on fire any place whereever they break How to make a Light TAke little Faggots made of small dry rods dipt in black Pitch new Wax and Colophone melted together they are good to set fire to Galerys Palisadoes c. and to lighten Of Thundring Barrels Fig. S. THese Barrels are of a great use to throw in at a Breach or tumble in the Enemies Lodgements for being of a combustible matter they will set fire at any thing that they use to shelter themselves they are made several ways some as ordinary Barrels and half Barrels fill'd up with Tow dipt in some Colophone Turpentine Pitch Oyl of Piter or any thing combustible with Granadoes Fire pots Pistol barrels loaden with Bullets and set so that they may not fire all at once but scatter round about them Of Thundring Bullets THey are made of the following composition in which the Granadoes and Pistol Barrels loaden with Bullets are set in order with whole Gun-powder betwixt each and to hinder their firing all at once you must put between them some Tow dipt and mixt in the following composition 4 parts Turpentine 2 of Powder 2 of Small coals well sifted 3 of Poyligui one of Rosin one of Camphire ½ of stinking Benjamin and ½ of Colophone well mixt all together and put into your Bullets as it is said before not forgetting to bore in it 2 or 3 holes filled with prime of a slow composition which must be lighted before you put it in the Mortar this Bullet will make a wonderful effect where it falls Of Artificial Fire-works useful both by Land and Sea FIrst of all of fire Lances some are made four and five foot long some of 3 and some of less having a Belly near to the iron which you shall fill with the following composition Take some Tow dipt in a pound of new Wax and equal quantity of Turpentine ¼ of Powder as much Sulphur 2 4 of black Pitch all this well melted in oyl of Piter these great Lances are good to set fire to a ship the others are thrown with the hand and the least are shot out of a Bow to set the Sails on fire to defend a Breach or to set any things on fire Fig. T. How to Contrive Artificial Fire Pikes Fig. V. THey are good to defend the approach of an Enemies Ship their lengths must be from 12 to 15 Foot long having a belly near the end filled with the following composition one part Saltpeter as much Turpentine the same quantity of Bay salt 20 parts of Powder well pounded 3 of Colophone 7 of Arsnick ⅓ of Pitch one part of Linseed Oyl one of Sulphur mixt all together with some Linseed Oyl and Tallow then make up your work about 3 inches long and one and an half thick How to prepare your Cotton for Prime TAke some Cotton Thread and double it 4 or 5 times if you intend it for to prime your stars but if you intend it for your Lances or Rockets it must be 8 or 10 doubles then wet it well in clean water then take powder well beaten and clear water and make a Paste and having squeesed the water out of the Cotton dip it very well in the said Paste then take it out and roul it well in dry powder dust and set up to dry for your use Of Artificial Fire-works for delight THese Fires are divided into three parts first them that flye in the air 2dly Them upon the ground and 3dly Them that swim upon the waters And every of these parts is divided also into three parts the first and most royal for the air are the Balloons the 2d are the Rockets and the 3d. the flying Saucissons Them upon the Earth are also divided into three parts 1st are the Rockets 2d Fire Lances 3d. the Saucissons Them for the Waters are also three sorts 1st the Globes or Balloons 2d the double Rockets and 3d. the single Rockets but before we speak of their contrivances I shall treat a little of their Moulds and Tools Of the Proportions for the Moulds of Sky Rockets IF the Mould hath one inch in the mouth it must have six in length and the Rowler for the Coffin ⅓ of an inch in Diameter but the Rammers D must be a little less to go easily in the Coffin having a hole bored just in the middle for the Broach C the foot where it is fast must enter in the Mould one inch and an half the Broach must be 3 Lignes thick and 3 inches ½ long if you desire a bigger mould you must observe the proportions according to this Rule A is the mould B the Rowler F the Bodkin to bore the Rockets and Stars G the Coffin The Mould for ground Rockets HIs mould must have ½ an inch diameter in the mouth and 5 ½ in length the Rouler for the Coffin 4 Lignes in diameter which maketh ⅔ of half an inch and the Rammer a little less the Broach must be ⅔ of an inch long the Brith going into the mould half an inch Of the Mould for Water Rockets IF the mouth be one inch in diameter the length must be 8 inches the brith or foot going in the Mould one inch but without Broach the Rouler must have ¾ of an inch in Diameter and the Rammer a little less The Composition for Sky Rockets IF you desire to have your Rockets mount up with impetuosity take only your great Canon Powder well pounded and sifted and charge your Rockets as it is said hereafter Another Take a pound of your great Canon Powder well sifted add to it two ounces of small coal dust well sifted and mixt together but before you finish your Rockets try one and if your composition is too weak add some powder if too strong some coal dust and for want of Willow Coals you may use of wine ashes or sea-coals How to charge your Rockets FIrst you must take care not to put too much composition at a time but about a Spoonfull at once giving every time three or four good blows with a hammer of a pound weight continuing so till your Coffin is full to the Moulds mouth or very near then thrust hard upon it some paper doubled several times or else a round piece of Paste-board bored three or four times with a Bodkin to give fire to your Stars Serpents or Saucisons then cut the remainder of the Coffin as close as you can and cover the rest with Paper well glued The Composition for the Ground Rockets TAke some Gun-powder without any mixture well sifted and fill your Rocket with it as it is said before within an inch of the Moulds mouth then thrust in hard a piece of Paste-board or double Paper bore in it some holes with the Bodkin and then put in it a good Pistol charge of whole Gun-powder and having doubled some Paper of the Coffin upon the said powder choak the rest very well and cut what remains Of the Composition for Water Rockets TO
