or Olympias one of the most eminent Citizens made bold to say in the publick Assembly That it was for the Interest of the City to close with Cassander At the first there was a great Hurly-burly some being for and others against what was said But the advantage being more calmly debated and consider'd by common consent it was at length decreed That Peace should The Athenians make Peace with Cassander Ant. Ch. 318. be made with Cassander upon such Conditions as could be obtain'd by their Ambassadors In pursuance whereof after some Meetings these were the Terms of Peace agreed upon That the Athenians should quietly enjoy the City the Territory and all the Profits together with the Shipping and all other things and should for the future be Friends and Confederates with Cassander but that Cassander should for the present hold Munichia till the War was ended with the Kings And that the Common-wealth should pay a Tribute of Ten Minas and that an Athenian should be constituted Protector and Guardian of the City whom-ever Cassander pleas'd Whereupon Demetrius the Phalerian was chosen who being invested with the Office kept the City in perfect Peace and carry'd himself very obligingly towards all the Citizens After this Nicanor brought his Fleet into the Pireum adorn'd with the Beaks of Ships gain'd in the late Victory Upon the account of which success he was at the first highly Cassander kills Nicanor honour'd by Cassander but afterwards perceiving that he grew Proud and Haughty and still detain'd the Fort of Munichia with his own Soldiers he had a jealousie of him that he intended to revolt and therefore laid a Trap for him and cut him off Then he march'd into Macedonia where many of the Inhabitants revolted to him many likewise of the Greek Cities were inclin'd to join with * Greek Antipater but Erroneous Many in Macedonia join with Cassander Ant. Ch. 318. Cassander For Polysperchon seem'd to be slothful and careless in managing the Affairs both of the Kingdom and the Allies Cassander on the other hand behaved himself with great Candor towards all and approv'd himself industrious in the Management of Publick Affairs so that he gain'd many who countenanc'd him in his seeking to obtain the Supream Authority But now because Agathocles the Year next following became Tyrant of Syracuse we shall as we design'd at the beginning put an end to this Book and begin the next with Agathocles his advance to the Throne and go on with the Affairs proper and pertinent to our History BOOK XIX IT 's an old Saying brought down to us by Tradition That none overturn Democracies P. 670. PREFACE but Men that overtop others in Power and Interest For which reason some Cities are always jealous of such of their Fellow Citizens as grow Great and Powerful and therefore do what they can to depress them For when Men are in Power the next Step is to domineer over their Country and for those that through the Greatness of their Interest above others have Grounds to expect the Sovereign Authority 't is very difficult to be free from an Itch of Monarchy For 't is very natural for them that are ambitious when they have much to thirst after more and never set Bounds to their insatiable Ambition The Athenians therefore upon this very account made a Law which they call'd Ostracism for the banishing such as grew Great amongst them not so much to punish them for any Fault they had committed but to prevent the Mischief and Prejudice to their Country which by their Power and Interest they were in a Capacity to bring upon them For they remembred as it were an Oracle what Solon had formerly said who foretelling the Tyranny of Pisistratus compos'd this Elegiack ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã A City by Great Persons is o'erthrown And Fools beneath a Monarchy do groan Of all other Places Sicily was most infected with this
when Cadmus had built the Cittadel call'd Cadmea after his own P. 700. Name the People call'd Spartans or Sparsans flock'd thither in droves call'd so by some because they flock'd together from all Places others call'd them * Born at Thebes Thebigens because the Natives of Thebes were forc'd away by the Flood and dispers'd here and there up and down in the Country When these were again return'd they were afterwards expell'd by force of Arms by the Enchâlensians and then even Cadmus himself was forc'd to fly to the Illyrians After this when Amphion and Zethus rul'd and there first built the City as the * Homer Poet says ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Who first Thebes Walls with Seven Gates did raise Ant. Ch. 314. The Inhabitants were again expuls'd when Polydorus the Son of Cadmus return'd into the Kingdom where all Things were then carelesly manag'd by reason of the sad Condition of * His 7 Sons and 7 Daughters by Niobe were kill'd by Jupiter and Diana with Arrows Paus in Boet. Diod. lib. 4. Amphion for the Loss of all his Children Then again in the time of the Reign of his â The Posterity of Polydorus Posterity when all the Country was call'd Boeotia from one Boeotus the Son of Melanippes and Neptune who reign'd there the Thebans were expell'd the third time by the â The Posterity of the 7 Captains who besieg'd Thebes Epigoni of Argos when they took the City by force Those that escap'd of those that were expell'd fled to Alalcomenia and the Mountain Tilphosius but after the Death of these Argives they return'd into their own Country â¡ This Story of the Crows is That the Oracle said the Boeotians should be expell'd when they saw white Crows which happen'd afterward by playful Boys painting Crows white and then letting them go A little while after the Boeotians were ejected by the Aeolians See the Annot. upon Erasm Adag Ad Corvos p. 374. In the time of the Trojan War when the Thebans were in Asia those who stay'd at home together with other Boeotians were expell'd by the Pelasgians and after they had endur'd many and various Calamities in the course of near four Generations according to the Oracle relating to the Crows they return'd and inhabited Thebes From this time this City continu'd in a State of Prosperity near Eight hundred Years And the Thebans at the beginning had the chief Command over all the rest of their Country Afterwards when they attempted to be Sovereign Lords of all Greece Alexander the Son of Philip took it by Storm and raz'd it to the Ground In the Twentieth Year next after Cassander to make himself Famous and advance his own Reputation he so Ant. Ch 314. far prevaiâd with the Boeotians for their Concurrence as that he rebuilt the City and restor'd Cassander rebuilds Thebes it to those Thebans that were then remaining of the old Stock Many of the Greek Cities afforded their Assistance to the rebuilding of this Place out of Compassion to the distressed Condition of the Thebans and the ancient Fame and Glory of the City The Athenians built the greatest part of the Walls and others assisted according to their several Abilities and Contributions were sent not only from all Parts of Greece but from some both in Sicily and Italy And thus the Thebans came to be restor'd to the ancient Seat of their Ancestors Then Cassander mov'd with his Army towards Peloponnesus and when he found that Alexander the Son of Polysperchon had fortify'd the Isthmus with strong Guards he turn'd aside to Megara and there he fitted out some Boats and in them transported his Elephants to Epidaurus and the rest of his Army in other Ships Thence coming to Argos he forc'd them to quit their Confederacy with Alexander and join with him Afterwards he brought over to him all the Cities and Towns with the Territories of Messina except Ithom and Hermonides he took in upon Articles of Agreement But upon Alexander's marching down to fight he left Two thousand Men at * Geraneia a Hill near the Istmos in Megaris Geraneia near the Istmos under the Command of Molycus and and return'd into Macedonia CHAP. IV. Antigonus his Army feasted by Seleucus in Babylon Falls out with Seleucus who flies to Ptolemy and is kindly receiv'd Ptolemy Seleucus Cassander and Lysimachus join against Antigonus They send Ambassadors to him who Winters in Cilicia He goes into Phoenicia and there builds Ships besieges Tyre The Praise of Phyla Wife of Demetrius Aristodemus raises Forces for Antigonus in Peloponnesus The Acts of Ptolemy one of Antigonus his Captains Antigonus his Policy Tyre deliver'd The Agreement of Ptolemy's Captains and the rest at Cyprus The Acts of Seleucus A Fleet comes to Antigonus from the Hellespont and Rhodes Things done in Peloponnesus Cassander's Acts there and in Greece The great Victory by Sea and Land obtain'd by Polyclitus Seleucus his Lieutenant He 's rewarded by Ptolemy The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily The Romans War with the Samnites AT the end of the former Year Praxibulus was created chief Magistrate at Athens P. 701. Olymp. 116. 2. Ant. Ch. 313. An. M. 3657. Antigonus comes to Babylon his whole Army feasted by Seleucus and Spurius Nautius and Marcus Popilius bore the Office of Consuls at Rome at which time Antigonus left one Aspisa a Native Governor of Susiana He himself resolving to carry away with him all the Monies prepar'd Carriages and Camels for that purpose to bring it down to the Sea-side and so having it along with him march'd with his Army towards Babylon which he reach'd in Two and twenty days March where Seleucus the Governor of the Provinces received him with Royal Presents and feasted the whole Army But when Antigonus demanded an Account of the Revenue he told them He was not bound to give any Account of that Province which the Macedonians had bestow'd upon him as a Reward of his Service in Alexander's Life-time The Difference growing wider and wider every day Seleucus remembring Pitho's fall was thereupon the more afraid lest Antigonus should catch an Opportunity to put him also to Death For he seem'd to have a Design to cut off as soon as possible he could all Men in Power and such as were in a Capacity to struggle for the chief Command Whereupon for fear of the worst he forthwith made away with Fifty Horse only in his Company intending to go into Egypt to Ptolemy For his Kindess and courteous Behaviour Falls out with Seleucus who flies to Ptolemy Ant. Ch. 313. towards all that came to him for Protection and Shelter was cry'd up in every Place When Antigonus came to understand this he rejoic'd exceedingly in that he was not forc'd to destroy his Friend and potent Confederate but that Seleucus by his own voluntary Banishment had seem'd to deliver up the Province of his own accord without a Stroke struck Afterwards the Caldeans came
the publick affairs When they arriv'd therefore in Laconia they found Acrotatus the Son of King Claomenes much hated by many of the young Noblemen at Ant. Ch. 312. Acrotatus invited to be General by Agrigentines home and therefore very desirous to be imploy'd abroad For when the Lacedemonians after the Fight with Antipater had acquitted those that escap'd in that Battel from all Censures of Disgrace he only oppos'd the Decree so that many were offended at him especially those that were liable to the penalty of the Laws And upon that account they had lain in wait for him and beaten him and were constantly seeking to intrap him Being therefore for this reason desirous of a foreign Command he very freely comply'd with the Agragentines and thereupon without the Order of the Ephori resolving upon the Voyage he set Sail with a few Ships for Agrigentum But being driven back by a Storm into Adria he arriv'd in the Territory of the Apolloniates where finding the City besieg'd by Glocias King of the Illyrians he perswaded the King to raise the siege and enter into a League of Friendship with the Apolloniates Then he sail'd to Tarentum and there Solicited the People to join P. 710. with him in procuring the Restoration of the Syracusians to their Ancient Liberties and so far prevail'd that they Decreed to assist them with Twenty Sail of Ships For on the account of his Kindred and the nobleness of his Family his words were of great Ant. Ch. 312. Weight and Credit While the Tarentines were making preparations he himself sail'd to Agrigentum and there took upon him the Command of the Army whereupon the People were in high expectations in so much as that all concluded that an end would be presently put to the Tyranny But in a short time it plainly appear'd that he did nothing worthy either the Nobility of his Birth or the reputation of his Country But on The misgoverment and cruelty of Acrotatus the Corinthian in Sicily the contrary became more cruel and bloody than the very Tyrants themselves and so fell into the Hatred of the People He degenerated likewise from the custom of his Country in his manner of living and so indulg'd himself in voluptuousness that he seem'd more like a Persian than a Spartan After he had lavish'd away the greatest part of the publick Revenues partly by his misgovernment and partly by robbing of the Treasury in the Conclusion he invited Sosistratus the most eminent person among the Exiles and one who had been a General of Armies to Supper and treacherously kill'd him having not anything in the least to lay to his charge but only that he might take out of the way a stout and valiant man and one that was able to discern and discover his Miscarriages Which wicked fact being presently nois'd abroad the Exiles in a Body came upon him and every body else forsoook him and in the first place they depos'd him and presently after attempted to stone him to death to avoid therefore the rage of the People he stole Ant. Ch. 312. away in the night and landed privatly in Laconia After