rest being gathered together into a certain place usually in the tops or boughs of the Trees makes or becomes Seed Again The sap doth not pass upward only between the Barke and the Wood as some would have it but also into and through the very substance of the Tree both Bark and Wood and all And as for the Sap resting in the Roots more then in other parts of the Tree I cannot consent unto it for if the comparison of Blood with Sap will be allowed then as the blood in Mans body is alwayes in motion throughout the whole Body and rests not after it hath circulated once only but as it hath been said before in its motion is sometimes swift other times slow and very still and quiet but never at a stand except in great extremity and that for a very small time Even so must it be granted to be in Trees Now to conclude this point it is supposed by most men that a small time before the fall of the Leafe is the Stand so called or the turning of the Sap or rather that the Sap is cool and quiet for it makes no stay except by reason of extreame drought or cold at which time there is very small or little appearance of life therefore because we do not know when the Sap is quite turned or turning but by the fall of the Leafe It is the safest way to begin removing then as also to sowe or Plant and so you may continue all the Winter except in Frost and Snow but a Plant set about the fall of the Leafe shall be larger at three years growth then that which is set the spring after shall be at four years therefore the sooner you set or plant in Winter the better Now in transplanting it is but curiosity and trouble to mark every Tree and Plant to have the same side stand to the sun as was before for every plant that is right and well planted should stand free from shade the second row to stand over against the middle distance between the Trees of the first row and so throughout the ground and all of them so planted that they have the benefit of the sun on all partes as hath been formerly directed And planting at first thus you need not care or fear which de stands either to the North or south Now if you Plant your ground with sets let them be of seed if pose sible and not either of slips or succors to buy sets is chargeable also they may be broken or bruised in drawing out of th ground or carriage if you trust unto such as either have not care or skill in drawing them therefore let the sets be of your own if possible In choice of your sets let the Roots be sound and many for as they are in number and goodness so will the boughes be Lastly if the tops be tall or more spreading then the Roots you may proyn them and cut off the tops for every wound given when a plant is young will recover firmly in a short time as about six years yet there will be a hindrance in the growth of the Plant during that time therefore considering all these particulars it is good to have sets of seed of your own and at such a distance as not to remove at all for every remove is dangerous Although some of these observations have been formerly mentioned and also are generally known yet are they but little put in practice I am sure it would quit cost for all the pains and expences that should be undergone in order to it Now if you intend to Plant a Plot of Land for Under-Woods only or young woods for House-boot or Plow-boot c. and not let any of the Trees grow to be great Timber then as the Land is wet or dry rich or poor the crust deep or shallow you must sow or set such seed or Plants which will best thrive in those places and although Coppices Groves or Under-woods consist of all sorts of Wood as Oake Ashe Elme Beech Maple Chesnut Birch Asp Alder Withey Hornbeame Hasle Sicamore Willow and many others yet of all these we shall make choice but of six the rest being not considerable to answer the Charges this way in planting which are Oake Chesnut Ashe Withey Haslle and Alder Now to give you the reasons of my choice and why I look upon them as the best and most profitable are these First They are quicker of growth then any of the other that I have omitted for the Chesnut Alder Ash and Withey will be taller and greater at eight years growth then any of them will be at twelve Secondly They will thrive in such ground as many of the other will not as in much wet or moisture also in dry and shallow earth Thirdly They may be converted to such uses as will render them more vendible and yield greater prices then the other For now suppose you have an Acre of ground to plant and that there be in it all the sorts of Earth before mentioned then in the wettest part of the Land must you plant the Alder This Tree is not friendly to Pasture or Meddow because the Root thereof is of such a nature that it draweth to it self so much moisture for its Nourishment that the ground near it is good for no other use the next that doth require a moist ground although not so wet as the Alder is the Withey the Ashe and Hasle will grow in the dryest part and in the shallowest Earth the Oake and Chesnut will require a good earth and deeper Crust then the last two Thus have you the Nature Quality or Condition of the Plants and where they best like to grow But it is to be understood the Richer the Earth is and the deeper the Crust there they will best thrive Now because this Acre is but a small Plot we will therefore Plant it to the utmost bounds Thus the Land lying length and breadth sixteen Perch long and ten broad the plants to be planted four foot one inch and a half one from the other which is the one fourth of a Perch At this distance there should be a square plot of ground delved or digged two foot square about half a foot from the end or point of the four Angles set a Seed or Plant such seed or Plants as will best thrive according to former directions and where the Crust is shallow there should be made a trench about the several squares a foot wide and deep the Earth to be cast upon the square Plot to increase the Mould the whole ground being thus Planted you will have 2560 square plots wherein is planted 10240 seed or plants if they all thrive then about three years after at the season of the year for transplanting one of the best of these 4 Plants in each or every square plot which doth most thrive must be preserved and the other 3 drawn or puld up and disposed of at pleasure either to be planted
from 9 to 13 or 14 foot long These hoops being of the best sort are to be made 5 6 7 inches broad one inch thick on the back or sap edge and about half an inch thick on the other or heart edge they are worth if delivered at London 9 pound the hundred One end or length of the said young trees may make 10 good hoops and 12 trees or ends will make one hundred allowing six score to the hundred Now the remainder of the said trees and the Offal of them which were felled for hoops may be converted to several uses The Chesnut is good Timber for building Houses also for Quarters much used by Joyners and Frame-makers about Stools and Chairs Chests Boxes Bedsteds and such like both the Chesnut and Ash are very good to make Wagons Carts and many other necessaries of Husbandry But it would spend much time in speaking to every particular we shall therefore value the Chesnut and Ash one with the other to be worth 10 shillings the Tree there being 241202 Trees they amount to 120601 pound The Elme and Beech being slow growers will not be in so short a time of a sufficient greatness for extraordinary uses Out of the Beech may be made Fellows Axes and Spokes for Cart-wheels Quarters for Joyners and Building used as the Chesnut also Bowls Trayes Dishes Trenchers and such like The Elme will not be of that greatness to serve about building Ships of any considerable burden but for small Vessels as Hyes Ketches and such like as also Pipes to lay under ground for the conveying of water much used in and about London they may likewise be serviceable to Mill-wrights for making and repairing Water-mills also to other necessary uses may both these sorts of wood be imployed so that they may be worth one with the other six shillings the Tree and there being 241201 Trees and being sold at the price they amount to 72360 pound 6 shillings The total summ for all the foresaid Trees amount to 192961 pound 6 shillings The Trees that were left standing are in number 160801 now if they be carefully proyned and lookt unto about 70 years growth the Ash and Chesnut may be worth 30 shillings the Tree one with the other and there being of them 80401 they amount to 120601 pound 10 shillings The Elm and Beech about that time may grow to be worth 20 shillings the Tree the Elme being of substance to be used about the Hulls and Keels of small Ships also for Naves for Wagons and Cart-wheels many other uses may likewise be made of them The number of both sorts is 80400 Trees and they amount to 80400 pound The total of all the 4 sorts of Trees amounts to 201001 pound 10 shillings The 3 years Crop of Wheat with the Hulls and Straw according to our former reckoning do come to 16350 pound The total of the whole Improvment by this way of planting at the fourth Distance amounts to 410312 pound sixteen shillings Now all men do not approve of planting Under-woods with or among Timber Trees nor that Trees should grow so near together as in this last planting neither is it convenient that all Woodland should be so planted for at so near a distance they do not only hinder the growth of each other but also take up much land which may otherwise be employed for the benefit of Corn and Cattel and therefore this Distance of one Pearch is too near for great Trees yet in planting Seed or Plants there must be care taken that the distance of them be such that every Tree be not a noyance but a help to his fellows as not to hurt one another by any touch either of bough or root and yet not so far asunder but that they may shroud each other from the cold and winds therefore at this distance you may set your Plants and when they are grown great or come so near as to hurt by any touch then may you cut fell or grubâ—up the middle Tree and you will have the greater profit of the Land either to plow mow or for pasture We shall now proceed and treat only of planting the Oak at one Rod distance Then may be digged or delved a Plot of ground 2 foot square in the middle of the said Plot you are to plant 3 Seed or young Plants a foot distance one from the other and about 2 years after the planting one of the best Plants is to be reserved as a Standil or Storer and the