distant from the same B ½ and from the lower side ¼ That of the Breech distant B ¼ from the lower side and that of the Mannovell or flat Transome from the uppermost side B ¼ betwixt which and the Center of the Trunnion-holes is such a space as is the length of the Peece from the Center of the Trunnions to the end of the Cascabel viz. B 5 5 7 about That of the Tail is distant from the end B ½ and from the upper and lower side B ¼ The Axletree is big in the middle square B¾ The Wheels are high in Diameter B 6 the Nave is thick B 2 and long B 2¼ The Spokes B 1½ compleatly and moreover as much as is sufficient for their Mortaising The Fellows thick and large B ½ Yet one must observe that in Petrieroes of a small Mouth that the Wheels are to be made so high that the Peeces may arrive to the Port-holes or Embrasures viz. of three Foot or four about in Diameter and in the Petrieroes of a large Mouth they do not make them higher in Diameter than five or six Feet to the end that they may stand covered by the Parapets ordinarily six or seven foot high The Iron-work of these Carriages Axletrees and Wheels are the same as in other Carriages and like Cannons of Battery In measuring and proportioning these Carriages they may be valued from the B of the Chamber by redoubling the number of the B of the Chase c. and these measures in old Petrieroes become greater because the Chamber is larger from the end of the Chase The Carriages of Petrieroes de Braga which on land are used in Towers and little Platforms is a simple Cavaletto or wooden Horse made of a crooked beam with two Feet before on which is fixed a great Fork of one entire piece of Iron which doth Clasp the Trunnions And under the Feet and the Tail they put small little Wheels joynted in to hale along with more facility the said Cavaletto But sometimes this crooked Beam in place of Feet before is sustained by an Axletree with its Wheels as in other Carriages To make Short Carriages for all natures of Guns one must observe that the half of the Carriage be just in the end of the Breech putting the flat Transomes below in the hinmost part of the Carriage viz. under the half as is shewed in the Figure 12 in a Culvering Carriage CHAP. V. Of Carriages for Mortar-peeces and Trabucchoes FOrasmuch as Mortar-peeces are not discharged but by method and that raised from 45 degrees to 90 whereas other Artillery is never elevated above 45 degrees therefore the Carriages ought to be different Those for Mortars are made of three Sides or Cheeks two for Sides and the other for the the Bottom all thick B ½ of the Mortar Those of the Sides are large or high B 2½ the Trunnion which is all mortaised into the Cheek occupies B ½ the thickness of the Cheek at the bottom B ½ the other B 1½ and takes up almost all the inferiour part of the Mortar viz. part of the Chamber B ½ the thickness of the Breech B ½ leaving a void place betwixt the Breech and the Bottom to put the Coins more easily under The length in the top shall be B 3½ that below B 7½ whence leaving at the forepart B 1 fastned the Remainer may be bevil'd or without an Edge The Cheek at the bottom is long B 7½ and large as is the Diameter of the Trabuccho on the outside is little more than B 1½ with the Cornishes This length of the Carriage is necessary to the end that the Mortar being depress'd to 45 degrees then giving great Shocks with the Carriage in the Horizon and that it might not leap out to which end it is necessary that the length of the Carriage be at the least double the height Others nevertheless make them only long B 6 because perchance they never make so low Shots To the Carriages commonly they never make Wheels because in their March they are drawn upon Wagons nevertheless to hale them along they put underneath four small Trucks each made of an entire Plank thick B ½ high in Diameter B 1¼ with a hole for the great Axletree B ¼ about They bind together the Carriage with four thick Transomes across two below and two aloft which encompass all the thickness of the Sides and Wheels with a Plate of Iron nailed to and across in most places for strength especially when the Sides are made of two pieces The Trunnion-holes are covered within with Iron and there also they put their Contraforts Within it enters the whole thickness of the Trunnions which is closed with a thick Plate of Iron above which covers all the upper part and is there fastned with four garnishing Bolts and Pins which pass over all the height of the Side and are made firm underneath Nevertheless the said Plates or Bands one may raise up and lay aside every time as you would mount or dismount your Trabuccho Lastly there ought to be fastned outwardly on each Side two Rings which will serve to mannage and carry the Engine from place to place The Trabucchi have for a Carriage a strong Frame made of two Beams distant as much as the Trabuccho is wide made fast with two strong Transomes at the ends with the Trunnion-holes in the middle which are locked up with its Capsquares and underneath are two Axletrees on which are put two Rolers of Wood to conduct it where there shall be necessity which are drawn out and taken away when the Trabucchi is used END OF THE THIRD PART To divert the Reader after this third part I have continued the story of the Bridg and Engine at Antwerp out of Hondius his Fortifications and Artillery being a person very like to get the knowledg of it truly an Hollander and one of that party pag. 96. THere were two Vessels equipped one called the Hope the other the Fortune which was fitted by Pieter Timmerman Ingeneer of Antwerp and not by Frederick Jenibelly though he had fitted many before as E. de Metereus in his History relateth for he is abused and assuredly Timmerman fitted them and in which he made a Chest of strong Wood and Stone in a Triangular form as one may see in the Figure A As long as the Vessel four Foot broad at the bottom and two at the top and in which was put 18000 pounds of Powder At the bottom was a Pipe of Latten having little holes in the middle to give fire on all sides in an instant coming above the letter A from which went out four other little Pipes for to give more certain fire at the time appointed And then this Chest was well built with with Square stones laid in Mortass all about then covered with Grave-stones in the manner of the Roof of an house and upon which Grave-stones there were Gutters of fine Powder And also he laid
B 4 compleat or at the least B 3½ about and distant from the uppermost Side B 2½ compleat Some therefore do not make the Hole for the Axletree altogether square but do make it blunt on the two inferiour Angles as shews the Fig. 13 and 14. Some do not make a thorow hole for the Axletree but only a Joynt made hollow into the lowermost part when the Cheeks are not very large and into the Joynt they place either all the thickness of the Axletree equally or only ⅔ binding it with a band of Iron which passeth about as in the Fig. 15 16. First that towards the Mouth of Front hinders that the Peece doth not split Secondly that of the Breech serves to hold up the Breech of the Culvering and upon which it rests The third that of the Manovelle or little Peeces serves to rest upon in elevating the body of the Peece The fourth that of the Train or Tail serves to place into the hole the Bolt or Fastning-pin of the Fore-Carriage of the Peece All the Transomes are thick B 1 and large B 1½ from that of the Tail except when it is large B 2 all equally long viz. as much as the Diameter of the Peece is near the Trunnions and moreover B 1 because the middle Transome is joyned into the Sides and so their Sides are parallel Some make the abovesaid Transomes equal in length viz. that of the Breech as long as the diameter of the Breech and moreover one diameter for the Mortess and the other for the Manovelle or flat Transome a little greater but that of the Tail longest and the Fore-Transome shortest of all and the Sides or Cheeks are not parallel but follow the unequal thickness of the Peece When the Sides of the Carriage are parallel and narrow as above they ought to be somewhat taken down betwixt the Trunnions and the Transome of the Breech