his departure the Tarentines recall their Fleet they had before sent into Sicily Hereupon the Agrigentines Geloans and Messenians by the mediation of Amilcar the Carthaginian General make peace with Agathocles the Conditions of which were as follow that Heraclea Selinum and Himera part of the Greek Cities should belong unto the Carthaginians as they did before all the rest under the power of the Syracusians should be free to be govern'd after their own Laws But afterwards Agathocles when he saw the The Acts of Agathocles in Sicily coast clear and Sicily free and clear'd from all appearance of an Enemy he fell upon the Cities and without any difficulty brought them under his subjection and gaining many in a very short time strongly fixt himself in the Principality For in the multitude of his Confederates the greatness of his Yearly Revenues and the power of a mighty Army he grew very strong For besides his Confederates and those rais'd from among the Syracusians he had of mercenaries Ten thousand Foot and Three thousand and fifty Horse he furnish'd himself likewise with all sorts of Arms foreseeing that the Carthaginians who had smartly rebuk't Amilcar for making the Peace would in a short time make War upon him And such was the estate of Sicily at this time In Italy the Samnites having now been in Wars with the Romans for many Years last The affairs of Italy Ant. Ch. 312. past took Plistia wherein was a strong Roman Garrison and prevail'd with the Soranions to massacre all the Romans that were there and to confederate with the Samnites Afterwards while the Romans were besieging of Satricula they came upon them with a strong Army resolving to raise the siege upon which follow'd a sharp Engagment and after many kill'd on both sides the Romans carry'd the day and then presently after they took the Town and gain'd several other neighbouring Towns and Castles And now the War was brought over amongst the Cities of Apulia whereupon the Samnites Listed all that were of Age to bear Arms and march'd out and Incampt close to the Enemy being now resolv'd to win or lose all The People of Rome therefore to prevent the worst sent thither a great number of Souldiers And because they P. 711. were accustom'd in perilous times to choose one of the most Noble and Eminent Persons to be their General with full and absolute power and Authority they therefore pitch'd upon Quintus Fabius and Quintus Aulius Master of the Horse for that honourable imployment These Generals afterwards fought the Samnites at Lautulas where they sustain'd great loss of their men and the whole Army fled outright only Aulius being asham'd of the dishonour oppos'd the whole Body of the Enemy not out of any hopes or expectation of gaining the Victory but to have it manifest and apparent to all from his own valour that his Country was unconquerable Not sharing therefore with the rest of the Citizens in the Dishonour of the flight he dy'd there a glorious and honourable death The Romans now fearing lest they should lose all Apulia sent Colonies into * Luceria now Nocera Luceria the most famous City of all those parts and this prov'd of great advantage to them by the frequent Eruptions made upon the Samnites For by the help and advantage of this City they became Conquerors not only in this war but several times afterwards and even to our own present Age they have constantly made use of this City as a strong Fort and Citadel of War against all the neighbouring Nations CHAP. VI. Several Cities revolt Lysimachus comes against them Philip Cassander's General Routs the Epirots and Etolians Cassander agrees with Antigonus Antigonus gaines the Cities in Caria Cassander's Acts in Greece The Samnites Routed by the Romans Polemon sent by Antigonus into Greece
Talents of Silver and staying there * not past Three Hours for fear of the Countreys coming in upon him return'd Above the time of a Watch. presently again And now he and his Soldiers having gone Two hundred Furlongs could go no further for very weariness and therefore rested there keeping neither Watch nor Ward as presuming that the Country People could not reach thither in Two or Three Days after But the Arabians receiving intelligence by some that saw the Army presently got together left the Fair and return'd to the Rock where being more fully inform'd by the wounded Men of what was done they incontinently pursu'd the Greeks with Might and Main And because Atheneus his Men kept no Watch and after their long Journey lay weary and fast asleep some of the Prisoners stole away from them from whom when their Country-men whom they met had learnt how the Enemies Camp lay they hasted to the place and coming upon them at Three of the Clock in the Morning fell into their Trenches to the number of Eight Thousand of Atheneus kill'd and most of his Men by the Nabatheans them and cut the Throats of some snorting in their Cabins others that made resistance they slew To make short they utterly destroy'd all their Foot only Fifty of their Horse got away and they wounded too for the most part And thus Atheneus tho' he began well yet through his own imprudence lost all in the close And therefore some not without Cause are of Opinion that it 's easier to improve Misfortunes to the best advantage than to carry it with Prudence under extraordinary Successes For the first through Fear of what further mischief may afterwards follow puts a Man on to a more exact and careful management of his Concerns but by prosperous Adventures Men are many times flatter'd into gross negligence and security The Nabatheans having thus reveng'd themselves of their Enemies and recover'd their Goods again return'd to the Rock and by a Letter of theirs written to Antigonus in Syriac Characters complain'd of Atheneus and the wrong he had done them and excus'd themselves To whom Antigonus wrote back again cunningly telling them that Atheneus Ant. Ch. 310. was well enough serv'd by them blaming him for what he had done and assuring them he had given him no such Orders This he did to cover what he was really designing against them and to make them the more secure that thereby he might with more ease effectually accomplish what he was in contriving For without some Stratagem it was no easie matter to overcome Men that wander'd up and down continually here and there and had the Wilderness for an inaccessible Shelter and Refuge at the last The Arabians upon the receit of the Letter rejoyc'd that they seem'd at present to be free'd from their great fears but yet they did not wholly rely upon his Letter But being between Hope and Fear plac'd Spies upon Watch-Towers and other high places whence they might easily see afar off when any Enemy made an incursion into Arabia and they themselves put all things in readiness waiting for the issue and event But Antigonus having for a time carry'd himself as a Friend towards these Barbarians Demetrius sent against them now judg'd he had a fair opportunity to set upon them having brought them as it were to his bait To this end therefore he chose out of all his Army Four thousand Foot light Arm'd and the swiftest of Foot he could find and added to them Four thousand Horse willing them to take with them as many Days Victuals as they could well carry and such as needed no Cooking and assigning Demetrius his Son to Command them he Ant. Ch. 310. sent them away about the first Watch of the Night with this Charge that he should by all means be reveng'd of them He therefore Travell'd Three Days Journey through the Desert hastning to fall upon them at unawares But their Scouts perceiving the first approach of the Enemy towards their Borders immediately gave notice of their coming to the Country whereupon they presently got them to their Rock where there was but one way up and that made by Art and there laid all their Baggage and left a sufficient P. 724. Guard to keep it and the rest went and drove away their Cattle some to one place and some to another in the Desert Demetrius when he came to the Rock and saw all the Cattle driven away presently went to Besiege it but they that were within manfully defending it by the advantage of the place had all the day long the better of it so that Demetrius was forc'd at last to draw off The next Day when he approach'd again with his Forces to the Rock one of the Barbarians cry'd out What would'st thou have O King DEMETRIUS or what has provok'd thee to make War upon us who inhabit the Wilderness and in places where there 's neither Water Corn nor Wine nor any thing else which you cannot be without But as for us who can upon no terms endure to be Slaves we betake our Selves to a Country destitute of all things that are of absolute necessity to all other Men and we chuse to live a solitary Life altogether like the Beasts of the Field without doing the least harm to any of you Therefore we intreat you Demetrius and your Father that you injure not us but that you would accept of some Presents and march away with the Army from us and receive the Nabatheans Ant. Ch. 310. into the number of your Friends for the time to come Neither can you possibly stay here many days though you had never so great a mind to do it for want of Water and all other necessaries neither can you ever force us to change our course of Life tho' perhaps you may take some poor dispirited Pris'ners who will never endure to be brought under the Power of other Laws and Rules of Living After this was said Demetrius drew off his Army and wish'd them to send Ambassadors to him to Treat of these Matters Hereupon the Arabians sent their oldest Men who using the same Arguments with those before related perswaded Demetrius to accept of such Gifts as were of greatest Esteem and Value among them and so put an end to the War Upon Hostages therefore given him and such Gifts as were agreed upon between them he drew off * Almost Forty Miles from the Rock and so removing with his Army Three hundred Furlongs off he encamp'd near to the Lake * Asphaltes or the Dead Sea The Lake of Sodom Asphaltes the nature of which it 's not fit to pass over without giving some account of it It lies in the midst of the Province of Edom and stretches forth in length * Above Sixty Miles Joseph lib. bellor Jud. 5. C. 5. says it is 580 Furlongs long and 150 broad Five hundred Furlongs but in breadth it is but Threescore The
Carthaginian Garison Then Azones after they of Selinunte came in to the King with the Halicyens Aegestines and many other Cities Aeryx at that time had in it a very strong Carthaginian Garison and was beside naturally fortify'd and difficult to approach Pyrrhus was resolv'd to storm this place and to that end brought his battering Rams to the Walls After a strong defence made for a long time the King desirous to make his Name Famous in imitation of Hercules was the first that entred within the Walls and fought with that Courage and Resolution that he dispatcht all those Carthaginians that came within his reach at length Succours coming in to him he Aeryx taken by Storm by Pyrrhus took the Town by Storm then leaving there a strong Carrison he march'd to Eginera a very strong place and pleasantly situated near Panormus They of Eginera surrendred the City and thence he forthwith made for Panormus which had the best Harbor of any City in Sicily from whence this City was so call'd He took it likewise by Storm Then taking in the Fort at Ercte he gain'd all that belong'd to the Carthaginians except Panormus taken by S ãâ¦ã m. Lilibeum This City was built by the Carthaginians after Dionysius the Tyrant had ruin'd Motya For those that were left alive after that slaughter the Carthaginians setled in Lilibeum Just as Pyrrhus was ready to besiege this place a great Army landed there out of Africa having the advantage of being Masters at Sea and brought with them abundance of Corn and an innumerable number of Engines and Weapons of War And because the greatest part of the City lay near to the Sea they were most careful to guard that part towards the main Land and to that end rais'd many Bulwarks and high Towers âil bâum ãâã and drew a large Trench to prevent an approach on that side Then they sent Ambassadors to the King to treat upon terms of Peace and to offer him a great sum of Money But the King refusing the Money they desir'd that he would permit the Carthaginians to keep only Lilybeum But the Confederates that were then assembled in Senate and the Representatives of the several Cities sent to him and earnestly intreated him he would not upon any terms whatsoever permit the Barbarians to have any footing in Sicily but drive the Carthaginians wholly out of the Island and limit their Power at Sea Upon this the King encampt near the Walls and at first made several Assaults one upon the neck of another But the Carthaginians being well furnish'd both with Men and other necessaries beat him off For they had so vast a number of Engines that cast Darts and Stones that the Wall could scarcely contain them which being all ply'd against the Assailants they were so gall'd and cut off that Pyrrhus was forc'd to draw off his Men. Then he began to contrive other Engines besides those he had from Syracuse and did all he could to undermine the Walls But the Carthaginians making a stout resistance and the place being all of Rock he was now out of all hopes to take it by force and therefore after Two Months lying before it he rais'd his Siege And now he design'd to bend his Force elsewhere and to that end to furnish himself with a great Fleet in order to be Master of the Sea and to Transport a great Army into Africa 15. When the Mamertines in Messina grew strong they fortify'd many Castles and put Garrisons