lower than the division of the Iliacks of the Cava These Branches were a great deal lesser than those of the Cava They served for Emulgent Branches the Kidneys being there fastned The Emulgent Branches of the Cava did likewise come from the Iliack Branches of the Cava and after being joyned to the Kidneys did pass forward like as the Arteries The same Trunk of the Aorta after its division into the Iliack Branches did continue and descend even to the Anus casting forth the several Branches to the right and left to form the Crurals The Brain had nothing particular It is only observed that there was two bony Apophyses about the bigness of a little Pin and two Lines long which proceeding from the two sides of the Cranium did joyn and make an Angle between the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum The Crystalline was more convex within than without the Eye The Explication of the Figure of the Eagle THe lower Figure represents only one of the Eagles which are here described because that they were almost all alike The main and principal difference was in the Feathers of the Neck which were composed only of a very long and smooth down in the Male whereas in the Females they were like Scales It must be likewise observed that the greatness of the Claw of the hinder Foot could not be represented such as it would appear if these Claws were not hid as they necessarily are by the Bough on which the Eagle is perched In the Upper Figure A. The Trunk of the Vena Porta B. The Neck of the Gall-Bladder C. The Ductus Cysticus D. The Ductus Hepaticus E. The Spleen F. The Pancreas G G G. The Branches of the Vena Porta and Caeliaca Arteria which go to the Spleen and Intestines 1 2 3. The three Ductus Pancreatici H. The Aspera Arteria I. The Oesophagus blown up K. A glandulous body fastened to the upper part of the Oesophagus L. The Ventricle M. The Spleen N. The Branches which are distributed to the Spleen and Intestines O. The Pancreas P. The Tongue as bigg as the Life Q. The Eyes R. One of the Feathers of the Breast which is composed only of Threads like Down and which has two Stems like two Branches which proceed from a third which is as it were the Trunk S. The Medulla Spinalis divided and separated as it were into two Branches which afterwards joyned again T T V X. The same Marrow cut through to shew how the two parts T T which divide in two the Trunk of the Marrow on the fore-side are joyned together at the hinder part X to form the Cavitie V. Y Y. Two small Appendices which supply the place of the Caecum having on the inside a very small Cavitie THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THREE EAGLES THese three Eagles were almost alike in bigness forme and Plumage The inward Parts were in some things different principally because they were of different Sexes The greatest which was a Female measured from the Extremity of the Beak to that of the Tail two Foot nine Inches from the end of one Wing to the end of the other when expanded seven Foot and a half The Beak was two Inches and a half long without comprehending the bending which was nine Lines The whole Head comprehending the Beak was four Inches and a half the Neck five Inches and a half the Leg together with the Thigh to the extremitie of the Talons fifteen inches It weighed ten pounds It s whole Plumage was of a Chest-nut Colour almost black except the bottom of the Neck before and of the Belly which was of a white sullied with a reddish gray The Feet were small in proportion to the Body and of a blewish gray The Beak was all Black. The two others one of which was a Male and the other a Female and which were somewhat lesser had the Beak black at the end yellow towards the beginning and blewish at the middle The Feet were yellow covered with Scales of different sizes those at top of the Toes being large and square especially towards the extremitie the other being very small The Talons were black crooked and very great especially that of the hinder Toe which was almost as big again as the others The Plumage was of three Colours viz. dark Chest-nut red and white The top of the Head was mixt with Chest-nut and red The Breast and Belly were mixt with white red and Chest-nut the Wings had a great deal of Chest-nut little red and less white The Quills of the great feathers of the Wings were nine lines in compass The Plumes of the Tail were very brown towards the extremitie having somthing of white towards their Origine The Thighs and Leggs even to the beginning of the Toes were covered with Feathers half white and half red each Feather being red at the end and white towards the beginning Naturalists do say that Eagles have the Leggs thus provided with Feathers as well to defend them from the Beak and Claws of Birds when they catch and take them in their Talons as to keep them from the cold of the Snow to which they are exposed on the tops of the Mountains where they generally reside Belonius who has described several sorts of Eagles has described them all without Feathers on their Leggs Besides the great Feathers which covered the Body there was at their root a very white and fine Downe about an inch long This Downe serves likewise to Arm the Eagles against the Cold of which they are very sensible which is the reason that Falconers when they make use of Eagles for high flying do take from them a part of that Downe and of the other Feathers from their Belly to the end that they rise not too high being hindred by the cold of the middle Region of the Air. The other Feathers which covered the Back and Belly of our Eagles were four or five inches long Those which covered the Thighs on the outside were six inches and reached three inches beyond the Heel Those whereby the Breast and Belly were decked in the Male measured seven inches in length and three in breadth they were soft having on both sides only a long Downe the fibres of which were not clasped together as they generally are in the strong Feathers which are ranged like Scales These Feathers were double for each Quill being come out of the skin about two-lines and a half did shoot two unequal Stems the one being as large again as the other We have observed the same thing in the Feathers of the Neck and Belly of a Parrot and in all the Feathers of a Cassowary Belonius reports that the Bird which he calls Cock of the Wood and which he thought to be the Tetrix of Aristotle has of those sorts of Feathers and that he has not seen any other Bird have the like The Eye which was sunk in the orbite and covered with an Eminence of the os Frontis which made
little one The Aqueous Humour which was in exceeding great abundance was not found congealed although the Vitreous and Crystalline were hard Frozen which demonstrates that this Humour is improperly called Aqueous and that its Substance is rather Spirituous and as it were Aetherial because that Congelation peculiarly belongs to Aqueous Liquors those which are Fat and Oleaginous being capable only of Coagulation even as those which are Spirituous and Aetherial do suffer neither Congelation nor Coagulation So that it is probable that this Substance which is lock'd up in the forepart of the Eye has nothing of Water but the Transparency and Fluidity because that it has need of an extraordinary thinness and Subtilty to serve for the Refraction which must be made in the Crystalline whose substance is thicker by establishing the diversity of the Medium which is necessary to this Operation The Choroides was brown and the Retina white The Tapetum was also of a blewish white In the place of the Optick Nerve there was observed a black point The Nerve entered into the Eye almost directly over the middle of the Tapetum The Crystalline contained five Lines Diameter and its Posteriour part was not so Convex as the Anteriour The Explication of the Figure of the Sea-Fox IN the lower Figure it is laid in such a manner that there may be seen the two Fins which it has on its Back Eye Nostril and the five Apertures of the Gills with the Teeth which are on the right side all of one single Bone making only one row and after another manner than on the left side where they are separated from each other and disposed in several rows as is seen in the upper Figure In the Upper Figure a. Is the Heart B c. The Right Lobe of the Liver c. The Gall-Bladder of which but a small part is seen it being inclosed in the Liver D D. The Left Lobe of the Liver e. The Spleen F g. The Ventricle g h. The Duodenum h I. The great Intestine j. The Auricle of the Heart K. The Aorta Ascendens L. The Cornea sunk and folding over the Crystalline M M. The Edge of the Sclerotica N. The Optick Nerve O P Q. The great Intestine part of whose coat is taken away to shew the Spiral Membrane that is within it O. The part next the Duodenum P. The beginning of the Rectum Q Q Q. The Srcew-like or Spiral Membrane THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SEA-FOX IN this Fish we found all the marks by which Authors describe that which they do call the Sea-Fox except some particularities which are pretended to have made it so named For they do say that it has a great deal of resemblance with the Land-Fox as well in its Tail as in its Subtilty Smell and Tast of its Flesh but none of the Company observed that it smell 't otherwise than the Generality of Sea-fish It s Flesh was found well tasted to make it to be taken as it has been by some Authors for the Accipenser or at least to make it unlike that of the Fox which is known to be very ill and it cannot be believed that this Animal can have a great deal of Subtilty if it be true that the Brain contributes to it for there was hardly any found in it As for the Tail it is indeed very strange but it nothing resembles that of a Fox The Sea-Fox is by Authors put in the unflat Cartilaginous Cetaceous Kind which are called Galeodi Their generical differences are to have two Livers five Bronchiae or Gills of each side and pendent points at the Finns which are under the Belly at the sides of the Navel in the Males These Fishes are of six Species called Canicula Acantias Mustelus Galexias Asterias and Alopecias which is our Sea-Fox whose Specifick difference as to the Figure is taken from its Tail which very perfectly represents a Sythe The length of this whole Fish was eight foot and a half and its greatest breadth directly over the Belly fourteen Inches It s Figure was such that from the end of the Nose to about the middle of its whole length it had the common form of a Fish for it grew larger toward the Belly and then it did contract to the place where the Tail of other Fishes end But there it is that his began which was almost as long as all the rest of the Body and made like a Sythe bent towards the belly At the place where this Sythe began there was a single Fin underneath which Salvian reports to be at the top where there was only an Eminence which was an Articulation that made the Spine to bend in this place higher and lower more easily than in all the rest of the Body where the Flexion was easie only to the right and left There were two Fins elevated on the Back a great one in the middle and another less towards the Tail altho Aristotle according to the report of Athenaeus says that it has not any Fin on the Back It had three Fins on each side The two next the Head were large and representing the wings of a Bird which is the reason perhaps that induced Aristotle to say that there is a Fox which like Batts hath leather wings These Fins were fifteen Inches long and five broad at their Basis. Those which were at the middle of the Belly were of a middle size They were at the side of the Navel and had each a pendent point which is proper to the Males in this sort of Fish as it has been said The last near the Tail were very small The Skin was sleek and without Scales the Crests and Fins were hard and composed of small Spines restrained by the Skin which covered them the Colour of which was all over alike of a very dark-gray blewish like Mud and not white at the Belly as in Salvian's Fox The Opening of the Mouth was five Inches and armed with two sorts of Teeth The right side of the upper Iaw to the place where are the Canini of other Animals had a row of sharp Teeth hard and firm being all of one single bone in the form of a Saw but this bone was much harder than the other bones which are fastened with a Cartilage in these sorts of Fishes The other Teeth which were on the side of this and all the lower Jaw made six rows throughout and were moveable and fastned by fleshy Membranes Their Figure was Triangular somewhat sharp and their Substance much softer than that of the others which are like a Saw especially in the inward rows where they were very brittle and softer than the Cartilage so that there were some which appeared only like an hardned Membrane The Tongue was all firmly fixed to the lower Jaw and composed of several Bones strongly articulated to each other by a fibrous Flesh. It was furnished with a hard Skin and covered with little shining points which made it very rough from the inside outwards and
lustre of Mother of Pearl which is in Terrestrial Animals and which we do call the Tapetum but with colours less brisk The Retina was adorned with Sanguinary Vessels very apparent This Fish was very Fleshy and in several places we found Fat above an inch thick which very much Fortifies the Opinion of Archestratus who in Athenaeus averrs that the Sea-Fox is that Fish which those of Syracuse do call Cyna Piona by reason of the abundance of Fat which it hath which is contrary to the Opinion of Epaenetus who says in the same Author that Cartilaginous Fishes have none The Explication of the Figure of the Lupus Cervarius or Lynx THAT which is most Considerable in the lower Figure is the black Hair which makes the Tuft that each Ear has at the tip and the roundness of the Head as well as the rest of the shape of the Animal which nothing participates of that of the Wolfe In the Upper Figure A. Is one of the Kidneys as big as the Life B C. The Tongue D D. The Integuments of the lower Belly E E. The Liver F. The Gall-Bladder G. The Ventricle H. The Spleen I. I. I. The Vessels making that called the Vas-breve K. K. K. The Epiploon L. L. L. The Intestines THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A LUPUS CERVARIUS OR LYNX SOme Authors have thought that this Animal was called Lupus Cervarius from its Figure and Colour supposing that it has the shape of a Wolfe even as it in some measure resembles the Stagg in the Colour of its Hair. This very Reason hath made others to think that it is the Thos of the Ancients because Oppian reports that the Thos has the Form of its Sire which is the Wolfe and Colour of its Damme which is the Leopardess But the truth is that the Lupus Cervarius or Lynx has nothing which resembles the Wolfe and the little resemblance which it takes from the Leopard or Stagg is so common to a great many other Animals that it is more probable as several Believe that the Name of Lupus Cervarius is given unto it because that it hunts Staggs as the Wolfe devours Sheep That which was Dissected had not the Nose long and pointed like the Wolfe but blunt and short which made it rather to resemble a Cat. The length of the whole Head was seven Inches that of the Neck four The rest of the Body contained twenty four Inches without comprehending the Tail which had but eight the whole amounting to three Foot seven Inches The height from the extremitie of the Back to the end of the fore-paws were twenty Inches and there were twenty three from the Os Sacrum to the extremities of the hind-Feet The fore-Paws had five Toes the hind-ones only four All these Toes were armed with Claws crooked pointed and articulated as in the Lions Bears Tigers and Catts which we have Dissected The Back was of a Fox-red marked with Black Spots The Belly and inside of the Leggs was of an Ash-colour speckled also with Black Spots but differently for the Spots of the Belly were larger not so Black nor so close to each other as those of the Back Leggs and Paws whose outside was red like the Back The greatest part of the Hair viz. that which appeared red and that which appeared of an Ash-colour was indeed of three Colours having the root of a Dark-Gray and the extremity White But this Whiteness of the extremity took up so little a portion of the Hair that it prevented not the seeing its principal Colour which was that of the middle and it made the whole Superficies of the Body to appear only as if it were powdered The Hair which made the Black Spots was but of two Colours hauing no White at the end and being only less Black towards the root which nevertheless was Browner than that of the other Hair. The Dentes Canini which were four were eight Lines long in the upper-Jaw the two of the lower-Jaw but six Between the Canini there were in each Jaw six Incisores and those of the upper were likewise longer than those of the lower There were ten Molares five in each side viz. two above and three below in each Jaw The Tongue was four Inches and a half long and an Inch and a half broad It was covered with Pricks as in the Lion and Catt These Points from the tip of the Tongue to the middle were very hard and sharp and were turned towards the root of the Tongue Those which were from the root to the middle were turned contrary and were blunter and softer The Ears which greatly resembled those of a Catt had each on the tip which was pointed a Tuft of very Black Hair which seemed to us to be a Character very particular to the Lupus Cervarius to distinguish it from several other Animals which are described in the Histories of the Antients as the Thos Chaos and Panther which modern Authors have taken for the Lupus Cervarius but in none of which has there been observed this Tuft which Aelian reports to be at the end of the Ears of the Lynx after the same manner as we found it in our Subject and in other Lupi Cervarii which are in the Park of Vincennes It is very hard to conjecture why modern Authors have taken the Lupus Cervarius for the Thos of the Ancients of which some as Theocritus have only reported it to be a kind of Wolfe and others as Homer that it Eats Staggs For it is pretended that this Author has in some measure described the Nature of the Thos by compareing them to a multitude of Trojans which pressing Ulysses in a Combate are put to Flight by Ajax who comes to rescue them But by this Comparison he gives us to understand that the Thos are weak and Cowardly Animals seing that being assembled to eat a Stagg which has been wounded by a Hunts-man they do leave it to a Lion which unexpectedly comes upon them For this reason they are by the Scholiast interpreted Pantheria which are a kind of weak and timerous Wolfe Aristotle and Theocritus do likewise say that the Thos resembles the Wolfe that he is swift-footed and leaps a great way although he has short Leggs But there are other reasons to make us beleive that the Lupus Cervarius is not the Thos which are much more powerful For besides our not finding our Lupus Cervarius to have short Leggs the other Marks also which the Antients do attribute to the Thos are wanting in it having not the Figure of the Wolfe as Aristotle and Oppian describe it not being weak and timerous as Homer represents it not having another Colour in the Winter than in the Summer nor being of the kind of Animals which do love Man which do him no harm and which do not avoid him For it is known that these Characters by which Aristotle and Pliny do represent the Thos are not found in the Lupus Cervarius and the greatest part are contrary to what