other 2 must be pulled or drawn up and disposed of either to plant other grounds or bestowed on your poor Neighbours if you have not sale for them In this Thousand Acres of Land there will be 160801 square Plots in each of the said Plots is reserved to grow for Timber 1 Oak Plant Now you may plow or delve the ground between the Plants and sow with such Grain as will produce the best Crop yet it must not be plowed above 3 or 4 years for fear of hurting the roots of the young Trees but may be kept for Pasture or Meadow and benefit made many years if that you help the Land by soyling it with good Dung These trees may all grow till the twigs of each tree touch their Neighbour then must you grub up every middle tree which will be the second fourth sixth and so reckoning throughout the whole Wood alwaies observing to leave standing the outmost Row of trees about the ground for several reasons but for brevity sake we shall mention but three First those Trees being accustomed to the cold will the better endure Secondly they generally are the best growing Trees because they have most room therefore receive more nourishment from the earth to encrease their sap and so consequently their growth Thirdly they shelter and succour the inmost Trees from droughth cold and winds and the inmost Trees will shelter them on three sides Now to proceed these middle Trees must not be cut down or felled as we taught before because after the Trees are gone or removed the Land may be plowed and sowed with Corn between the Trees remaining as at the first planting and for many more years therefore they must be very well grubbed or stockt up that the roots may not grow again The number of Trees that are to be stockt up is 79600 This Timber may serve for ordinary building and out of it may be chosen small Ship-Timber also Tree-nails of all lengths and sizes which are commonly used about all Ships There may likewise be made from these Trees Slip-boards which must be of the Butt ends cut off 8 foot long the said boards would be 8. or 9 inches broad and between 2 or 3 inches thick on the sap edge and one inch thick on the other or heart edge These boards are to make hoops by joyning 4 or 5 more or less they are commonly used about the greatest size of Brewing Vessels Such boards are worth delivered at London ten pound the hundred
readily peruse all the foresaid totall accounts belonging to this first planting in digged or delved Land I shall here set them down by themselves and they are as followeth The total Accounts of all the seed set or sowed at one foot distance Seed sowed Acorns the Total amounts to 4226 17 10 Ashen-keys the Total amounts to 3268 13 05 ¾ Beech-mast the Total amounts to 3392 18 10 ¾ Chesnuts the Total amounts to 7662 17 04 All these seeds equally sowed the Total amounts to 4637 16 07 ¼ Seed set Acorns the Total amounts to 4210 04 06 Ashen-keys the Total amounts to 3427 00 01 ¾ Beech-mast the Total amounts to 3501 05 06 ¾ Chesnuts the Total amounts to 7721 04 00 ¾ All these seeds equally set the Total amounts to 4714 18 06 ¼ The total Accounts of Plants planted Oak Ash Beech or Elm the Total amounts to 42557 09 04 Chesnut Plants the Total amounts to 68484 13 04 ¾ All these Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 47742 18 01 ¾ The next Distance is 3 Foot AT this Distance if you do not sow the Land between the Plants with Corn then there may be delved 2 foot square of ground at the ends of every yard or 3 foot and therein set 3 seeds as hath been formerly declared This performed there will be delved 5764801 square Plots and they are worth delving 30 shillings the Acre The thousand Acres thus planted will take up 17294403 single seeds and the account will stand as followeth  li. s. d. For Delving the Land at 30 shillings the Acre 1500 00 00 For 2702 bushels 1 peck and 3 single seeds of Acorns at 2 shillings the bushel 0270 04 06 For setting or planting the Seed and the Land raked at 2 shillings 6 pence the Acre 0125 00 00 For weeding the Plants valued at 7 s. the Acre 0350 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 2245 04 06 An Account of Charges the Land planted with Ashen-keys For Delving the Land at 30 s. the Acre 1500 00 00 For setting the seed and raking the land at 2 s. 6 d. the acre 0125 00 00 For 180 bushel 1 gallon 1 pint and 153 single seeds of the Ash-tree at 1 s. the bushel 0009 00 01 ½ For weeding the Plants at 7 s. the Acre 0350 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 1984 00 01 ½ An Account of Charges the Land planted with the Beech-tree seed For Delving the Land at 30 shillings the Acre 1500 00 00 For 225 bushel 6-quarts and 3 single seed of the Beech at 3 shillings the bushel 0033 15 06 ¾ For setting the seed and raking the land at 2 s. 6 d. the acre 0125 00 00 For weeding the Plants at 7 s. the Acre 0350 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 2008 15 06 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnuts  l. s. d. For Delving the Land 1500 00 00 For 172944 hundred and single Chesnuts at 2 d. the hund 1441 04 00 For Setting the Seed Raking the Land and Weeding the Plants 0475 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 3416 04 00 An Account of Charges equally to plant the 4 several sorts of Seeds For Delving the Land 1500 00 00 For 675 bushels a half and 2 quarts of Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 0067 11 01 ½ For 45 bushels 1 quart and 601 single seeds of Ashen-keys at 1 s. the bushel 0002 05 00 ¼ For 56 bushels 1 peck 3 pints and 1 seed of Beech-mast at 3 shillings the bushel 0007 08 10 ½ For 43236 hundred and 1 Chesnut at 2 d. the hundred 0360 06 00 For Setting the Seed Raking the Land and Weeding the Plants 0475 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 2412 11 00 ¼ Now if the Land be planted with Plants or Sets at this distance as the seed was planted and the same number then it will take up 17294403 Plants An Account of Charges the Land planted with Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm. For Delving the Land 1500 00 00 For 172944 hundred and 3 Plants either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm at 18 pence the hundred 12970 14 01 For setting or planting these Plants valued at 8 s. the acre 00400 00 00 For Weeding the Plants at 7 shillings the acre 00350 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 15220 14 01 An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnuts Sets  li. s. d. For Delving the Land 01500 00 00 For 172944 hundred and 3 Plants of Chesnut at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 21618 00 00 ¼ For setting and weeding the Plants 00750 00 00 The Total Charge amounts to 23868 00 00 ¼ But if all the foresaid 5 several sorts of Sets be equally planted in the said Land the Accounts will be made up as followeth An Account of Charges the 5 several sorts of Sets equally planted For Delving the Land at 30 s. the Acre 01500 00 00 For 138355 hundred and 22 Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm at 18 pence the hundred 10376 12 10 For 34588 hundred and 81 single Chesnut Sets at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 04273 12 00 For setting and weeding the Plants 00750 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 16900 04 10 The Totals of the several Accounts of Charges for Seed and Plants set or planted at 3 foot distance and is as followeth Acorns the Total amounts to 2245 04 06 Ashen-keys the Total amounts to 1984 00 01 ½ Beech-mast the Total amounts to 2008 15 06 ¾ Chesnuts the Total amounts to 3416 04 00 All the foresaid Seeds equally planted the Total amounts to 2412 11 00 ¼ The Totals of the several Accounts for Plants planted Oak Ash Beech and Elm Sets the Total amounts to 15220 14 01 Chesnut Sets the Total amounts to 23868 00 00 ¾ All the 5 several sorts of Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 16900 04 10 The Third Distance THis next or third Distance of ground between Plants or Seeds is 4 foot and an half which is the fourth part of a Pearch Woodland measure Now if the Thousand Aceâ—s of Land be planted the same way and order as was the last or 3 foot distance then at the ends of 4 foot 6 inches of Land in length must be delved a Plot of Land 2 foot square with a small Trench about the square Plot and therein set or plant 3 seeds To perform this the Land will take up 7689603 single seeds and the Plots be worth delving 14 shillings the Acre An Account of Charges the Land set with Acorns  l. s. d. For Delving 2563201 square Plots of Land each Plot containing 4 square foot of ground the whole Plot worth delving 14 shillings the acre 0700 00 00 For 1201 bushels a half and 3 acorns at 2 s. the bushel 0120 03 00 For setting the Seed and raking the Land 2 s. the acre and weeding the Plants 4 s. the acre 0300 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 1120 03 00 An Account of Charges the Land planted with the Ash-seed
Stopping Overflowing of the Gall which causeth Choler and produceth the Jaundice and such like Lung-sick Maggots Redwater Fever â—cab or Itch Wildfire which is a very infectious sickness and will indanger whole Flocks I might here set down or prescribe several Antidotes against all the former Diseases but it is not my Task at this time Now as Sheep are veâ—y profitable Cattel and yet incident to many Diseases and therefore subject to loss so are Conies yet by the prudent care of the Shepherd and Warrener all these losses in both may be prevented for in Conies there are but 3 adherent Diseases which are Fevers Madness and the Rot but they have many Enemies as Tumblers Lurchers Greyhounds Mungrels Foxes Polecats Stotes Weasels Wild-cats House-cats and such like also other Vermin as Hauks Buzards Ringtails Kites Oules Ravens Crows and many more yet a greater than any of these is Man with all his Engins as Guns Bows Snares Ferrets Hayes Pursnets and the like Now considering all these a Warrener may charge to his account of profit and loss at least the one third part of every years Breed of Rabbets and if he save two parts of three it will sufficiently pay the Rent of the Land and return good profit into his Purse We should here have set down the several Receipts to Cure and prevent the Diseases in Conies with the manner and way of keeping and feeding them but especially designing the Improvement of this little Plot by other ways as well as that I proceed On the South-west side of the Dwelling-house and flanking the South Point of the Kitchen Garden and about