to the end that the body of the Peece and Cornishes may enter within Besides some take down always the said Sides inwardly betwixt the flat Transomes and the Tail-Transome raising ⅛ of a Diameter to render it more light and more easie to be mannaged The places of the Fore-locks are as followeth That of the Fore-part is distant from the Front compleatly B 1 and from the lower Side B½ That of the Breech goes behind from the Trunnion-holes as much as the Peece is long from the Trunnions to the Breech to the end that the Breech may lye just upon it and is to lye as low as is possible to give a greater Elevation to the Peece it is to be therefore distant from the edge or lower side of the Carriage B½ That of the flat Transome is higher and distant from the Line of the middle Plate towards the Trunnion-holes B 1 and under the upper side of the Cheek B½ That of the Tail is placed in the part turned up or over the same Tail distant from beneath and from above of the side of the Cheek B½ and from the end B 1. The Transomes do not enter with its whole piece into the Cheek but grows small above and beneath ⅛ of its thickness The Iron-work necessary for a Carriage are four Garnishing Bolts great Bolts or Pins of Iron viz. one near every wooden Transome which passeth through the sides of the Carriage and may have Plate-rings and Fore-locks for to keep the Carriage sides firm In the Tail Transome there is a hole made which is armed with Plates of Iron in which is placed the Iron Pin of the Fore-Carriage for as much as it conducteth the Artillery upon the Carriage Against the Trunnion-holes are placed a little Bolster and Capsquare in the lowermost part which doth shoulder or uphold the Trunnion in the recoyling to save the wood of the Cheeks with his Contraforts behind Of late under the Trunnions they put the Counter trunnions or Capsquares which is a Plate of Iron which doth incompass the Trunnion-holes and part of the upper side to the end that the thickness of the Peece may not spoil it and where they place the Counter-trunnions there is no need of a Bolster although in some Peeces one may use both ways the Counter-trunnion is shewed by Fig. 20. All the forepart is covered with a Plate of Iron or Binding under to the very joynting of the Axletree and over to the Trunnion-holes fastned with Iron nayls Above the Trunnion-holes pass the Capsquares or joynted Plates which stay the Trunnions in the Trunnion-holes and the Capsquares are fastned by four long Capsquare-pins which pass through to the very bottom of the Cheek and under are fastned with its Fore-locks and Linch-pins One of these Capsquare-pins passeth by the Axletree to the Binding-plate below where it is fastned with its Forelockeyes The Tail is also all bound over and under with its Plates fastned with Nailes and lastly are placed two great Rings to the sides of the Cheeks half behind the Wheels to fasten Ropes for to mannage and conduct the Peece and there are nayled two Hooks in the outward side of the Carriage viz. one on each side near the forepart to fasten other Cords to draw the Carriage forward on The Axletree of the Culvering is to be as long as to pass through the Carriage the fore-part of the Wheel with that overplus as is necessary to contain the fastning or Linchpins at the Nave which may be 15 Diameters about The Thickness for as much as the exterior largeness of the Carriage is 1 and ⅛ B so moreover on each side of B 1½ square and moreover that eighth part they leave to the end that the Wheels in its motion do not touch the sides of the Carriage The remainer is round about the Carriage thick in Diameter B ½ or B 1¾ and in the end thick B 1. It is made of hard wood as of Elme Oak or such like It s Length is throughly fortified with its bar of Iron which pasleth through of two Inches about to the end that being strong if the Axletree should break it might alone be able to govern the weight of the Peece it is let into the Axletree underneath That part which surmounteth the forepart of the Nave of the Wheel shall be B 1 or B ⅔ and is defended by its clout of Iron which is an Iron-plate that incompasseth the Head of the Axletree with two Sides for to naile or fasten it to the Axletree The Clout of Iron hath moreover only open its Nave or forepart and in that part which sticks out is made a Hole which passeth through as also in its Clout where they put a Pin to hinder the Wheels that they do not slip off The same Axletret is fastned in the Sides with a Capsquare-pin which passeth through it as abovesaid The Wheels for the Culvering by some are universally made high B 14 in Diameter viz the greatness of the Nave B 4 which is long B 4½ The
length of the Spokes B 4 for every one setting aside that part which is joynted in and. B 1 for the bigness of the Fellows Some make them in Peeces of 12l to 30l high in Diameter B 10 but others from 30l upward 9 Diameters Those of 10 B in Diameter have a more particular measure The Nave is thick B 3 long B 3½ The Spokes long B 2½ compleatly but moreover have B 1 or B 1½ to mortaise into the Nave and Fellows Those of 9 B in Diameter have all the Measures as is already said but the Spokes are onely long B 2 compleatly besides that part which is mortaised into the Fellows The Nave doth handsomly diminish to its extremity abating from that part towards the Carriage B ½ and of the other B 1 or little less in all The Spokes are 12 in number and are fixed in the thickest part of the Nave so that they enter B 1½ or more but they are placed not perpendicularly but outwardly sloping The Fellows are in number six and make up the Circumference of the Wheel and in each of them are fixed two Spokes the Fellow is thick B 1 and large B 1. The Iron-work of Wheels are these The Fellows are armed about without with Plates of Iron called Dowledges thick B 1 11 or 1 12 large B 1 and so long that they may cover the whole Circumference of the Wheel Their midpart meets with the Joynt of the Spoke and the Streaks joyn close unto the middle of the Spoke Upon which are nailed Nayle with large broad Heads and to their Naves which are something turned over without also are bound over the Streaks by a Stirrup narrow within with its string or Binding of Iron There are moreover high Stirrups which bind fast the heads of the Spokes fastned underneath with their strings of Iron The Heads or Barrels of the Wheels are outwardly bound with four Rings of Iron two in the thickest part near the Spokes and two more towards the Extremity Furthermore they have the Mouth furnished for the Axletree with a Bocchole of Iron according to the use of all Wheels if they shall be of Brass they shall be yet better and more if they be upheld CHAP. II. Of Carriages for Field-Peeces CArriages for Field peeces are like those for Culverings and have the same proportion except in these following particulars The Cheeks are thick B 1½ for having onely one Diameter they will prove too small especially in little Peeces The Axletree is not fortified with a Counter Axletree of Iron being sufficient to rule the Peece without that nevertheless sometimes they are fixed in Sakers The Wheels are high in Diameter Boc 14. and in the Smeriglio and Falconetto they are without Measures but that they may not prove less than 4 Foot about in Diameter to the end that they may come unto the Parapets and Embrasures CHAP. III. Of Carriages for Canon of Battery ALL the Artists do not agree to determine the exact Length of Carriages for Cannon of Battery Some would have them once and half longer than the length of the Chase or Cylinder as in Culverings some one time and one third but the most commodious way is that they be made one time and a half oâ— B 28. The thickness of the Cheeks are divers according to divers Opinions Some will have them B 1 always other B â…ž others B¾ other one B in Peeces of 30l less but in heavier Peeces viz. from 30l upward they allow them 1â— for 100. In fine they are less than the Mouth The largeness of the said Cheeks are diversâ— At the forepart Cal. 3. 