a half long from the basis to the point and almost two inches broad In the Dissection which we made of the Brain the Figure of the Sinus of the Dura Mater appeared to us very singular The upper Sinus which came from the side of the Os Ethmoides divided the Brain into the right and left sides and advanced in a streight line to the beginning of the Cerebellum where being arrived it was divided into two great branches almost in the form of a Y which on the right and left did divide the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum These two branches produced four others two on each side which by returning towards the hinder part of the Head divided the Cerebellum into three unequal parts that of the middle which was the greatest was ten lines in length and five in breadth and was Oval the two other lateral ones were four lines and a half broad and six long The whole extent of the Brain was in its greatest length from the Nose to the Temples but an inch and eight lines and an inch and half in its breadth Having raised the whole Body of the Dura Mater by the Anterior part we found no Falx under the great Sinus There was only a little Cavity which was formed by the roundness of the Sinus and under the Branches of that Sinus there was seen to appear some prints of the like Cavities The separation of the Brain from the Cerebellum was distinguishable only by those sorts of prints which were not deep The Cerebellum took up all the hindermost part of the Head. The Brain had but very little Anfractuosities and its external part seemed rather White than Ash-coloured The rest of the Brain was like to that of other Animals The Mamillares Processus were very large but the Optick Nerves were very small at their going out of the substance of the Brain and they went joyned together after an extraordinary manner by reason of the length of this Conjunction which was seven lines they were afterwards divided after the usual manner to go to the Eyes which for an Orbita had only a bony Circle As to the Flesh of the Muscles and of all the rest of the Body we found nothing particular save that the Flesh of the Tail as we have already observ'd was different from that of the other Parts The Explication of the Figure of the OTTER THat which is remarkable in the lower Figure is the Structure of the Paws whose Toes are fastened each to other by skins as in the Goose The Teeth which are sharp and different from those of the Castor and the Ear which is little as in the Castor but a great deal lower In the Upper Figure A B. The Kidney covered with its Membrana Adiposa C C C. The several little Kidneys discovered the Membrana Adiposa being taken off D D. The Ureters E E. The Emulgent Vessels e. The Clitoris drawn inwards F F. The Nymphae H. The Anus i. The Clitoris drawn outwards L. The Bone in the Clitoris THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF AN OTTER SOme Authors have confounded the Otter with the Castor by reason of the great resemblance that is between these two Animals but the generality do agree that they are different in several things We have remarqued some which we have not as yet heard spoken of and there are likewise a great many Particularities which are attributed to the Otter and which are pretended to be common to it with the Castor or Beaver which we found not in our Subject Pliny Belonius and almost all the Natural Historians do say that the Otter and Castor are only different in the Tail which is covered with Scales in the Castor and which is Hair in the Otter Georgius Agricola and Albertus do make the four-Feet of the Otter like those of a Dog. All the other Authors do report that it has them like to those of the Castor we found neither the one nor the other in our Otter Herodotus says that the Castor and Otter even as the other Animals which he calls square-headed have this in common that their Testicles are proper to the Distemper of the Mother and Brasavolus affirms that they both have the same Virtue against the Epilepsie Palsie and all the Maladies of the Nerves In which it appears that these Authors have made no distinction between the Pouches of the Castor and its Testicles because that the Pouches are only made use of in the Distempers of the Mother and Nerves Aristotle has likewise attributed to the Otter a particularity which Pliny reports of the Castor which he declares to be so inraged against Man that when he bites him he never quits his hold until he feels the Bone of the Parts which he has seized to crack under his Teeth The Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from whence the word Lutra is derived and which signifies a Bath or Bagnio seems to distinguish it from the Castor because that it plunges only into Fresh-water and never into the Sea the water whereof is not proper to wash with nor to make a Bath and that the Castor goeth indifferently into the Sea and Rivers The size of the Otter and the Proportion of its Parts did also render it very different from the Castor that we Dissected for the Castor was three foot and a half long comprehending the Tail and the Otter had in all but three foot two inches and its Tail was proportionably much longer which made the rest of the Body lesser than that of the Castor The Head of the Castor was five inches and a half from the Nose to the hinder part of the Head and that of the Otter exceeded not four and a half The fore-feet of the Castor were six inches and a half from the Cubitus to the end of the Toes and those of the Otter not above five The hinder-feet of the Castor were six inches from the Heel to the end of the Toes and those of the Otter but three and a half This does likewise render our Otter very different from that which Bellonius describes in which he makes the Leggs to resemble those of a Fox and only different in this that they are bigger unless he would be understood to say that they are bigger in proportion to their length but the truth is that in proportion to the rest of the Body they are a great deal shorter than a Foxes being in this like to those of a Weasel which has a long Body and short Leggs The hinder feet wholly resembled those of the Castor having five long and slender Toes not close together like those of a Dog and the intervals had a skin as in the feet of Geese The fore ones were like those behind and very different from the fore-feet of the Castor For these toes were joyned by Membranes as those behind excepting that the Membranes held them closer together but they had not that resemblance which those of the Castor have to a Hand the five
Figure represents the different Colours of its Hair which is lighter under the Belly and Stomach than on the Back and Paws It is also necessary to be advertized that the Snout is somewhat more crooked than it was when the Dissection was made designedly to express the mobility which was there observed and the great facility which it had to be raised upwards The Tail is bent downwards because it was found thus disposed in the dead Animal Yet Authors do say that the Coati uses to carry his Tail very erect In the Upper Figure A. The Dens Caninus in form of a Tusk B B. The Tongue C C. The Os Penis D. The right hind-foot E. The Spurs of the Heel All as big as the Life THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A COATI MONDI THE Coati is an Animal of Brazile which is variously described by Naturalists and their Descriptions do not exactly agree with what we have observed in ours which may cause a belief that there are several Species of them Deleri in his Voyage of Brazile gives it a Snout a Foot long round as a stick and as small at the beginning as towards the end very like the Proboscis or Trunk of an Elephant to which Margravius also compares this Snout but in his Figure he makes it like that of our Coati which had nothing of an Elephant's Trunck but its mobility which is scarce otherwise than that of a Hog In the Kings Library amongst a vast number of Animals painted in Miniature with a great deal of exactness there is the Figure of a Coati which some of the Society saw alive which though it resembles ours yet is different in some very considerable particulars such as are the shape of the Teeth and Feet which were very extraordinary in our Subject but notwithstanding it is found to have sufficient resemblance to the Figure which Margravius Laet and Deleri have given thereof and to that which is in the Kings Library to make it thought to be a kind of Coati It was in all thirty five inches and a half viz. six inches and a half from the end of the Snout to the hinder part of the Head and sixteen inches from the Occiput to the beginning of the Tail which was thirteen inches long From the top of the Back to the extremity of the fore-Feet was ten inches and there was twelve to the end of the hind-feet It s Snout was very long and movable like that of a Hog but it was straiter and longer in proportion It s motion was more evident than in the Hog its Snout easily turning upwards The four Paws had each five Toes the Claws of which were black long crooked and hollow like those of the Castor The Toes of the fore-Paws were a little longer than those of the hind-Paws which were like to those of the Bear excepting that the whole sole was without Hair wherewith the Heel of the Bear is covered The Palms and Soles of these four Paws were covered with a soft and tender skin as in the Ape and this softness of skin was the only thing which our Subject had of the Ape to which we found it had no other resemblance although it was given us for a Sagoin which is a kind of Monky for its Tail whose length in some sort resembled the Tail of the Apes which are called Cercopitheci was different therefrom in the length of the Hair which is a great deal shorter in the Tail of Apes proportionably to their Body The sole of the hinder-paws was long having a Heel at the extremity of which there were several Scales a line broad and five or six long They grew out behind heaped together like a Marigold when it closes it self at Night The Hair was short rough and knotty It was blackish on the Back in some places of the Head and at the end of the Paws and Snout As for the rest of the Body it was mix'd with Black and Red yet so that the bottom of the Belly and Throat was of a deeper Red in some places than in others The Tail was covered with a Hair of these two Colours which formed several Circles or Knots the one Black and the other mix'd with Black and Red. The Tongue was chop'd with several Fissures or Strokes which made it to resemble the top of a leaf of a Tree The Eyes were very small like a Pigs The Ears were round like those of Rats and covered at the top with a very short hair but in the inside with a longer and whiter There were six Incisores in each Jaw The Canini were very large especially those of the lower Jaw Their Figure had something more particular not being round blunt and white as in a Dog Wolf or Lion but sharp by the means of three Angles which at the extremity formed a point sharp like an Aule They were grayish and somewhat transparent The Gula was large and cleft as a Hogs and the lower Jaw was also as in a Hog very much shorter than the upper Now there was not found any of these particulars in the Sagoin and these two Animals having nothing common save the Country wherein they do breed which is Brazile we have found no Description in the Authors which have treated of the particular Animals of America Meridionalis which fuites better to what we have observed in our Subject than that of the Animal which Margravius and Laet in their Brazilian History do call Coati which is a Genus whereof they do make two Species the one has Red Hair all over the Body and is simply called Coati the other has only the Belly and Stomach of this Colour which they do call Coati Mondi In the Description which these Authors do make of this Animal the marks which we have there described and which we have met with in our Subject do all occurr except the Teeth and Scales which are at its Heels which they have not mentioned and the Tail which in their Coati's they do make much longer than the rest of the Body But Laet reports that these Animals used to bite off their Tail and that they do live on it some time which at last they do wholly devour and then die It might be that ours so shortned his They do likewise say that the Coati's have hands made like those of Monkies which appeared not in our Subject whose feet were otherwise very like to the Figure which Margravius has inserted in his Book By the Dissection we found that under the Skin and between the Muscles there was a great deal of Fat white and hard like Tallow The Penis was hid in a passage an inch deep and as much broad whose Aperture was under the Belly about four Fingers distant from the Anus This Penis was provided with a Bone whose length did in proportion exceedingly surpass that of the Bones which are found in the Penis of other Animals which have it It was thick at both ends and had a Figure resembling the
without a Cartilage at the place towards the Back-bone and which touches the Oesophagus These Rings were of such a Figure and so disposed that their extremities flatned and inlarged did each form as it were two Wings or Auricles which were laid one upon the other so that for instance the lower Wings or Auricles of the first Cartilage were covered with the upper Wings of the second which with its lower wings did likewise cover the upper wings of the third which did cover its lower wings with the upper ones of the fourth This continued after the same manner in all the Cartilages of the Aspera Arteria as is represented in the Figure which alone can sufficiently demonstrate this extraordinary Structure The residue of every Ring which was the hardest part was hollow in its middle and left two eminencies at its sides This conformation did in this place make the Aspera Arteria more rough than it generally is because that the inequality of the two different Substances which compose it namely the Membrane and Cartilage which is found in all forts of Asperae Arteriae this had over and above the inequality which the Cavities or Indentings that were in each Ring did make The Cornea in the Eye was of an oval Figure as it usually is in other Cows The Iris was Yellow a little inclining to Red. The Crystallinus was more convexbehind than before The Explication of the Figure of the CORMORANT IN the Lower Figure is observable the length of the Head the smalness of the Eye and its oblique Situation the crooked Figure of the Bill and the extraordinary Structure of the Feet which have the great Toe outwards and the others inwards being all four webb'd together by Membranes In the Upper Figure A B. Represents the Oesophagus blown up and tied at the top B C. The Ventricle blown up B. The place where the Oesophagus is straitned to make the upper Orifice of the Ventricle D E. The Aspera Arteria E. A knot made of a Bony Ring at the bottom of the Aspera Arteria F F. Two Musculous Ligaments which do fasten the Aspera Arteria with the Bladders of the Lungs G. The Heart H. The right Lobe of the Liver I. The left Lobe K. The third Lobe which is under the two others L. The Gall-Bladder M. The Pylorus N. A part of the Oesophagus the inside of which is represented O. The Superiour Orifice of the Ventricle P. A part of the Ventricle which is seen on the inside q q. The Membranes of the Ventricle cut asunder the interiour of which is composed of an infinite number of longish Glands conglomerated and whose points do make the internal Superficies of the Ventricle rough like Chagrin Q. The Larynx R. The Tongue S T. The right Foot. T. The Serrate or toothed Claw which is on the second Toe THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CORMORANT THis Bird is called a Cormorant that is to say Crow-Marine because that it is generally all black and is an Aquatick Animal Gesner says that it is for this reason that it is by Albertus Magnus called Carbo aquaticus Gaza is of Opinion that the Corax of Aristotle is this very Bird not only by reason of the Greek Name which signifies Crow but likewise of the other marks by which this Philosopher designs it which do perfectly agree with the Cormorant that we describe It was twenty seven inches from the end of the Bill to the extremity of the Tail and three foot and a half from one end of the Wings expanded to the other There are seen a great many larger on the Sea-Shore It s whole Plumage was Black or a very dark gray somewhat greenish on the wings except the Belly and under the Neck which were covered with white Feathers the end of which was blackish which made these white parts to seem spotted with brown Gesner reports that in Switzerland these Cormorants which are there called Scharbi that is to say Coals have some of them white Bellies Under the great plumes which cover the Body there was a gray down extremely fine and thick as in Swans Aldrovandus reports that the Skins of Cormorants are prepared like those of Vultures and used to cover and warm the Stomach The Feathers which did garnish and adorn the Neck were very short and those which did cover the Head much shorter but they were very thick and small like Fringe This demonstrates the Cormorant not to be the Phalocrocorax which is so called because it has no Feathers on the Head and that Pliny is deceived when he says that the aquatick Crow which is the Cormorant is naturally bald and that this particularity has given it the name which it has amongst the Greeks Belâ—…nius held the same Opinion These Plumes upon the Head were four lines in length strait and staring This made the Head to appear less flat than indeed it is although it very much appeared so with these Feathers Towards the root as well of the upper as lower Beak there was a Skin without Feathers it was likewise extended round the Eye This Skin was Red. Aldrovandus reports that it is generally white and Gesner makes it of a Saffron-Colour This same Skin was extended under the Beak upon the Cavity which is generally there In this place it was of a Pale-yellow The Bill at the sides was Gray mix'd with Red and Black at the top It was three inches in length from the opening to its extremity It was crooked and very pointed at the end This Beak served him to catch Fish but because that he could only swallow them backwards or sidewise and could not conveniently swallow the Tail first by reason of the Fins Crests and Scales which hindred them from entring into his Throat he used to cast them in the Air to receive them with the Head first which he does with so much dexterity that he never misses This Bird is made use of for Fishing by putting an Iron Ring at the bottom of its Neck to the end that the Fish being received into the Oesophagus which is very large making a kind of Craw might not enter into the Ventricle and they might easily be made to cast them up In the Beak there was not any hole for the Nostrils although in the Palate there was one large enough to permit the Vapours to rise up to the Organs of the Smelling The Eyes were small and situated very near the Bill Being shut the line which the Eye-lids made was somewhat more oblique than it generally is in Birds The Feet were short not exceeding four inches from the Belly to the Ground and there were seven to the end of the greatest Toe These Feet were very black and shining covered with long and strait Scales in the inside of the Foot and on the middle of the Toes These four Toes were webb'd together by some Membranes which we have already remark'd in a Scotch Goose. These Membranes were speckled like Chagrin These four Toes which
of these ends was as it were cut and this cut had a slight Cavity through the middle This Ball was of a dark Olive-Colour Velschius in his Treatise of the Balls which are found in the Ventricle of the Chamois calls them German Bezoar Cardan stiles them Cows-Eggs by reason perhaps that these Balls are sometimes found in the Ventricles of young Cows which has been observed by Pliny Barth linus says that they are frequently found in Denmark in the Bellys of Horses and Sheep He thinks that these Balls are made either of the Hair which the Cows do swallow in licking themselves or from the Wooll which the Sheep do eat from each other when they do pass away the Winter in Snowie Mountains where they can find no Grass The Ball which we found seemed not to be composed of Hairs but of lignous Fibres which was discovered by the inequality of these Fibres which were not of the same size nor of an uniform Figure like as are Hairs It must be likewise considered that these Balls are found in the Bellies of Horses which are not Animals that do lick themselves and in which they must be made of something else than Hair. Thus the generality of Authors and amongst others Camerarius and Gesner do think that these Balls are composed of the residue of the Plants which the Animals have eaten the hardest Fibres of which are undigested and they do say that these Fibres are of the Plant Doronicum which some do judge to be a kind of Aconite for tho' the leaves of the Doronicum be tender and soft they have some nervous Fibres almost like Plantain Pliny seems to confirm this Opinion when he averrs that the Chamois do's live on Poison as well as Quails for tho Botannists are not agreed upon the poyson of the Doronicum and some do question whether it is poison to Men yet they do concurr that it is poison to most Beasts It is thought that the Chamois does eat the Doronicum to secure it self from the Vertigo to which they might be subject when they do run upon the points of the high Rocks Velschius asserts that these Balls are found only in the first or second Ventricle that which we found was in the third Camerarius remarks that it is toward the Month of November that they grow there our Dissection was made in December All the Intestines together without comprehending the Caecum were forty foot long The Caecum was eight inches The Colon exceeded not a foot The Spleen was round and flat like a Cake it was eight lines thick in that half which adhered to the great Ventricle the other half which was not adherent went lessening its thickness to the end which was very thin The Liver had three Lobes two great ones and a little one The Gall-Bladder was in the middle of the right Lobe Amongst the Animals that have no Gall Pliny ranks the Goat of which the Chamois is a Species That which Bartholine Dissected had none The Kidneys were two inches long The Membrana Adiposa was not joyned and fastned as usually upon the body of the Kidney but it left a vacant space between both The same thing has been observed by Barth line in his Chamois The top of the Memorana Adiposa of the right Kidney was fastned to the little Lobe of the Liver The Cornua Uteri were extraordinary long and bent with several Folds and Circumvolutions The Testicles were joyned to the extremity of the Cornua which are properly the Uterus of Brutes The Vasa praeparantia did cast forth some Branches not only into the Testicle and Matrix but likewise into the Bladder The round Ligaments took their Origine at the sides of the Matrix or Ductus and did descend as is usual into the Groin where they were dilated to make that which is called the Goose's foot The Lungs had eight Lobes four on the right side three on the left and the eighth on the inside of the duplicature of the Mediastinum The Heart was long and pointed Towards the point there was a callous white hard and round Apophysis it proceeded out of the heart about the bigness of ones little fingers end The Brain was large in proportion to the Body containing two inches in breadth and three in length comprehending the Cerebellum The Anfractuosities were more and more diversified than they commonly are in Brutes Although the Cerebrum was divided into the right and left by a long cavity as is usual yet there was no production of the dura Mater to make that which is called the Falx there was only a line very little elevated which answered to the cavity of the Brain The Choroides was very much dilated by the affluence of the Blood which had been retained in the Vessels whereof it is composed The Glandula Pinealis was large containing a line in Diameter It s Figure was rounder than ordinary The Optick Nerve did enter into the Globe of the Eye out of the Axis a great deal more towards the Brow than towards the Jaw On the inside of the Globe of the Eye it entred through the extremity of the Tapetum which was brown of Colour The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than on the inside It was naturally divided in three on the Superficies of its interiour part The Membrana Arachnoides was very thick and hard so that it was easily separated from the Crystallinus The Explanation of the Figure of the Porcupine and Hedgehog THE lower Figure represents the difference of these two Species of Amals which are unlike not only in their size but also in their prickles which are all of one sort in the Hedge-hog and much shorter in proportion to the Body than in the Porcupine which has great and hard prickles on the Back and Flancks and which on its Neck Head and sides of its Jaws has only long small and flexible Bristle In the Upper Figure A. The Ventricle of the Porcupine B. The Duodenum which may pass for a fourth Ventricle C. The great Spleen D. The little Spleen which is fastned on the Ventricle by its middle and joyned by its lower end to the Ilium towards E. E F G. The Ilium H. The Caecum I I. The Colon. K. The external Ear like to that of a Man's L. One of the Porcupines great Teeth as big as the Life M M. The Parastatae N N. The Testicles of the Male Porcupine O O. The Prostatae P. The Bladder q q. The Ligaments which do fasten Testicles and pass into the Thighs r. The Epididymis naturally separated from the Testicle Q Q. A piece of the Skin which seemed as it were Printed on the inside by reason that it is wrinckled in small Cavities Lozenge-wise There is likewise one of the Porcupine's prickles which was left fastned to this piece of Skin to shew how little adherent it is because of the smallness of its root which penetrates not far into the Skin R. One of the Quills which