the middle Distance between the said Point and North-east side of the South-west Grove just opposite to the Warren shall be made the quantity of 10 Acres of Land or 40 Perch square of ground into a Fish-pond this Water shall be kept in the nature of a Decoy but not absolutely so because it is an improper place being among Woods or the Wood growing so near unto it for the best decoy Ponds are in Champion Fenn Countries In the middle of this our Decoy Pond shall be made an Oval or round Island containing one Acre of Land and in the middle of this Island shall be built a round house 30 foot over or 90 foot about This House shall be one intire-Room 20 foot high built with heart of Oak the Roof of the said House would be covered with the best sort of Slait The other part of the House being built thick with Timber then the space between the said Timber shall be made up or inclosed with strong Wyer in the manner of a Bird-cage and the use of the said Cage or Aviary is to keep all kinds of singing and whistling Birds Through the middle of the Floor of the said House shall run a small stream of Water which may pass in and out through a leaden Pipe This water is not only for the Birds to drink but also to wash and bath themselves in There must be made likewise in this Aviary several Tables and convenient places with troughs to put their several seeds and food in also Perches or places to roost or perch on and they must be under the roof of the said House In 4 equal parts round the out side of the Aviary shall be built 4 Seats in the form of an Arbor or half Arbor the length of the said Seats would be about 6 foot both ends of two of the Seats must be planted with Holly or Holme Plants and the other two Seats are to be planted with Ivy and those Plants are to grow up and cover the top of the Seats by closing together and so become an Arbor Round the Island and about 3 foot from the water side must be planted at every 9 foot distance of land 4 Holly or Holme Plants and they must be set 4 square and 18 inches one from the other These bushes must be kept as shrubs by often cutting of them and not suffered to grow above 4 foot high but the 4 Plants are to grow that they may joyn close together on the top also round the sides to the bottom or ground as one Bush leaving only one small hole that the Ducks may go in at to lay their Eggs. This performed the bushes will make a gallant show and are of good use to save the Decoys Eggs from Crows Magpies and such like Vermin Round the outside of the Pond and Island would be planted with Reed such as usually grow on the sides of great Rivers or in the Fenn Countries The Stock of decoy Ducks constantly kept in this Pond shall be about 60 pair the Eggs and Breed of them may be worth 20 pound yearly besides that which may be gained by other advantages they bring in Moreover this Pond shall be stored with 2000 young Fish or Fâ—y of Carp Bream Tench and Pearch but I shall advise to put in a greater number of Carps than of all the other 3 kinds if 100 Eels be cast in they will not much prejudice the other Fish There may be likewise cast in good store of Gudgeon Loch Dace and Roch which are good prey and food for the greater sort of Fish and will make good sport and be a profitable Recreation for such as delight in Angling And because we have not feeding for these Carps as for those about the Warren therefore all the bottom and banks of the Pond would be paved with flot grass which naturally grows under water for it is a great feeder of fish Now about five years after the Pond is stored the Fish may be taken and will yield to be sold if not above 30 miles from London 80 pound also there may be left or reserved a sufficient Stock against the next Fishing season which may be about 5 years after Next to be considered and presented to view is a Dove-house which would be built in the middle of the Barn yard this House is not to be stored or stocked with ordinary wild or house Pigeons but with those called Carriers for we shall have of our ordinary wild Pigeons breed in the Woods as Ring-doves Stock-doves Turtle Doves and such like but those called Carriers the original of them came first out of Asia although many hundred are now kept in and about London and because they are known but to few people we shall tell you why they are so called and declare the use and profit of them In several Towns and Harbours bordering on the Seas and now under the Command of the Turk to omit particulars we shall mention one for all In Aleppo several persons keep these Pigeons in Houses built for the same purpose and do make the same profit of them as is made by Post Horses of these Pigeons there is of several Colours as white black and blew as also all these colours mixed as black and white blew and white motley dunn and kite-colour Such Ships as trade in those parts when they set sail
or 4 Poles or Rods because these Stocks are almost twice the age of those which were cut for smart hoops and therefore by consequence are greater and have more abundance of sap Eight or nine years after the second Felling you may receive a third Crop which if well husbanded will yield or return into your Purse above three times so much as the first did 4. Cut. Now at the next or fourth Cutting which may be about eight or nine years after the last the Stocks being grown great and full and in pride of sap you will find 10 11 or 12 Shoots on each Stock we shall reckon upon 10 then there will be in the whole ground 25632010 Shoots or Rods. And because the Chesnut is of more worth than either of the other we shall therefore substract and count the value of them particularly The number of Chesnut amounts to 8544010 Shoots or Rods. We shall suppose that each or every Stock one with the other will afford us two very good Hop-poles there will then be of them 1708802 which arise to 17088 hundred and 2 Poles and are worth at 14 shillings the hundred 11961 pound 12 shillings 3 pence farthing We shall also take from the Ash and Withy of each Stock 2 Poles which will make 3417600 single Poles or reckoned by the hundred 34176 hundred worth at 12 shillings the hundred 20â—05 pounds 12 shillings The totall summ for Hop-poles amounts to 32467 pound 4 shillings 3 pence farthing From each Stock of Chesnut which are 854401 there may be taken 2 Rods for Bark hoops of the longer size formerly mentioned they will amount to 1708802 Rods and make 3417604 hoops which allowing six score to the hundred will be found to be 28480 hundred and 4 hoops worth at 15 shillings the hundred 21360 pound 6 pence Of the said Chesnut Stocks may be taken 3 Rods from each Stock of the shorter size from 6 to 10 foot long and of them there will be 2563203 Rods they will make 5126406 hoops that is 42720 hundred and 6 hoops worth at 10 shillings the hundred 21360 pound 6 pence The totall summ for Chesnut hoops amounts to 42720 pound 1 shilling From each Stock of the Ash and Withey may likewise be taken 2 Rods of the longer size from 10 to 13 foot viz. from the whole Plantation 3417600 Rods which will make 6835200 single hoops or accounted by the hundred 56960 hundred worth at 10 shillings the hundred 28480 pound From the said Ash and Withey may also be chosen from each Stock 2 Rods of the shorter size and there will be found of that size 3417600 Rods which will make 6835200 hoops arising to 56960 hundred and worth at 8 shillings the hundred 22784 pound The Total for Ash and Withey Bark-hoops amounts to 51264 pound The totall summ for all the sorts and sizes of Bark-hoops amount to 93984 pound 1 shilling Of the Remainder of Shoots or Rods which are 9398403 and the Shredding of the 16233607 Hop-poles Hoops there may be made 2000000 of shred Fagots 4 foot long worth in the place where they are cut 8 shillings the hundred and counting 5 score to the hundred they arise to 20000 hundred which amounts to 8000 pound Of the other Offal or remainder of stuff may be made 264800 Brush Fagots worth in the Wood 6 shillings the hundred and there being of them 2648 hundred they amount to 794 pound 8 shillings The totall Improvement by Hop-poles Bark-hoops and Fagots at the fourth Felling amounts to 135245 pound 13 shilshillings 3 pence farthing Now because in some Countries there may be good Land for planting these sorts of Wood which yet being far remote from Markets have no vent for the Production as Hop-poles Hoops c. And the transportation being so chargeable that like many good staple and vendible Commodities in other parts of the World for want of that convenience they happen to be but of little profit to the Owners We shall therefore count what the profit of Woods planted in this Thousand Acres will be converting it only to Firing and other Necessaries useful in all Countries for Timber and Under-woods are so generally wasted and destroyed every where especially in this Nation that it is hard to judge where there is no want 5. Fell. At the next or fith Felling of this great Wood which because we would have it grow to a good scantling or substance may be about 14 years after the last Cutting the stocks being by that time more increased and the sap having put forth at least 15 or 16 Shoots using our former method we shall take the least number then there will be by reason of the increase from the 2563201 Stocks 38448015 Shoots or young Trees cut down out of which number there may be made choice of 200000 of the greater and streightest the lower or but end of which being cut off from 8 to 11 or 12 foot long there may be made 2 white hoops from each end containing about 3 inches broad in thickness 3 quarters of an inch on the back or sap edge a quarter of an inch on the heart edge commonly called Bastard hoops the number of them will be 400000 which arise to 333 hundred and 40 hoops they will be worth 500 pound From the said Butt ends may likewise be made 333 hundred and 40 hoops of the narrower size about 2 inches broad which may be worth 20 shillings the hundred and amount to 333 pound 6 shillings 8 pence There may also be chosen from the wood felled 500000 Butt ends of a shorter size from 5 to 8 foot of the breadth and thickness of the former each end will make of both sorts 4 hoops the number then is 2000000 these are worth both sizes one with the other 10 shillings the hundred and there being 16666 hundred and 80 hoops of them they amount to 8333 pound six shillings 8 pence The total summ for White hoops amounts to 9166 pound 13 shillings 4 pence Out of this Fall of wood may also be chosen from each stock of the Chesnut 2 Rods which will make Bark hoops of all the sizes from 6 to 13 foot then there will be made of the 1708802 Rods 28480 hundred and 4 hoops they being most of the longest size and all of the best sort of Bark hoops are worth one with the other 13 shillings the hundred which amouts to 18512 pound 5 pence The Ash and Withey may likewise yield from each Stock 4 hopes of the size aforesaid there will then be of them 56960 hundred hoops worth 8 shillings the hundred and amounts to 22784 pound The total summ for all sort of hoops amounts to 50462 pound 13 shillings 9 pence These White and Bark hoops are commonly used by Country Coopers about small brewing Vessels also for hooping all sorts of set work As for those best sorts of White hoops that are five or six inches broad and worth nine or ten pound the hundred they are made