3¼ 3â…“ at the middle Calibre 2½ 2â…” 3. At the Tail always Cal. 2 the End being something turned up upwards is Calibre 2½ 〈◊〉 Cal. 2¾ The Transomes are four as in the Culverings the Length is throughout equal viz. 〈◊〉 much as the thickness of the Peece near 〈◊〉 Trunnions and moreover the thickness of tâ—… half Cheeks for the Mortessing to the end tâ—… said sides may de parallel The thickness shall be B 1 but better onely ¾ The largeness of the three first shall be B 1¼ but that of the Tail shall be of 2 B or at least B 1½ As concerning their place that of the front shall be distant from the said front B 1 or at the least B½ That of the Breech as is usual That of the Manovel or flat Transome shall touch the very half of the length of the Carriage and that of the Tail shall be distant from the end B 1 or at the least ¾ The Trunnion holes shall be cut in the upper side distant from the front B 3 compleatly large B 1 and deep â…” The Mortessing for the Axletree shall be distant from the front B 3 compleatly although some only will have them B 2½ and distant from the upper side B 2 or 1¾ large B 1 or at the least B 1¼ Throughly hollowed in the plain of the Cheeks and in the lower side as may be said of the Culverings according to the Commodity of the largeness of the Cheeks The Axletree may be long Cal. 13 round about as much as is sufficient to comprehend the Carriage Wheels and Locks thick Cal. 1 or Cal. 1¼ The rest round and thick near the Carriage B 1 and without B â…” round about The Wheels in Cannons even to 30l Ball are made high in Diameter Calib 10 in Cannons from 30l upwards Cal. 9. The Measure of the Nave Spokes and Fellows as abovesaid being of the same Diameter and proportion as those of the Culverings The Iron-work of the Carriage Axletree and Wheels for Cannon of Battery are the same as for the Culverings In the half Cannons and as for Cannons fashioned like Culverings and longer then is usual they follow altogether the Measure and proportion of Culverings Chambred Cannons are not measured by the Diameter of the Chase but by the Chamber CHAP. IV. Of Carriages for Cannons Petrieroes THE Carriages for Petrieroes have the same fashion as those for Battery and are long once and a half once and two thirds or once three quarters of its proper Bore at the Touch-hole or Mouth The most commodious and most reasonable is to make 1â…” viz. if the Soul of the Peece is long Calib 9 the Carriage may be Cal. 15 or Cal. 15½ The bigness of the Sides shall be B ½ or B â…“ The breadth at the forepart B 2¼ B 2â…“ At the Middle B 1¾ B 2. At the Tail B 1. B 1¼ The extremity of the Tail bends and is distant from the end B 1½ The Trunnion-hole is distant from the Front compleatly B 1 and is large or broad B½ deep 〈◊〉 of its breadth The Mortasing for the Axletree is distant from the Front B 1½ of the uppermost side B 1¼ and is squared round about B ¾ The Transomes are thick B ½ and wide B ¾ but that of the Tail B 1. That of the forepart is
400 Wagon-load of Stones without Morter or Sand and upon the Tomb-stones in the Gutters there were 24 Matches which ought to fire at the prefixed time and also they put Poles round about to hinder the Enemy from boarding and encompassed the Vessel with great Pitched Casks which was to be fired that none could possibly enter as the Figure doth shew The said Timmerman took with him a Captain named Lankhear for to guide the Boats in the way who with his Seamen did so fit it putting underneath a Sail that the Course of the River might better carry it before a Foot under water and the said Captain put behind a certain Tail or Train viz. fastned behind the Rudder four Fathom long and at the end was fastned a great bundle of old Nets with a heavy piece of Timber which kept the Ship steady in its course that it could not role or sheer on either side and being so finished was conducted in the night towards the Bridge by the said Pieter Timmerman with other four Seamen in company to conduct the Rudder and so floating very near the Bridg the said Timmerman fired the 24 Matches and went behind the Rudder to the other Seamen and immediately the Pitched Casks were on a light fire all about the Ship They fired many shots from on both sides the River which forced Timmerman to retire as fast as he could after whom the Spaniards made many Shots but all in vain The Ship arriving at the Bridge one would have thought that Heaven Earth had finished their course When the Powder took fire it gave so great a blow under water that the water lept on the other side of the bank filled the Fort on Callo side and laid all the fields round about under water all the Fire and Matches were extinguished the greatest part of the said Fort thrown down and the Cannon lost One might have seen great heavy Stones fly in the Air and driven half a League into the Countrey It blew up six Ships of the Bridge of which three were so torn that one could not so much as find a piece the others cast and thrown with their bottom upwards so that the Bridge was entirely broke There were also more than 800 people blown up and some persons of Quality as the Marquiss of Reesbork General of the Cavalry my Lord Billy formerly Governour of Freeze my Lord Torsy and twenty three Captains and some of the Prince of Parma's Court the Prince himself being in great danger for as Metteren relates the Spaniards made all their Endeavours to extinguish the fire by casting in of water which they did all round about not dreaming of the Powder and that the Matches were then ready to fire begun to mock at its vain Effects thinking that all the outward fire was the product of this Engine The Duke was so long time a looking on that all the fire was quenched but being already retired at some distance the Blow was given with such fury that the Duke and the Marquiss of Guasto and others that accompanied them were all blown down and one could not perceive the least trace of Footing of the Fort Awsterwell But the said Timmerman willing that they should pursue the Victory signified to the Lords that there was made a sufficient hole or opening in the Bridge but some seeing from afar the Spaniards turning and returning with Torches and Lanthorns upon the Bridge could not believe that there was a sufficient overture made or that it had done any great effect and therefore did not at all follow that Advantage In the mean time the Duke repaired it with all imaginable diligence much admiring that the Antwerpers and Zealanders had not taken