were upon the Porcupine's Rump S S. The Kidneys T. The right Succenturiatus immediately fastned to the Vena Cava and Emulgens U. The left Succenturiatus immediately fastned to the great Kidney and by the means of a Vessel to the Emulgent X X. The two Cornua Uteri Y Y. The Testicles of the Female Porcupine Z. The Bladder Φ Φ. The broad Ligament of the Uterus Γ. The left Succenturiatus cut in half Δ Δ. The Testicles of the Male Hedg-Hog inclosed within the Belly as they commonly are in the Females of other Animals α α. The Epididymis β β. The Parastatae γ γ. The Prostatae ε ε. Some fleshie Membranes which do serve for Cremasters ξ. A Transparent Membrane Θ. The Bladder Ω Ω. Membranes in the Male Hedg-Hog like the broad Ligaments of the Uterus These Membranes are thick and very different from the Membrane ξ which is Transparent Πθ θ. The Vasa Spermatica praeparantia Λ Λ. The Tongue of the Porcupine THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF SIX PORCUPINES AND TWO HEDGE-HOGS THE Porcupine and Hedg-Hog according to the Ancients are Animals of one Genus by reason of the Prickles wherewith they are both covered The name of the Genus is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Echinus The Porcupine is by the Greeks and Latins called Hystrix The Hedg-hog is by Oppian Stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek minor Echinus in Latine as if the whole distinction of these two Species consisted in only the difference of the size Yet we have observed that the Animals of these two Species were likewise different in other things more essential namely in the Country where they do breed in their Prickles and in the Shape of the rest of their Body for the Porcupine is bred in Africa the Hedge-hog is common in Europe the prickles of our Hedge-hogs were shorter in proportion to their Body than those of the Porcupines and the shape as well as the use of these prickles was also very different even as their Feet Nose and all the inward parts The greatest of the six Porcupines which we here describe was eighteen inches from the Nose to the extremity of the hind-feet extended They all had over the Body a Bristle or great shining Hair resembling in its grosseness Consistence Figure and Colour the Bristles of a Boar which has given to this Animal the Appellation of Hystrix which comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Hogs-hair And indeed this Bristle did better resemble that of the Hogg than of the Boar in that it was not intermix'd with another shorter Hair like to the downe which garnishes the root of the Bristle of the Boar but it was every where of the same length and kind It was above three inches long all over the Body except the top of the Neck where it was a foot long and three times as big as any where else These Bristles made as it were a tuft on the Head of about eight inches and mustaches about six inches long The Bristles of this tuft was of a dark Chesnut Colour from the middle to the end Besides these Bristles there was likewise on the Back two sorts of Prickles some stronger thicker shorter and more pointed the points whereof were keen with two edges like an awle Claudian puts these sorts of prickles on the head of the Porcupine and says that they do supply the place of Horns which we found not in our Subjects The other prickles were a great deal longer and more flexible they were a foot long their points flatted and weaker than the others The shortest and strongest were white toward the root and of a dark Chesnut Colour at the end The longest were white at the root and end and in the middle they were chequered with black and white All these Hairs and prickles were hard and shining in their surface the inside was of a Substance white and spongious There was likewise another kind of prickles the end of which seemed to have been cut the resâ—… being hollow like a quill but that which composed this Tube was a great deal thinner than that of any quill These Tubes or hollow Pipes exceeded a line in Diameter and were three inches long they were white and transparent like Pens and rayed with little wrinckles long-ways They were twelve in number and laid upon the extremity of the â—…oecyx somewhat â—…aised at the top Their root was very small not exceeding the bigness of a Pin although it was above six lines long Those prickles which were strongest and shortest were easie to pluck out of the Skin not being firmly fixed like the others these the Animals are used to dart against the Hunters by shaking their Skin as Dogs do when they come out of the water Claudian says elegantly that the Porcupine is himself the Bow the Quiver and the Arrow which he makes use of against the Hunters The Fore-feet had but four toes the hind-ones had five and were formed like those of a Bear the great toe being outward The whole Leg and Foot as also the Belly was covered with the great Bristles already mentioned having only the sole unprovided thereof These feet resembled not those of a Hog as Albertus reports they do We found likewise that the Nose of our Porcupine was not made like the Snout of an Hog as it is represented by Claudian to whom nevertheless the Porcupine must be well known being born in Aegypt where this Animal is very common This Nose resembled that of an Hare the upper Lip being cleft the lower was likewise pierced and made as it were a Case in which were shut up the two Incisores of the lower Jaw These Teeth as well as those of the upper Jaw were not unlike those of the Castor being very long and situated in such a manner that the keen part of the lower ones did not meet the cutting part of the upper ones like a pair of Pincers as in most Animals but these parts did pass over each other like Cissars The Molares in four of our Subjects were only six in each Jaw the fifth had eight They were short standing not above a line and a half out of the Jaw-bone They were cut at the top very smooth By their cutting it appeared that they were not intirely solid but that the Bone was as it were folded or leaved having amongst the folds of the Bony Substance another blackish and Spongie one These Folds were not only in the surface where they appeared but they were through the whole Tooth as was found after it was broken The Tongue was at its extremity covered over with several little bony Bodies like Teeth The greatest were a line in breadth their extremity was keen and divided by three rays or cuts which made as it were four Incisâ—…res The Ears were thinly covered with a very soft Hair they resembled those of Man. In one of our Subjects they were found different in the upper part which was pointed as the Ears of
like a Dâ—…g by reason of the length of their Nose The differences of Apes are taken in French principally from their size for the great ones are simply called Singes or Apes whether they have a Tail or no or whether they have a long Nose like a Dog or a short one and the little Apes are called Guenons or Monkeys The four Apes which we describe were of the Genus of the Cercopitheci because that they had Tails But their smalness permitts them to be ranged only under the Genus of Monkies They were but fourteen inches from the Crown of the Head to the begining of the Tail which was twenty inches The Arm had four inches from the Elbow to the end of the fingers was six inches the Thigh four and a halfe the Leg five and the Foot four from the Heel to the end of the longest Toe They did likewise all agree in several other things which are common almost to all Apes viz. 1. That they had Hairs on each Eye-lid which Aristole has observed to be peculiar to the Ape among the Quadrupeds These Haires according to Aristotle's observation were so fine that it was hard to descern them 2. That in the lower Jaw there was a Pouch or Sack on each side into which these Animals used to put what they would keep 3. That the Teeth were very white and like Man's except the Canini which were very long in the upper Jaw and very strait in the lower Jaw being without Point and differing from the Incisores only in their being straiter and longer 4. That the Feet were almost like the Hands as they generally are in other Brutes the Toes of the Feet being as long as those of the Hands which is not in Man whose Toes are two thirds shorter than his Fingers The Feet of our Apes did indeed more resemble the Hands of Man than their own by reason of the conformation of the great Toe which resembled a Thumb being long slender and a great way parted from the first Finger whereas in the Hand or Paw the Thumb was so short and so close to the first Finger that it seemed almost useless 5. That the Parts of generation in three of our Subjects which were Males were different from those of Man there being no Scrotum in two of these Subjects and the Testicles not appearing by reason that they were hid in the fold of the Groyne It is true that the third which was one of the Sapajous had a Scrotum but it was so shrunk that it did not appear 6. That the Skin stuck close on the Buttocks The three Males differed only in Colour of their Hair. The fourth Subject which was a Female was of the Cynocephali kind not having a flat Face like the others but a Nose somewhat long like little Bolonia Dogs Yet its long Tail did make it to be of the Cercopitheci kind like the others whose differences amongst the Ancients were taken from the Colour of the Hair the Cercopitheci simply called being those which have but one Colour and those which have several being called Cepi that is to say Gardens by reason of the diversity of Colours wherewith they seem to be flowered and Imbroidered as â—…lian reports Pythagoras to have sayd The first of our Apes was of the first Species of the Cercopitheci being all of one Colour viz. of a Red somewhat inclining to a Green. This colour which was predominant was only a little darker on the Back and lighter on the Breast and Belly The second was of the second Species because that besides the Greenish-Red colour of the Hair which covered the Back the Hair which adorned the Belly Breast and inside of the Thighs and Arms was Gray The third and fourth were likewise more diversified with Colours This Species is called Sapajou These two Subjects were different not only in colour and the various shape of their Spots but also in the Forme of their Nose which was long in the one and flat in the other The first which was a Male was white on the Belly Stomach Throat on the inside of the Armes and Thighs and on the Buttocks All the Back from the Ompolatae to the Tail was of a dark-Red The Flanks the outside of the Armes and Thighs the Leggs and Crown of the Head were Black and every black Hair had also little Red and White Spots there being two Red Spots towards the end and the half towards the root being white On the Chin there was a white Picked Beard an inch long The Hair on the Back was an inch in length about the Neck an inch and a halfe it was in this place more Staring than in the rest of the Body and made as it were a Ruffe The Brow had a White list on which a row of Black Hair was elevated like Eye-Brows The Iris in the Eyes was of a Redish Yellow The Pupilla was very large The Head was round with a kind of a flat Face resembling the Visage of a Man with a short and Flat Nose The other Sapajou which was a Female had the Nose long inclining to the Cynocephali It s Hair was of three colours viz. Red Gray and a dark Chest-Nut The Belly and Breast were mixt with Red and Gray The Armes and Leggs were of a dark Chestnutt the Back had the Chestnut and Red mixt together so that in some places there was more Red in others more Chestnut which made great Spots almost as in Cats It had neither the White on the Fore-head nor the Beard as the other Sapajou The Ears of the first Sapajou were round and so small that round the hole they were not extended above a line and a half being intirely covered with the Hair. The Writers of Physiognomie have thereon apparently Founded the Judgement which they do make of little round Ears which they do put as a sign of a deceitful and Villanous temper such as is the Apes Authors do not agree touching the internal parts of the Ape Aristotle Pliny and Galen do averr that they are wholly like to those of Man. Albertus do's on the contrary affirm that as much as Apes are like to Man on the outside so much are they unlike in the inside So that there is no Animal as he sayes which has the intrails so different from Mans as the Ape The Observations which we have made are repugnant to both these Opinions which are both too extream Yet we found that our Apes did more resemble Man in the external parts than in the internal and that there are more Animals which have the inward parts as like to those of Man as our Apes than there are which do as much resemble Man as our Apes do in their exteriour figure The Rings or Holes of the Peritonaeum were as in Dogs the Epiploon was different from that of a Man in several things 1st It was not fastened to the Colon in so many places having no connexion with the left part of this Intestine â—…d
like an Epiploon The upper part which covered the Ventricles was thin and transparent without Fat Glands or apparent Vessels the part which descended to inclose the Intestines had some Vessels and Fat but in a very little quantity The Spleen was round thin and wholly adherent to the great Ventricle It was six inches Diameter The Vessels which do make the Vas Breve were utterly imperceptible The Gibbous and upper part was fastned to the Diaphragme by three strong Ligaments The Liver had but one Lobe and was only Cleft before and quite whole within The right side was somewhat more extended that the left and made a point towards the Kidney There was no Gall-Bladder The Kidney was very large being five inches long and three broad There was no Ren Succenturiatus The Penis had no bone The proper Membrane of the Testicle was immediately fastened to the Glandulous Substance so that it was absolutely inseparable therefrom and more than usual in other Animals Over this Membrane were an infinite number of Blood-Vessels some whereof were strait and as big as a Bodkin others were undulated and as it were frizled very small about the bigness of a Pin. The Glandulous Substance of the body of the Testicle was Yellow that of the Epididymis of a pale livid Red. The Uniting of the Vasa Praeparantia was wreathed and confounded and made a Tube about the bigness of ones Finger which produced the Epididymis which covered and imbraced the top of the body of the Testicle even as the Cup of an Acorne This part resembling an Acorne did produce a body about the thickness of ones Finger which descended along the body of the Testicle being there fastened and made towards the bottom a kind of a Teat from whence it returned along the side opposite to that by which it descended and formed the Vas Deferens which was about the thickness of a Swans quill The Lungs had seven Lobes four on the right side and three on the left The Heart was very large almost round and soft because that the Ventricles were very large There was a Bone as usually in Staggs TO the Description of the Stag we do joyn that of the Hinde to discover wherein these two Animals did agree and in what they were unlike besides the difference of the Sex. The highth of this Hinde was two foot eight inches from the back to the Ground The Neck was a foot long The hind-legg from the Knee to the end of the foot was two foot and to the Heel one foot The Hair was of four Colours viz. Fallow White Black and Gray There was some white under the Belly and on the inside of the Thighs and Leggs On the Back it was of a dark fallow On the Flancks of an Isabella-fallow Both the one and the other on the Trunck of the Body was marked with White Spots of different figures along the Back there were two rows in a direct Line the rest was confusedly Speckled Along the Flanks there was on each side a White line The Neck and Head were Gray The Tail all White underneath and Black at Top the Hair being six inches long The Epiploon was fastened to the Peritonaeum directly over the Navel and inveloped the Intestines underneath It was composed of very thin Membranes and small Vessels without Fat It was double The Liver was small and like to that of the Stagg in that it was not separated into several Lobes having only the fissure which is generally at top towards the middle and an other underneath inclining to the right side There was not also any Gall-Bladder The four Ventricles were better distinguished and separated each from other than they were in the Stagg where there was distinctly seen but two The first and greatest Ventricle had on the inside a Membrane easily separable from that of the outside as in the Gazella This internal Membrane was rough by an infinite number of Asperites or Teats as is generally seen in Animals which chew the Cud. All this great Ventricle was contracted in several places and separated in different Pouches as in the Stagg it was filled with Grass amongst which there was found several pieces of Skin of shoe-Soles about the bigness of a Crown-piece some pieces of Lead about the bigness of ones Nail which seemed worn and fretted and some Fragments of slate This may make one to think that these sorts of Animals do hastily gather their Food in the Fields and that they do wait to cull it leisurely when they Chew it The second third and fourth Ventricle were not different from those of Sheep The Intestines were very long as in the Stagg but less in proportion They measured in all forty foot There were two sorts the first which made about a quarter were Grayish and plaited in Folds six inches long the others were of a dark Red and folded very small in Cells The Mesentery was composed of very fine Membranes The Spleen was covered with a hard thick and whiteish Membrane Its figure was round it was like that of the Stagg strongly knitt to the Ventricle and Diaphragme The Cornua Uteri were long and bent into several Anfractuosities Their extremity was applyed to the Testicle which was small on the inside of each of these Horns there were two folds of the internal Membrane which did forme some leaves ranged according to the length of the Hornes almost after the same manner as is seen in the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals which chew the Cudd. The Heart was extraordinary large and soft It s Ventricles were extended by a quantity of coagulated bloud which filled them The Lungs had seven Lobes The Truncks of the two Iugulars as well the internal as external had each sixteen Valves disposed in six rows about two inches distant from each other The four upper rows consisted each of three Valves the two lower ones had only two but they were larger than those of the upper rows The disposition of these Valves was such that the aperture of the Sacks which they did form was toward the Head to stop as it is probable the too great impetuositie of the Bloud which falls in its returne from the Brain into the Axillary Branches Those of the Moderns who are ignorant what is the Motion of the bloud in the Veines have attributed this use to all the Valves of these Vesseles the situation of which is found to be contrary to the Motion and course of the Bloud after the Manner as they understand it and favourable to the course which it efectively has for the Circulation that is to say for its return towards the Heart Bartholinus has remarkt two Valves in one of the Iugulars Riolanus who first found out these two Valves affirms that they are never found but in the internal Iugular although we have alwayes found them in the external as well as Internal But this situation of the Valves contrary to the Motion of the Bloud towards the Heart
