made of a round form above three foot and a halfe diameter Some trees have two some three of these spurrs This tree has commonly a double top one side being somewhat higher then the other The fruit is like none of the rest 't is of a stammell colour and has neither skin nor stone but it is more like a Cancre then a Fruit and is accounted unwholsom and therefore no man tastes it 't is I believe the seed of the tree for we see none other The leaves of this tree grow of such a height as till they fall down we can give no judgment of them The timber of of this tree is rank'd amongst the fourth sort three being better then it I have seen the bodies of these trees neer sixty foot high # The Bully tree is lesse then the Mastick and bears a fruit like a Bullis in England her body streight and well shap't her branches proportionable her timber excellent and lasting # Redwood is a handsome tree but not so loftie as the Mastick excellent timber to work for it is not so hard as some others which is the cause they seldome break their tooles in working it and that is the reason the work-men commend it above others 'T is a midling tree for sise the body about two foot and a halfe diameter # This is accounted as good as the Red-wood in all respects and is a strong and lasting timber good for building and for all uses within doors # Iron wood is called so for the extream hardnesse and with that hardnesse it has such a heavinesse as they seldome use it in building besides the workmen complain that it breaks all their tools 'T is good for any use without doores for neither Sun nor rain can any waies mollifie it 'T is much used for Coggs to the Rollers # Lignum vitae they use now and then for the same purpose when the other is away but having no bowling in that Country little is used They send it commonly for England where we employ it to severall uses as for making Bowles Cabinets Tables and Tablemen # The Locust is a tree not unfitly to be resembled to a Tuscan Pillar plain massie and rurall like a well lim'd labourer for the burden it bears being heavy and ponderous ought to have a body proportionably built to bear so great a weight That rare Architect Vitruvius taking a pattern from Trees to make his most exact Pillars rejects the wreathed vined and figured Columnes and that Columna Atticurges mentioned by himselfe to have been a squared Pillar and those that are swell'd in the middle as if sick of a Tympany or Dropsie and chuses rather the straightest most exact and best sis'd to bear the burthen that lies on them So looking on these trees and finding them so exactly to answer in proportion to the Tuscan Pillars I could not but make the resemblance the other way For Pillars cannot be more like Trees then these Trees are like Tuscan Pillars as he describes them I have seen a Locust and not one but many that hath been four foot diameter in the body neer the root and for fifty foot high has lessened so proportionably as if it had taken pattern by the antient Remainders which Philander was so precise in measuring which is a third part of the whole shaft upward and is accounted as the most gracefull diminution The head to this body is so proportionable as you cannot say 't is too heavy or too leight the branches large the sprigs leaves and nuts so thick as to stop all eye-sight from passing through and so eeven at top as you would think you might walk upon it and not sink in The Nuts are for the most part three inches and a halfe long and about two inches broad and somewhat more then an inch thick the shell somewhat thicker then a halfe crown piece of a russet Umbre or hair colour the leaves bigger than those that grow upon the Ash in England I shall not mention the timber having given it in my Buildings The Kernells are three or four in every nut and between those a kinde of light pulpie substance such as is in a Hazle-nut before the kernell be grown to the full bignesse In times of great famine there the poor people have eaten them for sustenance But of all tastes I do not like them # Another Locust there is which they call the bastard-Locust This lookes fair but will not last There is a tree called the Palmeto growing neer the Sea-coast which being a sandy light ground does not afford that substance of mould to make a large tree nor shall you finde in that low part of the Iland any considerable trees fit for building which is a main want and hinderance to them that would build there for there is no means to transport any from the high lands by reason of the unpassableness of the wayes the body of this tree I have seen about 45 or 50 foot high the Diameter seldome above 15 or 16 inches the rind of a pure ash colour full of wrinkles the leaves about two foot and a halfe long in bunches just as if you took twenty large flaggs with their flat sides together and tied them at the broader ends With these bunches they thatch houses laying every bunch by himselfe on the lathes somewhat to overhang one another as tiles do This is a very close kind of thatch keeps dry and is very lasting and looking up to them on the inside of the room they are the prettiest becomming figures that I have seen of that kind these leaves grow out no where but at the tops of the trees # Another kind of Palmeto there is which as it has an addition to the name has likewise an addition to the nature for I beleive there is not a more Royall or Magnificent tree growing on the earth for beauty and largeness not to be paralell'd and excels so abundantly in those two properties and perfections all the rest as if you had ever seen her you could not chuse but fall in love with her I 'm sure I was extreamly much and upon good and Antique Authority For if Xerxes strange Lydian love the Plantane tree was lov'd for her age why may not I love this for her largeness I beleive there are more women lov'd for their largeness then their age if they have beauty for an addition as this has and therefore I am resolv'd in that poynt to go along with the multitude who run very much that way but how to set her out in her true shape and colour without a Pencill would aske a better Pen then mine yet I will deliver her dimensions as neer truth as I can and for her beauty much will arise out of that But first I will beg leave of you to shew her in her Infancy which is about tenne or twelve years old at which time she is about