Devonshiring or Burning those Lands grown over with Bushes Heath Furres Goss or such like Also the way of Improving all the said several sorts of Earths by Lime Marl Mame Dung and many other such like Improvements likewise by Plowing Delving Trenching or Plow-trenching the said Land and sowing seed for Corn or Grass and of several Observations and Directions therein NOw considering that his Majesties Timber and Woods standing and growing will not be a sufficient stock to mantain and keep in repaire the Royal Navy for any long continuance of time to come without a supply by new Planting those wast and vacant places that have no Trees or very few growing I shall humbly offer my Judgment and Experience in this thing and will lend my assistance to the utmost of the ability God hath given me for the Planting and thus improving them And because his Majesties forrests and other Wast Lands do much differ in goodness and largeness and also some of them are better replenished with Timber trees then others and not knowing his Majesties Pleasure Either what forrest or part of the forrest or what quantity of Ground shall be Planted I cannot set down the Proportion But will suppose a Thousand Acres A skilfull Arborist will make choyc of such a soil where he may provide a strong and sufficient fence before he will be at the Charges of Planting In the first place then is to be considered the making the fence about the Plott of Land before mentioned which was a Thousand Acres and although there be many Figures of Land I shall mention but one for it is not my intent to multiply Words We will suppose the thousand acres to be a square piece of Ground The square then of this Plot or parcel of Land is 400 Perch or Pole Land measure the Pole or Perch containing 16 foot and a half in length for although there are divers Opinions risen grounded upon long custom in many places of the length of a Perch yet there is but one true Pearch by Statute appoynted for the Measuring Land which is as before mentioned but for Wood Measure or hedging and diching there is 18 foot allowed to the Pole or Pearch the Reasons are because Under Woods which are thus Measured for sale have in many places sundry gals or void places wherein groweth little or no Wood and to supply these defects the Buyer Claimeth this supply by measure What to make this fence of is the next to be considered and because my great care and indeavours are for the preservation of his Majesties Timber therefore I would not have one tree cut down or felled for this purpose although the Paling thereof would be a sufficient fence but not of a very long continuance all fences therefore commonly are made of Wood Brick Stone or Earth as dry Wals or Ditches or Earth compounded there are other fences as Motes or ditches of Water where the ground is levell and springy or the Water brought from some Spring oâ— River but of all other according to my Iudgement the White thorn Hedg is the best for in 8 or 9 years it will make the best fence both for height to succour the young Timber trees or Plants for trees as also for strength to keep out all Enemies to the said Plants and although the Planting of this Thorn hedge is so well known to all Husbandmen that there will not seem to need many words to Demonstrate it yet because I intend to direct you hereafter to Plant Timber trees the same way I shall take a little the more paines in it I shall not use much curiosity in pleasing every mans fancy in the making this fence as how many Rows of Plants or setting them upright or slope ways or flatt or the distance more or less but shall give you my particular opinion of it Now to begin the work the Ground being viewed Proportioned and measured that is to be Planted We will suppose it as I said before to be a square piece of Land and to contain a Thousand acres the square then is 400 Perch the whole Plot or the 4 squares contain 1600 perch about which is the content of the fence but if the fence be measured by Wood Hedge or Ditch measure allowing 18 foot to the Perch then the one angle or square will contain but 366 Perch 12 foot and the content of the whole fence by the said Wood measure is 1466 Perch 12 foot the fence must be thus made First I would advise the Ditch to be 6 foot wide or broad at Top and 5 foot deep slopewise so that the breadth at the bottom or lower part of the Ditch be but 3 foot or there abouts according as the ground is stiff and binding or hollow light and looss for if it be a light ground the bank must be more sloping or else it will founder and fall into the Ditch again and the repairing thereof will be the increase of Charges In the next place care is to be had in providing Plants wherein you may please to take these observations following First that your Plants be not too great nor too small for there are severall opinions concerning both these sizes The best size according unto my opinion is to have them about the bigness of an ordinary Mans little finger Secondly that you have them drawn or taken out of the Earth but a day or two before the Planting if with convenience it may Be the same day is better for although it is usuall to have Plants gathered a Week or more before they are Planted yet it is a great Evil and not to be approved of Thirdly in drawing or taking your Plants out of the Earth let not the Bark or Roots be broken or bruised 4ly in trimming or preparing the Plants for Planting my advice is to cut off the top of the Plant above 6 inches from the stem of the Root and let it be cut slope ways with a sharpe Knife clean and handsome but cut not the Roots except there be a superfluous Root that was broken off from some other Root or that is brused broken or part of it dead in such cases you may see the Chack or body of the Plant be clean without shoots And although it hath been and is a custom to cut and trim the Roots yet it is not to be allowed of because every cut is a Wound and the more Wounds the greater danger The Plants being thus Proyned trimmed and fitted for Planting after the first Turf layd with the grassy side downwards and the upper part of the Turf or clod of Earth which was the lower pared plain near one third part of the thickness of the Turf then lay on the Plants in a rank or row containing in distance or the distance between the Plants would be one foot of ground and this Rank or row of Plants to extend to the end of the Angle or square and so of all the Squares In the laying of the Plants
distance is first to delve a Plot of land 4 foot square and let the 4 angle points or corners of the square lie North-east North-west South-east and South-west that the Plants which are to be parted in those Plots may have the benefit of the Sun all the day this performed then cast up a small trench or ditch a foot deep if there be so much good earth and 18 inches wide let all this earth be evenly laid on the Plot delved the Clods hackt or cut small and the grass and weeds gathered or weeded out this done set or plant one seed or plant about a foot from each point or corner of the square Plot and in the middle one then you will have 5 Seeds or Plants in this Quadrat Now at every 30 foot distance throughout the acre of Land delve or cast up such a Plot of ground so you will have 40 quadrats or square plots in the whole and leave a sufficient distance of land between the outmost Rows and the Fence The Seed or Sets planted in the whole ground are 200 which may all grow 3 or 4 years then leaving one of the best Plants of what kind of Timber-trees you please pull or craw up all the rest which you may either sell give away or plan in other grounds the remainder will be 40. By this way or manner of planting you may make as much benefit of the Acre of Land within a small matter as if there were not a Tree growing in it and these 40 Timber-trees being all Oaks within a hundred and fifty years may be worth 200 pounds which is a good improvement requiring no more charges than the first planting and not losing any benefit of the land And if this quadrat or square figure doth not like you there may be digged or delved so many Plots of ground as aforesaid round or circular and the ditch cast up as about the squares then plant or set the four Seeds or Plants equally about the Circle and one in the middle the four Seeds or Plants pointing to the four quarters of the Wind as hath been directed The reason of this way of planting is to increase the mould or earth for the Plants to put forth their shoots in also the being inclosed will preserve them from danger in time of Harvest you may set Beans in these plots of ground but not too near the Plants and if you sow seed of the Furrs-bush about the edges of the bank The Furres will keep the Plants warm in the Winter and preserve them from being hurt by Cattel and as the Plants or Trees increase the Furrs will decrease or after the Plants are grown up out of the reach of Cattel the Furrs may be cuâ— and so destroyed if the rightâ— season of the year be observed Now there is another way of planting not inferior to any of these formerly spoken of We shall consider of the Acre of Land in length and breadth to be 40 perch long and 4 perch broad the just content of an Acre at 16 foot and an half to the pole or perch The Plants to be provided for the planting this ground may be of all the sorts of Timber-trees formerly mentioned they should be about the size of the Thorn plants yet something greater but not bigger than an ordinary mans finger The Plants being provided you may begin to work thus on the North North-east or North-west side of this Acre of Land make a Ditch 3 