the others even to the fore-Claw by turning its Paw which is round and bordered with Nails like a Charriot which moves its wheels and imprints the heads of the Nails with which their Circumference is bordred and makes them to enter into the Earth one after the other The Tail was large having at its beginning six Inches Diameter It was fourteen Inches long and terminated in a point like an Oxe's Horn. Cardan calls it a Nail which he likens to the Spurr which is behind a Cock's Foot and thinks that it is a Callosity engendred at the end of the Tail of Tortoises which have been formerly cutt off which is not probable a Callus not being able to obtain a Figure so Regular and so exactly rounded as it was in the Tail of our Tortoise This Tail after the Death of the Tortoise was turned on one side and so inflexible that it could never be made strait what force soever was used The same inflexibility was found in the Muscles of the Jaws which could not be opened otherwise than by cutting the Muscles Aristotle has observed that of all Animals the Tortoise is that which hath most strength in his Jaws For its Force is such that it cuts in sunder whatever it lays hold on even to the hardest Flints We have taken notice in a small Tortoise that its Head half an hour after its being cut off did make its Jaws to clack with a Noise like to that of Castanetts The stifness of the Tail equalling that of the Jaws makes it evident that the Tortoise has a great deal of strength in this part to strike with and that this Horn which it has at the end may serve instead of an offensive Weapon After having sawed on both the sides the Bone which in manner of a Skull makes the Cavity in which the Entrails are enclosed as has been said And after having quite cutt away a Membrane adhering to the part of this Bone which is underneath and which makes the Belly this Membrane supplying the place of the Peritonaeum towards the bottom and of the Pleura towards the top the Internal parts which presented themselves to view were the Ventricle Liver and Bladder whose greatness was such that it covered the Intestines and all the other parts of the lower Belly The Ventricle was placed underneath the Liver to which it was fastned by means of several Vessels It was nine Inches long and three diameter Its Tunicles were very thick its Orifices strait and the Membrane which makes the Velvet was folded and bearing forms like Leaves extended according to its length It had the Figure of the Ventricle of a Dog Severinus attributes to it that of the Ventricle of a Man. At the end of the Ventricle the Intestine which one may call the Duodenum had in its inner side Plaits or Folds like the Ventricle Their Figure was Reticular which might give occasion to believe that it was a second Ventricle The rest of the Intestines were composed of very thick Membranes The small-Gutts were one Inch diameter and nine Foot long The Valve of the Colon was formed by a circular fold of the Internal Membrane of the Ileum There was not found in the Ileum nor Colon the Leaves that we have observed in the generality of Animals We found no Caecum Severinus attributes two Caecums to the Tortoise resembling those which are found in Birds The Rectum at nine Inches distance from the Anus had a contraction like the Rump of a Hen round which there were three round Appendices of a different size which seem'd formed by the Internal Membrane of the Rectum and which were covered over with fleshy Fibres extended according to the length of the Appendices The rest of the Rectum which reached from the contraction to the Anus did serve as a Case to the Penis as is observed in the Castor Civet-Cat and several other Animals Among the small Water Tortoises we have dissected there was found towards the extremity of the Rectum two Bladders which had communication with the Intestine and which swelled when that was blow'n up These Bladders have not been found in great Tortoises The Liver was of a solid Substance but its colour pale it was of a considerable bigness and seemed as if it were double being separated into a right and left part which were joyned together only by an Isthmus of one Inch broad and by Membranes which did convey Vessels from the left part to the right Each of these parts had a Vena Cava proceeding out of the Convexity which faceth the Diaphragme and each of them a Ramus Hepaticus going out of the hollow part The left part of the Liver was the greatest being divided into four Lobes The first and biggest was on the left side The second whose bigness was of a middle size was under the first The third which was somwhat lesser was extended towards the right part and produced the Isthmus by which the two parts were joyned together The fourth was lengthened like as the third over which it was situated to go joyn it self to the right part to which it was fastned only by a Membrane and some Vessels which this Membrane did convey from one part to the other such a like Membrane did joyn the two last Lobes The right part of the Liver had but three Lobes The first and greatest was the highest The second was under it 't was by this Lobe that the left part of the Liver was joyned to the right by the means of the Isthmus The third Lobe which was the least issued out from the middle of the Cavity of the great Lobe and did cover over the Vesicula which was fastned in this place being inclosed in a Sinus or Cavity which hindred it from rising without the Liver as it usually does It contained an Inch and half in length to half an Inch in breadth It s Figure resembling that of the Vesicula of a Man. The Canalis Cysticus which as in Man was the continuation of the Neck of the Vesicula was seven Inches long and as big as a little writing Pen. It descended without having any Communication with the Hepaticus and was inserted into the Duodenum by a particular Aperture The Hepaticus was double as has been said The right had several apparent Branches which like Roots were extended into the Lobes of the right part of the Liver The left had none of the apparent Branches but it formed a Trunk which immediatly issuing out of the Liver did joyn it self to the Trunk of the right Hepatick joyntly to making but one Trunk which went to insert it self into the Duodenum near the Cystic The Vena Porta had its Trunk in the right part of the Liver between the the first and second Lobe It shot forth a great Branch along the Isthmus producing several Branches which were distributed into the left part of the Liver The Vena Cava as has been said had two Trunks one right
the Temples which do cover the Two sides of the Crown of the Head and in the middle of the fore-head do leave that Cavitie which Aristotle in his Physiognomy adjudgeth to be peculiar to Lions Every of these Muscles was five inches in length four and a half in breadth two in thickness and Twenty Ounces in Weight This Head thus Garnished with Flesh and Composed of Bones so firm in their structure and Substance made us to think that if the Bear according to Pliny has a Head so tender and weak that it may be Slain with a slight Blow it is probable that it would be very difficult to stun a Lion and that this was well known to Theocritus who tells Hercules that all that he could do to the Nemaean Lion with his Club was to stun him and that he could not kill him but by Strangleing him with his Hands The Bone which is found in Brutes between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum over the Satura Lambdoides was an Inch and a half long Ten lines broad and Two thick of a squarer Figure than that which is in the Scull of Cats Doggs c The Glandula Pinealis was diaphanous and so small that it exceeded not a line in length and two Thirds of a line in breadth at its Basis. The Optick Nerves appeared much thicker after their Conjunction than before Which proceeded hence that the Foramina thro' which they do enter into the Orbita are not round but like a slitt which makes them broader by flattening them Being past thro' the Foramen of the Orbita they were extended to the Globe of the Eye two Inches and a half in length It was observed that the Cavity of this Orbita was not wholly fenced with a Bone on the inside but that there was a hole towards the Temples between the Apophysis of the Os Frontis and that of the first bone of the Jaw which were not joyned more than in Cats Doggs c. The Globe of the Eye was sixteen lines Diameter The Cornea was about the third part of a line in thickness at the middle and grew thicker towards its Circumference till it came to half a line after the manner of the glasses in Spectacles The Iris was of that pale colour which is called Isabella The Tunica Choroides appeared of a Gold-colour and which had nothing of that Verdure which most Authors do give to the Eyes of the Lion. The Reverse of the Anterior Vuea in the Place it lyes upon the Crystallinus was all Black. The Crystallinus was found very flat and its greatest Convexity contrary to what is in other Animals was in its anteriour part which is also observed in the Eyes of Catts The Figurs of the Crystallinus was such that it seemed shrunk up having a Dent in the side which made the Crystallinus of the left Eye where this dent was the greatest like the Forme of an Heart But one of these Crystallinus's which began to be spoilt by a Glaucoma made us to suspect that this was Praet ernatural and particular to our Subject The Aqucous Humour was found very abundant so that it almost equal'd the sixth part of the Vitreous Humour This abundance was Judged to be the cause of the clearness which remained in the Eyes after Death which are obscured when the Cornea is dryed and contracted for want of this Humour which keep 's it extended The last Observation was that considering the Season which was hot and moist when this Dissection was made and the disposition to Putrifaction which must needs be in the body of an Animal Dead of a Disease and which all Authors report to have a breath so stinking that it Infects whatever it approaches to such a degree that other Animals do not touch the remainder of the Flesh whereof he has eaten yet there appear'd nothing to us which denoted any extraordinary Corruption its smell being less offensive than that of a Deer which must be embowelled soon after it is killed And altho' there were found some Wormes in its Flesh the fourth day it was judged that they were ingender'd of Flyes because that a piece of the Tongue wrapt up in Paper was dryed in the space of one night and was grown very hard without any smell Which made us conclude that if the Lion is subject to a Feaver it is not caused by the Corruption of Humours and is only an Ephemera altho' it is said that he has it all his life This may cause a Belief that Choller is a Balsome in the body of Animals which resists Corruption and which has this effect that Lyons in whom it is praedominant do live a long time There was likewise made another reflection upon the smalness of the Brain of this Animal of which Natural Historians do relate so many marks of Judgement and Reason and by comparing it with the abundance of that of a Calfe it was judged that the littleness of Brain is rather the sign and cause of a savage and cruel Disposition than a want of Judgment This conjecture was fortified by an other Observation which was made four dayes before upon a Sea-fox where was found hardly any Brain altho' it was thought that the Sagacitie and Subtiltie which it hath has given it this Name amongst Fishes all the Kinds of which are generally ill provided of Brain so that they have little disposition to the Society and Discipline which Terrestrial Animals are capable of THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF ANOTHER LYON THis Lyon was extraordinary large though very young It was seven Foot and a half long from the end of the Nose to the beginning of the Tail and four Foot and a half high from the top of the Back to the ground Our Observations were almost the same with those which we have already made on the first Lyon but amongst other things the straitness and narrowness of the Thorax which we have already remarkt seem'd to us very considerable in this Subject For in the inside from the one side to the other in the largest place it exceeded not seven Inches of which the Heart took up four so that there remained but three for the Lungs Pericardium Mediastinum and Vessels of the Heart The Pericardium was likewise without Water and the Intestines short in Proportion to the Body containing but Twenty five Foot in length which was just three times the length of the Body The Crystallinus was more convex on the outside than the inside What we found different is that the Liver which was of so dark a Red in the first Lyon that it appeared Black was so pale in this that it had a Feville-morte Colour That the Annular Cartilages of the Larynx which were intire in the first Lyon which nevertheless was not Old were found imperfect in this which was Younger And we were not able to resolve whether we ought to atribute to the difference of Age that which we observed in the Paws because that in those of the Young Lyon we
Substance which did not resemble Fat. F. The Trunk of the Vena Cava G G. The Trunck of the great Arterie H H. The Vasa Spermatica prâ—…parantia I I. The Testicles K K. Two Appendices which appear to be the Fringes of the Tuba of the Matrix L. The Matrix M M. The Cornua Uteri N. The Neck of the Matrix O. The Bladder P P. The round Ligaments of the Matrix Q. The Membrane which composes the Iris making several circular foulds R. The place of the Tunica Conjunctiva which is white S. The place of the Tunica Conjunctiva which is black T. The Membrane which makes the inward Eye-lid V V. The Claw X X X. The last Bone to which the Claw is fastened Y. A Cartilagineous and Ligamentous Substance which is between the Bone and the Claw and which fills the space which is between both a b c. The Matrix of a Woman in which a represents the Fundus Uteri b c and b c. The Cavity which was in each of the Horns THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A LYONNESS BEsides the particular Character of the Sex of the Lionness which is to have no long Hair about the Neck there are observed several others which are that she has a longer Nose a Head flatter at top and Claws lesser than the Lyon. This Lyonness was three foot high from the end of the fore Claws to the ridge of the Back She was about five foot long from the extremity of the Nose to the beginning of the Tail which was two foot and a half long The Claws which were at the end and divided into several Fibres like those of Lyons have been observed in this Subject with more care and exactness than in the others It is observed that they are composed of a Fibrous and very compact Substance in respect of each Fibre but that these Fibres are easily separable one from the other which happens as it is easie to Judge for want of the Moisture which should join and glue them together even as it is seen in Fibrous Wood which cleaves not so easily before it is dry Indeed this Lyonness which was extraordinary lean had Claws much easier to shoot out than the other Lyons which were younger and fatter Thus the Root of the Claws and the particular manner whereby we have found them fastened to the Bones of the ends of the Paws has seemed to us to be principally to supply the humour which is necessary to these parts For the Claw was not immediately fastened to the Bone by its whole Root But there was a part thereof viz. the inside which was hollow which was not knitt to the bone This inside was filled with a competent substance between the Cartilage and ligament This manner of connexion and fastening of these Claws seem'd to us to afford what ever is requisite to their use For if all the Fibres whereof these Claws are composed had taken rise immediately from the Bone they could not attract humidity enough to make that connection which renders the Claws solid And if they had been all fastened to the Bone by means of the Ligaments they would not have been so strongly joyned as when they are soddered without any thing between The Conformation of the Stomach was particular and very different in this Subject from that which we have found in other Lyons which we have dissected where the Stomach was like to that of Doggs and Catts having an ample and large Fundus towards the superiour Orifice which alwayes grew lesser and lesser towards the Pylorus but this had the bottom parted in two in a manner like Animals which chew the Cud. This particular form of the Ventricle was found only in one of the four Animals of this kind which we Dissected viz. two Lyons and two Lyonesses For in the two Lyons and the other Lyoness the Stomach was like that of Doggs It is very true that the Stomach of the first Lyon had two Protuberancies in its upper part but this was not considerable nor comparable to the division which made this Stomach double and separated into two Cavities The Intestines contained in all twenty two foot four inches in length the Rectum had but four inches and the Colon two foot The Colon had no little cells but only a straiter part which divided it as it were into two parts one of which was a little longer than the other The Caecum was two inches long and its Fundus upwards and Orifice downwards The Pancreas resembled that of Doggs The Mesentery was covered with livid Glands about the bigness of a Pea all of an oval Figure The Vessels were very apparent and greatly dilated and especially the Veins There was very distinctly seen the Venae Lacteae divided in different Branches by which the Trunks were easily carryed to the Pancreas Assellii The Peluis of the Kidneys was filled with a reddish Glare which might have caused a reflux of Serossity of which there was found a great deal in the lower Venter and Thorax The Bladder was so small that tho' it was extended as much as it was possible by filling it with Air it was not bigger than one of the Kidnys Aristotle and Aelian do say that Lyons do seldome drink And Albertus Remarks that Lyonesses do not long suckle their Whelps for want of that abundance of moisture which is necessary to the generation of Milk. The Liver had seven lobes six great and one small one One of the largest which are placed on the right side was split in two and dilated as it were to make room for the right Kidney which was higher than the left as is usually in Brutes The Gall-bladder was Anfraâ—…tuous and formed like several Protuberances as in the three other Subjects The Spleen was long and like a Crescent The branches of the Vas breve which fastened it to the bottom of the Ventricle were larger and more numerous than ordinary The Uterus was divided into two long Cornua as in Doggs These Cornua were tyed and fastened by large Ligaments At their extremity adjoyning to and underneath the Testicles there were some Appendices of an irregular Form and as it were torn at the end which were thought to be the parts which modern Anotimists do call the Fringes of the Tuba Uteri in Women Which seems to justifie and clear the Antients from an Errour whereof they were accused For this demonstrates that they had some reason to think that the Cornua Uteri in Brutes are the same thing with that called the Tuba in Women For tho' the Cornua of Brutes be a hollow body in which the Conception and Nourishment of their Young ones use to be made and that the Tuba of Women appears solid and without Cavity so that it is proper to receive the Seed and make the Transcolation into the Fundus Uteri by possessing the place of the Prostatae according to the opinion of Gallen and that the Conception be generally made in the Fundus