hold of that occasion and given an Assault For the breach was so great that the City might have been easily supplied with necessary Provisions and from this one may observe how one ought to follow a Victory undertaken and how one ought to conduct such Works without leaving of them in such time as the design is ready to take effect Moreover the Figure A shews how the Ship was fitted a Stern with its Masons work and the Cask and how the Trains and Fuses came within Also the Matches were dipped in Oyl of Turpentine to give better fire together for that gives a blow as swift as Lightning Above the Stones were Fagots with Straw and great Trunks of green wood fastned with chains of Iron together all about the Ship as the letter B doth shew which could not but frighten the Beholders THE FOURTH PART Of charging Artillery and Preparations for the same CHAP. I. Of charging and loading of Culverings THE Culvering carries a ball all of Iron The old and small require Powder of 4 1 and 1 as much as its proper Shot weighs of Iron so that if there be 30l weight of Ball it will have 30l of four one and one or if one gives of five one and one ⅘ of the weight of its proper Shot of Iron so that if the Shot weighs 30l the Powder of five one and one shall be 24l The Common modern and fortified Peeces shoot Powder of five one and one as much as the just weight of the Shot so that if that weigh 30l it also requires 30l of Powder of five one and one Or if you would load it with Powder of six one and one you may not give it above ¾ of the weight viz. 22l ½ But these may very well support a just and equal proportion of Powder to the weight of its Ball. To put the Powder into the concavity of the Peece they use either a Ladle or a Paper-Cartridge The Ladle is an Instrument of Brass made as a gutter'd Pipe and fixed at the end of a Staff the form of it is such that for the Culvering it may serve to load it at two or three times If the Culvering is to be charged at two times the weight of the Shot must not exceed 30 or 35l but the said Culvering at three times may carry 35 more of these Pounds To load the Common Modern and Fortified Peeces at two times with Powder of five one and one they make the Ladle with these Proportions the part which is nailed upon the frame of the Handle be long three Diameters of the Shot I do not say Muzzle or Diameter of the Bore and long one that part which receives the Powder be long Shots 4 and large in the bottom Shots 2 less 2 6 and at the top Shots 2 less ⅓ that the point be round making the Center one Shot or at the least ⅞ At the Ears they make inwardly two quarters of the Circle for strength and at the Point they cut away from some ⅙ of the Diameter to the end that the Ladle may better touch the bottom of the Chase Others make large the under part for the Powder ⅗ of the largeness for the Model or Frame leaving each Ear large ⅕ To charge the same Culverings Modern
stop the Vessels and secure the Carpenters and Workmen upon the Bridge and to be a Magazine for Ammunition And to the end he might bring Timber Ships and other Materials for this great work after the Delivery of Ghent he cut a Navigable River fourteen Miles long which fell into the Scheld near Callo by which he was supplied with Victuals and other Provisions as well as Materials for the Bridge abundantly The River at this place was about 2400 Feet over betwixt the two Castles and towards Flanders side for 200 Feet and on Brabant side for 900 the River was not so deep but that long Timbers might be fixt into the bottom of the River it being sandy and sound therefore at the distance of eleven Feet and thirteen alternately there were with Bell Beetles at each distance three long Rafters driven into the bottom of the River five Foot asunder and formed like a Trussel or Peer as our Bridges at Stanes and like to Downham and Stow Bridges over the Oase in Norfolk and bound with cross beams and Timbers These Rafters or great Timbers when driven sufficiently down were cut equally high and mortaised into a strong Timber to bear the Liggers of the Bridge Of these Peers or Trussels there were 18 towards Flanders and 74 towards Brabant all strongly cover'd with Plank 12 Foot wide and on each side a Brest-work five Foot high Musket proof and eight Soldiers might well march a brest on the top Before each Peer or Trussel there were many strong Piles driven triangular ways for the keeping Vessels from running upon the Bridge and at 20 Foot distance on either side great Piles driven to that end Now for the Remainer of the River that lay betwixt these two ends which was neer upon 1300 Feet and which was so deep that no Piles could reach the bottom there were thirty two Ships or Vessels brought down Alexander's new River of 66 Feet long and 12 Feet wide called with us Bylanders and placed with Ankers and Iron Chains in a fourfold row 22 Foot asunder so as they might rise and fall with the Tides which was about 12 Foot and the space betwixt each Ship was laid over with five long Beams plank'd and had Breast-works and was as wide as the Bridges before nam'd were On every Ship stood thirty Soldiers and four Seamen with two great Guns one at each end of the Vessel There were for the Defence of this Bridge near 100 great Guns ready planted into the two great Castles and Vessels besides the great Guns in the Forts St. Mary and St. Philip This Bridge being thus finished it yet was thought fit before and behind the Ships or Vessels viz. for 1300 Feet to arme the same with eleven Barricadoes like half Moons before Bridges or Gates Each Barricado was made of three great Lighters made fast to one another and formed in fashion of a Triangle with three Ankers and Chains to suffer them to rise and fall with the Tides these were covered over with Masts and great Timbers and stood about 100 Feet one from another and were placed some 150 Feet from the Bridge both wayes From each of these Barricadoes came out 40 long Piles sharpned at the ends and armed with Iron to terrifie the Vessels lest by running upon them they should be destroyed The Lighters were fill'd with empty Cask Iron bound lest they should sink by Accident Lastly the Prince armed fourty Vessels twenty on each side for the defence of this Bridge and so after seven Months hard working this great Work was finished and gave passage to all and the day was solemniz'd with great Joy The Antwerpians were more remiss in hindering the Progress of the making the Bridge because they thought it was impossible and said that the Scheld would no more endure any to bridle it then the Free Belgians would indure the Spaniard ' s Yoke but when they saw the Work proceed on and be almost finished They sent a Spy out of Antwerp to view it and bring them an account of the Prince's Actions who was discovered and brought to the Prince but contrary to expectation was sent to see all the Forts and Castles and Bridge and bid by the Prince to go and tell them that sent him what he had seen and to assure them that he should not depart from that Bridge before he should find either a Tombe under it for his Grave or to pass over it into the City The first thing that the Antwerpians did was by help of Seamen in the Night to cut the Cables of the Floats or Barricadoes under