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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54729	The first book of architecture, by Andrea Palladio. Translated out of Italian: with an appendix touching doors and windows, by Dr Le Muet architect to the French King: translated out of French by G.R. Also rules and demonstrations, with several designs for the framing of any manner of roofs either above pitch or under pitch, whether square or bevel, never published before. With designes of floors of variety of small pieces of wood, lately made in the pallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerset-House; a curiosity never practiced in England before; Quattro libri dell'architettura. English	Palladio, Andrea, 1508-1580.; Le Muet, Pierre, 1591-1669. Divers traictez d'architecture pour l'art de bien bastir. aut; Richards, Godfrey.	1668 (1668)	Wing P205; ESTC R220416	50,205	249

wings and sides or on the front They serve for many accommodations as Walking Eating and other Divertisements and they are made bigger or lesser according to the greatnesse and conveniency of the building But ordinarily they ought not to have less then 16.18 and 20. foot in breadth and in great buildings unto 24. and their length at least five times their breadth six seven or eight times at most Example Let AA represent a Gallerie the breadth whereof is A B you must give it in length five times its breadth unto the number marked 5 or six times unto the number 6 or seven times unto the number 7 or lastly eight times unto the number 8 which is the greatest length allowed to Galleries And besides every House well composed ought to have in the middle and chiefest part some place to the which all the other parts of the house may relate and appertain which place vulgarly is called Entry Lobby or Passage if it be below and the Hall if it be above and is in the House as a common place for it serves to entertain those who attend the Masters going forth to salute him and negotiate with him and such places are the first part of the House that present themselves to those that would enter therein The Halls serve for Feasts Nuptials and Banquets to Act Comedies and to take other such like pleasures and enjoyments Therefore it is that these places ought to be greater then other and of a Capacious form to the end that many persons may commodiously be there entertained and behold what is done Of the proportion which the Halls ought to have As for my part I have not been accustomed to allow to the length of Halls lesse then twice their breadth or twice and ¼ or a third part of the breadth at most And to great buildings you may allow the length to be three times the breadth whereupon they will be so much the more beautiful and convenient Example Let A A represent a Hall the breadth whereof is A B. having 24 foot within the work you may allow the length twice the breadth unto the number marked 2 to wit 48 foot in length for 24 foot in breadth or twice the breadth and ¼ more unto the number marked 2¼ to wit 54 foot long for 24 foot broad or twice the breadth and ⅓ more unto the number marked 2⅔ to wit 56 foot long for 24 foot broad or lastly to great building the Hall may have in length three times the breadth unto the number marked 3. to wit 72 foot long for 24 foot broad The Anti-Chambers and Chambers ought to be so divided that they may fall on each fide of the Entry and of the Hall and you must take heed that those on the right hand may answer and be equal to those on the left to the end that the building may be on one fide as on the other and the walls bear equally the burden of the roof Of the proportions of Anti-Chambers A well proportioned Anti-Chamber ought to have in length the Diagonal line of the square of the breadth or the breadth and ⅔ at most Example of the first bignesse for Anti-chambers Let A B C D be a square whereof each side is 24 foot and the Diagonal line thereof being drawn A C the same length that the Diagonal is of you must give to the said Anti-Chamber from A unto E and from D unto F in this manner The Anti-Chamber will have 34 foot in length to 24 foot in breadth Example of the second-bigness of Anti-Chambers Let A B C D be a square of which each side is 24 foot as before add to the said A B. D C the half their length to wit 12 foot from B to F and from C to G you shall make the Anti-Chamber 36 foot in length to 24 foot in breadth Of the Proportion of Chambers As for the Chambers you may make thereof five sorts and proportions for they are either square or they may be in length their breadth with an eighth part a seventh a sixth or a fifth part above their breadth Example of the First bignesse of Chambers Let A B C D be a perfect square of which the 4 sides and the 4 Angles may be equal this shall be the bignesse of the Chamber Example of the Second Let A B C D be a square whereof each side is 24 foot you may divide one of the said sides into 8 equal parts whereof each may be 3 foot add one of the said parts to the side A B and continue it to E and as much to the side D C continue it to F and you will make the Chamber 27 foot long to the 24 foot broad Example of the Third Let A B C D be a square as before of 24 foot to each side divide the side of A B into seven equal parts add to it one continuing the same to E and the side D C unto F the said Chamber will have 27 foot 5 inches and ⅛ part in length to 24 foot in breadth Example of the Fourth Let A B C D as before be a square having to each side 24 foot divide one of the sides as A B into six equal parts add thereunto one of the said parts drawing the said side