foot wide and 18 inches deep the said Ditch to extend to the farther ends of the plot which is 40 Rod After the first Turf is laid with the swarth or grass side downwards the upper side pared chopped and made even and that the Plants are cut and trimmed lay them on as you were directed in planting the Thorne hedge only observing to leave the trunk or body of these plants one inch longer than those of the thorns Also the distance of ground between these plants must be 3 foot After the Plants are laid in an even rank or row with the slope or cut side downwards or sidewayes towards the South and the head of the Plants lying at least 7 or 8 inches higher than the roots then cast or throw up good store of the best earth on the roots afterwards all the earth which you cleanse out of the Ditch spreading it all over the Plants plain and even This bank is not to lye high as that of the Thorns but level as other grounds There is in this row or bank 220 Plants now allowing 4 foot of ground that the first Plants and earth cast up as aforesaid doth cover The second Ditch must be begun five foot distance from the head of the first bank which is 8 foot from the beginning of the first Ditch This second Ditch or Row of Plants will fall behind the first and must be made and planted every way as the first and after the second a third and so continue keeping the same distance till all the Plot be planted Then have you in the Acre of Ground 8 Rows and 1760 Plants The Trees that are thus planted will thrive and grow wonderfully between the Ditches and Banks you may delve and sow or set Beans Pease or any other grain or corn This Acre of ground may be improved by planting for Timber-trees and under-Woods for Hop-poles as you have been formerly directed So much may serve for the improvement of one single Acre which being too little a Plot to take up the whole industry of a Man or my designe I shall now take in a greater quantity of land and proceed to a thousand Acres which I at first intended The thousand Acres then doth contain by the Rod Pole or Pearch at 16 foot and a half to the Pole 160000 which is in yards 4840000 and doth amount unto in feet or by the foâ—t 43560000 Now according to every one of these three Numbers only considering the distance between the Fence and outmost row of Plants as before mentioned must the quantity of seed be provided because you shall not be put to the trouble in counting how many of these seeds a Bushel by measure may contain I shall give a particular account thereof which take as followeth The first number the distance being Perches will require 160000 acorns which amounts to by measure according to the former Rule in the one Acre given 25 Bushels The second number according to the distance of yards will require 4840000 acorns which comes to by measure 756 Bushels one Peck The third or last number being feet will require 43560000 acorns which will come to by measure 6806 Bushel one Peck As for the other seed which are Ashen keyes and Beechen Mast they may be also measured by the Bushel as the Acorns first counting how many of each will go or will be contained in one pint or gallon Having considered and computed what the charges both of seed and Plants will amount unto by knowing what quantity
be divided into 16 parts by 15 brass Rings such as are used about Curtains the said Rings to hang loose in that part of the wyer that joyns the links together this performed the distance between the Rings will be one fourth of a pearch which is of Land measure 4 foot 1â— inch but of Wood measure 4 foot 6 inches At each end of this Chain would be an iron wyer Ring 2 or 3 times the compass of the brass Rings With this Chain all seed or plants which are to be set at one pearch two pearch three pearch four pearch half a pearch and one fourth part of a pearch distance may be orderly and speedily set or planted and that you may readily distinguish between the parts of the Chain at the one fourth part of a pearch must be a single Ring at the half of the pearch 2 Rings at one pearch distance 3 Rings and at the middle of the Chain which is a Pearch 4 Rings but to plant at these distances you may also make use of a streight Pole containing one pearch in length and divided into four parts The second Chain must be divided into yards and feet by brass Rings as in the first Chain it will require 65 Rings being the distance of feet and at every third foot beginning at one end of the Chain add one Ring more there will then be two Rings which is the distance of yards this being finished the single Rings distinguish the feet and the double the yards the Chain containing in length 66 foot and 22 yards but if wood measure then the length of the Chain will be 72 foot and 24 yards with these two Chains you may plant Seed and Sets at all the distances mentioned in the Book Now if you will not be at the charges to provide Chains then may you make use of small Cords or Lines and instead of Rings there may be knots with several coloured raggs at all the distances before mentioned and if these Chains or Lines be not of a sufficient length to dispatch much work then may you lengthen them according to your use or pleasure ENGLAND'S IMPROVEMENT REVIVED THE FOURTH BOOK The Argument You have Directions to plant a thousand Acres of Land Woodland measure 18 foot to the Pearch with Seed and Sets for Timber-trees and Vnderwoods at the several distances before mentioned and that is from one foot to four Pearch Also here is set down the particular and total accounts of the Charges and Profit of planting the said Land by plowing or delving and sowing or setting the same with Seed or Sets As also of converting the said Woods to several uses VVE have formerly discoursed of the knowledge of several sorts of Land by their Characters and Constitutions also of the Clime or Continent wherein they lie and how you shall make choice of Land for planting Trees the choice of seed and plants the seasons for plowing sowing and setting transplanting trees of great growth with the several Distances of ground between the Plants and the Improvement of one Acre of Land several wayes and to plant with Seed and Sets for Timber-trees and Under-woods therefore shall not trouble you with repetitions but proceed Suppose therefore the thousand Acres of Land before mentioned to be totally planted extending to the outmost bounds as it was measured without the Fence it contains 160000 pearch at 18 foot to the pearch In the planting this ground we shall mention only 5 several distances between the Plants I. Dist. The first and nearest shall be one foot at this distance you are only to plant seed for the procuring Plants to transplant other Lands we shall suppose this thousand Acres also to be a strong rich earth and every way qualified for the planting all sorts of Timber-trees This Plot of Land then contains 400 pearch square or 7200 foot but will require 7201 Rows of seed or plants and the whole ground will take up 51854401 single seed or plants Now if you will plant at this distance with seed for present use and profit my advice is to plant only these three sorts that is to say the Oak seed which is Acorns the Ash-tree seed called Ashen Keys the Chesnut-tree seed or Chesnuts There being an equal number or quantity of the three several sorts of Seed set or planted the Land will take up of Acorns 17284800 of Ashen-keyes 17284800 of Chesnuts 17284801. Now supposing that all these seeds grow and thrive about three years after the planting they will be of a sufficient growth to be transplanted The Oak and Ash Plants may yield 18 pence the hundred there being 345696 hundred allowing five score to the hundred which amounts to 25927 pound 4 shillings of Chesnut Plants there will be 172848 hundred and 1 Plant and they may be worth two shillings and six pence the hundred and will amount to 21606 pounds 1 farthing The total summ that all the Plants amount to is 47533 pound 4 shillings 1 farthing A good improvement if there were Markets or vent for so many II. Dist. But if at three foot distance you will reserve one of these Plants to grow for Under-woods and that you leave them equally mixed as they were planted then there will be for sale or to be sold of Oak and Ash 30726400 single Plants or 307164 hundred and at 18 pence the hundred amount to 23044 pound 16 shillings of Chesnut 153632 hundred of Plants at two shillings six pence the hundred come to 19204 pound The total summ for all these Plants amounts to 42248 pound 16 shillings the remainder or the Rods or Plants reserved are 5764801 which about eight or nine years after from the time they were planted you may fell or cut down and convert them to their several uses thus the number of Chesnut Plants is 1921601 the number of Oak Plants is 1921600 the number of Ash Plants is 1921601. From the Chesnut Plants may be chosen 214234 Rods of the size from 12 to 16 foot in length for smart hoops commonly used about wet and dry Cask of all sorts and each Rod being carefully slit will make two Hoops worth if delivered at London six shillings the hundred allowing six score to the hundred then there will be 428468 single hoops and being reckoned by the hundred they come to 3570 hundred 68 hoops and amounts at six shillings the hundred to 1079 pound 3 shillings 4 pence half-penny There may also from the Chesnut Plants be gathered 1400566 Rods of the size from 6 to 12 foot long which will make 2801132 single hoops and they arise to 23342 hundred and 92 hoops worth if delivered as aforesaid 4 shillings the hundred they amount to 4668 pound 11 shillings 3 farthings the total sum for the Chesnut hoops amount to 5739 pound 14 shillings 5 pence one farthing Out of the Oak and Ash containing 3843200 Plants may be chosen 403700 Rods of the longer size from 12 to 16 foot which may make being carefully slit as aforesaid