water which to some they did which presently the Prince altered to Iron Chains and most of this time was spent by the Antwerpian Ingeneers to whom was sent an Italian by Queen Elizabeth called Frederick Jembelly one that had extraordinary skill in Fire-works and was famous for the same neglected by the Spaniards and therefore willing to do them all the mischief he could These Ingeneers prepared many Fireships for the destruction of the Bridge many whereof came to little effect There were two made called the Hope and Fortune of about 100 Tun apiece there were in each Vaults made of Stone and Mortar fill'd with 200 barrels of Powder each and above great quantities of Grave Stones Mill-stones and other great Stones form'd up into an Angle and the Concavity at the top was fill'd with balls of Iron Marble Chains of Iron old Ankers Plow-Coulters and all that these Infernal Workmen could devise to destroy men withall a more perfect description whereof you had at the end of the third Part. The Prince hearing of all these Preparations was not idle to strengthen his Guards and make ready for their coming which was on the 8th of April at night 1585 when behold first three Vessels appeared from the Town all on fire afterwards other three and so three after three 'till fifteen Vessels came down and burnt so as if all those Vessels had been one fire Had not the Spectators been full of Care and Fear certainly a more pleasant Spectacle could not be seen all the Bridge Castles Forts and sides of the River were full of the Prince's people with their Colours most with Torches in their hands and all the Vessels with Fire-works burning so that it was light as day Thus came these Vessels directed by Seamen and Pilots within 2000 Paces of the Bridge down the Channel when as those Seamen and Pilots firing their Trains and Matches leapt into their Boats and went back to observe what success their Engines would have But the Vessels kept not their Channels as was expected but some went one way some another four sunk in the midst some run a ground on Callo side and some were boldly boarded by the Prince's Souldiers the Matches put out and Vessels taken This made all the Beholders rejoyce and scoff at these Engines when behold the greatest Vessel that had all those dreadful Fires and Stones and was fitted
the Waves then when that from whence you intend to shoot abaseth or raiseth its Deck on which is your Battery your Peece then losing its Horizontal Line or when the Waves which are betwixt the Enemies Ships swell up and cover your Battery Judgment only and Experience can put this Advice into practice Those that will apprehend must first know the thickness of the Metal at the Touch-hole and from thence judge the time that the Powder may be a firing to the Chamber Secondly they must well advise themselves of the distance of moving of the Object against which they aim which ought to be no farther distant than 1000 common Paces or more and then they level the Peece about 20 Paces before in which time the Vessel overtakes the determinated distance in the mean time that the Powder in the Touchole burns and that the Shot slies Thirdly they must diligently observe the roling and motion of the Vessel according to which they make tryal of their Judgment An Appendix of Artificial Fire-works for War and Delight by Sir Abriham Dager K t. Ingeniere First of an Artificial Mortar made of Wood Canvas and Paste-board I shall not make mention here of any Mettal Mortars since they are plainly treated of in the fore part of this book but only show you how to make an artificial Mortar you must get a Rouler A. of 8 inches in diameter and 21 in length then get a foot B. turn for the Brith of the said Mortar of the same diameter as the Rouler observing that the Lead D B E be of 13 inches in diameter and 5 in the thickness B then make a hole or Chamber in the Brith for the Powder having 2 inches in diameter and three in depth them two pieces must be joyned together by the ends as it is represented and after you have well rubbed your long Rouler with Tallow for fear the Glue should stick upon it roul upon the same fome Canvas or Cotton Cloth and Past-bord well wetted all over with Glue the thickness of 2 inches or 2 1 ◠then let it dry being well fasten'd round about with Cord wetted in Glue and having pull'd out the Rouler and droven some nails of 4 inches long in the foot to joyn them together as you may see by FD'BE then make a hole for the fuse and get a foot of wood 24 inches square 10 inches thick and 7 in depth where you shall set your Mortar upon its Brith in order to its operation The Vse of the Mortar This kind of Mortar is good to throw Granadoes Fire-balls or Stones over Walls or into a Garrison and to hinder the Enemies works as Trench Batteries c. This Mortar as the others riseth to any degree of the compass as you please from 40 degrees to 45 and from 45 to 90 degrees After your Mortar is charged set fire to the fusee of the Granado Fire-balls or Balloons then to the Mortar and observe where your Granado falls and according correct your faults the following Shots Degrees of Proportion of the Compass for the use of the Mortar Degrees Distance 90 0 89 80 88 124 87 148 86 171 85 195 84 219 83 243 82 267 81 289 80 291 79 313 78 335 77 359 76 381 75 403 74 425 73 448 72 450 71 473 70 496 69 500 68 521 67 540 66 562 65 580 64 599 63 608 62 626 61 644 60 661 59 673 58 993 57 708 56 723 55 737 54 751 53 765 52 779 51 792 50 804 49 816 48 827 47 838 46 848 Fire-Balls of Canvas TAke a round cloth ball filled with Sand of such bigness as you desire make your Fire-balls upon which you shall shape your Canvas and after it is finished you shall let out the Sand and take out the Linnen ball after which you shall sow it up and fill it with this following Composition Take Saltpeter Powder Sulphur of each equal quantity well pounded and mixt together with as much Linseed Oyl as to make it in a kind of a Paste which will be to fill your Balls Another Sort. Take Saltpeter Powder Sulphur Camphire and Borax all well pounded in a Mortar with oyl of Piter and dissolve in black Pitch Wax Colophone and Mutton tallow all these things must be well boiled together then make up your Balls and cover them with Tow having made two holes with a Bodkin cross-ways which you shall fill with prime of a slow composition that they may have time to take fire they are good to stick and set any thing on fire and other things necessary Another Take one part of Powder one of Saltpeter refined one of Sulphur refined Rosin Burgundy Pitch Vernish in grain Salt Armoniack add to every pound 4 ounces of Camphire and as much Linseed oyl or Wallnut and mix it together note to warm your oyl a little before you mix it together then make up your Balls For the Petard THe best are made of Copper with the 10th part of Brass though many are made of Iron they must be 12 inches long the Diameter near the Brith 7½ and in the mouth 10 inches Fig. R. After the Chamber is fill'd with Powder you must stop the hole with a round piece of Lether I and afterwards with a wooden one L that must go strait in and after fill the rest with yellow Wax or Pitch cover'd over with a Cere cloth then tye him upon his Madrier M thus fastened at the door of