into them And came presently with an Army they had order'd to be in readiness to the relief of Messina But Hiero leaving the Enemies Country took Myla by Storm and brought under his Command 1500 Soldiers and then march'd towards Myla and Amesalus tataken by Storm by Hiero. Amesalus which lies between the Centoripines and the Agyreans and tho' it was a strong Place and had many Soldiers in it yet he took it by Assault and raz'd it to the ground but he pardon'd all the Garrison'd Soldiers and joyn'd them to his own Army The Territory he gave to the * Or Centuripians vid. postea Centorippines and the Agyreans Afterwards Hiero having a great Army march'd against the Mamertines and wan Alesa and being readily receiv'd of the Abacaenes and Tyndarites he gain'd their Cities also and so penn'd up the Mamertines into a strait and narrow corner For on that side towards the Sicilian Sea he was Agyreans the City Agurius Lord of Tauromenium a City near Messina and towards the Hetrurian Sea he commanded the Tyndarites And now making an incursion into the Territories of Messina he encamp'd at the River Lotanus having with him in his Army 10000 Foot and 1500 Horse The Mamertines encamp'd over against him with 8000 Foot and but * Seems to be mistaken 40. Horse under the Command of Cios who call'd the Augures together to consult the issue of the Battle by the view of the Sacrifices who answer'd That by the Intralls the Gods foretold that he must lodge that Night in the Enemies Camp Upon this he was Transported with Joy to think he should be Master of the King's Camp Hereupon he forthwith attempted to pass the River with his Forces drawn up in Battalia Hiero on the other side Commands 200 Exiles of Messina who were stout and noted Men for their Valour with whom he join'd 400 others of his best Soldiers to compass an Hill call'd Thorax there near at hand and so to come round upon the back of the Enemy and he himself in order of Battle met them in the Front Whereupon the Armies Engag'd both Horse and Foot the King having gain'd a Rising Ground near the River much to his advantage The issue was doubtful for some time but they that were order'd to the Hill on a sudden fell upon the Mamertines who being but raw Men and tir'd out were easily vanquish'd At length being hemm'd in on every side they took to their Heels But The Mamertines routed by Hiero King of Syracuse the Syracusians pursu'd them so close with their whole Army that they cut them off every Man save the General who fighting with great Valour at length fainted by the many wounds he receiv'd and was taken prisoner and brought half dead into the King's Camp and committed to the care of the Chirurgeons thus being brought to spend the Night according to the prediction of the Augures in the Enemies Camp When the King was very earnest to have Cion being Cur'd some came to the King with Horses they had taken in the Fight Upon which when Cion saw his Son's Horse among the rest he concluded he was kill'd whereupon he was so Transported with Passion that he tore in pieces all the Bands and Ligatures of his Wounds that by his own death he might Honour his Sons The Mamertines hearing that both their General Cion and their whole Army was destroy'd resolv'd to go and humble themselves to the King as Suppliants However Fortune
into the Lists Having gain'd great Experience and an Habit. 3. Menodotus the Corinthian writ the Affairs of Greece in 14 Books And Sosilus the * A People in the Island of Corcyra or Corfu What a Lagiân is Ilian the Acts of Hannibal in Seven 4. Among the Romans a Legion consists of 5000 Men. 5. Men naturally flock to them that are in prosperity but insult over those that are brought into Distress For the Soul presently to undergo a meer contrary Change which is in its own nature unchangeable 6. The City of Rhodes being ruin'd by a great Earthquake Hiero the Syracusian bestow'd Earthquake in Rhodes Six Talents of Silver towards the repairing of the Walls and Silver Cauldrons of great value besides Money And let them have Corn to Transport free from Custom 7. That which is now call'd Philopolis was heretofore call'd Phiotis of Thebes over all Thessaly 8 For sost Beds constant delicate Fare and the use of all sorts of precious Ointments unfitted them for toil and hardship For both their Bodies and Minds were habituated to Effeminacy and Luxuriousness For Men naturally can hardly brook Toil and Pains and low Diet but delight in Idleness and Luxury For Hannibal with much Toil and Care gain'd Cities both from the Romans and Brutians and took Crotona and Besieg'd Rhegium For from Hercules Pillars in the West to Crotona he over-ran all the Roman Territories Fragments out of the Books of Diodorus the Sicilian that are lost as they are in Photius his Bibliotheca Out of the 31st BOOK 1. VVHile these things were doing Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes to beg pardon for what they had done For in the War against Perseus they had seem'd to favour the King and to break their League with the Romans But not being able to accomplish any thing for which they were sent they were greatly dejected and solicited with Tears the great and principal Men of the City Whereupon being introduc'd into the Senate by Antonius one of the Tribunes of the People Philophron was the first that open'd the matter and business of their Embassy And after him Astimedes when they had made many Arguments and apt Discourses to prevail with the Senate and at last according to the * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Sung the Swans Song Proverb had with the Swan concluded their mournful Ditty they receiv'd an answer which presently freed from their fears However they were sharply reprov'd and fin'd for their Offences So that it is evident how the most noble among the Romans by whom the greatest Affairs are manag'd strive which shall be most generous and upon that account gain most Honour and Reputation For in the Administration of publick Affairs elsewhere one envies another But the Romans praise and commend one another So that while all endeavour to advance the publick Good great and glorious things are Atchiev'd but as to others while they aim only at their own vain Glory and envy the Successes one of another they ruin their Country 2. At length Aemilius took Perseus the last King of Macedonia who had often enter'd Olymp. 154. 1. The miserable condition of Perseus King of Macedon into a League with the Romans and as often appear'd in the Field with great Armies against them And after the Victory Aemilius Triumph'd gloriously And tho' Perseus was brought into so great miseries and calamities as that the ruins and destructions which he suffer'd can scarce be parallel'd by any Romance yet was he not willing to part with his Life For before the Senate had determin'd any thing relating to his punishment * One of the City Praetors one of the chief Officers of the City cast both him and his Children into the Goal Albinus This Prison is a deep Dungeon of the bigness of a Chamber capable of 9 Beds at the most Dark and full of all sorts of filth and nastiness by reason of the multitude of Men Condemn'd for capital Offences that from time to time were thrust down there and generally most of such Malefactors were put into this Place So that many being shut up together in so strait a place those miserable Creatures were even turn'd into Beasts And in regard the Meat Drink and other necessaries which were brought them were jumbled together into one Chaos and heap of Confusion there arose thence such a stench that none that came near were able to endure In a most miserable Condition Perseus continu'd here for the space of 7 Days insomuch that he begg'd relief and some share of the Food of those strangers in Prison who had only a stinted allowance They out of compassion to this miserable Man with great humanity and tears in their Eyes gave him part of that small pittance they had and withall offer'd him a Sword and a Rope to use which of them he would at his pleasure for the putting an end to his Life Yet nothing seems so sweet as Life even to the miserable tho' they suffer what is equivalent to death it self in the mean time To conclude he had certainly ended his days in this extream misery if Marcus Aemilius President of the Court out of respect to the dignity of his Person mov'd by the natural and innate humanity of the Romans had not with some indignation mov'd the Senate on his behalf putting them in mind that tho' they fear'd not Men yet they should bear some awe and reverence to * ãâ¦ã of ãâã Nemesis who will take vengeance on them that use their power with Pride and Insolency Upon this he was committed to a more moderate Confinement and while he was seeding himself with fresh hopes he ended his days agreeable to the former misfortunes of his Life for after he had liv'd 2 Years in this * ãâã The death of P ãâ¦ã s. the Cappadocian Kings fond love of Life having displeas'd his barbarous Keepers they would not suffer him to sleep and so he dy'd 3. The Kings of Cappadocia say that they came from Cyrus King of Persia They affirm likewise that they are descended from one of those Seven Persians that kill'd Magus And they drew down their Pedegree from Cyrus thus That Atossa was the Sister of Cambyses and Daughter of Cyrus That Gallus was the Son of Atossa and Pharnaces King of Cappadocia Smerdis the Son of Gallus and Artames the Son of Smerdis and Artames had issue Anaphas a brave and valian Man who was the Father of one of thâ Seven Persians In this manner therefore Cr. do they make out their Consanguinity both to Cyrus and to Anaphas who it 's said * For ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Valour others say it should be ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Cowardice was of so stout a Spirit that before he would pay Tribute to the Persians he abdicated his Government of Capadocia After his death Anaphas his Son Reign'd in his stead who dying left his two Sons Ditamus and Arimneus and that Ditamus took
the great Rebellion in Sicily The first rising was at * In Campania in Italy Nine Miles from the Sea Minutius a Roman Knight head of a Rebellion of the Slaves in Italy 1309l 10â Sterling Nusiaeria where 30. Servants entred into a Conspiracy but they were presently executed The second was at Capua where 200 were got up in Arms but they were likewise in a short time supprest The third hapned after a strange manner which was thus there was one Titus Minutius a Roman Knight who had a very rich Man to his Father he chanc'd to fall in Love with another Man's Servant who was very beautiful and having enjoy'd her he was the more wonderfully inflam'd and even to Madness insomuch as he would needs buy her of her Master who being with much ado prevail'd with to part with her the Lover at length bought her for Seven * Attick Talents and limited a certain time for the payment of the Money to which time the greatness of his Fathers Estate procur'd him Credit But now when the day of payment was come he had not the Money then ready but pray'd forbearance for 30 days longer That time being run up the Creditor demanded then his Money but the Lover knew not how to perform his Word and yet his Love continu'd still as hot as ever At length a wicked design came into his Head which put him on to lay a trap for them that demanded the Money and to that end to take upon him the state and dignity of a Monarch To which purpose he bought 500 Arms of all sorts and appointed a day for payment and being trusted withdrawing himself privately into a certain Field he stirr'd up his own Slaves to a defection to the number of 400 and putting on the Diadem and Purple and assuming all the other Badges and Ensigns of Royalty declar'd himself King the deliverer of the Slaves In the first place he caus'd all those who demanded the Money he had given for the young Woman to be scourg'd and then cut off their Heads Then he entred the next Towns with his arm'd Slaves and those that came readily to join with him he furnish'd with Arms and kill'd all that oppos'd him Having in a short time got together above 700 he divided them into * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Company consisting of 100 ãâã of which the Captain was called a ãâã Companies and then Fortifying and Intrenching himself he receiv'd all the Slaves that ran away from their Masters The Rebellion being nois'd at Rome the Senate by the help of prudent advice gave a stop to the mischief and happily supprest it The care and management of the business for the reducing and punishing of the fugitive Slaves was committed to Lucius Lucullus who was the only General that was then in the City who rais'd 600 Men in Rome and with them the same day march'd to Capua where he listed 4000 Foot and 400 Horse When Minutius heard with what speed Lucullus was making towards him he possess'd himself of a strong Hill having with him 3500 Men. In the first Engagement the Fugitives by the advantage of the higher Ground got the better afterwards Lucullus brib'd Apollonius Minutius his General to betray his Confederates withall promising him upon the security of the publick Faith that he should have his pardon Whereupon he set upon the Work and seizing of Minutius he to avoid the punishment he fear'd for his Rebellion ran himself through the Body the rest were all presently cut off except Apellonius And these were Prologues to that great Defection in Sicily whose beginning was thus occasion'd In the expedition of Marius against the Cimbrians the Senate had given a Commission to raise Men out of the Countries beyond the Seas to which end Marius sent Ambassadors to Nicomedes King of