Bushel they come to 810 pound 4 shillings 6 pence Now if you sow the Land with the same seed then there must be 2 Bushels allowed for every Acre more than there was for setting and the quantity to be is 10102 Bushels 1 Peck and 1 Acorn they amount to 1010 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The Charges for setting the Acorns being formerly allowed at 4 shillings the Acre come to 200 pound The Charges for weeding the Plants being also allowed at 10 shillings the Acre come to 500 pound The total Charge for Seed also plowing hacking harrowing setting and weeding amounts to 2210 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The total Charge for seed also plowing hacking harrowing sowing and weeding amounts to 2210 pound 4 shillings 6 pence But if the Land be planted by setting Ashen Keys of this seed there go 96000 into one Bushel and will cost 12 pence the Bushel and the Land will take up 540 Bushel 1 Gallon 1 pint and a half and 151 single seeds amounting to 27 pound 7 farthings The Charges for plowing sowing setting and weeding is the same allowed for the Acorns The total Charge for seed also plowing hacking setting harrowing and weeding amounts to 1327 pound 7 farthings And if you sow the Land with Ashen Keys there must be half a Bushel allowed for every Acre more than was for setting the quantity to be provided comes to 1040 bushels 9 pints a half and 151 single seed and they come to 52 pound 7 farthings The total for seed also plowing hacking harrowing and weeding amounts to 1152 pound 7 farthings This Land to be planted with Chesnuts will take up 51854401 single Nuts and they will cost 2 pence the hundred there being 518544 hundred and 1 Nut come to 4321 pound 4 shillings But if the Land be sowed with the said Nuts then every Acre will require 1500 more than was allowed for setting The whole number will arise to 533544 and one single Nut and at 2 pence the hundred do amount to 4446 pound 4 shillings The total Charge for setting or planting a thousand Acres of Land at a foot distance with Chesnuts amounts to 5721 pound 4 shillings The total Charge of Land to be sowed with the said seed comes to 5646 pound 4 shillings To plant by setting a thousand Acres at a foot distance with Beech seed called Beech Mast there going 76800 single seed into one Bushel the Land will take up 675 bushels 6 quarts and 1 seed and at 3 shillings the bushel according to a former allowance they amount to 101 pound 5 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings If the Land be sowed with the said seed then there should be 2 pecks allowed for every Acre more than was for setting and the total number will arise to 1175 bushels 6 quarts and 1 seed which at 3 shillings the bushel comes to 176 pound 5 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings The total Charge of the Land to be set with Beech-mast amounts to 1501 pound 5 shillings 3 farthings The total Charge of the Beech seed to be sowed on the said Land amounts to 1376 pound 5 shillings 3 farthings All sorts or kind of trees the charges for planting them by seed may be computed according to the rules we have set down Now if any man will be so indiscreet as to plant at this distance with Sets the thousand Acres will then take up 51854401 single Sets or Plants I cannot give you an exact account what they may cost by the hundred because several Countries have different Prices according to the goodness plenty or scarcity of them for in some places good Plants of Oak Ash Beech and Elme are sold for 12 pence the hundred and in other Countries such Sets are worth 18 pence or 2 shillings the hundred to have them no greater than a mans little finger we shall estimate them at 18 pence the hundred and there being 518544 hundred that the Land will take up the same amount to 38890 pound 16 shillings The Setting these Plants is worth 10 shillings the Acre and comes to 500 pound The Weeding of them is worth 10 shillings the Acre which likewise comes to 500 pound The total Charge for Plants also Plowing Hacking Harrowing Setting and Weeding amounts to 40590 pound 16 shillings But if you will plant with Chesnut Sets these Plants may cost 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred there being 518544 hundred and 1 Plant and they come to 64768 pound 1 farthing The total Charge for Chesnut Plants also Plowing Hacking Harrowing and Weeding amounts to 66468 pound 1 farthing We shall not here set down Wages or Sallary allowed the Keeper or Dresser of this great Wood but shall leave the same to the will of the Owner thereof He that undertaketh this so great a Charge ought to be an honest laborious and industrious Person Thus have we considered and given a true Account of all the Charges needfull for plowing sowing and planting Seed or Sets at one foot distance By these total sums you may take notice that it is cheaper to plant with Seeds than Sets also the great charge to plant at so near a distance as one foot which is only in use for Nurseries and transplanting other grounds as hath been said The Second Distance IN the next place we shall consider of the Charges for plowing and planting at 3 foot distance for you are to take notice that we allow not of the sowing of any kind of seed above or more than one foot distance a thousand Acres of Land then allowing 18 foot to the Pearch Woodland measure contains 5760000 square yards and will take up there being 3 Seeds set or planted a foot wide from each other triangular and at the end of each or every yard distance as hath been directed if Acorns 17294403 or 2702 bushels one peck and 3 acorns and at the price formerly allowed which is 2 shillings the bushel they come to 270 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The setting the seed at this distance and the Land harrowed is worth 2 shillings 6 pence the Acre and come to 125 pound The weeding one foot round and between the Plants at 7 shillings the Acre comes to 350 pound The Total for seed also plowing and all other charges amounts to 1445 pound 4 shillings 6 pence If you set or plant Ashen-keys the Land will take up of that seed 180 bushels 9 pints a half and 153 single seed which at 12 pence the bushel come to 9 pound 3 half pence The Charges of setting and weeding is the same with the Acorns and do come to 475 pound The total Charge to plant with the seed of Ash amounts to 1184 pound 3 half pence And if you plant Beech-mast the Land will take up of that seed 225 bushels 6 quarts and 3 seed which amounts to 33 pound 15 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings The total Charge to plant with seed of Beech amounts to 1208 pound 15 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings To plant the said Land with Chesnuts
amounts to 0914 15 1 ¾ Chesnut Set the Total amounts to 1216 07 2 ¼ All the 5 several sorts of Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 0979 00 7 ¾  li. s. d. One single Plant either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm planted in each Plot and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2408 11 10 One single Chesnut Plant planted in each Plot and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2488 19 10 ¼ All the 5 sorts of single Sets equally planted in each Plot one and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2424 13 05 ¼ You may please to take notice at the second season of Plowing That that part of Land that the Plow cannot reach or compass must be digged or delved The Fifth Distance THe next or last Distance of Land between the Plants we intend to treat of in this Book and at this time is two pearch or 36 foot Well grown and thriving Timber-trees planted in a thousand Acres of Land at this distance will not only be profitable as on every Acre of Land there growing 40 Timber-trees worth 10 pound a Tree and amount to four hundred thousand pound but make a gallant shew and Corn growing on the Land Cattel and Deer feeding thereon were very pleasant to behold We have formerly advised to delve a Plot of ground 4 foot square at the end of every 36 foot in length and therein to set or plant 4 Seed or Plants this performed there will be sufficient room for the Plow to turn between the square Plots making good and quick work not hurting either Plants or Trees And the Land planted according to former Directions the Accounts will stand as followeth An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnuts at this last Distance and sowed with Wheat  li. s. d. For Delving 40401 square plots of Land containing 646416 foot or 1995 pearch and 36 foot at 4 d. the pearch 033 05 0 ¼ For Plowing Hacking Sowing the Wheat and Harrowing 987 acres and 3 quarters of Land at 12 s. the acre 592 13 0 For 161604 Chesnut Seed or 1616 hundred and 4 Nuts at 2 d the hundred 013 09 4 For Seed-wheat allowing at this distance 3 bushels to be sowed on every acre at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Chesnuts and Weeding the Plants at 18 d. the acre 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat at 4 pence the acre 016 13 4 For Reaping Binding and Carrying the Corn into the Barn at 8 s. the acre 395 02 0 For Thrashing and Winnowing the Wheat at 10 s. the load or 40 bushels and reckoning the increase 30 bushels to grow on every acre 370 07 6 For Carriage of the said Wheat to Markets if within 7 miles of the Barn at 5 s. the load or 40 bushels 185 03 9 The total Charge amounts to 2422 10 2 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Acorns and sowed with Wheat For Delving 1995 pearch and 36 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 033 05 0 ¼ For Plowing 987 acres ¾ of Land and sowing the said Land with Wheat 592 13 0 For 25 bushels 1 peck and 4 Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 002 1 6 For Seed-Wheat the Land requiring 2963 bushels ¼ at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Acorns and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat 016 13 4 For Reaping Gathering Binding and Carting the Corn into the Barn 395 02 0 For Thrashing and Winowing the Wheat at 10 s. the load 370 07 6 For Carriage of the said Wheat to Markets at 5 s. the load 185 03 9 The total Charge amounts to 2411 11 4 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with the Beech-Seed and sowed with Wheat  l. s. d. For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 2 bushels 3 quarts and 804 single Seeds at 3 s. the bushel 000 06 3 ¾ For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Beech Seed and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2409 07 2 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Ash-seed and sowed with Wheat For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For one Bushel and a half 11 pints and 1104 single seeds of the Ash at 12 pence the bushel 000 01 8 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Ash-seed and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2409 02 6 An Account of Charges all the 4 sorts of Seed equally planted and the Land sowed with Wheat For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 404 hundred of Chesnuts 1 single Nut at 2 d. the hund 003 07 4 For 6 bushels 5 pottles and 1 seed of Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 000 12 7 ½ For 2 pecks 1 pint and 801 single seed of the Beech at 3 s. the bushel 000 01 7 For 3 gallons 1 quart and 1401 single seeds of the Ash at 12 d. the bushel 000 00 5 For Setting these Seeds and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Seed-Wheat containing 2963 bushels ¼ at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For thrashing the said Wheat and all charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2413 02 9 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Sets as it was with Seed and Wheat sowed between the Plants  li. s. d. For Delving and Plowing as by the particulars in former Accounts 625 18 0 ¼ For 161604 either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets at 18 d. the hundred 121 04 0 For Planting the Sets and Weeding them 100 00 0 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2555 04 10 ¼ An Account of Charges the same quantity of Land planted with Chesnut Sets and Wheat sowed For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 1616 hundred of Chesnut Sets at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 202 00 1 For Planting the Sets and Weeding them 100 00 0 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the said Wheat and all Charges bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2636 00 11 ¼ An Account of Charges