so much admir'd for her two rare vertues of Oyle and Wine was newly begun to be planted the plant being brought us from the East Indies but the Wine she brings may rather be called a pleasant drink then to assume the name of Wine 't is thus gather'd they cut the bark in such a part of the tree where a bottle may fitly be plac't and the liquor being received into this bottle it wil keep very good for a day and no longer but is a very delicious kind of liquor # The poysonous trees and plants being past over 't is now fit to mention such as will make amends and put our mouths in taste but not too suddenly to fall upon the best I will begin with the most contemptible fruits which are in the Iland the Fig tree and Cherry-tree which have savory names but in their natures neither usefull nor well tasted The Fig tree being very large but beares a small fruit and those of so meane a condition as I never saw any one eate of them and the leaves not at all of the shape of our Fig leaves nor the fifth part so large the body of the tree I have seen as large as an ordinary Elme here in England # The Cherry tree is not altogether so large the fruit as useless and insipid but the colour something resembling a Cherry and the shape not much unlike which caused the planters to call it by that name The next to these shall be fruites rather for sauce then meat to whet our appetites to those that follow after and these are the Citrons Oranges Lymons Lyme The Citron is a small tree though she beare a great fruit and so ill matcht they are as the fruit pulls it down to the ground and most of the fruit touches and beares upon the ground the stalk of a dark colour the leafe shap't like that of the Limon but of a very dark green these fruits we had in great abundance when first we came there but were all cast away by reason we had none but Muscavado suger and that is not fit to preserve with besides there were very few then that had the skill to do them # The Orange trees do not prosper here nor are the fruits so kindly as those of Bern udos large they are and full of juice but not so delicious as those of that Iland besides they are very full of seeds and their rinds neither so deep and pure an Orange Tawny nor so thick and therefore not so fit to preserve the trees seldome last above seven years in their prime and then decay The Limon tree is much better shap't and larger but this fruit is but here and there stragling in the Iland I have seen some of the fruit large and very full of juice with a fragrant smell the leaves both of these and the Orange trees I shall not need to mention being so well known in England # The Lime tree is like a thick Hollybush in England and as full of prickles if you make a hedge of them about your house 't is sufficient proofe against the Negres whose naked bodies cannot possible enter it and it is an extraordinary sure fence against Cattell it commonly growes seven or eight foot high extreamly thick of leaves and fruit and of prickles the leaves not unlike those of a Limon tree the fruit so like as not to be discerned at the distance of three yeards but only that 't is less but in the taste of the rinde and juice extreamly different much fitter for sauce then the Limon but not so good to eate alone # The Prickled apple growes on a tree extreamly thick leav'd and those leaves large and of a deep green shap't not much unlike the leafe of a Wallnut tree in England this fruit is shap't like the heart of an Oxe and much about that bigness a faint green on the outside with many prickles on it the tast very like a musty Limon # The next in order shall be the Prickled peare much purer in taste and better form'd the fruit being not unlike in shape to a Greenfield-peare and of a faint green intermixt with some yellow neare the stalk but the body of a mixt red partly Crimson partly Stammell with prickled spots of yellow the end of it growing somewhat larger then the middle at which end is a round spot of a murrey colour the bredth of an inch and circular with a Centre in the middle and a small circle about it and from that circle within lines drawn to the utmost 〈◊〉 of that round Murrey spot with faint circles betweene the small circle and the largest upon that Murrey spot These lines and circles of a colour no more different in lightnesse from the murry then only to be discerned and a little yellower colour # The Pomegranate is a beautifull tree the leaves small with a green mixt with Olive colour the blossome large well shap't and of a pure Scarlet colour the fruit not so large there as those we have from Spaine The young trees being set in rowes and planted thick make a very good hedge being clipt eeven a top with Garden shears The fruit is very well known to you and therefore I shall need say nothing of that and these are all the remarkable fruits that grow on trees and are proper to this Iland that I can remember though I believe there are many more The Prickled Peare The Blossom of the Pomegranate page 70. # The Gnaver growes on a Tree bodied and leav'd like a Cherry-tree but the leaves somewhat larger and stiffer the fruit of the bignesse of a small Limon and neer that colour onely the upper end somewhat blunter then the Limon the rinde about the thicknesse of the rinde of a Limon but soft and of a delicate taste it holds within a pulpie substance full of small seeds like a fig some of them white within and some of a stammell colour These seeds have this property that when they have past through the body wheresoever they are laid down they grow A Planter an eminent man in the Iland seeing his Daughter by chance about her naturall businesse call'd to her Plant even Daughter plant even She answered If you do not like 'em remove 'em Father remove ' em These fruites have different tastes some rank some sweet so that one would give a reason of this variety which was according to the severall constitutions they had past through some having a milder some a stronger savour This tree doth much harm in our Plantations for the Cattle eating of them let fall their loads every where and so they grow in aburdance and do much harm to the Pastures and much pains and labour is taken to destroy them They are the best fruites preserv'd of any the seeds being taken out and the rinde only preserved I have been told by some Planters in the Iland that Coco-trees grow