unto E and D C unto F you will make the Chamber 28 foot long to 24 foot broad Example of the Fifth and lost bignesse of Chambers Let the square A B C D be as before each side thereof to be 24 foot divide one of the sides into five equal parts add one of the said parts drawing the side A B unto E and D C unto F you will make the Chamber 28 foot 9 inches and 7 12 in length to 24 foot in breadth CHAP. XXII Of Floores and Superficies of Departements Planchers and Flat Seelings AFter having seen the formes of Galleries Halls Anti-Chambers and Chambers it is needful to discourse of Floores or Superficies of Departements Planchers and Flat Seelings Floores or Superficies may be of square tyles or hard stone or of Marble or small squares of Carpenters work and may be made of divers sorts and divers colours according to the variety of the materials which renders them very agreeable to the eye In lodging Chambers they are seldom made of Marble or other hard stone because in the Winter they will be too cold But in Galleries or other publick places they will agree very well This sort of Flooers of small squares of Carpenters work may be seen at Somerset-House of which being a novelty in England I thought good to present the Design thereof although not in my Author You must take heed that the Hall Anti-Chambers and Chambers which are of the same story may have all the Floores or Pavements equal in such manner that the thresholds may not be higher then the rest The Planchers are also made of divers wayes for some there are that take pleasure to make them very handsome of well

give the height of the third Story from the Floore unto the bottom of the Joist In the building of Chambers you ought to have regard as well to the place of the bed which is usually six or seven foot square and the passage as well as to the scituation of the Chimney which for this consideration ought not to be placed just in the middle but distant from it about two or two foot and ½ to the end it may make room for the bed and by this means the inequality is little discerned if it be not in buildings the breadth at least of 24 foot within the work And in this Case it may be placed just in the middle CHAP. XXIII Of the height of Galleries THe lower Galleries must be as high as the Halls Anti-Chambers and Chambers of the first Story to the end that one may enter therein on even ground which is to be understood then when the said lower Galleries hath the same framing which the said Halls Anti-Chambers and Chambers whose Floores ought ordinarily to be raised higher then the ground-work of the Court about two foot at least or of three or four foot And is ascended by steps which ought not to have more then six inches in height nor lesse then four and in breadth one foot or at the most 15 or 16 inches But if the Galleries be made all open so as they enter into it from the Court In this case you may lay the Floore lower then the neighbouring Roomes and 〈◊〉 ●●ffice that the said Floore be one foot higher then the ground work of the Court Thus doing 't will appear very graceful for by this means they come neere to the fair proportion which they ought to have in their height from the Floore or Superficies unto the bottom of the key of the Arch And their Entrance is by steps which are between the opening of the Arches CHAP. XXIX Of the just Proportion which the upper Galleries ought to have THe upper Galleries are made either flat or Arched if flat they must be as high as broad Galleries which are arched must be as high as broad with a fifth fourth or third part over and above their said breadth CHAP. XXX Of the Measures of Doores and Windowes THe certain and determinate Measures cannot be given of the height and breadth of principal Gates of Buildings nor of Doores and Windowes of Chambers because for to make the principal Gates the Architect must accommodate them to the greatnesse of the Building and the quality of the Master and the use that is to be made of them Neverthelesse we will not omit to give the Measures following CHAP. XXXI Of the Proportion of Principal Gates PRincipal Gates of Entrance where Coaches and Wagons ought to passe and other such necessaries must not have lesse then seven and ½ eight or nine foot and to great Buildings unto ten or twelve foot in breadth Their height must be their breadth and half at least And to have it well proportioned you must give it in height twice their breadth CHAP. XXXII Of the Proportion of Inner-Doores DOores within the House in the least Building ought not to have lesse then two foot and ½ in breadth and five foot and ½ in height those from three to four foot broad must have in height twice their breadth and to great Buildings you may allow even to five or six foot in breadth and the height double and sometimes a fifth or fourth part lesse then their breadth The Ancients were wont to make their Doores narrower above then below as may be seen in a Church which is at Tivoli which Vitruvius teacheth us and 't is likely they did so to give them more force CHAP. XXXIII Of the Proportion of Windowes THe Appertures of Windowes must have four foot and ½ or five foot and to great Buildings unto six between the two Jaumes their height must be at least double their breadth and to make them comely and well proportioned a fourth part a third or a half part more then the breadth And according to the bignesse of these you may make all the rest in the other roomes of the same Story But those of the second Story ought to be lower by one twelfth part then those in the first And if you make Windowes above them you ought to make them a