set down how to plant 200 Acres of Land at well for Pleasure as Profit wherein there shall be pleasant Walks with Timber-trees and Groves of Vnder-woods and several Orchards and Gardens with Fruit Flowers and Herbs both for Food and Physick variety of Fowl Bees Silk-worms Bucks Does Hares and other Creatures of several kinds And a short account of the Charges and Profit of keeping a thousand Doe-Conies in Hutches the profit amounting to 450 pounds per annum Also Fish-ponds and Streams of water stored with many kinds of Fish and stocked with Decoy-Ducks And the Vse and Vertues of all the Plants growing in this Garden of Pleasure THe Figure of this Garden or profitable and delightfull Place is a Quadrat the 4 Angles or square sides lying South-east North-west South-west and North-east the length of one side or Angle containing 178 Perch 15 foot 11 inches The whole Plot is to be inclosed with a Ditch and Quick hedge of White-thorn as hath been directed to fence in the great Wood In the middle of this Garden containing 200 Acres Woodland Measure that is 18 foot to the Perch in length shall be erected a convenient Dwelling-house and other usefull Buildings for Corn and Cattel the Front of the said House to stand South-east and the Scite thereof to be inclosed for Yards Gardens and Orchards we allow to take up 20 Acres On the North-east side of this our Garden and 36 foot from the Fence or outmost bounds is to be planted to Row of Oaks extending to the ends of the said Angles or square Sides but observing to keep the same distance of 36 foot from the Fence of the other Angles or North-west and South-east Sides This first Row of Oak being set or planted allowing 21 foot of land between each Plant there is to be planted another or second Row of Oaks 36 foot distance from the first and keeping the distance of 21 foot between every Plant in the said Row This performed then 36 foot from the last Row of Oaks is to be planted 2 Rows of Chesnut Plants all of them keeping the same distance one from the other as the Oaks and 36 foot from the last Row of Chesnuts must be planted 2 Rows of Beech Plants also 36 foot from the last outmost Row of Beech may be planted 2 Rows of Walnut Plants the said Beech and Walnuts are to be planted at the same distance as was the Chesnuts 4 pearch or 72 foot from the last Row of Walnuts you may plant a Grove or Thicket of White Thorn the breadth to be one pearch and the length extending as far as the Walnuts From the Thorns the space of land between being 9 foot is to be planted a Coppice or Thicket of Ash and Withey Sets equally mixed the breadth of the said Plot of Ash and Withey Plants must be 4 pearch and the length 81 foot shorter at each end then the Thorn Thicket Half a pearch or 9 foot from the Ash Coppice shall be planted 4 pearch of Land in breadth with Hazel-nut Sets and the length to be the same as that of the Ash. Leaving 1 pearch or 18 foot space of ground from the Hazel Coppice there must be planted the breadth of 4 pearch in breadth with Rasberry Blackberry Barberry Goosberry and Currant Bushes All these are to be planted equally in several Beds and the edges of the said Beds planted with Strawberries The whole Plot being planted and equally mixed with all the several sorts and colours of Berries with convenient Walks between each Bed and containing the same length with the Nut-wood One pearch distant from the said Plot of Berries is to be planted the same length and breadth of land with Philberd Nut Sets Keeping the distance of 9 foot from the last Plot planted the next to be planted are Withey and Ash Sets the length and breadth of the said Plot to be the same as was last planted with Philberds Now as an Architect will lay a good foundation before he build we have advised first to plant and as the first Plot planted of this our Grove was a Thorn Thicket so likewise must the last or that opposite to the first and also both ends of this entire Inclosure observing to keep the distances with length and breadth of this last Thicket as that first planted and also the Thorns planted at the two ends of the Grove must be of the same breadth and joyn to the ends of the first and last Thorns planted About the middle of the last or South-west side of the Grove and opposite to the Dwelling-house must be left unplanted a space of Land or Ground on which to build or set up a fair Gate for entrance into the Wood or Grove aforesaid also there must be left unplanted 72 foot of Land in breadth beginning at the said Gate or middle of the Thorn Thicket and extending overthwart or cross dividing the Grove which will make a Pleasant Walk there being erected a Fountain in the middle of the said Walk whose streams dividing the Grove into 4 parts will be of great use for the refreshing all things as well Vegetatives and Sensitives as Rationals and at each end of the said Walk is to be planted a Mulberry-tree These Directions being observed and performed on the South-west side of the House is to be planted the same quantity of Land with all the several sorts of Plants aforementioned keeping the same distance of 36 foot from the Fence and likewise the same distance of Plants according to the manner and way of the first or North-east part of the Land planted These two Groves and Timber-trees in them are not planted only for Pleasant Walkes but Harbor and feeding places for wild Peacocks Turkies Pheasants Blackbirds Thrushes Felfares and all other useful Birds that live on such food as there grows The Land disposed of as to the scite of the House Groves and Woods planted for Timber-trees arises to 120 Acres and a half out of the remainder of Land which is 80 Acres on the North-east side of the Dwelling-House and flanking the North point of the Kitchin Garden and about the middle distance of Land between the said point and South-west side of the North-east Grove shall be inclosed a square Plot of Land containing 10 Acres with a Mote or Water-course 18 foot broad About the middle of the ground thus inclosed shall be built a Shed or low rooft House 4 square answering the Figure of the Land inclosed the walls or sides of the said Shed should be 7 foot high built with brick The length of every square side must be 80 foot and the breadth 10 foot between the walls within the House then the 4 square sides or whole House contains 320 foot round and the Plot of ground or Yard within the House allowing 18 inches for the thickness of the Wall will contain 54 foot square Within this House we shall place 240 Conie-Hutches or Boxes each of them containing 5 Rooms one
in the ground must be observed these 3 Rules First let the Plants be layed slopeing or slope ways that the top or head of the Plant may lye 4 or 5 Inches higher than the Root or the level of the lay of Earth Secondly let not the top or head of the Plant lye above 2 Inches out of the Earth Thirdly let the slope side that was cut lye downewards or side ways that the wounded place may have the benefit of the Sun as also that the Water may not rest upon it for in Winter the Water being frozen on the place cut will be a great annoyance unto it and much Rain often dropping on the wound may penetrate the Pith and causing hollowness may much endanger them After the first Rank Row or Chess of the Thorn Plants laid or planted as aforesaid then there must be of the best earth laid on the roots of the said Plants to the quantity of 6 or 7 inches deep then a spadeful or spades depth of such earth as the ditch will afford or else another turff on the good earth this being performed and the ground prepared as was formerly directed then lay another row of Plants of the same distance as the first yet not over against them but over against the middle space between the first Plants Order this second Row of Plants as the first and because the Bank will be great there being much earth to be cast out of the ditch there may be another Row or Chess of Plants laid above the second over against the middle distance between the second Row still observing the distance of earth between and above the Plants as you did in the first and the second Rows then cast or lay some of the best earth the Ditch will afford as aforesaid on the roots of this third and last Row This done cast up all the earth out of the Ditch on the last earth making the bank firm by clapping or beating the earth close with the Spade Upon this bank must be made a dead Hedge so called because it is made of dead wood as Bushes or Frith which is all sorts of small wood that are not Thorns This Hedge is to shrowd or shelter the young Plants as also to keep and preserve the Banck from being trodden upon and thrown down by Cattel Now in planting this and all such like Fences observe this rule mix not your white Thorn with any other Plant for although it be and hath been a general Custom in England to have several sorts of wood growing in Hedge-rows yet it is my opinion that they were not so planted at first but that this Island antiently being for the greatest part overgrown with Woods of all sorts which of late years