Bithynia to help him with some Men. But he return'd answer that most of the Bithynians were violently taken away for Slaves by the Publicans and were dispers'd here and there through the Provinces Upon which the Senate decreed That no Freeman belonging to any of the Roman Allies should in any Province be forc'd to be Servants or Slaves and that the Proconsuls should take care to see them all set free In pursuance of this Order Licinius Nerva then Praetor in Sicily having first consulted with the Judges manumitted so many as that in a few days above 800 were set at Liberty So that all the Slaves in Sicily were hereby presently incourag'd and grew high Crested in hopes of liberty The Magistrates therefore address'd themselves to the Praetor or Proconsul and desir'd him to forbear making any more free Hereupon he whether brib'd or to curry favour laid aside the former determination of the Judges and with checks and foul words sent them that came to him to be made free back to their Masters Upon this the Servants enter'd into a Conspiracy and after they came from Syracuse and were got together at the grove of Palicum they consulted concerning their intended Rebellion This boldness of the Slaves began to make a noise in many places of the Island Amongst others 30 Servants of two rich Brothers in the Countrey of the Anycillians were the first that appear'd for their liberty whose Leader was one Varius These in the first place kill'd their Masters when they were asleep in their Beds Then away they went to the next Towns and Varius the beginner of another defection in Sicily stirr'd up all the Servants and Slaves there to appear for the gaining of their liberty of whom came in flocking to them in that one Night to the number of 120 and upwards Upon this they possess'd themselves of a place naturally strong of it self which they endeavour'd to make stronger by art and labour where 80 more well armed came in to them Licinius Nerva hastens out against them with a purpose to put a stop to their Ravages but all his labour was in vain Seeing therefore that the Place was not to be taken by force he sought how to gain it by Treachery For he had private Correspondence with one Caius Titinius sirnam'd Gadaeus whom he wrought upon to be the Instrument of accomplishing his design promising him safety and protection This Man had been condemn'd to dye two Years before but had made an escape and had Robb'd and Murther'd many Freemen in that Province but never in the least injur'd any Servant Titinius with a great Body of Slaves came to this Fort where the Rebels had posted themselves as if he design'd to join with them in making War upon the Romans Who being willingly and kindly receiv'd by them and for his Valour made their General he at length betray'd the Fort upon which some of the Rebels were kill'd in Fight and the lest out of fear of what they should suffer if they were taken Prisoners threw themselves down headlong from the top of the Rock And in this manner was the first rising of the Slaves supprest But
Force But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners for the present he remitted their Faults but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he order'd them to fight with wild Beasts where it 's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and nobleness of Mind for they scorn'd to fight with Beasts but thrust one another through at the publick Altars And after all were dead Satyrus being the last with an Heroick Spirit kill'd himself And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War after it had continu'd almost Four years Out of the same BOOK Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces Priest of the Goddess * This Rhea is said to be the Mother of the Gods Rhea they say came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia who declar'd he came thither by the Command of the Goddess and told the Magistrates and Senate that their Temple was prophan'd and that a publick Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange and altogether unusual at Rome for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness and a Flower'd Gown imbroider'd with Gold representing the State and Dignity of a King After he had spoken to the People from the Bench and instructed them in the Matters of Religion he was honour'd with publick Entertainments and large Gifts and Presents But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People However being brought by another Tribune to the Desk and being ask'd how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made his Answers were stuff'd with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies At length things were so manag'd that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction with many Scorns and Affronts upon which he went to his Inn and never after appear'd abroad But only told them that not only he was disgrac'd but the Goddess was reproach'd and dishonour'd Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Feaver and then a * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Cynanchino Morbo Or a Dog's Disease Quinsie which took away his Speech and he dy'd the Third day Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort that he was thus punish'd by a Divine Hand for his prophane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations And therefore Battaces being honour'd with many Presents and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments with all their Ornaments the day he had design'd for his departure he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City Out of the same Book Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and kill'd above 6000 of the Enemy he was term'd * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Emperor which is the same with * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã King among the Grecians Fragment Lib. 37. Ecloga Prima THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection tho' the Italians The Confederate War of the Marsi Olymp. 172. 2. Ant. Ch. 89. generally made this War upon the Romans It 's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fall'n into who were formerly frugal and sparing in their way of living This alteration caus'd great Heart-burnings between the Commonalty and the Senate For when the Senate prevail'd with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions and upon their frequent Addresses had promis'd to enfranchise them and make them Freemen of Rome and to ratify it by a Law and the Italians saw nothing perform'd that was promis'd these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius Philippus and * Julius Caesar Gr. 170. Olymp. Others say 172. Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad Many were the Slaughters Sieges and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War Victory hovering sometimes here and sometimes there as uncertain where to fall giving no assurance to either party which of them she favour'd But at length after the shedding of much Blood the Romans with much ado got the better and regain'd their former Power and Sovereignty There were engag'd against them in this War the Samnites the Asculans Lucanans Picentians them of * Still being 14 Miles from Naples Nola and other Cities and Nations Amongst which was * Cortinium in Italy a City of the Peligni now call'd Pienza under the Duke of Florence Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City and the maintenance of the Government particularly a large Market-place and Court-House with a vast Treasure and plentiful Provisions of all sorts They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy and to manage the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their concerns into the hands of the Senators who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year and Twelve Generals At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Marsian a Man of chiefest quality in his Country and Caius Aponius Motulus famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation were chosen Consuls They divided all Italy into Two Parts and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli so call'd to the Adriatick Sea which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius to six of the Generals The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assign'd to Motulus with as many more of the Military Officers Having put all things into this good Order and to sum up all having order'd all things according to the ancient Model of the Roman Government they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War and call'd the City it self Italy And they were so successful that they came off Conquerors for the most part till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General Pompey who with Sylla deputed by Cato the other Consul often routed them and reduc'd them to those straits that at length their Power was broken in pieces However they An Isthmus in Italy call'd Calabria still continu'd the War but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia Being therefore distress'd and harass'd with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans they forsook their new City and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites under the conduct of Five Generals of whom they made Quintus
Pompoedius Chief for his Valour and prudent management of the War who with the consent of all the other Captains rais'd a great Army which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides he got together at least 20000 Foot and 1000 Horse of manumitted Slaves and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow And coming to an Engagement with the Romans whose General was Mamercus he kill'd a few of them but lost above 6000 of his own Men. About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia which had in it a great number of Soldiers and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus who had then a brave and well appointed Army to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans by which means they told him that their Power would be easily broken Mithridates answer'd that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia in order to which he was then engag'd The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance and of supplies of Money were greatly discourag'd For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius who commanded those that were left of the Lucanians The Marsian War being now almost at an end there arose again a great Sedition in Rome by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates stirr'd up thereunto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War For Caius Julius and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul oppos'd one another and the People on that occasion were divided some for one and some for the other There were likewise other disturbances about the same time For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola and so terrify'd many of the bordering Territories with their Cities that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates and Rome was fill'd with slaughters and intestine broils Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia not being able to take the strong City Aesias after a long time they had lain before it left part of their Army to maintain the Siege and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium in hopes that if they gain'd this place they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army and his vast preparations that they drew off from the Siege and so the Rhegians were delivered And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla and most of them were kill'd in the War and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla And thus ended the Marsian War and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end a Second great Sedition was rais'd The War between Sylia and Marius Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus Beautiful in Rome stirr'd up by Sylla and Caius Marius a young Man the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd At length Sylla prevail'd and being created Dictator he call'd himself Epaphroditus which vain glorious Title did not altogether deceive him for he prosper'd all his life long and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories But Marius altho' he behav'd himself with great Gallantry in the War against Sylla being at length routed fled with 15000 Men to Proeneste where he was Besieg'd a long time at length all having forsaken him and seeing no way how to escape he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that surrounded him After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Masters Life and then immediately kill'd himself And so at length ended this Civil War However some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pursu'd it with some others were suppress'd But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd there broke out such a flame of Discord The War between Caesar and Pompey which continu'd Four years Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47. between Julius Caesar and Pompey who for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans partly by the Conduct of Sylla and partly by his own Valour was sirnam'd the Great that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria and the unbounded power of the Consuls being at length restrain'd and limited fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself and so ended the Sedition But when he was murther'd another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius and Octavius Augustus When this War was ended by dint of Sword and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power broke out into an open War And after much Blood spilt on both sides Augustus gain'd the Empire which he held during his Life having now wav'd Augustus Emperor his Consular Power and Dignity Out of the 38th BOOK CINNA and Marius calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers This was long before in time and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related but now lost For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86 consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and confirming of the Peace At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of quality that were their Enemies and who were most capable to make a disturbance and overturn all their Affairs that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security according to their own Will and Pleasure Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place without being heard At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Triumph for his Victory over the * Danes Cimbri and had more than an ordinary share in the Affections of the People was