fourth part lower then those in the second CHAP. XXXIV Of the Proportion of the Soiles of Windowes THe Soiles of Windowes must have from two foot eight inches unto three foot at most in height The Transoms or crosse pieces of Windowes must be four or five inches thick Their Rebates must be from one inch and ½ unto two inches at most to the end they may have greater strength and that the frames of wood which carry the shutters may have convenient strength The Jaumes of Windowes must be much rebated and let in from two inches and ½ to three inches at least to the end that the wooden frames may be strong and joyn to the wall when the wall is thin the shutters of the Windowes ought to shut over the rebates the half or one third onely Also it is needful to divide the said shutters that they may not be a hindrance to the Chamber nor obscure the light CHAP. XXXV Rules to be observed in making Doors and Windows IN making Windowes you are to take heed that you do not give them more or lesse light then is necessary nor make them wider or narrower then is needful Wherefore you ought to have regard to the greatnesse of the places which ought to receive the light it being evident that a great Room hath need of more light then a little one So that if the Windowes be made lesse then they ought to be the place will be obscure and dark And because in Houses some Chambers are made large some indifferent some little you must take great care that all the Windowes may be equal one with the other in their rank and Order so that those on the right hand may answer those on the left and those above may be right over those below Likewise the Doores must be right over one another to the end that the void may be upon the void and the full upon the full and moreover let the Doores be placed in such manner that one may see from one end of the House to the other which is very graceful and besides 't is cool in Summer and hath many other conveniencies It is very secure to turn Arches over Doores and Windowes which Arches do discharge and hinder that the Doores and Windowes be not pressed with too much waight which is of great importance for the lasting of Buildings The Windowes must be conveniently distant from the Corners and Angles of the Building because that part ought not to be open and infeebled whose office is to support and fasten all the rest of the Building CHAP. XXXVI Of the just Proportion which the Pillasters of Doores and

Steps THere ought to be great care taken in the well placing the Stair-Case for there is not a little difficulty to find a place convenient so as the Stairs may be distributed without prejudice or hindrance to the rest of the Building 'T is therefore that ordinarily they are placed in the corner of the Building or on the wings or in the middle of the front which is but seldom unlesse it be in great Buildings because much of the Stone-work will be hindred by reason of the Staires being in the middle unlesse the house be double There are three openings necessary to the least Staire-Case the first is the doore-way that leads to them which is the better when it is spatious and pleaseth me most if it be in such a place where before one approacheth one may see the best part of the house for although the house be little by this meanes it appeareth much larger neverthelesse it behoves that the said Doroway be obvious and easie to be found The second opening is that of the Windowes which are needful to give light to the Staires and when there is but one let it be in the middle as near as you can to the end that all the Staire-Case may be inlightned The third opening is the landing place by which we are to enter into the Roomes above and ought to lead to places large faire and well adorned Staires will be well made if they be spacious light and easie so as they may invite people to go up They will be lightsome when they have a perfect light that disperseth it self to all parts equally They are spacious when they appear not little nor narrow in respect of the bignesse and quality of the Fabrick but they must never be narrower then four foot to the end that if two persons meet they may commodiously passe one by the other They may be made of five or six foot or seven and half and to great Buildings unto ten or twelve foot broad to every flight and they must be made as commodious as possibly you can CHAP. XLIV Of the Height and Breadth of Steps THe Steps ought not to be more then six inches high and if they be lower they must chiefly be to long and continued Staires They will be so much the easier because one needs not lift the foot so high but they must never be lower then four inches Their breadth ought not to be leffe then a foot nor more then fifteen or sixteen inches The Ancients observed not to make the number of Steps even to the end that beginning to ascend with the right foot they might end with the same foot which they took to be a good Omen and with greater devotion so to enter into the Temples CHAP. XLV Of Divers manners of Staires STairs are made Straight or Winding the Straight are made spread abroad into two branches or passages or square which turnes into four branches or passages and to make them in this last manner all the space must be divided into 4 parts whereof 2 must be for the Staires and 2 for the vacancy The middle whereof if it be open the Stairs receive light They may be made with a wall within and then within the two parts which are taken for the Stairs the thicknesse of the wall ought to be comprehended and inclosed which makes the Case or Newel they may also be made without a wall within these two