have been otherwise improved and converted into Pasture and Tillage The Improvers in the making the several Boundaries or Inclosures troubled not themselves to do them all anew of any one kind of stuff but in their grubbing where they stood convenient for such use left remaining not only the stems and roots of trees but several whole trees young and old which by their lopping or topping might serve for necessary Reparations particularly Hedgeboot and Plowboot when occasion should serve little valuing the substantialness of their Fences for the future so they would serve the present necessity for I did never yet see a sufficient strong Fence of White thorn which is the best of all if thus planted by it self where there were trees or any other kind of Plants growing or mixed with them for trees will not admit of any kind of thorns to grow up with them and if there be so great an enmity between thorns themselves that the white and black will not thrive together as if they naturally bore an antipathy to each other for their colours sake we shall not so much wonder if we more sensibly perceive it when they are intermingled with other kinds and that the white and black thorn do thus disagree hath been my observation for a long time in several Hedge-rows where at first they were joyned but when they came to grow up the white hath so over-mastered the other that they have â—uite decayed and leaving a gap in the place where they formely grew have rendred the Hedge thin full of bracks and insufficient Thus have you my Judgment for the making of a good serviceable and profitable Fence for within 10 or 11 years after the first planting the thorns will be grown to that height and bigness that cutting them close near the ground with part of the offal or stuff may be made a sufficient dead Hedge as before mentioned on the bank of the ditch to shrowd the second growth of the Thorns and Under-woods it being supposed the young Timber-trees will by that time be grown to the height and greatness they will not want the Hedge to shelter them This first cutting of the thorn Hedge will cause the next growth to come more thick and make the Fence much more strong than before the overplus of the offal which will be considerable may be made into Brush Fagots good for Brewing Baking or be sold or used to make or mend other Fences Now the second cutting of the quick or thorn Hedge aforesaid you may begin sooner than the first as within 8 or 9 years if the Quick-sets or Plants do well thrive which they will the better do if you observe these rules following First let the Plants be well weeded the first second and third years after planting Secondly observe that they all grow alike and where they fail plant new plants in the vacant places which must be done betimes before the other plants grow too big for in digging or opening the ground to set or put in the new plants you may cut break or bruise the roots of the old which is hurtful or the roots of the old being grown great and entred deep into the ground will so draw the moisture of the earth to them downwards below the reach of the roots of new younger plants that they will thereby be in danger to be starved or by over topping them besides the keeping away the benefit of the Sun from them they will be subject to drop continually upon their cut or wound and so quite destroy them as for the planting of several sorts of wood in Hedg-rows it is only for the benefit of the lops and shreading of the said trees and regarding not the strength and goodness of the Fence for although by plashing the boughes of trees laying them along the hedge or on the bank of the ditch Deer and Horse or such like Cattel may be kept from leaping over yet it is very weak to keep out Swine or smaller Cattel from creeping under First because those boughes cannot be laid very close and secondly they have not prickles or thorns whereby they may be a guard against such an enemy And whereas it is the opinion of many men that planting trees in Hedge-rows doth
of greater grown Timber than these Woods will afford at so few years But we shall have occasion to speak of them hereafter and therefore forbear further mentioning of them in this place There remaineth to be felled or cut down besides or more then those used about hoops 32621613 Shoots or young Trees Out of them may be chosen from each Stock 12 single Billets or so many as contain 12 notches for according to the Statute every Billet should be 3 foot long and 7 inches and a half in compass and if the stick be great to bear 2 notches the compass must be 10 inches and if 3 notches then the compass must be 14 inches and so increasing as the Billets are in greatness The number of Billets chosen is 30758412 there goeth to one Load of these 500 notches or single Billets then there will be 61516 Load three quarters and 37 single Billets worth in the Wood or place of felling ten shilling the Load which amounts to 30758 pound 8 shillings and 1 penny 3 farthings There may also be made from each Stock 6 Ostra Fagots which would be 3 foot long and in compass 24 inches they ought to be round and not flat for so they are much less though all one compass Of these Fagots there will be 15379206 and counting five score to the hundred they arise to 153792 hundred and 6 Fagots worth in the place where they are made 5 shillings the hundred in the whole 38448 pound 3 pence half penny From the remainder of Shoots and the offal of the Hoops and Billets may be made 2000000 of shread Fagots 4 foot long worth 8 shillings the hundred there being 20000 hundred amounts to 8000 pound from the Offal of the shread Fagots and the other Brush stuff may be made 225400 Bavins or Brush Fagots worth 6 shillings the hundred and there being 2254 hundred of them their summ amounts to 676 pound 4 shillings The total Improvement at this fifth season of felling amounts to 126992 pound 10 shillings 2 pence farthing At all the after Fellings the growth of this Wood will be every time greater and the Shoots more in number than the last for these Stocks will grow and thrive above an hundred years Now at the next or seventh season of felling the Product of this Wood being converted to the best advantage may return or be worth 200000 pound Let no man think this to be strange for when Seed or Plants are planted at such a distance as the roots may have room and liberty to spread and enlarge themselves and that the Shoots or young growth have Air and Sun also all incumbrances removed and taken away such Underwoods or Woodland shall be of more worth by the Acre than 12 Acres of ordinary Copices Groves or Vnder-woods therefore I have not set too high a rate on the Stuff or worth of Wood prized as aforesaid neither counted the utmost Production or Increase of growth We have many examples in Fruits and Herbs that are planted in Orchards and Gardens how far they exceed others of the same kind both in laregness and goodness as well as in tast smell colour c. that grow wild so called because they proceed from the earth without the help of Man Now although Nature is before and to be laid as a foundation to Arts yet Nature is the better perfected by Art because Art doth nothing but by the strength of Nature and to confirm your faith we shall give an account what this Land amounts to by the year for each or every Acre You are to take notice the Wood is allotted to grow 14 years the profit then made when those years are expired amounts to 200000 pound which is 14 pound 5 shillings 8 pence half penny yearly profit for eve-Acre of the thousand Acres In Holland there is Land hath been sowed with Flax seed and the Crop thereof hath been worth fifty pound the Acre but we shall come nearer home There is Land in England sowed with Wheat that has yielded at Harvest 2 Load upon an Acre which is 80 Bushels Now this Wheat if sold at the price Markets have given for 3 or 4 years past which was 8 shillings the Bushell then the profit of the Acre by the year comes to 32 pound which is above double the profit of the Woodland Suppose this Corn-Land yield but the one half of the former Increase which is 40 Bushels of Wheat upon one Acre then it comes to 16 pound Again if the Land should yield the first Increase and Wheat sold for 4 shillings the bushel for commonly great Crops or a plentiful Harvest cause low Markets yet then this Acre of Land is worth 16 pound yearly This may be sufficient to satisfie any reasonable man We shall return to our Work Now because it is a general Custome in England at the felling of under-Woods to reserve young Eats or Standils to grow for Timber-Trees therefore in such Woods you are not to leave them at a nearer distance than 4 Pearch which is 72 foot for if you leave them nearer the said Trees will destroy and much hinder the growth and thriving of the under-Woods as hath been formerly declared Thus much may serve to have here spoken for the first second and third Distance of ground between Plants also planting under-woods IV. Dist. The next or fourth Distance is one Pearch or 18 foot At this distance there may be digged or delved a Plot of ground either square or round the quantity to contain 4 foot square or 16 foot of ground At each point or corner or in the middle of the square sides must a Seed or Plant be planted either of Chesnut Ash Beech or Elme and if you plant of all these kinds an equal number there will then be 160801 square Plots and 160801 Plants of each kind which amount in the whole ground to 643204 plants these may all grow 30 or 40 years more or less time as there may be use for them or so long as every Man may please who shall be the Owner At so near a distance the Trees will not grow great in body as when they have more room but streight slender and tall also they will have very few and small boughs grow on the insides that are opposite each to other To make these Trees grow in bulk or greatness when they are grown to that heighth which is best for your occasions then nip or cut off their heads or tops Now about 30 years after planting the three fourth parts of these Trees would be grubbed or cut down that the remainder reserved for greater Timber may have the more room air and sun on all parts And in felling the former distance must be observed between them that are left standing those Trees that are felled may be converted to their several uses as followeth The Butt or lower end of the streightest Ash and Chesnuts that are best to slit must be made choice of for white hoops the size