least of those whereof the Arm is composed After having made these Remarks we found that the Skeleton and Skin which was layd up retain'd for some time a strong Scent inclining much to that of Fish begining to stink and that this ill Smell as these parts grew dryer was changed into a Sweet and agreable Smell very like that of the Roots of the Iris and Violett Flowers and that at last all the Odour Evaporated when the rest of the Humiditie was consumed As for the knowledge of the incredible Virtues which the superstition of the ancients hath attributed to the Camelion and of which Pliny saith that Democritus hath writt a whole Book they are so Extravagant in the Judgment even of Pliny that we referr our selves to his opinion thereof And without trying whether we could raise Tempests with its Head or gain Law-suits with its Tongue or stop Rivers with its Tail and do the other Miracles which it is said Democritus hath left in Writeing we were contented to make those Experiments which seemed to have some probabilitie being founded on Sympathie and Antipathy such as is that which Solinus Reports to be so great between the Crow and the Camelion that it dyes immediately after having Eaten of its Flesh. The truth is that a Crow peckt several times with its Bill on our Camelion when it was set to it Dead and we gave it several Parts of it to Eat and even the Heart it self which it swallowed without any harm The Explication of the Figure of the DROMEDARY IT is represented in the lower Figure so that there may be seen the highth of the Bunch which it has upon the Back and which is for the most part composed of long Hair which stands upright There is also seen the four Kinds of Callosities which are at the Parts on which it rests it self when it lyes down viz. The two Callosities of the Fore-leggs that of the Thigh and that of the Breast Its Feet are likewise so raised that they do present a part of the Sole to the Eye In the Upper Figure A. The first and greatest of the four Ventricles T. The Oesophagus B. The second Ventricle C. The Third D. The Fourth E. The Pylorus F F F. The second Ventricle cut in four G. The hole which is the passage of the first and great Ventricle into the second h h h h. The holes of the Sacks which are between the Coats of the second Ventricle I. The Glandula Pinealis K. The Sole of the Foot which is Solid and covered with a very soft and delicate Skin L. The upper Part of the Foot which is a little Cloven M. The Penis N O. The Tongue O P. The Part which is rough from the inside to the end by reason of an abundance of little pointed Eminencies N q. That which has the greatest Eminencies turned after the same manner as the little ones q p. That which has likewise great Eminencies but which are turned opposite to the little ones q. The Center of the great Eminencies THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A DROMEDARY THis Animal here described we call a Dromedary altho' the common practise be to give the name of Camel simply to that which like it has but one Bunch on the Back and of Dromedary to that which hath two according to Solinus but contrary to what Aristotle and Pliny and the generality of Authors have Writt thereof who do make two sorts of Camels whereof one which retains the Name of the Genus has two Bunches and is most commonly found in the Eastern parts of Asia and is therefore called Bactrianus it is also bigger and more proper to carry heavy Burdens The other which is Lesser and fitter for the Course and which for this reason is called Dromedary has but one Bunch and is most commonly seen in the Western Parts of Asia viz. in Syria and Arabia The Sieur Dipi an Arabian who was present at our Dissection informed us that the Camels of his country are like to Ours It was seven Foot and a half high from the Crown of the Head to the Feet five and a half from the highest bending of the Back-bone which is the Bunch Six Foot and a half from the Stomach to the Tail of which all the Knots or Vertebrae were fourteen Inches together and all the Tail comprehending the hair two Foot and a half The Head was One and Twenty Inches from the hinder-part to the Nose The Hair was of a Fawn-Colour inclining a little to an Ash-Colour It was very soft to the touch moderately Short and somewhat shorter than an Oxe's excepting some places where it was longer as on the Head under the throat and on the fore-part of the Neck But the longest was on the middle of the Back where it was near a foot In this place although it was very soft and limber it stood erect so that it made the greatest part of the Bunch of the Back which when this hair was pressed down with the hand hardly appeared more Elevated than a Doggs or Swines which are Animals that have not the Back Sunk as Horses Cows and Staggs generaly have And indeed there are some Authors which do say that the Dromedary is engendred of the Camel and Hogg This is very repugnant to Aristotle who asserts that there is no Animal which hath the Back bunched like the Camel. Some Authors do say that this Bunch is a Flesh peculiar to this Animal which rises upon the Back over the Vertebrae and which wasts away when after a long abstinence from Food it grows extraordinary lean But we found not any appearance of this Flesh in our Subject although it was not lean and without this Flesh the Bunch which was made only by the Hair was much raised as is seen in the Figure Besides these two sorts of Hair viz. The long which was upon the Back Head and Neck and the short which covered the rest of the Body there was likewise a third sort at the Tail which differed from the others as well in bigness as Colour being Gray and very strong and altogether like the Hair of a Horse's Tail. The Head was little in Proportion to the Body the Nose was cleft like a Hare's and the Teeth like to those of other Animals which do chew the Cud having no Dentes Canini nor Incisores in the upper Jaw although the Head wants the Horns which Nature has given and bestowed on the greatest of those which do chew the Cud. Cardan says that it has recompensed this defect of the Camel by arming its Feet which have Hoofs like those of Oxen according to Pliny But that is not found for it has neither Horn nor Hoof on the Feet which can render them dangerous each Foot being furnisht only with two little Nails at the end and the Sole which is flat and broad being very fleshy and covered only with a soft thick and somewhat callous Skin but very fitt and proper to travel in sandy
Places such as are in Asia and Africa We thought that this Skin was like a living Sole which wore not with the swiftness nor continuance of the March for which this Animal is almost indefatigable For when Aristotle says that they are sometimes forc't to defend as it were with Boots the Feet of those which are in the Armies it seems to be not so much to ease them from the inconveniencies which they do undergo in travelling as to prevent and keep off the Wounds which they might receive in the Warr. And it may be said that this softness of Foot which yeilds and fits it self to the ruggedness and unevenness of the Roads do's render the Feet less capable of being worne than if they were more solid although Pliny thinks that it is not possible that Camels can make long Journies if they are not shod It s callous Knees are much harder and do nearer approach the Solidity of the horny Hoof of other Animals Aristotle hath remarkt other Particulars in the Foot of the Camel which we have not found there He says that it is cleft in two behind and in four before and that the interstices are joyned by a Skin like the Feet of a Goose which was not found in ours whose Foot was only cleft at top within four or five Fingers of the end and this slitt was not joyned by a Skin but underneath this slitt which is shallow and not very deep the Foot was solid The Callosities of the Knees were six in Number viz. one at each of the Joynts of the fore-leggs the first and highest being behind at the Part which is properly the Cubitus and the second and lower of the two before upon the Joynt of the Knee which represents the Wrist Each hind-legg had likewise one on the first and highest Joynt which is that before and which is the true Knee Aristotle who has observed but four of these Callosities which he calls Knees and who groundlessly reproves an ancient Author which is Herodotus for having made six adds also a thing more strange which is to say that the Camel never bends its Leggs but in these four places For the Truth is that it bends them in Eight like other Quadrupeds and that there are only the two bendings which do supply the place of the Heel in the hind-leggs which have no Callosities Having opened these Callosities to observe their Substance which is between Flesh Fat and Ligament we found that in some there was a heap of thick Pus which made us to think as some Authors do report that Camels are subject to the Gout and we conceived that it might be that our Dromedary had been tainted with this distemper which was ended by a Suppuration Besides these six Callosities there was a seventh much bigger than the rest at the bottom of the Breast firmly joyned to the Sternum which had an Eminence in this Place It was eight Inches long six broad and two thick It was likewise very much suppurated and it was judged that this Part was as susceptible of the Gout as the Articles or Joynts because that its use being to support the whole Body alone whilst it was loading couched upon the Ground that hardship might make this Part capable of the weakness and heat which do attract the humors on the Joynts and which do hinder that they cannot digest and disperse them The great Sobriety which is remarkable in the Camel and the incredible Fatigue which it generally suffers do demonstrate that the greatest hardships may produce the Gout as well as Idleness and Debauchery Before we opened it to observe the inward Parts we took notice that the Praeputium which is very large and loose covered not only the end of the Penis but that it turned backwards which may have given occasion to the Opinion of those who have thought that the Camel pissed backward like the Lyon Castor Hare c. whose Penis bends not forward The internal Parts are very like to those of the Horse The Liver had three Lobes two very large ones in the middle and underneath which there was one which was lesser and pointed The Ligament which held the Liver suspended was not fastened to the Cartilago Xiphoides but to the center of the Diaphragme on which the Membrane of the Peritonaeum which covered it had a lustre which made it appear as it were all over gilded The Gall was not contained in a Cystis but spread over the Liver in its Ductus Cholidochus The Ventricle which was very large and divided in four as in the other Animals which chew the Cud had not that different Structure which is observed within the four Ventricles called by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They were only distinguished by some straitenings which made that the first Ventricle which is large and vast produced another very small one which was followed with a third somewhat less than the first but much longer and this was followed by a fourth like to the second At the top of the second Ventricle there were several square holes which were the Orifices of about twenty Cavities made like Sacks placed between the two Membranes which do compose the Substance of this Ventricle The view of these Sacks made us to think that they might well be the Reservatory's where Pliny says that Camels do a long time keep the Water which they do drink in great Abundance when they do meet with it to supply the wants which they may have thereof in the dry Desarts where they are used to travel and where it is said that those which do guide them are sometimes forc't by extremity of Thirst to open their Belly in which they do find Water There is likewise some reason to say that the instinct which Aristotle and Pliny have observed to have been by Nature bestowed on this Animal of always troubling and muddying with its Feet the Water which it would drink might rather be to render it heavy and consequently less fitt to pass speedily and more capable of being a long time retained in its Stomach The Intestines were of four sorts The first at the enterance of the fourth Ventricle were of a middle-size they were six Foot long The second were as it were ruffled and contracted by several folds as the Colon usually is by means of a Ligament which tacks it together and makes it as it were divide into several cells These were also of a middle-size and were twenty Foot long The last which were the smallest were Fifty six Foot long the whole making eleven Toises and there would have been found above thirteen if those had been unfolded which were ruffled and contracted The Spleen was layd upon the left Kidney It was Nine Inches long four broad and half an Inch thick The Penis of which it is said that Bow-strings are made was Nineteen Inches long It was very pointed at the end which was bent and made as it were a Hook of a cartilaginous Substance without any
and a half from the end of its Nose to the beginning of the Tail. It exceeded not one foot and a half in heighth from the top of the Back to the end of the Fore-claws The Tail was but eight inches There was nothing in all its exteriour Figure which is not in a Cat save that its Tail was not long enough in Proportion to the rest of the Body whose Bulk did indeed surpass that of the largest Cats but was also much inferiour to that of the Leopard and Panther It had no long and slender Neck like those Animals It was on the contrary in some sort shorter than the Cats which we found to proceed in some measure from its extraordinary fatness But in this it seemed to us repugnant to the nature of the Leopard which according to Gallen is the leanest of all Animals unless it be supposed that our Chat-pard was ingendred of a Leopard and a Cat and not of a Cat and a Panther because it is observed that commonly when there is a mixture of Species that which is thereby ingendred has more resemblance to the Damme than the Sire especially in that which respects the Form and Habit of the Body The grosness of the body of the Hair was proportionably of the length as it is in Cats but it was somewhat shorter The Colour which most prevailed all over the Body was of a Fox-red only the belly and inside of the fore-legs was Isabella the Throat and bottom of the lower Jaw was white There were black spots all over long ones upon the Back and round ones on the Belly and Feet at the extremity of which the spots were very small and thickly seminated on the Ears there were some very black streaks which crossed them and in short they wholly resembled those of a Cat. The Hairs of the Beard were shorter than those in Cats proportionably to the Body and there was none on the Eye-brows and Cheeks where Cats have them In opening the Belly there was found an extraordinary quantity of Fat for all the intervals of the Muscles of the lower Venter were filled therewith and under the Peritonaeum there was a piece which was bigger than ones Fist which inclosed the Vena Umbilicalis The two Skins or Coats of the Epiploon which were likewise furnished therewith did joyntly descend as usually and reached into the Groin and folding themselves under the Intestines did embrace and keep themselves suspended as in a Sack. The Intestines were almost all of an equal bigness and had two thirds of an Inch diameter The Rectum and Colon exceeded the other in bigness only one third of an Inch. These two great Intestines together were twelve Inches long the others from the Pylorus to the Caecum about seven foot The Caecum was an Inch and a half in length and two thirds of an Inch in its greatest thickness It terminated in an obtuse point The Stomach which was very great and large had in the sinuosity which is in most Brutes between the superiour and inferiour Orifices a Membrane greatly loaden with Fat which joyned these two Orifices together and which conducted the trunck of the Vena Gastrica to the bottom of the bending without touching the Membranes of the Stomach the Vena Gastrica being in this Membrane after the same manner as the Vessels are in the Mesentery and casting its branches into the Stomach as the Vessels of the Mesentery do cast them into the Intestines or as the Vas breve produces them to insert them at the bottom of the Stomach and in the Spleen The Pancreas was fastened and run along the Duodenum and Ileum and advanced not far underneath the Stomach The Spleen was four Inches long and fifteen lines in its greatest breadth It was of a dark-red colour and its Figure very well represented that of an Oak leaf being slit in several places The Liver was divided into six great Lobes three whereof were indented in several places It s Substance was soft and seemed to be composed of several Glands as we have already remark'd in the Liver of the Gazella This was found by two different Colours which were seen in this Liver the bottom being black and spotted with a clear and yellowish red But these spots had not a regular Figure like those which have been observed in the Liver of the Gazella's The Gall-Bladder was in the greatest Lobe of those which were again divided in two its Colour inclined to Yellow It s size was proportionable to that of the whole Animal like as the Kidneys whose proper Membrane was easily separated altho' the Vessels which were numerously extended on the external Superficies of the Parenchyma and which were very large and swelled appeared through this Membrane even as if it had been closely joyned to the Parenchyma for these Vessels were so visible that they seemed to appertain to this Membrane altho indeed they were included in the substance of the Kidney which has been already remark'd in the young Lion. As for the Parts of Generation they were very defective and imperfect for except the Penis Prostatae and Caruncula which is in the Urethra there appeared not the least sign or remain thereof There was only a Vessel which might be taken for one of the Deferentia but it was impossible to know certainly whether it was really one because that there was no appearance of Testicles and it could not be discovered from whence it came As to the other Spermatick Vessels there could none be found altho sought after with all possible care for it was doubted whether they were not broken through carelesness as it is probable Hofmannus did when he Dissected a Woman in whom these two Spermatick Arteries were not found although she had had several Children To clear this doubt the Vena Cava was presfed and the Blood therein contained made to ascend from the Iliack branches to the Emulgent Veins The same compression was likewise made on the left Emulgent without getting out one drop of Blood which was there very abundant and free from coagulation The great Artery was likewise tied a little below the Emulgent and having blown into the Trunk there went not out any wind 'T is true that having tied the Trunck above the division of the Iliack Arteries the wind lost it self through the Superiour Mesenterick which was broken but this branch being tied the Air found no way out when blown and when the whole Trunk was swelled up This defect of the Spermatick Vessels and other parts which are absolutely necessary for Generation agreed very well with the abundance of Fat whereof this Animal was full after the manner of all those which by an external cause have been rendred incapable of Engendring and in which the remainder of the nourishment could be imployed only to produce Fat. This gave us some suspition that our Chat-pard might have been Castrated when young according to the Custom which the Turks have followed as much as they could