Croesus the King of Lydia and tho' he slew him against his Will yet he said that he himself who kill'd him was not worthy to live and therefore intreated Croesus not to spare him but forthwith to cut his Throat at his Son's Sepulchre Craesus indeed at the first was in a rage at Adrastus for the death of his Son and threatned to burn him alive but when he perceiv'd that the young Man did not seek to avoid punishment but rather voluntarily offer'd his Life as a Sacrifice to the dead his Anger was appeas'd and he pardon'd him complaining of his own misfortune and not of any purpose or design in the young Man However Adrastus went privately to Atys his Sepulchre and there kill'd himself 33. Croesus King of Lydia pretending to send Eurybatus the Ephesian to Delphos sent him in Croesus truth with a great Sum of Money into Peloponnesus to hire Soldiers but Eurybatus fled to Cyrus King of Persia and discover'd to him all Craesus his designs and therefore this Treachery of Eurybatus was so remarkable among the Grecians that when they would upbraid any Man with a base Action they call him Eurybatus 34. Cyrus believing that Croesus was a Religious Man because a sudden storm of Rain from Heaven extinguish'd the Fire in the Pile whereon he was burnt and calling to mind the saying of Solon carry'd Croesus along with him using him with all Honour and Respect and made him one of his Privy Council conceiving him to be a prudent Man who had familiarly convers'd with so many and such eminent Persons for Wisdom 35. Servius Tullius King of Rome Reign'd 44 years and out of his own virtuous disposition Servius Tullius order'd many things for the good of the Commonwealth 36. When Thericles was chief Magistrate at Athens in the 61 Olympiad Pythagoras the Philosopher Olymp. 61. Pythagoras flourish'd having attain'd to the highest pitch of Wisdom a Man worthy to have his Memory Eterniz'd if ever any other Philosopher deserv'd it he was born a Samos tho' some say at Tyrrhenum His Speeches were utter'd with so much Grace and force of persuasion that almost the whole City daily gaz'd upon him as if some God had been before them and a great concourse of People came from all parts to hear him And he was not only eminently eloquent but very sober and grave and was a wonderful Example for young Men to imitate in the course of their Lives in that respect and all that he convers'd with he dissuaded from vain Pomp and Luxury all the Inhabitants of that Country through plenty and fulness of all things among them being given to effeminacy and filthiness both of Body and Mind This Pythagoras when he heard that Pherycides once his Master was very sick in the Island Delos he forthwith sail'd out of Italy thither where after he had for some time cherish'd the Old Man and had us'd his utmost endeavour to restore him to health at length through Old Age and the violence of his distemper he dy'd and Pythagoras carefully bury'd him and so having perform'd the Office and Duty of a Son as to a Father he return'd into Italy 37. The Pythagoreans if any of their Society fall into decay divide and contribute The Pythagorians Love and Kindness one to another proportions of their Goods to him that is so in want as if he were their Brother and this they do not only as to them that are daily conversant with them but likewise to all others of the same Sect and Profession wherever they be And therefore one Clineas of Tarentum when he understood that Prorus a Cyrenian and a Pythagorean by some misfortune or other had lost all his Estate and was become exceeding poor he past over out of Italy to Cyrene with a considerable sum of Money and made up the loss of his Patrimony tho' he had never seen him before but only understood by hear-say that he was a Pythagorian And it 's reported that many others have done the like And they have not only supply'd their Companions with Monies in their wants but have hazarded their Persons with them in the most dangerous times For in the Reign of Dionysius the Tyrant it 's reported that one Phintias a Pythagorean when by the contrivance of the Tyrant he was to be led to execution desir'd of Dionysius but a few days to settle his Houshould Affairs and promis'd that in the mean time he would leave one of his friends to suffer in his stead if he return'd not Dionysius hereupon wondring whether any such friend could be found who would be willing to be cast into Goal for his friend Phintias presently call'd for one of his Scholars call'd Damon a Pythagorean who forthwith without Phintias and Damon willing to dye one for another any budging became his Hostage to dye in his room Many there were that commended this singular demonstration of Love and Kindness to his Friend others condemn'd it as a foolish and rash Act. But at the day appointed all the People flock'd together very earnest to see whether he that left his pledge would perform his word But the day drawing near to an end every body began to despair and Damon was led forth to execution and then on a sudden at the very last moment of the day Phintias came running in This wonderful Friendship and Kindness one for another was admir'd by all and Dionysius pardon'd the condemn'd Person and desir'd that he himself might be taken into the Society 38. The Pythagoreans had a great Art in improving their Memories and to that end employ'd their utmost Care and Diligence For the first thing they did constantly after they rose out of their Beds in a Morning was to recollect and call to mind every thing they had done the day before from the Morning to the Evening and if they had time and leisure they would go back to examine the Actions of the Second Third and Fourth day and sometimes further conceiving it very helpful and advantagious for the improving of Memory and increase of Knowledge 39. These Philosophers inur'd themselves to abstinence by this means They prepare all sorts of Delicacies and Rarities such as Tables are furnish'd with at Solemn Feasts after they have gaz'd upon them for a considerable time on purpose to whet their Appetite which naturally desires in such cases to be gratify'd on a sudden the Table is order'd to be whip'd-away and they themselves thereupon withdrew without tasting any of the Dainties 40. Pythagoras commanded his Disciples to forbear taking an Oath as much as they Oath could but when they had once taken it to be careful to keep it Having likewise regard to what was convenient even in the Acts of Venus he advis'd to abstain from Women in Summer time and to be moderate and sparing in Winter for he look'd upon all carnal Copulation to be hurtful but if it were frequent he said it impair'd the strength
tho' he March'd from place to place with very great Armies yet he never wanted either Money or Provision And that which is most remarkable is that the Foreigners and Mercenary Soldiers lov'd him as well if not more than they did who were his own Country Men. Keeping therefore his Army in exact discipline he perform'd the greater and more renown'd Actions For he made War upon the most potent Nations and wasted and harrass'd almost all Italy for the space of Seventeen years He was so Victorious in every Battle he Fought and made such terrible Slaughters among them that were reputed the Lords of the World that by reason of the Multitudes that were cut off by him none durst look him in the Face to Engage him in Battle He laid likewise many Cities in Ashes which he took by Storm and almost depopulated Italy that was before full of People all which as they were accomplish'd by the Strength and Wealth of his own fellow Citizens so likewise by great numbers of Foreign Auxiliaries and Confederates those that by their Unanimousness were unconquerable he overcame by Policy and Warlike Stratagems and so made it evident that as the Soal governs the Actions of the Body so a General rules and directs all to a right end in an Army 37. P. Scipio when he was but very young perform'd great and wonderful things in Spain beyond all Mens expectations and having beaten the Carthaginians deliver'd his Scipio Country from imminent Perils and compell'd Hannibal who was not to be overcome by force of Arms to leave Italy without fighting a stroke and at last by his Valour and Military Conduct overcame Hannibal in a great Battle and brought Carthage to stoop to the Roman Yoke 38. Leocritus General of King Pharnaces after he had often assaulted the City Pius at Leocritus Pharnaces his General length forc'd the Mercenary Soldiers who defended the place to surrender the Town upon Condition That they should be safely conducted to what place soever they pleas'd to go who when they were march'd out of the City and brought on their way according * Pius rather Teios Ush An. 403. before Ch. 180. to the Capitulation Leocritus who was ordered by Pharnaces to put them all to the Sword because they had formerly incens'd him against the Faith of the Articles as they were upon their march fell upon them and with Darts slew them every Man 39. Seleucus having rais'd a great Army and on his march to assist Pharnaces was Seleucus now ready to pass over Mount Taurus but recollecting and calling to mind the League the Romans had made with his Father by which it was not lawful 40. But they who had committed such a notorious Wicked Fact and had Murder'd Demetrius escap'd not Divine Vengeance For those who contriv'd the false Accusations Demetrius the Son of Philip King of Macedon the Father of Perseus See Livy lib. 40. This Cruelty of the Father upon his Son by his Brother Perseus his Contrivance Olymp. 149 Tiberius Gracchus Paulus Aemilius from Rome within a while after incurred the Displeasure of the King and were put to Death and for Philip himself he was restless all the days of his Life and so much troubled in Conscience for the Murder of so hopeful a Son that he liv'd not two years after but pin'd away with extremity of Grief And Perseus the Author and Contriver of the whole being conquer'd by the Romans and flying to Samothracia by reason of the wickedness of the Fact executed by him in the Murder of his Brother could find no sanctuary in that holy Temple 41. Tiberius Gracchus being sent Lieutenant General into Spain vigorously manag'd the War for tho' he was very young yet for Valour and Prudence he excell'd his equals in age and gave such evident signs of doing great things that he was admir'd by all 42. Paulus Aemilius the Consul and Patron of the Macedonians was a Man Eminent for Nobleness of Birth Prudence and Comliness of Person and therefore all Marks of Honour were conferr'd upon him by the Romans his Countreymen Every one eccho'd forth his Praise while he was alive and after his Death his Fame and Renown together with Profit and Advantage by his Valour procur'd to the Commonwealth surviv'd him 43. Antiochus now newly advanc'd to the Throne of Syria began a new Course of Life unusual with other Kings and Princes For first he would privately steal out of his Antiochus the Third Palace unknown to any of his Attendants and walk up and down in the City calling one or another to him where he came as he thought fit Then he took a Pride in being Familiar and drinking with Ordinary Fellows and Mean and Poor Travellers and Strangers and if perchance he discern'd any young Men were met together at a set time to celebrate a Festival he would presently clap himself down amongst them with his Cup in his Hand and be one of the Quire so that many were often so startled with the strangeness of the thing that they would run away and others through fear struck into amaze not able to say a Word Lastly he would lay aside his Royal Robes and put on a Roman * Called Tebenna Gown and in imitation of the Candidates at Rome that were seeking for Preferments would salute and hug every Ordinary Fellow he met in the Street and sometime desiring they would make choice of him to be Aedile and other times to be a Tribune of the People Having at length obtain'd the Office he desir'd he would seat himself upon an Ivory Tribunal and after the Roman manner hear Causes and was so earnest and diligent in the Decision of Controversies both between Foreigners and Citizens that the most Prudent and Serious amongst them knew not what to think of him what he aim'd at or design'd for some gave a favourable Construction of it others accounted it Folly and some no other than downright Madness 44. After Eumenes was way-laid and news came to Pergamus that he was dead Atta Eumenes Attalus Ush An 412. lus something too rashly hand over head on a sudden Marry'd the Queen but Eumenes returning a little time after took no notice of it but embrac'd his Brother and carried with the same Respect towards him as he did before 45. Cotys King of Thrace was Valiant in War and Prudent in his Counsels and highly Cotys to be commended for his Care and Diligence in all other Respects besides all which he was of singular Temperance and Sobriety and that which was most remarkable for his Honour and Commendation was That he was altogether free from the Natural Vices of the Thracians 46. Perseus having taken Chalestrus by Storm put all that were able to bear Arms to Perseus the Sword and whereas Five hundred of the Garrison Soldiers got into a Fort and Treated for their Lives the King upon laying down their Arms gave them Quarter and liberty to be