the Fortress N his fuse being full of a slow composition that the man fixing it may have time to withdraw having tyed 2 screws that must fasten him at the door to the two corners of the said Petard and to carry and keep him up you must set him upon the Chariot O having 2 sharp iron points to enter in and strong enough to bear the said Petard and a man whilst he maketh it fast at the said Door See Fig. O and N. Of the Fuse for Bombes THey must be of a slow composition to give time enough to throw either Bombes Granadoes Fire-balls Thundring Barrels c They are made thus take a pound of Powder four ounces of Saltpeter one ounce of Sulphur well beaten dry and sifted separately then mix it and make up your fuse of it Another Take Powder of Benjamin and small Coals all well beaten and mixt together with some oyl of Piter then use it How to make Fire Pots Fig. P. TAke a Granado charged as they are usually only without a fuse then put it in an Earthen Pot filled with fine Powder and cover with Leather having 2 Matches cross ways lighted with a handle of cord to throw it more easily when it falls the Pot will break and the matches set the Powder on fire the Granado will have its effect How to set fire to any place YOu must have Bullets that holds 4 or 5 pounds of Powder and after they are well stopt tye to it some Matches lighted and they will set
make her appear with a great Tail take Saltpeter one pound Powder half a pound Sulphur half a pound Coal dust two ounces all well sifted and mixt together and fill up your Rockets the same manner as the other and having put a Saucisson at the end cover it with Paper and cover the Rocket all over with black Pitch and Rosin to make it swim and hinder the water from spoiling it then tye to it a little Willow Rod of about two foot long and if you desire to make them leap in and out of the water you must put in charging the said Rocket between every two fingers breadth of the composition ¼ of an inch of fine Powder well sifted How to make Serpents Fig. 1. TAke a Rouler a little bigger then a Goose quill and roul some Paper upon it eight or ten times making your Coffin of about four inches long then choak it near the middle leaving a little light to communiguate the fire then fill part with composition and the shortest with whole Gun-powder then choak both ends the end towards the Powder quite up and the other with a little hole for the prime The composition for Ground Rocket is the best for Serpents the other composition for Sky Rockets being not so brisk nevertheless both will do good effect and leap about very prettily How to make Gold Rain Fig. 2. TAke a quantity of Goose quills cut the hollow end as long as you can and fill them a little hard with the composition for Sky Rockets then prime them with wet Powder and keep them for your use How to make Silver Rain TAke one part Camphire 8 of Powder 12 of Sulphur 24 of Saltpeter well beaten together wetting the Pestle with oyl of Almonds then fill your quills as before taking care that the air do not spoil it There are several sorts of Stars the red ones are made as followeth TAke a pound of Saltpeter ¼ of a pound of Sulphur ¼ of a pound of Powder all well sifted and mixt together then roul that composition in Linen or Paper about the bigness of a Nutmeg making a hole through with a Bodkin to prime it with the prepared Cotton See 3 4 5 6. Another Take a pound of Saltpeter ½ pound of Sulphur ½ pound of Powder all well sifted and mixt together then take some Linseed Oyl or clear water and make a hard paste made up in little Balls roul them in Powder dust whilst they are wet and after they be dryed they are fit for your use Another of Blew and Red. TAke Saltpeter 4 ounces Sulphur 2 ounces Meal 8 ounces Powder 2 ounces all well sifted and mixt together with oyl of Spike Another of White TAke Powder eight ounces Saltpeter 24 Sulphur 12 Camphire one beaten well together with Oyl of Almonds and keep it close for fear of taking air Another White one that lasteth long Take Powder 4 ounces Saltpeter 16 Sulphur 8 Camphire one Oyl of Piter 2. For Fire Lances THe Coffin must be as the others of such bigness and length as you desire then fill it with the composition for red Stars the lower end must be stopt with a piece of wood of about two inches to nail them fast and the upper end prime with wet powder How to make the Balloons Fig. 7. YOu must get a Rouler turned of such bigness as you desire to make the Moulds of the Balloons then roul upon it some Paste-board not sparing the glue to make it fast and having made your great Coffin you must choak it at one end and fill it with Saucissons Serpents Stars c. in good order and well prime that when the Powder Chamber at the bottom taketh fire and breaketh the Balloons they may all take fire at once then choak the other end leaving a hole big enough for a fusse that you shall glue to it fill'd with composition able to light the prime and make the Balloon to play with order and effect How to make Fire Wheels Fig. 8. TAke a Wheel of bigness according as you intend to make your fire and having put your Rockets in order so that when one ends it may give fire to the next and so continue FINIS Books sold by Obadiah Blagrave at the Bear in St Paul's Church-Yard THe new World of Words being a general English Dictionary containing the Interpretations of all hard English Words with an Explanation of all Terms of Art in any of the Arts and Sciences by E. Phillips in Folio Dr. Robert Gell's Famous Notes and Observations on the whole New Testament in 2 Vol. Folio Mr. Richard Saunder's Large Book of Physiognomy and Chiromancy with the Explanation of the Moles of the Body shewing the signification of Dreams with an Art of Memory in Folio Cocker's Large Copy-Book called Englands Pen-Man containing 28 Copper-Plates of all the curious Hands now writ and practised J. Gadbury's Ephemeridis for 20 years yet to come and unexpired in Quarto Blagrave's Introduction to Astrology being the Remainder of his Astrological Works formerly promised by him to publish in his Book called the Astrological Practice of Physick in large Octavo Blagrave's Supplement to Mr. Nicholas Culpepper's English Physician shewing the Virtues of such Herbs as were omitted by him Printed so as that it may be bound with his English Physician in large Octavo Culpepper's Last Legacy left and bequeathed to his dear Wife for the publick good being his choice Secrets in Physick and Chirurgery in large Octavo Culpepper's School of Physick or the experimental Practice of the whole Art wherein are contained Remedies for all Diseases both inward and outward in large Octavo Disucco Pancreatico or a Physical and Anatomical Treatise of the Nature and Office of the Pancreatick Juice or sweet Bread in Man Illustrated with Copper-Cuts in large Octavo By that Famous Physitian De Grass The Complete Mid-Wifes Practice enlarged in the most weighty and high Concernments of the Birth of Man containing a perfect directory or Rules for Mid-Wifes and Nurses by Sir Theodoret Mayern Dr. Cham berlain and Nicholas Culpepper Illustrated with divers Copper-Plates in large Oct. May's Accomplisht Cook or the Art and Mystery of Cookery wherein the whole Art is revealed in a perfecter Method than hath been published in any Language in large Oct. The Queens Closet opened incomparable Secrets in Physick Chyrurgery Preserving and Candying which were presented unto the Queen by the most experienced Person in Twelves Praxis Catholica or the Countryman 's Universal Remedy wherein is plainly set down the Nature of all Diseases with their Remedies in Octavo The Rudiments of the Latine Tongue by a Method of Vocabulary and Grammer Comprising the Primitive whether Noun or Verb together with the forms of Declension and Conjugation together with a Table of latin Words whose Sound and Signification resemble the English for the Use of Merchant-Tailers-School in large Octavo Abecedarium Scholasticum or the Grammer Schollar's Flower Garden containing these following Flowers viz. Proverbs