Inches and a half from the external Orifice to the Bifurcation of the two Hornes or Ductus's which from the Bifurcation to their Extremitie where the Testicles were contained each four Inches and a half in length The Testicles were six lines long and four broad They were composed of several Glands The Lungs had seven Lobes like the Liver They were almost all dryed up and friable through the extraordinary heat of the Blood which was Blackt by adustion This Blackness of the Blood had made the Heart livid and tinged the Water of the Pericardium so that it was Bloodie The Heart was two Inches and a half long and two Inches broad The Auricles Vessels and Valves were as in a Catt The Muscles of the Temples were large and strong being eight Lines in thickness and two Inches in breadth This bigness seemed to us very considerable to make dubious the beliefe which we had that the Lupus Cervarius is the Lynx of the Antients because that when Galen speaks of the different size of the Muscles of the Temples in various Animals he gives only three examples of those which have them extraordinary small and feeble which are Man the Ape and Lynx But it is probable that Galen means the little Lynx of Oppian which only hunts Hares and not that which devours Staggs which is the Lupus Cervarius The Sinus's of the Skull were very ample and open The Bone which sepertes the Brain from the Cerebellum was like to that which we have found in a Tiger Fox Dog Cat and a great many other Animals At the opening of the Skull the Anfractuosities of the Brain appeared thro' the Dura Mater which was transparent The external part and Substance of the Brain which is called the Cortex was very white and solid The Glandula Pinealis was very small The Ball of the Eye was an Inch Diameter It was almost Sphâ—…rical except the Cornea which was raised somewhat more pointing The thickness of the Cornea which was half a Line was every where alike It was joyned as usually with the Sclerotica by the mutual Attenuation of the extremitie of the two Membranes which being each in this place made like the Diamond-cut of a Glass do so joyn themselves that both together are not thicker than each apart because that the thinnest place of the one which is its extremitie lyes upon the thickest place of the other These Sloapeings were each two thirds of a Line broad The Sclerotica which was outwardly White and inwardly somewhat Blackish by the touching of the Uvea was very thin at the bottom not being thicker than strong Paper It was twice as thick at its extremitie towards the Cornea At the side of the Cornea there was a Membrane as in the Lyon which serves for an internal Eye-lid which easily covered all the Pupilla when it was thrust over it It was of a triangular Form. The two lesser sides were fastened to the Conjunctiva The third which was the largest could slip and advance over the Eye to cover it The fore-part of the Iris was of a Yellow-colour mixt with a great many little red Lines which were broken and of an unequal size It was Black at the hinder part which lay upon the Crystalline The Aqueous Humour was very abundant but somewhat muddie being sullied by the dissolution of some part of the Black Substance which is fastened to the Uvea The Crystaline was seven Lines diameter and five thick three of which made the Anteriour Convexitie and two the Posteriour The Vitreous Humour was very Clear and Transparent The Tapetum of the Uvea which was of a Blewish White was pierced by the Optick Nerve not at its extremitie as it is seen in most Animals but almost in its Center The Optick Nerve had in its middle a Red point inclineing to Black. The Explication of the Figure of the Castor or Beaver IT is represented below with half of the Body that is the fore part on the Land and hind part in the Water because that it was observed dureing the time that it was kept that it loved frequently to plung its hind-Paws and Tail into the Water In the Upper Figure A A. The Os Pubis B. The bottom of the Bladder C C. The two first Pouches which are the largest of those wherein the Castoreum is prepared and contained D D. The two second which are less E E. The other Pouches of a third sort inclosed in the second D E. Several little globular Body 's seen upon the second and third sort of Pouches F. The Common Hole to the Intestine and Penis G. The begining of the Penis H H. The Epididymides I. The Testicles K K. The Vasa Spermatica Praeparantia L L. The Deferentia M M. The Cremaster's N. One of the fore-Paws O O. The Colon. P. The Caecum Q. A Ligament fasten'd to the Caecum along which are spread several Vessels which loose themselves in the Coat of this Intestine R R. The Brain S. The Sinus of the Dura Mater T T T T. Four other Sinus's proceeding from the other which divide the Cerebellum in three V V V. The Cerebellum X. The bone of the Penis THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CASTOR OR BEAVER IT was so much the more necessary to observe nicely all the Parts of the Castor because there has not hitherto been made an exact Description thereof the Ancients having been almost wholly silent concerning this Animal and the Moderns applying themselves more to speak of its Nature than to examine the Structure of its Body That which was dissected at the King's Library was taken in Canada about the River of St. Lawrence It resembled an Otter but was larger and bigger and weighed above Thirty Pounds It s length was about three Foot and a half from the end of the Nose to the tip of the Tail and its greatest breadth was near twelve Inches The Hair which covered its whole Body except the Tail was not every where alike but there were two sorts which were mingled together and which differed in length as well as Colour The bigger was about an Inch and half long and as thick as the Hair of ones Head. Its Colour was Brown somewhat inclining to a Minime or Soot-colour but very bright and its substance was firm and so solid that having cut it cross-wise there could not any Cavity be seen even with the Microscope The lesser was about an Inch in length there was some much shorter than others it seemed likewise more slender and was so soft that the finest down is not softer The mixture of these two sorts of Hair so different is found in many Animals but it is most remarkable in the Castor Otter and Wild-boar and it seems that it is likewise more necessary for them For these Animals being subject to wallow in the Mire besides the short Hair which Nature has given them to defend them from the Cold they had need of another longer Hair to receive the Mudd and keep it
the Elk do not agree together and are not wholly conformable to what we have observed in our Subject For some as Erasmus Stella and Sigismundus do report that the Elk has a Solid Foot like a Horse's according to Pliny who makes the Alce wholly to resemble a Horse except in the Neck and Ears which are otherwise proportioned Menabenus also and Ioannes Cajus do give it a Beard like a Goat and report that the rest of its Hair is not longer than a Horse's which is not found in other Authors nor in our Elk whose Foot was Cloven and altogether like that of an Ox. Its Hair was also in every part not only a great deal longer than in Horses but it even proportionably surpassed that of Goats without any appearance of a Beard We found not that piece of Flesh which Polybius reports after Strabo to be under the Chin of the Alce nor the hairs which some do make on its Neck and which Gesner averrs to have seen in a figure of an Alce which was sent to him by Sebastian Munster but these two particularities being singular to each of these Authors and no Person haveing spoken thereof save them they ought not to prejudice the common opinion which makes no difference between the Alce and the Elk. But that which more confirms this Opinion is that all the particulars on which the Antients do agree are found in our Elk for they do all consent that the Alce is an Animal near upon the Stature of the Stagg which it likewise resembles by the greatness of the Ears and littleness of the Tail as also by the Horns which are not found in female Elks nor in Hindes They do also agree in this that the Alce differs from the Stag in the length and colour of its Hair in the greatness of its upper Lip in the smallness of its Neck and stiffness of its Legs Our Elk exceeded five Foot and a half from the end of the Nose to the begining of the Tail which contained but two Inches in length It had no Horns because it was a Female and the Neck was short being as broad as long which was Nine Inches the Ears were Nine Inches in length and four in breadth and there is reason to admire why those who have thought the Alce of the Authors of late Times which they do take for our Elk was the Onager or wild Ass of the Antients are not grounded upon the resemblance of the Ears which in their bigness do far surpass those of Staggs Cows and Goats and which have none comparable save those of Asses which our Elk did better resemble by these Parts than by the Hair or Feet although Scaliger affirms that the Feet of the Elk are like to those of an Ass and Stella and Sigismundus report that there are some Elks whose Feet are solid but there is ground to believe if this is true that it is a thing as singular to some Elks as it is extraordinary to Horses to have a cloven Foot and to Hoggs to have it solid as Pliny reports that these Animals have in certain Countrys As to the Hair the colour of our Elks differed very little from that of the Asse the Gray of which sometimes approaches that of the Camel to which we have in this already compared our Elk but this Hair was in some places very different from that of the Ass which is a great deal shorter and from that of the Camel which is a great deal finer This Hair was three Inches long and its bigness equalled that of the coursest Horse Hair. This bigness grew lesser toward the extremity which was pointed and towards the root it was also staitened but all at once making as it were the handle of a Lance. This handle was of another Colour than the rest of the Hair being diaphanous like the Bristles of a Hog This transparent Part had at the extremity a little head or rotundity which was the root and it seems that this Part which was finer and more flexible than the rest of the Hair was so made to the end that the Hair which was else where very hard might keep close and not stand an end This Hair cut through the middle appeared in the Microscope spongy on the inside like a rush which Gesner explains very ill when he only says that it is hollow This Hair was long as a Bears but straiter and closer and all of one sort The upper Lip was great and loosed from the Gums but not so great as Pliny makes it in the Alce when he says that this Beast is forc'd to feed backward to prevent his Lip from getting between his Teeth And in the Dissection we observed that Nature has otherwise provided against this inconveniency by the means of two great and strong Muscles which are particularly designed for the raising this upper Lip. We likewise found the Articulations of the Legs strongly knit together by hard and thick Ligaments Nevertheless it is true that if one could believe what is reported of the Elk that being very subject to the Epilepsie when it is fallen into a Fit of the Distemper it is Freed and Cured by lifting one of his Feet unto his Ear and that the Hoof of this Foot is an infallible Remedy for the Epilepsie This Animal must have joynts far more supple than those of the Alce have appeared to them that thought it had none and which we have not found in our Elk or at least it is necessary that the Convulsions wherewith it is agitated being in this Condition do make some very strange Efforts on the Ligaments of the joynts to extend them so far beyond what they ordinarily are But if Olaus Magnus has writ like an Historian and if it be not in Raillery that he says that of the two Claws which are at the end of each of the Elk's Feet that alone which is on the outside of the right Foot is proper to cure the Epilepsie there must be supposed a much more admirable Dislocation and it may be said that the Cure of this Distemper by the single touch of the Elk's Claw when a Ring of it is worn is not more strange nor incredible than the Contorsion that must be conceived in this Foot to make the Claw which is on the outside to be put into the Ear So that to understand what Olaus means it is probable that his intention was to deride the imaginary Vertue of the Elk's Foot and that he has very prudently made use thereof For being unwilling openly to declare his Opinion which was contrary to that of the Vulgar who love Specificks amongst which the Claw of the Elk's Foot is the most Celebrated and seeing that they do not so much esteem the Physitians who do make Profession of using Remedies as Instruments proper to worke some Cures as those who do boast of Casting them if I may so say in a Mould by Febrifuges Antipleureticks Antipodagricks and Antepilepticks This great
slender and short and had no Caecum in the Male. The Female had two each being two Inches in length In the Eagle Haliaetos instead of the Caecum there were two small Bunches hardly visible on the outside but which had on the inside two Pouches formed by Tunicks like Valves The Rectum was suddenly contracted near the Anus and afterwards made a Pouch of the bigness and shape of an Egg at the Extremitie of which the Ureter's were inserted Underneath this Pouch there was seen the little Purse of Fabricius the Figure of which is represented in the Plate of the Bustard The Spleen in the two Royal Eagles was round on the outside flat on the inside and towards the Ventricle to which it was immediately adherent 'T was on the right side that it was fastened It was eight Lines Diameter It s Colour was a Red much darker than that of the Liver which was of a very lively Red. Its Vessels which it received from the Porta and Arteria Caeliaca were large and wide In the Eagle Haliaetos it was seated under the right Lobe of the Liver and knit to the third fold of the Intestine by the Branches of the Vena Porta and Arteria Caeliaca as in the other two In this same Eagle the Pancreas was situated as in most Birds in the first fold of the Intestine but it had a Figure altogether extraordinary It was round at the lower end making as it were a Head the rest was flatter and thinner This Head was perforated to give passage to the Ductus Hepaticus which without having any Communication with the Ductus Pancreatici went to insert it self into the Intestine The Ductus Pancreatici were in number three there were two which were inserted into the Intestine between the Ductus Cysticus and Hepaticus the third was joyned to the top of the Hepaticus The Insertion of these Ductus's had two things particular the first was that their insertion was made into the Duodenum whereas in Birds it is commonly into the Extremitie of the first doubling of the Intestines which belongs to the Iejunum The second particular is that the Mouth of all these Ductus's was each covered again by a little Teat whereas generally there is but one Teat for all the Ductus's as well Pancreatick as Cystick and Hepatick The Pancreas in the two Royal Eagles was likewise seated very near the Pylorus but it was fastned to the Intestine by a Ductus so small and short that it was hard to be seen at the other end it clinged to the Spleen which was fastened and joyn'd to the upper part and to the right side of the Ventricle as has been already declared The Liver was a great deal bigger in these two Eagles than in the other In both the one and the other the left Lobe was the largest The Gall-Bladder was likewise very large in all the three having the bigness and form of a great Chest-nut It was joyned to the right Lobe of the Liver only by its Neck which was a passage of a Line and half big The Ductus Cysticus proceeded from the bottom over against the Neck This Neck was joyned to the Liver after two different manners for in the two Royal Eagles it hung to the end of the right Lobe which was the shortest as has been said This was the reason that the Bladder was quite out of the Liver In the other Eagle the Neck was fastened to the middle of the hollow part of the right Lobe as usually In the two Royal Eagles the Kidneys were small being only eight Lines Diameter They were round and flatt of a tawny Colour somewhat reddish The Eagle Haliaetos had them almost like other Birds which commonly have them very great in Proportion to other Animals and of a particular Figure The Testicles in the Male Royal Eagle were two small glandulous Bodies shut up in Membranes They were each of the bigness of a Pea somewhat flatted of a flesh Colour inclineing to yellow The Females had the Ovarium and its Ductus as usually in Birds and such almost as is described in the Figure of the Damoiselle of Numidia The Tongue was Cartilaginous at the end and fleshy at the middle having at its root two hard points like those which are at the bottom of the Beard of an Arrow It was five Lines broad an Inch and two thirds long from the Mouth of the Larynx to the end which was not pointed as in most Birds which have the Beak strait but which was square as in the Parrot The small Muscles which fasten the Aspera Arteria did not take their Origine from the second Clavicula as in the generallity of Birds but from the internal part of the top of the Sternum The Globe of the Eye in the Female was in its greatest breadth an Inch an half Diameter That of the Male was three Lines less The Cornea had a Convexitie which made it to rise above the rest of the Globe of the Eye which was flatned before as it is usual in Birds and Fishes which have not the Globe of the Eye so Sphaerical as Terrestrial Animals The Cornea in one of the Eyes of the Male was not transparent but had an opake whiteness Between the Cornea and Chrystallinus in this Subject the whole Aqueous Humour was found hardned and as it were petrified about the thickness of two Lines This Cataract was placed in the Iris which was of a minime Colour and which seem'd to have been altered therefrom The Crystallinus was four Lines and a half broad and three and a half thick being more convex on the inside than the outside In the Female one of the Eyes was likewise spoiled all the Humours and Membranes of the inside being corrupted so that the whole was dissolved into a reddish water without any appearance either of the Crystalline Aqueous or Uitreous Humour The hole of the Uvea was closed by a thin hard and transparent Membrane Cortesius who has observed this Membrane in the Eye of an Eagle reports that it is found only in the Species called Ossifraga which Aristotle for that reason calls Epargemos that is to say which has as it were a Cloud over the Eyes Our Eagle was never the less very different from the Ossifraga which is not a true Eagle but a kind of Vultur whose plumage according to Aristotle is of a whitish Gray which has not any resemblance with our Eagle The Optick Nerve was in this Eye extraordinary soft and tender The Membrane which is peculiar to Birds and which proceeds from the Optick Nerve makeing as it were a Purse which go's to fasten it self at the other end to the Ligamentum Ciliare was very black and even more than the Choroides Altho' we called it a Membrane because that it appear'd a Membrane plaited yet it was only a company of great black Fibres which had some reddish ones in the middle and which appeared to be Vessels The Optick Nerve from whence this
the other always oblique For our Ostriches had the Aperture of the Eye oval a great Eye-lidd at the top which lower'd it selfe as that below was raised having great Eye-lashes which as in man was a great deal longer than those of the Inferiouâ—… Eye-lidd in the line which went from one Corner to the other being strait according to the direction of the Beak there was a third Eye-lid on the inlide as in the generality of Brutes 'T was a very thin Membrane which was hid in the great Corner towards the Beak Aldrovandus thinks Birds have this Eye-lid to supply the defect of the upper Eye-lid which is so short that it cannot lower it selfe to cover the Eye as it does in Man. But it is probable that this internal Eye-lid has another use in Birds seeing that it is found in the Ostrich whose upper Eye-lid is large enough to be able easily to lower itselfe add moreover that the inferiour Eye-lid shuts up in Bird's against the superiour as exactly as the upper is joyned in man with the lower The Tongue was small adherent as in Fishes composed of Cartilages Ligaments and Membranes intermixt with fleshy Fibres It was different in our Subjects In some it was an inch long very thick at the Aperture of the Larynx in others it was not half an inch long but it was above an inch towards the bâ—…sis being a little forked at the end Beyond the slitt of the Palate towards the Pharynx there were two great Glands which furnished the Spittle The Thighs were very fleshie and very big and without Feathers covered with a white skin somewhat reddish raved by elevated wrinckles of the Figure of a Net whose Mashes could receive the end of ones finger In one of the Males there were little Feathers here and there upon the Thighs almost after the same manner as Gesner has described it in his Figure Some had neither little Feathers nor Wrinckles The Legs were covered on the fore-part with great square Scales The Foot was cleft and composed only of two very large Toes which were covered with Scales like the Leg. These Toes were unequal the greatest which was on the inside measured seven inches comprehending the Claw which was nine lines in length and a little less in breadth in some resembling the Naile of a Mans great-Toe The other Toe exceeded not four inches and had no Naile This little one touched the ground only at the end The great one being seen sideways had almost the shape a Mans Foot with its shoe on it was only a little thinner and longer Pliny reports that the Feet of the Ostrich are like to those of the Stagg Diodorus Siculus who calls the Ostriches Stagg-Birds relies upon this false resemblance Suidas is likewise more mistaken when he says that the Feet of the Ostrich do resemble those of an Asse Those who have named the Ostrich Strutho-camelus that is to say Cock-Camel according to Scaliger and according to the Chaldee Paraphrase of the fore-cited place of Iob have not erred so much for the length of the Legs of the Ostrich has some similitude with those of the Cock and Camel. Moreover the manner after which the Foot of the Camel is cleft which is different from all other cloven Feet and its Claw which is also quite of another Nature than that of Staggs and Goats are particularities which are common to it with the Ostrich Our Ostriches like the Camel had a Callosity at the bottom of the Sternum on which they do rest like the Camel when they lie down Near the Anus in one of the