wholly intent on scraping up Money together he wickedly put many to death he gave to Timotheus Fifty and King Demetrius Seventy Talents and promis'd in a short time to pay other 400 Talents and besides to add to them 600 more At which discerning that the Cappadocians were greatly incens'd he began to Rob and Spoil every Body and Confiscate the Goods of the Nobility and having Treasur'd up a vast Sum of Money he intrusted 400 Talents with the Pirenians to serve him at a Turn and Change of Fortune which were afterwards faithfully repaid him 79. Ptolemy the Elder having presently by the multitude of his Forces penn'd up his * Euergetes Brother by a * In the City Ladithus Ush An. 465. Before Ch. 159. close Siege and reduc'd them to the utmost Extremity yet pardon'd him induc'd thereunto both by his natural Clemency and the nearness of Relation and his awe and fear of the Romans And he did not only pardon him but entred into a League with him according to which he was to be content as the younger Brother with Cyrene and with a certain proportion of Wheat every Year And thus a War between Brothers which had wholly alienated their Affections one from another and was continu'd to the utmost hazard of them both was on a sudden ended upon moderate Terms and Conditions 80. When Orofernes discern'd that his Affairs declin'd much to the worse he resolv'd to Orofernes Ush An. ib. Before Ch. 159. satisfie his Mercenary Soldiers as soon as he could lest they should Mutiny for want of their Pay But being at present straitn'd through scarcity of Money he was necessitated to rifle Jupiter's Temple scituated at the Foot of Mount Ariadne which before had been ever preserv'd Sacred and Inviolable and by this means he paid his Soldiers all their Arrears 81. Prusias King of Bithynia being altogether disappointed in his Design of taking Attalus destroy'd and laid waste the Sacred Grove call'd Nicheporius which lay under Prusias the Walls of the * Pergamus City and rifled the Temple it self and took away the Statues and the Images of the Gods and among the rest the famous Statue of Aesculapius said to be one of the curious Pieces of Phipomachus and robb'd the Place of all its sacred and consecrated Goods and Treasure For which sacrilege the Gods in a short time after inflicted upon him deserv'd punishment For most of his Land Army perish'd by the Bloody Flux and the like Calamity hapned to his Naval Forces for by a sudden Storm in the Propontis most of his Ships with their Soldiers and Rowers together were Sunk and some few were cast upon the Land and Shipwrackt And these were the first punishments inflicted upon Prusias for his Impiety 82. The Cretians arriving at Siphnus besieg'd the City and the Inhabitants partly A City in one of the Cyclides call'd Syphus now hear Crete through fear and partly through feign'd and and deceitful promises admitted them into the City the Cretians first promising that none of the Inhabitants should receive the least prejudice but when they were enter'd according to the usual Treachery and Perfidiousness of the Cretians they both carri'd them all away Captives and rifled and robb'd all the Temples of the Gods and so loaded with spoil hois'd up Sail and made back for Crete But in a short time after they paid Dear for this Treachery the Gods presently executing Vengeance upon them for their Impiety for out of fear of some Enemies that overpowr'd them in Shipping they were forc'd to loose out of Harbour in the Night and most of their Ships by a sudden Storm were sunk at Sea and others were cast upon Land and dasht in pieces upon the Rocks where all in them miserably perished some few that consented not to this perfidious dealing escap'd 83. Philip the Son of Amyntas coming to a Kingdom then Subject and Tributary to the Illyrians by his Arms and skill in Martial Affairs restor'd it to its former Liberty Philip. and by his mild and gentle Usage of those he subdu'd he enlarg'd his Kingdom above any that was in Europe For having beaten the Athenians in a great Battle who contended with him for the Principality of Greece he buried all their dead that fell in the Fight whom they had left in the open Field and sent back above 2000 Prisoners to their own Country without any Redemption So that they who before had contended with him hearing of his generous Usage of their fellow Citizens voluntarily yielded up to him the Sovereignty of Greece and so what he could not accomplish by so many Battles and Hazards meerly by his Mildness and Humanity he obtain'd with the free and unanimous Consent of his Enemies But what he had got he afterwards maintain'd by striking a Fear and Terrour into the Hearts of his Enemies for he raz'd the Populous City of Olynthus to the Ground In the same manner his Son Alexander by the Ruine of Thebes deterr'd the Lacedemonians and Athenians who were plotting against him from their design'd Revolt And his Civil and generous Usage of the Prisoners in the Persian War was such that he gain'd the Hearts of the Asiaticks not so much by his Valour as his Mildness and Humanity But in later times the Romans thirsting after a Universal Monarchy in a great measure obtain'd their ends by the force of their Arms but their Clemency towards such as they had Conquer'd added much to the increase and inlargement of their Conquests For they were so far from Cruelty or being Rigorous in executing punishment upon those they had Subdu'd that they seem'd to carry it towards them rather as Friends than as Enemies For when the Conquer'd expected the utmost severity of Revenge from the Conquerors they left no room for any others to exceed them in Humanity and Clemency For some they made Free of the City with others they join'd in Affinity by Marriages others they set Free to Govern according to their own Laws and to sum up all none underwent any severity by being Conquer'd farther than what was fit And therefore upon the account of this extraordinary Clemency Kings Cities and Countreys generally sheltred themselves under the Protection of the Romans But when they were Lords almost of the whole World then they strengthen'd and confirm'd themselves in their Dominions by severity and razing of Towns and Cities to strike a Terrour into their Enemies For they utterly destroy'd Corinth in Achaiah Carthage in Africa Numantia in Spain and rooted up the Kingdom of Macedonia in the Ruine of Perseus and became a Terror to many 84. The Romans make it their great Care that the Wars they begin be upon just grounds and therefore never resolve upon any thing rashly or inconsiderately 85. Publius Scipio who was afterwards sirnamed Africanus and was then a * Colonel ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Tribune when almost all the rest of the Romans made light of their Terms and
An. 522 523. thought he had now gain'd a most convenient opportunity for some Commotion or other and therefore that he might indear the Soldiery to him he permitted them to make incursions into the Countreys of their Allies and make what havock they pleas'd therein and to take Captive every one they met withal The Soldiers very readily embrac'd the License so that within few days they had scrambl'd together abundance of Wealth by their plundering But those that had been spoil'd of their Goods went to meet the Consul and made bitter complaints to him of the Injuries they had receiv'd who being much troubl'd at the business commanded them to follow him and he himself would see restitution made to every one that had suffer'd and accordingly with Threats he commanded Fimbria to return forthwith to the Owners whatsoever had been taken away from them But Fimbria laid all the blame upon the Soldiers who did this without any Commission from him but covertly he advis'd them not to regard the Consul's Command nor suffer that to be taken from them which they had got by the Law of Arms Upon this when Flaccus commanded restitution to be made of their Rapine adding threatning to his commands the Soldiers refus'd to Obey so that there follow'd a great Mutiny in the Camp 12. Fimbria having again cross'd the Hellespont animated his Soldiers to Rapines and Fimbri Ush An. 524. all kind of Villanies exacted Moneys from the Cities and divided it amongst the Soldiers who having obtain'd an uncontroul'd License did what they listed and allur'd moreover with the hopes of a large Income lov'd Fimbria as one who had deserv'd extreamly well of the whole Army Moreover those Cities that had stood out against him when he had taken 'em he gave them to the plunder of his Soldiers and so he dealt Ush An. ibi with * Nicomedia 13. The same Fimbria being admitted into Cizicum professing himself a Friend to the Fimbria Ush An. 523. Ant. Ch. 85. Place as soon as he was got in began to Impeach all the wealthiest of them and charge them with some Crime or other Two of these the principal Men of the City after he had pass'd Sentence on them he caus'd to be whipt with Rods to terrifie the rest and afterwards struck off their Heads and set their Goods to Sale and forc'd others out of Fear to give him all they had as a Ransom for their Lives 14. Cn. Pompeius addicted himself to Martial Affairs and inur'd himself to the hardships and Fatigues of War so that in a short time he became very expert in Military Matters For casting off all Sloth and Effeminateness he was always Night and Day doing something or other that was useful and advantagious for matters relating to War For he was very sparing in his Diet eat his Meat sitting and altogether forbore Baths and such like delights He allotted but a few Hours of the Night for Sleep and spent the rest in the Cares of a General relating to what he was to put in Execution the next Day so that by his constant forethoughts of the uncertain Events of War he became a most expert Commander And therefore whereas another could scarce in the same time sit himself to take upon him the Charge of an Army already rais'd in that time and much less he Rais'd them Train'd and Disciplin'd them And when the News of his famous Exploits was brought to Rome every Body at first reflecting upon his youth more than thinking upon his Valour slighted him supposing the Messengers stretcht in their Relations and made things look bigger than in truth they were But when the certain Event confirm'd the former Report the Senate sent out * Junius Brutus Junius against him whom he routed and put to Flight 15. Lucius Scipio's Army being corrupted Revolted and went over to Sylla Scipio Lucius Scipio now looking upon himself as a lost Man Sylla sent to him a Party of Horse to conduct him whithersoever he pleas'd Being therefore forc'd in a Moment to lay aside the Ensigns of his Authority he was forthwith by the courtesie of Sylla brought in a private Habit to the Place he desir'd But presently after he resum'd the Ensigns of his Authority and again Marcht forth with a considerable Army 16. In the mean time the Persons of the greatest Quality at Rome by false accusations were put to death amongst whom Quintus Mucius Scaevola the chief Priest a most honourable and virtuous Person came to an unworthy End only the Romans were fortunate in this that the High Priest dy'd not in the most Sacred Place For the cruelty of the Murderers was such that they laid him upon the very * Of Vesta Altar and there cut his Throat so that by his own Blood he extinguish'd that Fire that out of a Religious Devotion from Ancient times was ever kept Burning 17. The Names of those that were proscrib'd being fixt up in the Market-place on Proscriptions Liv. Epitom lib. 89. A remarkable Instance of one proscrib'd who glory'd over others a sudden a Multitude of People came flocking in to read it of whom very many pity'd those that were thus Condemn'd to die But one amongst the rest a most malicious and insolent Fellow glory'd over the miserable Condition of the afflicted and bawl'd out most spiteful words against them whom some incens'd Deity forthwith repaid with a just Revenge For by chance reading his own Name as one proscrib'd at the bottom of the Roll he presently threw his Gown over his Head and began to fly through the thickest of the People but being known to one that stood next to him who discover'd him to be one condemn'd he was instantly surrounded and seiz'd and then put to death to the great joy of all that heard of it 18. Cneius Pompeius being a long time Praetor in Sicily appli'd himself to the business Cn. Pompeius of the Courts of Justice and deciding both publick and private Controversies discharg'd his Office with so much diligence and integrity that none ever merited more Commendation For tho' he was but Two and twenty years of Age a time which might have drawn him off by foolish youthful Lusts yet he carri'd himself with so much gravity and sobriety all the while he was in Sicily that the Virtue of the young Man was much admir'd by all the Sicilians FRAGMENTS OUT OF The Lost Histories OF Diodorus Siculus CONCERNING EMBASSIES Published by Fulvius Ursinus LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1699. To the READER THese few Fragments together with those of Polybius Dionysius Halicarnassus Dion Casseus and Appian were Publish'd in the Year of Our Lord 1581. By Fulvius Ursinus a Roman Born and Eminently Learn'd But for a further and more particular Account of 'em I refer the Reader to the Epistle to the Fragments of Valerius plac'd next before these And therefore have now no