sorts of Staires were made by the Invention of Seignieur Lovis Cornaro a Gentleman of an Excellent Judgement Winding-Staires some are made round some oval some with a Newel in the middle and some open And such Winding-Staires are made chiefly where there is little room because they take up lesse room then the straight Staires yet not so easie to ascend Those which are open in the middle are very handsome because they may have light from above and those who are above may see those who are coming up and are also seen by them Those which have a Newel in the middle having but little room are made in this manner you must divide the Diametre into twelve parts ten whereof are for the Staires and the two which remain are for the Newel in the middle Or divide the said Diametre into eight parts six whereof are for the Steps and two for the Newel And if there be much room you must divide the Diametre into three parts whereof two are for the Staires and one for the Newel as in the design A Or otherwise you may divide the Diametre in seven parts of which take three for the Newel in the middle and four for the Staires Just in this manner is the Staire-Case of the Column of Trajan at Rome and if you make Staires winding as in the design B they will be handsomer and more agreeable and longer then if they had been straight But to Stair-Cases open in the middle the Diametre must be divided into four parts two whereof must be for the middle and two for the Staires Besides the fashion of Staires which are in practice there hath been a Winding-Staire invented by Mark Anthony Barbaro a Gentleman of Venice of an Excellent Judgment who made excellent experiments in very narrow places where there is no Newel in the middle and the Staires in their turning are much longer and are divided after the manner aforesaid Those which are oval divided in the same manner as the Round they are very handsome and pleasant because all the Windowes and Doores are in the middle and head of the oval and are very commodious I have made one open in the middle in the Monastery of Charity at Venice which hath succeeded very well There is another very handsome manner of Staires which King Francis the First caused to be made in the Castle of Chambor near Bloyse and is in this manner There are four Stair-Cases which have four Entrances to wit one Entry to each and go up the one over the other in such manner that being made in the middle of the Building the four may serve for four Appartements so that the Inhabitants of one need not go up and down the Staires of the other And because it is open in the middle they all see each other go up and down without any hindrance the one to the other This Invention being new and handsome I have placed it here and marked with Letters from the foot to the head to the end every one may see where each Staire begins and where it ends There was also to the Porticos of Pompey at Rome leading to the place of the Jewes Winding-Staires of an admirable form for being placed in the middle in such manner that they could not receive light but from on high they were set upon Columns to the end that the light might distribute it self to all parts alike According to which example Bramante an Excellent Architect in his time made one of them at Beluedere and without Steps having the four Orders

D. and the Angle which it maketh upon the Diagonal line which is shewed by the prick line G from F to C. 1. 2. The Wall and Lintells 3. Dragon Beam for the Hip to stand on 4. Beam or Summer wherein the Dragon-Beames are framed 5. King piece or Crown post 6. Strutts or Braces from the Crown post to the Hip Rafter 7. Hips as they make the Angle equal to the breadth of the House 8. Hips as they make the Angle in the Diagonal lines from Corner to Corner 9. The Additional length which the Hips make upon the Diagonal line more then the breadth of the House CHAP. L. Of Flat Roofs D. WIthin a Camber-Beam and Rafters joggled in whose weight lyeth not chiefly in the middle and may be so made that without hanging up the Beam the principals may discharge the weight And how Drips may be made to walk on 1. Camber-Beam 2. Principals joggled into the Camber-Beam 3. The place where the principals are joggled in 4. Punchons or Braces 5. Drips to walk on and may be made with the lesse current that the Roof may be made the more pitch for the strengthening thereof And may be made higher or lower according to the Building and Discretion of the Architect 6. Battlements A Flat Roof with a Crown post or King piece CHAP. LI. Of the Hip Roof E. INstructions to find the length and back of the Hip so as it may answer the side and the end of the perpendicular line of the gable end the two Skirts the side of the Roof in plano or lying in ledgment with the hip and gable end the Diagonal and perpendicular lines being laid down proportioned to any bredth or length by which the most Ingenious may serve himself and an ordinary Capacity already acquainted with the use of the Ruler and Compass may plainly demonstrate all the parts of a Roof whether Square or Bevel above Pitch or under Pitch by lines of proportion as may appear in the Designs following Suppose the Roof 20 foot Broad and in length 30.40 or 50 foot more or less LEt A. B. C. D. be the sides and ends of the said Roof one end to be Hipt the other a gable end Draw the lines A. B. C. D. the bredth and length of the Roof Then Araw the gable end A. B. E whose sides or principal Rafters being ¾ of the brodth of the House then draw the perpendicular line E F. the heighth of the gable end which line is of general use to level the ridge of