five Males there was on each side three holes of a line and half diameter and two lines in depth At the top of the Thorax under the skin there was Fat about the thickness of two fingers There was some more especially on the fore-part of the Belly which was hard like Suet it was in some places two inches and a half thick This Fat was inclosed between two Membranes as strong as the Peritonaeum These Membranes which thus inclosed this Fat were the Aponeuroses of the Muscles of the lower Venter which began to be fleshie only towards the Flancks the whole fore-part of the Belly about the breadth of a foot being without flesh The Sternum descended not to the bottom of the Belly because that the Muscles which move the Wings and which are fastned to the Sternum have no need of being so great as in other Birds which flye The Oesophagus was seated on the Body of the Vertebrae being fastened to the Aponeuroses of the Muscles of the Lungs of which more shall be spoken in the sequell Its Tunicles were very thick especially that which is fleshie It was insensibly inlarged even to six inches in breath near the Uentricle or Gizzard so that it was difficult to mark the place of the superiour Orifice of the Uentricle it seemed that the extremity of the Oesophagus did form a Craw which was confounded with a Gizzard and that these two parts together did compose one single Uentricle This Conformation which in general is very different from that which is common to Birds where the Craw is us'd to have a Contraction which separates it from the Gizzard was likewise more strang by reason of the Situation that it had for it was not only in the Stomach but it was lower than the Gizzard underneath which it descended and towards which it afterwards re-ascended so that the entrance of the Gizzard was through its bottom and thus the Orifice which is comâ—… called the superiour was indeed the inferiour In some of our Subjects the Gizzard was separated on the inside into two Cavities by an Eminence formed by its Musculous Flesh which towards the middle was above two inches thicker than any where else This Eminence contracted the inteâ—…nal capacity directly over the middle and separated it on the left side where was the inferiour Orifice called Pylorus The Figure of these two Cavities did not outwardly appear the flesh of the Gizzard being equal and the whole together had the Figure of the Ventricle of Man making an oval which was fifteen inches in length and eight in breadth Aelian seems to give several Ventricles to the Ostrich as to Animals which chew the Cud when he says that this Bird digests Stones in the Uentricle called Echinos which is the second Uentricle of ruminating Animals which is so called by reason that its interiour Membrane is filled with wrinckles armed with points like the Hedg-hog which the Greeks do call Echinos but this sort of Uentricle was not found in our Subjects It may only be said that the Uentricle of some of the Ostriches that we dissected is double and not that they have two Uentricles seeing that both the parts of the double Uentricle are covered with the same Membrane and that this Membrane is different in the different Uentricles of Animals which chew the Cud. For the Membranes of the Craw were garnished with Glands
whole Passage which is properly the Matrix or Cornua Uteri of Birds was two Foot and a half long and capable of receiving ones Fist in its largest part It was fleshy at the beginning and became insensibly Membranous towards its end After having ascended by turning on the left side towards the Ventricle it was reflected towards the Back-bone descending A double Membrane in form of a large Ligament fastened it It had an Edge the length of two Inches on each side The hinder part of this Ligament was fastened along the Back-Bone like a Mesentery the Anteriour was loose Both were intermixt with a great number of Vessels which were in greater quantity on the Passage of the Oviductus than in the Ligament These Vessels did come from two great Branches which entered through the extremity of the Oviductus towards the Ovarium the one went along the top the other the bottom and their Branches had some Anastomoses with each other viz. those of the lower part with those of the upper The whole Passage of the Oviductus was composed of three Membranes except the extremity which makes the Infundibulum which seem'd to be of a single Membrane The Interiour of these Membranes was mightily wrinkled or rather as it were leaved after the manner of the third and fourth Ventricle of Animals that chew the Cud. These Leaves which filled all the Cavity went lengthwise and a very thin Tunicle joyned them together The second Membrane which was that of the middle was fleshy The third which was thin and sleek was nothing but the double Membrane of which the broad Ligament was composed which was divided in two to embrace the Passage of the Oviductus We observed four Muscles appertaining to the Anus and Penis There were two on each side The two first took their Origine from the internal part of the Os Sacrum and descended along the Pouch of the Rectum for the space of two Lines they peirced it near its extremity and passing under the Sphincter of the Anus inserted themselves at the Basis of the Penis in the Males and at that of the Clitoris in the Females The two others went from the internal part of the Os Ilium towards the bottom of the Kidney's and descended at the sides of the Ureters and also pierceing the Rectum fastened themselves to the sides of the Penis and Clitoris The Ovarium was placed at the upper part of the Kidney's against the Vena Cava and Aorta being strongly fastned to the Truncks of these Vessels and garnished with several Eggs covered with their skins as in Hens These Eggs were of a different size viz. from the bigness of a Pea to that of a Nutt The Membrane which included each Egg and which in French is called le Calice had as it were a Tail by which these Eggs are commonly connected alltogether and do compose that which is called the Ovarium This Membrane was the thicker the lesser the Eggs were It had a great quantity of Vessels and was fastened to the Egg which it inclosed by an infinity of Fibres being open towards the place opposite to the Tail as is the Cup of an Acorne when the Acorne is round and small and when it is almost all covered with its Cup. The Egg being separated from the Calice or Cup was only a very delicate Coat which contained only the Yolk of the Egg in those which were not bigger than a Nutt but in one of our Subjects where it was found about the bigness of two Fists this Coat was filled with a humour like unto muddy Water excepting that it was yellow There is ground to believe that the Natural Heat weakened in this Animal by the contrariety of the Air of our Climate had corrupted these Eggs. One of the Ostriches which are in the Park of Versailles having lay'd several Eggs some were brought to us on which there was made some Observations and Experiments For as these Birds do not sit on their Eggs but expose them to the Ray's of the Sun and the Heat of the Sand contenting themselves with securing them from the Rain by laying them on little hillocks of Sand we resolv'd to try whether by the Heat as well of the Sun as of the Fire and Dung we might at least procure in them any Alteration that might seem a Disposition to Generation For this end there was one kept five weeks in the Sun half buried in Sand on a Bed of Dung raised three Foot from the Ground covering it with a Glass Bell during the ill weather Another was put into an Athanor with a gentle Fire keeping it also for the like space of time in Sand and well covered We observed several things viz. That the Eggs diminished a ninth part of their weight That the yolk and white of that which had been heated in the Fire were somewhat thickened without having any ill Scent That which had been lay'd in the Sun was not thickened but had contracted a very ill Smell And that in neither the one nor the other of these Eggs there was found any appearance of Disposition to Generation At the top of the Ovarium there was discovered two Glandulous Bodies fastened to the Aorta and Vena Cava whose Substance was like to that of the Testicles of the Males having in their Superficies a great number of Vessels Their Colour was of a brisk red Each of these Bodies measured an Inch and half in length and four Lines in Diameter In the Males the Testicles were of a different Size and Figure in the different Subjects In one they were small being only fifteen Lines in length and five in Diameter In another they were long and narrow being an Inch and half long and four Lines only in Diameter In a third they were four Inches long and an Inch and half Diameter through the middle These last had the Figure of a Pullets Egg a little extended being larger at one end than the other In all the Subjects they were covered with a Nervous Membrane Sprinkled with so great a quantity of Vessels that it appeared red In one of the Subjects we found the Testicle had as it were another little one fastened to its side This little one was about a fourth of the great one and was nothing else but the Epididymis separated from the Testicle which was joyned to it in two places viz. by a Branch of the Vas Spermaticum Praeparans which proceeding from the middle of the Testicle did enter into the middle of the Epididymis and by the Deferens which proceeding from the bottom of the Epididymis was rejoyned to the bottom of the Testicle The Vasa Praeparantia came out near the Emulgents and were joyned a little lower to the Testicles which were laied on the Kidneys a little more on the left than on the right side Before their connecting to the Testicle they were each divided into three Branches which joyned to each other and afterwards separating did thus continue to
The Internal Eye-lidd extended over the Cornea P Q P. The Internal Eye-lid drawn from over the Cornea and brought into the great Canthus of the Eye P Sr Q. The great Muscles of the Internal Eye-lid Q is its Origine P its Insertion S the Optick Nerve on which the Tendon of the Muscle is folded r the Aponeurosis of the little Muscle which serves as a Pully to the Tendon of the great one R r. The little Muscle T T. The Glandula Lacrymalis V V. The Vessels of the Glandula Lacrymalis X a. The Ductus Lacrymalis X is its Aperture towards the edge of the Internal Eye-lid through which the Humour is poured on the Cornea Y Z. The great Muscle extended Z is its Origine Y its Insertion a. The Trunck of the lower Vena Cava b b. The Emulgents c c c c. The Kidneys d f d f. The Epididymis e e. The Testicles d g d g. The Deferentia g g g g. The Ureter's THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CASSOWAR BEfore the year 1597 this Bird was never seen in Europe and no Author of the Ancients or Modernes has spoken thereof The Hollanders brought one at the return of their first Voyage from India It was given them as a Rarity by a Prince of the Isle of Iava Six years after they brought two others but they dyed on the way That here described was sent to the King in 1671 by the Governour of Madagascar who had bought it of the Marchants which returned from the Indies It Lived four years at Versailles Clusius say's that in the Indies it is called Eme. We have not yet been able to understand wherefore it is in French called Casuel or Gasuel This Bird next the Ostrich is the greatest and weightiest of all that we know That which Clusius describes which is the first that the Hollanders brought from India was a fourth less than ours which measured five foot and a half in length from the end of the Beak to the extremity of the Tallons The legs were two foot and a half from the Belly to the end of the Tallons The Head and Neck were a foot and a half together The greatest Toe comprehending the Nail was five inches long the Nail of the little Toe three inches and a half The Wing was so little that it did not appear being quite hid under the Feathers of the Back Aldrovandus who has only seen the description that is given thereof in the Relation of the first Voyage of the Hollanders reports that this Bird is chiefly admirable in that it has neither Wings nor Tongue In our Subject we found this a falsitie This Author might also have added that it has no Feathers because that indeed those which do cover it do better resemble the Hair of a Bear or wild-Boar than Feathers or Down so harsh long and thin are the Fibres which do compose the Beards of these Plumes All these Plumes were of one sort different from Birds which fly where there are some feathers for flight and others only for covering the Skin Our Cassowar had only of the last sort They were most double having two long Tubes or Stem's proceeding from another very short one which was fastened to the Skin Clusius say's that they are alwayes double In our Subject there were a great many single Those which were double were alwayes of an unequal length Some were fourteen inches long We have already remark'd this kind of feather in an Eagle and a Parrot But those of the Cassowar had three Particularities The first is that the Beards which did adorn the Stem from the half to the end were long and harsh like Horse-Hair without casting out any Fibres and in this they are different from the Plumes of Heron's whose long and slender beards are not of single Fibres as they do appear for they are decked on each side with little Fibres so short that they are almost imperceptible The second particularity is that in this halfe the Stem was not different from the Beards being neither bigger nor of a different Colour as is commonly in the Feathers of other Birds The third particularity is that these Beards were perfectly black and that those of the other half were of a Grayish Tawney shorter softer and casting forth small Fibres like Downe Now there was only this part composed of great and black Fibres that appeared the other part composed of Down being covered over therewith The different Hairs wherewith the Skin of Castors Boars and other Animals which are Subject to wallow in the Mire is covered are disposed after this manner for the uses which are explained in the description of the Castor The Neck was without feathers as in the Indian-Cock The Head also had none It had only some Hairs erected on the Crown especially towards the hind part and on the Neck There was no Tail the feathers which did cover the Rump which was extraordinary great not being different from the others nor otherwise disposed The Wings which without the feathers were not three inches in length were covered with the same sort of Plumes and did each cast forth five great Tubes or Stems without any Beards Clusius puts down but four They were of different length according to the disposition and proportion that the Fingers have in the Hand The longest was eleven inches being three lines Diameter towards the root which was only a little bigger than the extremity which went not pointing but did appear broken or ragged Their Colour was of a very shining black We did not think these wings could serve to assist it to walk as Clusius imagines there being greater probability that it might be thereby aided to strike as with Switches The Head appeared little as in the Ostrich because that it was not enlarged with feathers as in other Birds It was covered with a Crest three inches high like that of a Helmet This Crest covered not all the Crown of the Head For it began but a little beyond the Crown and ended at the beginning of the Beak It was of different Colours the fore part being blackish and the hinder-part and sides of a Wax-Colour It was every where smooth and shining like Horn. Its Circumference was like an edg not exceeding three lines in that place from thence it went enlarging and towards its Basis was about an inch It s Substance which was very hard appeared to us like Horne being composed of several Laminae or Plates like the Hornes of Oxen. Clusius say's that when the Bird molts the Crest falls off with the Feathers Which seemed to us incredible considering the substance of the Crest supposing that it was a Horne for it was not of the Nature of Deer's Hornes which do shed and grow again and we made enquirie after this Particularity of those which do look after the Animals of Versailles who for the space of four years have not seen the Crest fallen We did heartily wish that we had been permitted to examine by the
second Muscle its Action is by making its Tendon to approach towards its Origine to hinder the Cord of the first Muscle which it imbraces from hurting the Optick Nerve but its principal use is to assist the Action of the first Muscle And 't is herein that the Mechanisme is marvelous in this Structure which makes that these two Muscles joyned together do draw much farther than if it had but one For the inflexion of the Cord of the first Muscle which causes it to make an Angle on the Optick Nerve is made only for this end and a single Muscle with a strait Tendon had been sufficient if it had power to draw far enough But the Traction which must make the Eye-lid to extend over the whole Cornea being necessarily great it could not be done but by a very long Muscle and such a Muscle not being able to be lodged in the Eye all its length there was no better way than to supply the Action of a long Muscle by that of two indifferent ones and by bending one of them to give it the greater length in a little space The inspection of the Figure will serve greatly to the understanding of this Description which the novelty of the thing renders obscure in it self The use of this internal Eye-lid which till now has been described by no person is not determined Our Opinion is that it serves to clean the Cornea and to hinder that by drying it grow not less transparent Man and the Ape which are the sole Animals where we have not found this Eye-lid have not wanted this precaution for the cleansing their Eyes because that they have hands with which they may by rubbing their Eye-lids express the humidity which they contain and which they let out through the Ductus Lacrymalis which is known by experience when the sight is darkened or when the Eyes suffer any pain or itching For these Accidents do cease when the Eyes are rubbed But the Dissection has distinctly discovered to us the Organs which do particularly serve for this use and which are otherwise in Birds than in Man where the Ductus passes not beyond the Glandula Lacrymalis For in Birds it goes beyond and penetrating above half way on the internal Eye-lid it is opned underneath upon the Eye which is evidently done to spread a Liquor over the whole Cornea when this Eye-lid passes and repasses as we observed it to do every moment The Explication of the Figure of the TORTOISE THis Tortoise has several particularities which do render it different from those that we have in France It s shell is not flat but very convex It has but one Shell to cover its Back and Belly It s Tail is furnished with a Horn at the end Its Paws are not covered with Scales but with a Skin wrinkled like Spanish Leather Its Claws are not sharp but blunt and half worn away and its Jaws toothed like a Saw. In the Upper Figure A B C D. The right side of the Liver A. A little Lobe which covers the Bladder B. The Bladder C. The Trunk of the Vena Porta D. The right Ramus Hepaticus E F G. The left part of the Liver E. The left Ramus Hepaticus F. The Isthmus by which the left and right part of the Liver are joyned together G. The great Lobe of the left part of the Liver H H. The right Vena Cava I I. The left Vena Cava K. The Ductus Cysticus L. The Trunk of the Rami Hepatici M M. The Kidneys N N. The Venae Emulgentes to which are fastened two Glands O O. The Testicles P P. The Epididymides proceeding from the Kidney and fastened to the Testicles by little Ductus's Q Q. The Ureter's R R. The Bladder opned S. The Neck of the Bladder opned offering to the sight two Carunculae which are the extremities of the Ureter's and two others which are the extremities of the Deferentia T T. Two holes which are of the Origine at the Spongious Ligaments composing the body of the Penis V V. A large Muscle which includes the Rectum and Penis X X. Two other Muscles of the Penis which are interlaced with two others marked y y. Y. The extremity of the Glans Z. The great circular Appendix Δ. The little Appendix with its two Buttons Φ Φ. The extremity of the Rectum cut lengthwise to discover the body if the Penis Θ. An Aperture between the two Ligaments on which abutts the Neck of the Bladder φ. The Penis cut a cross to discover the Cavities of the two Ligaments marked ω ω and the Cavity which supplys the place of the Urethra marked Ï€. Ω Ω Ω Ω. The great Ductus's of the Lungs ξ ξ ξ. The Bladders opening into the Ductus's Λ Λ. The Auricles of the Heart seen on the side which touches the Back-bone 1. The Trunk of the left Vena Cava 2. The Trunk of the right Vena Cava 3. The Trunk of the Aorta at the going out of the Heart forming two Crosses 4. The left Aorta 5. The right Aorta 6. The conjunction of the two Aortas 7 7. The Carotides 8. The Artery of the Lungs 9 9. The Veins of the Lungs which are discharged into the Axillares 10. The Artery which goes to the Stomack 11. The Artery which goes to the Liver Pancreas Spleen c. 12. The Artery which goes to the Intestines 13. The Heart in its Natural Situation 14. The Anteriour Ventricle of the Heart 15. The Artery of the Lungs opened to shew its three Valvulae Sigmoides 16. 16. The Heart out of its Natural Situation being raised upwards and separated from its Auricles Λ Λ which are in their place 17. 18. The two Posteriour Ventricles of the Heart 19. The Aorta proceeding from the right Ventricle It is opened to represent its three Valvulae Sigmoides 20 20 20. The three Valvulae Sigmoides which are at the entrance of the Auricles of the Heart a b. Two holes which are the extremities of the Ductus by which the two Posteriour Ventricles do commnuicate c d. Two other holes which do make the Communication of the Posteriour left Ventricle with the Anteriour α α. The Cerebrum β. The Cerebellum γ γ. The Olfactory Nerves δ. The Medulla Spinalis ε ε. The Musculi Crotaphitae cut θ θ. The Os Occipitis χ. The Cartilaginous Plate oâ—… Film which stops the hole of the Ear. Ï„. A Ductus which descends into the Palate κ. The Plate or Film sustained by the â—…ony Stylus marked â—… THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A GREAT INDIAN TORTOISE THis Tortoise was brought from the Indies it was taken on the Coast of Coromandel It was four Foot and a half long from the extremity of the Mouth to the end of the Tail and fourteen Inches thick The Shell contained three Foot in length and two in breadth How great soever this Tortoise was it came not near those of which Elian and Pliny do speak which were fifteen Cubits and every one of