r. 444 490 521 His Praise 516 r. 555 Issus the Battel at Issus by Alexander M. with the Persians 535 r. 579 Judges in Persia are flea'd alive 411 412 r. 462 463 L. Lacedemon the Earthquakes at Sparta 244 r. 270 Take Athens 353 r. 389 Their Quarrels with the Eleans 365 r. 404 Assist Cyrus against his Brother ib. 367 r. 405 407 Lose their Dominion at Sea 394 r. 441 Overcome by the Athenians in a Sea-fight at Naxus 422 r. 475 Their War with the Argives 493 r. 528 Lamia the Story of Lamia 674 r. 754 Lamia the Beginning and Cause of the Lamian War 490 576 r. 525 631 Laws Laws of Charondas 267 r. 295 Of Zeleucus 269 r. 298 Of Diocles the Syracusian and his Tragical End 314 r. 347 Of the Twelve Tables of Rome 271 272 r. 300 301 Confirm'd by the Death of the Legislator 270 314 r. 290 347 Leonides the Spartan General at Thermopyle 217 r. 244 His Heroick Death there 220 r. 247 Leosthines the Athenian General in the Lamian War 569 r. 621 Overcomes Antipater 579 r. 634 His Death and Praise ibid. Lesbians subdu'd by the Athenians 286 r. 315 Libanus a Description of Mount Libanus 367 r. 407 Long Life of Democritus 362 r. 401 Lucanians their War with the Thurians and remarkable Victory 400 r. 448 With Dionysius the younger 479 r. 512 With the Tarentines 701 r. 787 Lycaonia the Situation 576 r. 630 Lydia the Province of Meleager 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Lysander the Spartan General against the Athenians 333 r. 368 His Victory over the Athenians at Aegos Potamos 352 r. 388 His Death 393 r. 439 Lysimachus one of Alexander M. his Commanders Thrace his Province 574 r. 628 Relieves the Rhodians with Provision r. 782 Assists Cassander 702 r. 788 Stoops to Antigonus ibid. Lysimachia built 667 r. 746 M. Macedonians the Parricides amongst the Macedonian Kings 477 r. 510 Rout the Greeks at Charonea 516 r. 555 Mago the Carthaginian General fights with Dionysius and is kill'd 414 r. 465 Mantineans overcome by the Lacedemonians 295 r. 326 The City Mantinea besieg'd and taken by the Spartans 411 413 r. 460 464 The Battel with the Tageans describ'd 445 r. 502 503 Their War with the Megalopolites 449 r. 507 Marathon the Slaughter of the Persians there r. 242 Marmarensians being besieg'd burn their Houses Parents and Friends 532 r. 576 Megalopolis built 439 r. 495 Their War with the Mantineans 449 r. 507 With the Spartans 495 r. 530 Megara the Acts of the Megareans 231 256 265 r. 258 283 293 Their Sedition r. 478 Mentor the Rhodian betrays the Sidonians 496 r. 532 His other Acts 500 c. r. 536 c. Mesopotamia the Province of Arcesilas 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Messenians their War with the Spartans 248 r. 274 Are routed out of Greece by the Spartans 374 r. 415 Their Increase in Sicily 392 r. 438 The City Messina in Sicily sack'd by the Carthaginians 382 383 r. 426 427 Repair'd by Dionysius 392 r. 437 They assist Dion 481 r. 515 The City gain'd by Agathocles 652 r. 726 Messina in Peloponnesus rebuilt by Epaminondas 435 r. 491 Meteors an Astrological account of them 429 r. 483 Methon a City in Thrace Sack'd by Philip 493 r. 528 Meton the Circle of 19 years call'd Enneadeceterides 227 r. 305 Miletum their War with the Samians 273 r. 301 Their bloody Sedition 352 r. 388 Mitylene taken by the Athenians 285 286 r. 314 315 Their Goods sold ibid. The Port 340 r. 375 Motya a City of Sicily r. 359 Taken by Dionysius 373 379 r. 414 422 Recover'd by the Carthaginians 382 r. 426 Munychia Raz'd by Demetrius 676 r. 756 Muses the Games of the Muses in Macedonia 527 r. 570 Mycale a Description of the battel at Mycale 234 r. 261 Mycenas Raz'd to the ground by the Argives 249 r. 276 N. Nabathaeans Arabians their Laws and Manners 650 r. 722 Their War with Demetrius 651 r. 724 Naxus Raz'd by Dionysius 480 r. 513 Nectanabus King of Egypt his War with Artaxerxes 425 r. 478 Nectanabus revolts from his Father Tachos King of Egypt and is overcome by Agesilaus 448 r. 506 Rebells against Ochus 496 r. 531 Neptune the Causer of all Earthquakes and Innundations 429 r. 483 Priests drown'd in the Sea offer'd to him 305 r. 377 Niceas the Athenian General his Acts 485 r. 519 His Expedition into Peloponnesus 290 r. 320 His great misfortunes and lamentable Condition in Sicily 307 308 311 312 r. 340 341 344 345 Is put to death 314 r. 347 Nicocles the Cyprian the Tragical end of him and his whole Family 665 r. 743 Nicolaus the Syracusian his brave Speech for the saving the Athenian Captives from being put to death 200 r. 241 O. Ocean the Wonders found in it 568 569 r. 618 619 Ochus King of Persia succceeds Artaxerxes 448 r. 506 His Expedition against Egypt 491 r. 531 His Acts 498 534 Is destroyed with his whole Family 413 r. 564 Olympias the Mother of Alexander M. 598 r. 658 Her Return out of Epirus into Macedonia and Cruelty towards Archidoeus and Eurydice and others 612 r. 676 The terrible Famine in the Siege of Pydna 621 r. 697 Her Accusation and Death 629 630 r. 698 699 Olympus the Temple of Jupiter Olympus at Agrigentum 340 r. 375 Another at Syracuse 301 514 r. 333 553 Olynthians their War with Amyntas King of Macedon 416 r. 467 Demand their Land again 397. r. 444 War with the Lacedemonians 417 r. 468 Ophellas Subdues the Cyrenians 583 r. 639 Joins with Agathocles in Africa 673 r. 753 He with his Auxiliaries perfidiously slain by Agathocles 674 r. 754 His Cruelty ibid. Oracle of Dodona 439 r. 495 Of Hammon 543 r. 589 Oracles deliver'd to Alexander M. at Hammon ibid. To the Clazomeans and Cumeans concerning Leuca To Dionysius of his death 440 r. 496 To Eumelus King of Bosphoros of his death 667 r. 745 To the Helicenses 428 r. 482 To the Ionians ibid. To the Lacedemonians of expiating the murder of Pausanias 239 r. 266 To the Messinians in Sicily 399 r. 447 To Philip before his death 517 r. 557 To Philomelus 489 r. 524 To Satyrus King of Bosphorus of the manner of his death 667 r. 745 To Seleucus by the Caldeans 632 649 r. 701 720 To the Spartans of the Victory of the Thebans 241 430 r. 268 485 To the Thebans of the Victory at Leuctra Of their ruin 524 r. 566 To Timoleon of his success in Sicily from Ceres 508 r. 545 Orchomenos Raz'd by the Thebans 441 r. 498 The Thebans their old Enemies ibid. Ostracism the Law and manner of it at Athens 244 r. 270 P. Pallica a City in Sicily built by Ducetius 261 r. 288 It s Growth and Destruction ibid The strange boiling Pots call'd Craters in the Earth there ibid. Pamphilia the Province of Antigonus 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Paphlagonia with Cappadocia 574 628 The Provinces of Eumenes
During these Transactions the Romans had great Wars and shed much Blood amongst the Volsians Spurius Cassius the Year before Consul being convicted of Treason for aspiring to the Supream Government was put to Death And these were the things done this Year CHAP. V. The Death and Commendation of Gelo King of Syracuse and the Rebuilding of Athens by the Policy of Themistocles TImosthenes being Archon or Chief Magistrate at Athens and Cesus Fabius and Lucius Aemilius Mamerchus Roman Consuls there was a setled Peace throughout all Sicily for the strength of Anno Mundi 3472. Olymp. 75. 3. Ant. Chr. 476. the Carthaginians was utterly broken and Gelo govern'd the Sicilians with that Justice and Equity that the Laws flourished in every City and Plenty every where abounded The Syracusians making a Law against extravagant Pomps of Funerals Law in Syracuse against Funeral Pomp. and not only taking away those usual vast Expences upon the Dead but forbidding all manner of Curiosity upon that account Gelo willing in all things to confirm what the People agreed upon confirm'd this new Law by his own Example for falling sick and lying upon his Death-bed he gave up the Kingdom to Hiere his eldest Brother and commanded that the Law should be strictly kept in reference to his Funeral After his Death his Successor in burying of him observ'd his Commands His Body was laid in his Wife's Inheritance within the Nine Towers as they were call'd Places of great and sumptuous Workmanship The whole City accompany'd the Body to the Place which was about â ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã Five and Twenty Miles Two Gelo's Funeral Hundred Stages distant And the Citizens erected a stately Monument over him and commanded he should for ever after be honour'd with the Honours due to the Ancient Heroes This Monument was in after-times destroy'd by the Carthagians in their War against the Syracusians And the Places call'd the Nine Towers through Envy were demolished by Agathocles But yet neither Ante Chr. 476. the Hatred of the Carthaginians nor the Envy of Agathocles The Commendation of Gelo and them that rule well nor the Force nor Fraud of any other Person was able to eclipse the Glory of Gelo. For History has justly preserv'd his Fame and will for ever hand it down to Posterity For as it is just and tending much to correct the Irregularities of Humane Conversation to fix a Brand and Mark of Disgrace upon those that have used their Power wickedly and mischievously so on the other hand it is as just to perpetuate the Memory of those who have rul'd justly and honourably to the good of others For this will be an Inducement to Men to behave themselves so as to merit Commendation from those that come after them Gelo reign'd only Six Years Hiero his Brother and Heir Eleven Years and Eight Months After the Victory at Platea the Athenians brought back their Wives and Children The Athenians repair their Walls from Troezen and Salamis to Athens and forthwith set upon the Repairing of their Walls and spared neither Cost nor Pains in that nor in any other thing necessary for their Defence But the Lacedemonians considering that the Athenians had much advanced their Reputation by their Strength at Sea fearing lest they should grow too strong determin'd to forbid the building of their The Lacedemonians endeavour to hinder the building of the Walls of Athens Walls and therefore sent Embassadors with all speed to Athens to let them know that it was not for the common good and interest of Greece that Athens should be walled for if Xerxes should make upon them a Second Invasion with fresh and greater Forces if he should gain Cities out of Peloponesus ready wall'd he might from thence as out of Forts and Castles make suddain Incursions upon them and thereby with ease subdue the Grecians But when the Embassadors were not much regarded they imperiously commanded the Carpenters and Smiths to P. 263. cease from the Work Whereupon the Athenians not knowing what to resolve Themistocles his Stratagem to build the Walls of Athens upon Themistocles who was then in great Favour and Authority advis'd them that they should not at present make any Noise or Stir about the matter For if they should contend the Lacedemonians would easily hinder them in the Work by making an Inrode upon them with the Forces of Peloponesus But he intimated to the Senate privately that he with such others as they should appoint would go as Embassadors to the Lacedemonians and there argue the Case with them concerning the Fortification of the City And he gave in charge to the Magistrates that if any Embassadors came from Lacedemon they should detain them till his return from thence and in the mean time they should with the assistance of the whole City go on with the Work and that was the very way he told them to effect their Design The Athenians all approv'd of his Advice and Themistocles with those join'd in Embassy with him set forth for Sparta In the mean time the People of Athens set upon the Work with might and main sparing neither House nor Sepulchre for Materials Women and Children Strangers and Servants were all imploy'd and none permitted to be idle The Work went on beyond expectation and through the multitude of Hands and diligence of those imploy'd advanc'd to Admiration which being nois'd abroad the Lacedemonians were very hot with Themistocles concerning the Fortifying of the City But he denied all and wish'd them not rashly to believe every little Story spread Abroad but rather to send some faithful Messengers who might bring them a certain account of the truth how Matters went and for further Assurance he deliver'd up himself and his Associats as Hostages to the Spartans The Lacedemonians at present pacify'd and perswaded by what Themistocles Ante Chr. 476. had said took him and his Associates into Custody and forthwith sent some of the chief of the Citizens to Athens to make strict inquiry and observation how Affairs were In the mean time the Athenians in a short space advanc'd their Walls to their just height The Spartan Embassadors as soon as they entred into Athens being very turbulent and sharply threatning the Athenians for what they had done they committed them all to Prison declaring they should not be set at Liberty till Themistocles and the rest of their Embassadors were sent Home By this Trick the Laconians being deluded were forc'd to redeem their own Embassadors by the discharge of the Athenians And this Policy of Themistocles in procuring the walling of the City both with effectual speed and safety purchased the great Love and Honour of the Citizens Whilst these things were acting in Greece the Romans made War upon the Tuscans and got a great Victory with the Slaughter of many of their Enemies and afterwards took Tusculum by Storm and reduced the City of the Esculaneans CHAP. VI. The inlarging