all Roofs and if the other end be Hipt as in the design D. C. G. then it serves to find the length of the hip and the back of the Hip so that it may answer both sides and ends of the Roof alwayes observing that the middle of the bredth of the house is as I. H. then draw the line K L N through the center I. which will make right angles to the line E F. H. G. both in bevel and square houses Then extend the line A. B. on both sides to O. being the length of A. E. or E. B. the length of the principal Basters or of the bredth of the house So will O. N. and O. K. make the length of the ridge I. F. and K. D. and C N. the two skirts To find the length of the Hip. DRaw the Diagonal lines D. I. and I. C. over which the Hip is to hang when in its due place then take the perpendicular line E. F. place it from the point I. to P. P perpendicular to the Diagonal or Base lines D. I. and I. C. at I So is I. P. and I. P. the pitch of the hip equal to the gable end E. F. and when erected will hang perpendicular to the point I. Then take P. D. the hypotenuse of the triangle D. I. P. and C. P the hyporenuse of the triangle C. I. P. placing them from D. to G. and C. to G. gives the length of the hip D. G. C. and when laid to their pitch will all meet perpendicular to the point I. To find the back of the Hip. so that it may answer both sides and ends of the Roof whether Square or Bevel LAy the Ruler from the point L. to the point H. and from the point H to M and mark where it cuts the Diagonal lines D. I and I. C. at Q. Q. then set one foot of the Compasses on the point Q. and extend the other foot to the hip lines D. P. and C. P. at the nearest distance with that mark the point R upon the same Diagonal lines then draw the prickt lines L. R. H. and H R M. which makes the back of the hip for the two corners of that Roof This Rule serves for all Roofs whether over or under pitch CHAP. LII F Of Roof Bevel at one end and Square at the other the Gable end Square the Bevel end Hipt SUppose the bredth of the Roof 20 foot the length more on one side then on the other as in the design A. B C. D. then draw the gable end A. E. B. whose sides from A. to E. and from E to B is ¾ of the bredth of the house or is the length of the principal Rafters then draw the perpendicular E. F. the height of the Roof from the floor and if kneed then from the top of the knee as in the design of a kneed Rafter before-going The sides of the Roof which makes the Ridge G. H. I. K. to be drawn as is described in the fore-going design Divide the bredth of the Roof in two equal parts as F. L. Q then take the distance L. N. which is the ½ bredth of the house and make it parallel to C. Q. D. as M. L. M. and L. will be the point whose perpendiculars O. T. will meet the principal Rafters and hips To find the length of each Hips distinct one from the other Of the longest Hip. DRaw the Diagonal line L. C. and take the heighth of the gable end E. F. and place it perpendicular to L. C. at O. So have you the heighth of the Roof perpendicular from O. L. equal to E. F. the gable end and the line O. C. will be the length of the hip Rafter which will be equal to C. H. the skirt for that side of the hip and C. P. the side of that hip end To find the back of the longest Hip C. O. LAy the Ruler from the point M. to Q. and mark where it cuts the Diagonal line at R. then set one foot of the Compasses at the point R. and extend the other foot till it touch the line C. O. at the nearest distance then make it touch the Diagonal line at S. then draw the lines M. S. Q. which is the back of the hip for that corner of the Roof To find the shortest Hip. DRaw the Diagonal line of L. D. and take E. F. the perpendicular of the gable end as before place it from L. to T. perpendicular to L. D. then draw the line T. D. which is the length of the hip for that corner and is equal to the skirt D. I and the side of that hip D. P. which when erected will meet with the other principals perpendicular to the point L. To find the Back of this Hip. LAy the Ruler from the point Q to the point M. and mark where it cuts the Diagonal line L. D. at V. Extend the Compasses from the point V. to touch the line T. D. at the nearest distance and carry that distance on the Diagonal line to the point W. Then draw the prickt lines M. W. Q. which will make the back of that hip fit for that Bevel corner And this Rule serves for all Bevel Roofs whether over or under pitch CHAP. LIII G. Of a Roof Bevel at both ends and broader at one end then the other THE length and bredth of the house A. B. C. D. E. F. G. The length of the Rafters or pitch between the widest and narrowest end about the middle of the house to stand over the prickt line T. T. as the foot F. to stand on the one T. the foot G. to stand on the other T. The point of the two Hip ends when brought to their due place H. H. will be perpendicular to P. P. and will meet the sides I. K. L. M. over the points P. P. The points of the perpendiculars and lengths of the Hips from A. B. C. D. O. O. O. O. The backs of the Hips or Hip mould due to each corner Q. Q. Q. Q. The points to find out Q. the point for each backs R. R. R. R. The lines representing ½ the bredth of the house parallel to each end S. S. S. S. Representing the middle of the house T. T. Notwithstanding the Bevel ends you may place your Beams for your principal Rafters to stand on Square or so near a Square as may be or between both as from the ends of the prickt lines I. K. L. M. bringing the out-side of them straight under P. P. which will be more handsome for the house in the inside although it Bevels outward FINIS