with a Tampion of soft wood put in by a Spears point as Fig. 41 shews Then it is well rammed in with a Rammer having a small Wheel made underneath and two Handles a cross as the Fig. 42. and under which they put a Wadd of Hay or Okame to the end the said Tampeon in driving may not break by the Stone-ball and after which they put another Wadd without towards the Muzzle The Petrieroes de Braga carry the same Charge as the others The Powder is put into the Moscolo or Chamber and is closely shut up with a Tampeon and a Shot put into the Chase with a Wadd before and behind and the Moscolo is fitted into the Braga and closed with a Coin of Iron behind CHAP. V. The Charge of Mortars THE Mortars or Trabuccho's are loaded as the Petrieroes with Stone-shot but oftner with Artificial fires Bombes Bags fill'd with Hail-shot and Stones but not heavier than the Ball. The Powder is not always of the same quantity but sometimes more sometimes less according to the intention of the Gunner The Ordinary is ⅕ of the weight of the Stone-ball which being put into the Chamber is closed up with a Tampeon of Wood and above is Rammed a Wadd of Hey or Okame before the ball of Stone but in shooting Artificial Fires they do not work with a Tampeon to the end that the Fire of the Chamber may kindle the Fire Ball or Granadoe CHAP. VI. Of Cartridges of Powder ALL Peeces of Artillery are loaded with Powder after two manners viz. either with a Ladle as aforesaid or with Cartridges which are used in Forts by night and upon the Sea for dispatch and security in not firing the Powder They serve for all sorts of Peeces but principally for the Inchambred They are made of Cloath or Canvas sewed upon its Funnels or of Paper sewed or glewed being fitted they are so thick that they may conveniently enter into the Chase or Concave for which they are made therefore the largeness of the Paper or Canvas shall be always three Diameters of the Bore or Chase or Chamber It s Former must be of the same Diamer the Length is diverse according to the Peece for which they are to serve and according to the Powder which they are to contain For the Culverings they may be long Shots four for the Cannon of Battery three almost for the Petrieroes two Bores of their Chamber Nevertheless it is good to weigh the Powder which one puts within and to see how much it takes up in practice For those of Canvas one may take a Former and of the other part a Ligature or binding giving therefore to the Canvas half a Bore more in length Before you put your Cartridges into the Chase you cut and open that part which is near the Touch-hole CHAP. VII Of Artificial Bodies used in stead of Shot viz. Bags fill'd with Hail-shot Case-shot Tunnel-shot Base and Bur and Bombe or Granadoes THey do not always charge Artillery with Iron-shot or Stone but oftentimes with other Artificial Bodies or bags of Hail Case Base and Bur-shot and Bombes The Bags are made of Canvas and are filled with small shot of Lead of one or two Ounces which serve to load Field-peeces and those for the Cannon for to scatter wide abroad either in the Field or upon the Walls in the time of an Assault They are in Diameter 1 Sh. in length 1½ Those of small Artillery weigh one time and a half more than the Iron-shot those for Cannon are of the same weight as the Iron-shot The Shots are placed in order and the Bags without are tyed with good Twine which passeth betwixt the Chinks of the Balls crossing like a Lettice The Cases of Wood serve for Petrieroes and Cannon of Battery are made in form of a Cylinder or Column with two Funnels or Squares of the same wood distant one from the other one or two Inches They are filled with Lead-shot Stones Chain-shot pieces of Iron c. Although some make the Tonnels narrower at one end than the other but neither ought to be heavier than the Stone-shot The Tonneletti or Tonnel-shot are as the Case-shot but have their Pipe stands equally in Diameter at both ends and are bound about with two Hoops of Iron or thin Plates in the middle of one is fastned a piece of Cord to draw it out of the Peece as occasion serves They are filled with the same materials as the Cases of Wood. The Stuffies are made of soft Iron Wire woven as a Net and are filled with the abovesaid Ingredients are closed up as a Purse and serve properly for Mortars The Bombes are great balls of Iron or Brass hollow in the midst and in which are put fine sifted Powder and they give them a due fire by a Fuse or small Trunk of Wood or Mettle fill'd with Powder or other beaten substance to the end that the Bombes may break as soon as they are come amongst the Enemies They are used by Calibres of Iron from 50 100 to 300l with such a vacuum that may onely commodiously weigh the half They are different from Granadoes onely in bigness because the Granadoes are less and are cast by hand are of Calib of Iron of 15l and with such a vacuum that they may onely weigh about ⅔ Some to save charge are made of Glass and Earth but do not so great effect and therefore are seldom used Furthermore there are used divers Fire-balls the making of which you may learn from Fire-Masters END OF THE FOURTH PART A farther Relation of the making of the Bridge over the Scheld near Antwerp and of the Effects of the Fireships taken out of Famianus Strada the sixth Book of his last Part. ABout the latter end of the Summer 1584 the most worthy Captain and General Alexander Prince of Parma with less than 20000 Soldiers besieged Antwerp Ghent Tendermond Bruxels and Mecklin all at once and within the year took them and many other Cities besides Antwerp a great City wherein were 100000 Souls besides Seamen and Watermen and whereto belonged above 1000 goodly Vessels and was then the greatest City of Trade in the world put the Prince most to it having the River Scheld open and thereby supplied with all Provisions and Ammunition from Zealan◠and Holland That after some time he found that unless he could bridle the River by a Bridge it was not possible for him with so few Forces to take the Town Therefore betwixt Antwerp and Lillo a little more than midway over against Callo he resolved to build a Bridge and to that end built two Quadrangular Forts that on Flanders side called St. Maries and that on Brabant side St. Philip and close to the water side at both ends where he intended the Bridge should end he built two strong Batteries or Castles 50 Foot square upon long and big Timbers and furnished them both with very great Guns on purpose to