Verges or 168 Toyses And Father Ricciolus framed all his Measure upon a Base of 1088 Bologna Paces or about 1064 Toyses of Paris ARTICLE IV. THE Toyse of which we speak and which we have chosen as the most certain Measure and most used in France is that of the Grand Chastelet of Paris according to the original which has been lately re-establish'd It is of six Foot the Foot contains twelve Inches and the Inch twelve Lines but to prevent that what has happen'd to all ancient Measures of which nought but the names remain might not happen to ours we have adapted it to an Original taken from Nature it self which ought therefore to be invariable and universal To that effect the length of a single Pendulum was by two great Pendulum Clocks exactly determined each of whose single vibrations or free agitations was one second of time conformable to the mean motion of the Sun which length was found to be 36 Inches 8 Lines and a half according to the aforesaid measure of the Chastelet of Paris 'T is commonly known that to make a simple Pendulum a little ball about the bigness of a Musquet Bullet is suspended by a very flexible thread and the length of this Pendulum must be measured from the top of the thread to the center of the Ball supposing the Diaameter of the Ball not much to exceed the 36th part of the length of the thread otherwise there must be an account had of a proportional part which We have here neglected and care must also be taken that the vibrations be short for if they be beyond a certain Degree they are of unequal duration one to another The Ball of our Pendulum was of Copper of an inch in Diameter and it was turned The thread with which the first experiments were made was of flat or raw silk But because that stretches sensibly by the least humidity of the air it was found that 't was better to use a single filament of a sort of long Flax called Pite which is brought out of America The upper end of the thread was put between a small Vice with a square head which held it fast screwed most exactly by this means the motion of the Pendulum was more free and the length more easily measured by an Iron Rod exactly fitted between the end of the Vice and the Ball. The two Clocks made use of were of the greater sort whose Pendulums measured whole seconds they were exactly regulated according to the mean motion of the Sun and went slower by 3 Minutes 56 seconds at every return of the same fixt Star to the Meridian with such a regularity that sometimes they differed not one from another by one second during many Days A single Pendulum was set in motion and made to go and come from the same side as the Pendulums of the Clock did and being left in this condition they were inspected from time to time to see how they went. For how little soever the Iength of this single Pendulum either exceeded or wanted of 36 Inches 8½ Lines one might perceive some disagreement in less than an hour 'T is true that this length was not always found so precise and that it seemed that it ought to have been regularly a little shortned in Winter and lengthened in Summer But that however was but the 10th part of a Line so that having a respect to this variation it has been judged best to take the mean between them and to take the length of 36 Inches 8½ Lines for the certain Measure If the length of the Pendulum for seconds be once found exprest according to the usual Measure of every place by this means may be had the proportion of the different Measures so exact as if the originals had been compared and this advantage would thence accrue that for the future any change therein might be discovered But besides the particular Measures an agreement might be found of such as follow which will need no other original but the Heavens The length of a Pendulum of a second of the middle time might be called by the name of an Astronomical Ray the third of which shall be the universal Foot. The double of the Astronomical Ray makes the universal Toise which will be to that of Paris as 881 to 864. Four times the Astronomical Ray may make the universal Perch equal to the length of a Pendule of two seconds Finally the universal Mile may contain 1000 Perches These universal Measures suppose that the difference of places causeth no sensible variation to the Pendulums 'T is true there have been made some experiments at London Lyons and Bolognia in Italy by which it seems one might conclude that the Pendulums ought to be shorter in some proportion as the Aequinoctial is approacht Conformable to a conjecture which has been formerly proposed in the Assembly that supposing the motion of the Earth weights ought to descend with less power under the Aequinoctial than under the Poles But we are not sufficiently informed of the justness of these Experiments to make any conclusion thence And we must besides note that at the Hague where the heighth of the Pole is greater than at London the length of a Pendulum exactly determined by means of Clocks was found the same as at Paris 'T is for this we advise those who would make experiment with a single Pendulum to make use of great Pendulum Clocks for that otherwise they will difficulty meet with the just Measure If it should be found by experience that the Pendulum will be of different lengths in different places the supposition we have made concerning the universal Measure drawn from the Pendulums cannot hold but this hinders not but that in every place there will be a perpetual and invariable Measure The length of a Parisian Toyse and that of a Pendulum of seconds such as we have now establisht will be carefully preserved in the Magnificent Observatory which His Majesty has caused to be built for the advancement of Astronomy ARTICLE V. SINCE the Instrument we made use of for measuring the Earth had somewhat singular it will not be insignificant to describe it before we come to the following Observations This Instrument was a quarter of a Circle of 38 Inches Radius the body of it is of Iron and all the pieces are fastned together underneath by Screws upon the Area of it The Limb B C and that part about the Center A are covered with Copper The Broach or Cilinder D is fastned perpendicular to the back of the Instrument to fix it on its Pedestal E F is a Telescope which serves instead of the immovable sights being fastned at one end to the Plate of the Center A and at the other end to one of the extremities of the Limb. G H is another Telescope carried by an Alidade or arm of Iron which turns upon the Center A and which may be fixed upon any part of the Limb desired according to the Angle to be
Alidade It is necessary here that they must be both well adjusted together at one and the same far distant Object This being supposed one observes first with the Plumb and with the Telescope fastned to the Instrument the Meridional distance between the Zenith and the Star proposed next one fixes this Instrument in the plain of the Meridian as in the preceding manner but in such sort that it may be counterturned and that if the Star be towards the South it returned as 't were for observing towards the North and one observes exactly the Degree and Minute of the Limb where the Plumb beats After this the the Plumb being taken off one applies the Alidade with which one observes the Meridional Distance between the Zenith and the Star counting for this effect the Degree and Minutes which are found between the fiducial line of the Alidade and the part of the limb where the plumb did beat before The first distance that was found being compared with this last shall be too little if the Instrument elevates and on the contrary it shall be too big if it depresses in such sort that the half of the difference shall be the error of the Instrument After one has known the error of the Instrument and that one is assured that it comes not but by the Telescope the shortest and easiest way is to let it alone and to have regard to it in the Observations but if one would correct it this may be done either by displacing the Filaments of the Telescope or by turning the Object Glass upon its Center so far as one knows by experience it is necessary for adjusting the Telescope to the Degrees of the Instrument An Alidade furnisht with its Telescope may be of great help to make this correction for this purpose one points to one and the same distant Object as well the Telescope of the Alidade as that of the Instrument Next if the error is for example of one Minute in elevating one sets back the Alidade a Minute or on the contrary one puts it nearer it as much if the error be in depressing and having fastned it in this position by removing the Instrument all together one makes the Telescope of this Alidade to stand pointed at the same Object as before after which you must turn the Object Glass of the Telescope which is fastned to the Instrument upon its Center till such time as it be found pointed to the same Object and by this means one may be assured that a right line which shall be drawn from the Object by the Center of the Instrument comes to meet the point B which we suppose to have been established for the beginning of the decision But for avoiding as much as is possible the refractions of the Telescope care must be taken that the Object Glass be well centred which may be discovered by making it reflect the Rays of the Sun because if it be well centred the little focus which it makes by reflection at a certain distance will be found exactly in the middle of a much greater round of light Or else one may observe that the two Images which the Glass reflects of the same Object come to unite in the middle of its surface After this preparation it will be to the purpose to fasten the Object Glass apart in a Copper Box pierced through its two ends and perfectly turned round in which nevertheless it must have a little play in such sort that one may a little thrust it from one side to t'other by three Screws with their heads cut off to hold it steady and this Box being exactly enchased into the Objective Pinnule one may make it turn upon its Center mean while the whole body of the Telescope remains immoveable and one may observe that if in making the Object Glass so to turn the Telescope always remains pointed to the same Object otherwise the Object Glass must be moved either to the one side or the other We thought it necessary to give all these differing ways of verification to the end that there might remain no doubt as to the great exactness which one ought to look after in Telescopes used for Pinnules or sights of Instruments ARTICLE X. IF the measure of the Earth requires precise and exact Observation it is principally for that which concerns the difference of Latitudes because the error of one Minute only amounts to 951 Toyses which is multiplyed upon the whole as many times as the distance measured is contained in the whole Circumference of the Earth For approaching as much as is possible to the exactness requisite the great Instrument represented in the fourth Plate was caused to be made it is of Iron strengthened with pieces upon the Arda of it as the Quadrant and covered with Copper at the places necessary The Limb which contains not above the 20th part of a Circle of ten Foot Radius is divided by Dragonal Lines even to thirds of Minutes very distinctly A Telescope of ten Foot serves for Pinnules or Sights to this Instrument And because that in the obscurity of the Night one could not see the Filaments that were in the Telescope they were enlightened by the upper end of the Telescope or by a hole made on the side The Plumb or Perpendicular was secured in a Pipe of Tin which kept it intirely covered from the Wind beside that they always observed in a close place of which the cover or roof was purposely pierced The Knee of Cassiopea augments its declination every Year about 20″ we were desirous to have chosen a Star which had been less changing as had been the bright Star of Lyra or some one of Cygnus but we had cause to fear that before we should have made our Observations the Sun would have been too near approached to these Stars We commonly begun the Observations of the Heavens with that of the heigth of the Pole with the Quadrant and every Evening about two or three hours before the Knee of Cassiopea was in the Meridian we took with the same Quadrant one heigth of this Star marking the Instant of Observation by means of a Pendulum Clock which gave half seconds and which was regulated according to the Diurnal motion of the fixt Stars and then forthwith found by Calculation at what Hour and what Instant of the same Clock the Knee of Cassiopea ought to be in the Meridian And after this manner in two or three Evenings the great Instrument was exactly pointed in the plain of the Meridian towards that part where this Star ought to pass and then kept it in this position because it is very difficult otherways to succeed in observing those sorts of heigths which pass very swiftly The Meridional distances towards the North observed between the Zenith and the Knee of Cassiopea In Sept. 1670. At Malvoisine in a place at a great Farm-House belonging to Villeroy seated on an eminence in the Parish of Chauqueil more South by
resembled the fourth of other Animals that chew the Cud called by Aristotle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Latins Abomasum and by the French Caillette because that it is in this Stomach that the Runnet is made which makes the milk to curdle It had also some inequalities and Eminencies like leaves but which were smooth and polished Moreover it formed at its entrance a great Sack by the means of a fold which it had underneath the first part of the second Stomach and towards its passage out it was raised upwards and contracted to make the Pylorus This Structure of the two Stomachs which was found the same in all the Females was something different in the Male where the first and great Stomach was not pointed at the bottom and altho its two Membranes were separable as in the Females yet the under one had no Net-work folds nor any Valve at the entrance into the second Stomach which had an Eminence or Bunch which was wanting in Females The Intestines of the Females were disposed in such a manner that the Iejunum and Ileum were plaited very small through several little Cells and fastened along the Colon which served them as a band to stay these plaits or folds like a Ruff. The Colon had no Cells The Ilia or small guts were almost four lines diameter and the Colon above six The Intestines of the Male had their Anfractuosities after another manner for some were folded as the Colon in a Man making a great many little Cells others were doubled long-ways like a Trumpet each fold being above four Inches long The branches of the Venae Mesaraicae were very large and fastened to the Colon by abundance of little branches which they sent thither and every great branch passing a little farther did in like manner distribute little branches to the Small Guts The Caecum was seven inches in length and one in thickness The Kidneys were almost round The right lay under the little right Lobe of the Liver and the left under the Point of the Stomach The situation of those of the Male was very extraordinary for the left was upon the Aorta and the right was two Inches higher than the left At the Origine of the right Spermatick Artery of the Male there was a Glandulous Body placed upon the Trunck of the Vena Cava as if it were a Cushion to this Artery The Uterus was divided into two Cornua as in other Brutes On the inside it had abundance of Eminencies like Papillae seven or eight in each Horn and at the Internal Orifice there was a Caruncle in the inside which covered it There were two large Vessels which went to the Duggs The Vein which was the larger directly tended to the Papillae alwayes keeping its same bignss and suddainly disappearing without casting forth any apparent Branches The Artery ran down to the Bagg which is near the Papillae where it was divided into five or six Branches like a Gooses Foot. The Lungs had four Lobes on the right side and two on the left In one of the Gazella's they were all sticking fast one to the other and to the Ribb and Diaphragme to which the Liver was so fastned that its Parenchyma was there tied and would sooner tare than separate In this Subject the Vena Azygos was as large as the Vena Cava All our Gazella's had the Heart long and Pointed that of the largest being four Inches and a half in length and two and a half in breadth The Ventricles of the Heart of that which Dyed with the blow which had bruised the Shoulder were almost filled with a hard and Solid Flesh which was a Body strange and separated from the Substance of the Heart and of its Vessels The Pericardium was imediately Knitt to the Sternum and Diaphragme by two strong Ligaments The Point of the Heart was turned towards the Cartilago Xiphoides The Brain had few Anfractuosity's and was but lightly slit and divided in two at the place of the Falx The two upper Ventricles were open one into the other in the Anteriour part of the Septum Lucidum by an hole two thirds of a Line in breadth The Ball of the Eye which was very large being an Inch Diameter was covered with an internal Eye-lidd The Cornea was Oval The Uvea was of a Greenish pearl Colour and the Retina was in this place Crossed over by the Branch of a Vein which shot forth several Branches The whole being full of a Blackish Blood. The Branch was about the bigness of a great Pin and it was got into the thickness of the Retina The Explication of the Figure of the Cat-a-mountain IN the lower Figure it may be observed that this Animal is altogether like a Cat except that it has proportionably a shorter Neck and the Tail much less In this it differs also from the Leopard which has a Neck long and slender and a very large Tail as Naturalists do describe it In the Upper Figure A A. The bottom of the Ventricle B B. The Vena Gastrica C C. The Membrane which holds together the two Orifices of the Ventricle D. The Spleen E. The Trunk of the Vena Cava G. The Trunck of the Aorta H. The upper Mesenterick Artery miscalled the Lower in the Text. I. The Veins and Arteries of the Loyns K K. The Ureters L. The Bladder M. A Vessel which may be taken for one of the Deferentia n n. The Prostatae O O. The Kidneys P. The Penis Q Q. The proper Membrane of the Kidney R R. Some Vessels appearing on the outside of the Kidney it self S S. The great Sinus's in the Os Frontis T T. The two other Sinus's in the Os Occipitis V V. The Brain X. The Cerebellum THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF A CHAT-PARD OR CAT-A-MOUNTAIN 'T Is thought that the Chat-pard or Cat-a-mountain is one of those Animals which are ingendred by the mixture of two different Species and that it ought to be put in the number of the Novelties which Africk daily produceth according to the Opinion of Aristotle who giving the reason of the Fertility which Africk has for Monsters says that the dryness of its Desarts compels the Savage Beasts to Assemble at places where there is Water And he supposes that this meeting occasions these different Animals to couple and ingender a new Species when it happens that they are equal in size and the time which they used to bear their young is not very different But according to these reasons of Aristotle the Animal which we speak of seems not possible to be ingendred of a Leopard and a Cat nor of a Cat and a Panther which according to the most common Opinion is the Female Leopard for neither the Stature of these Animals nor the times during which they go with Young are alike the Leopard and Panther being Animals a great deal larger and of a Species which carries its young much longer than Cats Our Chat-pard was but two foot