of the Haven at Athens by Themistocles The Treason of Pausanias and the Justice of Aristides AT the end of the Year Adimantus was chosen Archon of Athens and Fabius Vibulanus and L. Valerius were Consuls of Rome At this time Themistocles for his excellent Government and ingenuity in state Policy was in great esteem not only at Athens but over all Olymp. 75. 4. Ante Chr. 475. Greece Being hereby encouraged he made it his Business by further and greater Services to enlarge the Bounds and Ann. Mund. 3473. Sovereignty of his Country For confidering that there was no Haven at the Pyreum and the Athenians were forced to Themistocles his Project to enlarge the Haven Pyreum at Athens make use of Phaleron for their Port which was strait and incommodious he contriv'd to turn that into an Harbour which would require the least Charge and yet would be the most beautiful and spacious Haven in all Greece which being accomplished he hop'd would conduce to the making the Athenians Masters of the Seas who then had a great Fleet and were famous for their many Victories at Sea By this means he hop'd the Ionians being defcended from the same Ancestors P. 264. would be brought over to them and so by their Assistance he should be able to restore all the Grecians in Asia to their Liberty and thereby for ever oblige them to be Friends to the Athenians Moreover he concluded that the Islanders mov'd with the Athenians strength at Sea would presently join with them who were judg'd Persons that might be of great advantage or prejudice to them And he very well understood that the Lacedemonians were very considerable at Land but understood little of Sea-Affairs but yet he kept all private to himself being assured that the Lacedemonians would never suffer it to be done Therefore in a Publick Assembly he told the Citizens that he had found out Ant. Chr. 475. something of very great moment and advantage to the Commonwealth but that it was not at present expedient to make it publick being of that nature that the fewer that were acquainted the better and therefore wished the People to chuse Two whom they could best trust to whom he would discover the whole Design The People hereupon chose Two Aristides and Xanthippus not only because they were Men of Integrity and honest Principles but that they emulated Themistocles and secretly envy'd him for the Glory and Reputation he had amongst the People When they had privately heard what he had design'd and his Reasons they made report unto the Assembly that what Themistocles had contriv'd was not only great but of extraordinary advantage to the Commonwealth and with ease to be effected The People were presently taken with great admiration of the Man and yet as soon struck with a suspition lest by these Inventions and great Designs he aim'd at the Sovereignty Therefore they commanded he should forthwith discover his Purposes But he told them again and again that it was not for the publick good openly to reveal them The People now more admiring the Courage and Constancy of the Man commanded him to reveal the business to the Senate privately and if the Senate did judge that it was a matter feasible and of certain advantage to the Publick then whatever was necessary for the Execution of his Design should be granted to him Upon which when he had informed the Senate of the particulars and when upon the Relation all was judg'd both easie and of highest Concern and Advantage to the Commonwealth every thing at length was granted to him which he desired in order to the effecting of his Design with the approbation and consent of the People The Assembly then broke up with great admiration of Themistocles every Ant. Chr. 475. one expecting what would be the issue of their Counsels And now being furnished with all things necessary both as to Men and Money he contriv'd how to delude the Lacedemonians a Second time for he was assur'd that as they had oppos'd the repairing of the Walls so they would with all their power and might obstruct the making of the Port. He sent therefore Embassadors to Sparta who should let them know how much it tended to the advantage of Greece in case of future Invasions by the Grecians to have in some Place or other a commodions Haven By this Contrivance giving a check and stop to any hasty opposition by the Lacedemonians he forthwith sets upon the Work And all Hands being imployed in the business the Port was finished upon a suddain and beyond all expectation Then he advis'd the People that they would add Twenty Gallies more every Year to the Fleet they had and that they would priviledge with freedom from all Impositions all Strangers and Artificers that by that means both the City might become Populous and store of Workmen and Tradesmen might be had with little pains for he conceiv'd both necessary not only for the increase but the support of their power at Sea And thus the Athenians were imploy'd The Lacedemonians now commanded Pausanias who was their General at Platea to free the Greek Cities from the Persian Garrisons which still remain'd amongst them whereupon he sail'd from Peloponesus Pausanias ordered to free the Grecian Cities from the Persians Ante Chr. 475. P. 265. with Fifty Gallies and from Athens with Thirty of which Aristides was Admiral to Cyprus and there deliver'd the Cities from the Garrisons that were fixt amongst them Thence sailing back to the Hellespont he took Byzantium then under the Persian Yoke and freed the City some of the Barbarians being put to the Sword and others taken Prisoners amongst whom some of the Persians of great Quality were taken and deliver'd to the care and custody of Gongylus of Eretria under pretence to reserve them for Punishment but in truth to return them safe to Xerxes For he had contracted a private Confederacy with the King and was to marry the King's Daughter for his Reward in undertaking to betray Greece All these Matters were transacted by Messengers and Interpreters between him and Artabazus the Persian General who secretly fed Pansanias with Money with which he corrupted such Grecians as were for his Purpose But the Treason was discover'd and the Author fell under just Punishment in Pausanias his Treason this manner Giving himself up to Persian Luxury and Excess and carrying it with great Insolency and Tyranny towards those that were committed to his Charge all highly resented his Pride and Haughtiness especially those that had born any Office and place of Magistracy in the Commonwealth The Souldiers therefore every where murmuring and in all their Meetings complaining one Ant. Chr. 475. to another of these things and of the Pride and Tyranny of Pausanias the Peloponesians at length deserted him and return'd into their own Country and sent Messengers to Sparta to accuse him But Aristides the Athenian making use of the present
clear himself of all those Crimes and Miscarriages that were laid to his charge However he was afterwards kill'd by Hecateus according to the King's Command upon which the Macedonian Army in Asia laid aside all Thoughts of a Defection for that Attalus was now gone and Parmenio greatly lov'd Alexander But being we are now about to write of the Kingdom of Persia it 's necessary that we begin our Relation a little higher Lately in the Reign of Philip * Darius Ochus Ochus poison'd by Bagoas Ochus rul'd over the Persians hated by all for his Ill Nature and Cruelty towards his Subjects Bagoas therefore a Colonel in the Army and an Eunuch but a wicked and beastly Fellow poison'd the King by the help of his Physician and plac'd the King's youngest Son Arses upon the Throne He likewise murder'd the New King's Brothers who were yet very young that being thus bereft of his Relations he might be more observant to himself But the Young Man abhorring the Wickedness of this Wretch and plainly by many Tokens discovering his Design to punish him Bagoas smelling it out murther'd Arses and Arses murder'd by Bagoas all his Children in the Third Year of his Reign The Royal Family being thus extinct and none of that Race left who could make any Title to the Crown he advanc'd one of his Friends call'd Darius to the Kingdom He Ant. Ch. 333. was the Son of Arsanus the Brother of Artaxerxes King of Persia But the Fate of Bagoas was very remarkable for having habituated himself to Cruelty he resolv'd likewise to poison Darius in a medicinal Potion But this Treason being discover'd the King sent Bagoas justly punish'd by Darius friendly to speak with him and when he came deliver'd to him the Cup and forc'd him to drink it off And indeed Darius was judg'd worthy to enjoy the Kingdom being look'd upon as the most Valiant Man among the Persians For heretofore when Artaxerxes was engag'd in a Battel against the Cadusians one of the Enemy of a strong Body and couragious Spirit challeng'd any of the Persians there present to a single Combat which when none would dare to undertake this Darius enter'd the List and kill'd the Cadusian For which he was highly rewarded by the King and gain'd the chiefest Reputation for Valour among the Persians And for this reason also he was accounted worthy of the Crown of Persia and began to Reign about the same time that Philip dy'd and Alexander succeeded in the Kingdom The Valour therefore of Alexander meeting with such a Man as this for his Adversary to cope with was the occasion so many Battels were fought for the Empire with that Resolution as they were But these Matters will appear more clear hereafter when things come to be distinctly and particularly related For the present we shall return to the Ant. Ch. 333. orderly course of the History * Darius Codomannus conquer'd by Alexander Darius being advanc'd to the Throne of Persia a little before the Death of Philip he was contriving how to avert the War threatned and bring it over to Macedonia it self But when he was dead and so the King freed from that Fear he slighted and despis'd the Youth of Alexander But being for his Valour and Activeness of Spirit in dispatch of Business at length created General of all Greece the Fame and Valour of the Young Man was * ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã in every Man's mouth And Darius now began to look about him and employ'd his chief Care to raise Forces and fitted out a great Fleet and made choice of the best Officers he could procure to Command his Army which was now very great and numerous among whom Memnon the Rhodian was one a Brave man both for Valour and Discipline Him the King Commanded to march to * Cyzicus an Island in the Propontis and a City there Cyzicus with Five thousand men and to endeavour to take in that City Who in order thereto march'd his Army over the Mountain Ida. Some fabulously report that this Mountain was so call'd from Ida of Meliseus It is the highest Mountain of any about the Hellespont In the middle is a Cave as if it A Description of Mount Ida. were made of purpose to entertain the Gods in which it is reported That * This was Paris the Son of Pâiam called Alexander who decided the Controversy between Juno Minerva and Venus by giving the Golden Apple to Venus as the fairest Paus l. 5. c. 19. Alexander gave Judgment concerning the Goddesses Here it 's said the * The Sons of Minerva and Apollo Idei Dactyli were born who were the first that were taught to work in Iron â Cybele by the Mother of the Gods A thing also very Wonderful and Remarkable is ascrib'd to this Place For at the rising of the * In August Dog-Star there is such a Serenity and Calmness of the Air upon the Top of the Mount as if it were there above all Storms and Winds and then even at Midnight the Sun seems to rise so as that its Rays appear not in a Circular Form but casts abroad Flames of Fire here and there at a great distance so that it seems as if Flakes of Fire in several Places overspread the Earth which within a little while after are contracted into one Body till they come to the quantity of Three * Three hundred Foot Plethras At length when the Day is at hand there appears as it were the compleat Body of the Sun inlightning the Air as it uses to do at other times But to proceed Memnon having pass'd over this Mountain assaults Cyzicum on a sudden Ant. Ch. 333. Memnon and was very near surprizing of it But failing in his Design he harrass'd the Country and return'd loaden with a rich Booty In the mean time Parmenio took Grynnius by Storm and sold all the Inhabitants for Parmenio takes Grynnius Slaves Then he besieg'd Pitane but Memnon approaching the Macedonians in a Fright quitted the Siege Afterwards Callas with a Body of Macedonians and other Mercenaries fought with the Persians in the Country of Troas and being overpower'd with Number was beaten and forc'd to retire to Rhetium And in this Condition was Asia at that time Alexander having quieted all the Commotions in Greece march'd with his Army into Thrace which struck such Terror into those People that had caus'd Tumults and Disorders there that he forc'd them to submit to his Government Then he invaded Peonia and * Now Dalmatia or Sclavonia Illyria and the People bordering upon them and having subdu'd those that had Revolted he likewise brought under his Dominion the Barbarians next adjoyning While he was engag'd in these Wars he receiv'd Intelligence that many of the Graecians were about to Revolt and that a considerable Number of the Greek Cities particularly Thebes had already actually rejected his Sovereignty He was hereupon in a great Rage