the Platforme or Superficies of an Ingenio that grinds or squeezes the Sugar A THe ground-plat upon which the Posts or Pillars stand that bear up the house or the Intercolumniation between those Pillars B The Pillars or Posts themselves C The wall between the Mill-house and Boyling-house D The Circle or Circumference where the Horses and Cattle go which draw the Rollers about E The Sweeps to which the Horses and Cattle are fastned that draw about the Rollers F The Frame of the Ingenio G The Brackets or Butteresses that support that Frame H The Dore that goes down stairs to the Boyling-house I The Cistern into which the Liquor runs from the Ingenio immediately after it is ground and is carried in a Pipe under ground to this Cistern where it remaines not above a day at most K The Cistern that holds the Temper which is a Liquor made with ashes steept in water and is no other than the Lye we wash withall in England This Temper we straw in the three last Coppers as the Sugar boyles without which it would never Corn or be any thing but a Syrope but the salt and tartarousnesse of this Temper causes it to turn as Milk does when any soure or sharp liquor is put into it and a very small quantity does the work L The Boyling-house The five black Rounds are the Coppers in which the Sugar is boyled of which the largest is called the Clarifying Copper and the least the Tatch M The Cooling Cistern which the Sugar is put into presently after it is taken off the fire and there kept till it be Milk-warm and then it is to be put into Pots made of boards sixteen inches square above and so grow taper to a point downward the Pot is commonly about thirty inches long and will hold thirty or thirty five pounds of Sugar N The Dore of the Filling-room O The Room it selfe into which the Pots are set being fild till the Sugar grow cold and hard which will be in two daies and two nights and then they are carried away to the Cureing-house P The tops of the Pots of sixteen inches square and stand between two stantions of timber which are girded together in severall places with wood or iron and are thirteen or fourteen inches assunders so that the tops of the Pots being sixteen inches cannot slip between but are held up four foot from the ground Q The Frame where the Coppers stand which is raised above the flowre or levell of the room about a foot and a halfe and is made of Dutch Bricks which they call Klinkers and plaister of Paris And besides the Coppers there are made small Gutters which convey the skimmings of the three lesser Coppers down to the Still-house whereof the strong Spirit is made which they call kill-devill and the skimmings of the two greater Coppers are conveyed another way as worthlesse and good for nothing R The Dore that goes down the stairs to the fire-room where the Furnaces are which cause the Coppers to boyl and though they cannot be exprest here by reason they are under the Coppers yet I have made small semi-circles to let you see where they are behinde the partition-wall which divides the fire-room from the boyling-house which wall goes to the top of the house and is mark'd with the Letter c as the other walls are S A little Gutter made in the wall from the Cistern that holds the first Liquor to the clarifying Copper and from thence is conveyed to the other Coppers with Ladles that hold a gallon a piece by the hands of Negres that attend that work day and night shifting both Negres and Cattle every four hours who also convey the skimmings of the three lesser Coppers down to the Still-house there to be twice distill'd the first time it comes over the helme it is but small and is called Low-wines but the second time it comes off the strongest Spirit or Liquor that is potable T All Windowes U The Fire-room where the Furnaces are that make the Coppers boyl W The Still-house X The Cistern that holds the skimmings till it begin to be soure till when it will not come over the helme Y The two Stills in the Still-house Z The Semi-circles that shew where about the Furnaces stand Place this after Folio 84. The superfities or Plottforme of the Ingenio that grinds or squeeses the canes which make the suger A scales of 40 foote The upright of the Ingenio or Mill that squeeses or grinds the Suger Canes â— a. the foundation or plates of the house which must be of massey and lasting timber b. the frame of the Ingenio c. the planks that be are up the Rollers d. the suporter or propp that beares upp those planks e. the Rollers themselves f. the shaft that is grafted into the midle roller which turnes both the other g. the swepes that come over all the worke and reach to the Circle where the horses and Cattle draw h. the Bracketts that keepe the frame from shakeing whereof there must be 8. i. the sides of the house which are strong posts or studds whicâ— beare up the house and are plact att ten foote distance with Brackeâ— above and below to strengthen them forbearing up the plates of the house aboue k. the out Brackets that keepe the posts from starting orbucâ— l. the great Beame to which the Shaft of the midle Roller is let in by a goudg in a sockett and goes cross the midle of the house m. the Brackets that support the great beame and likewise all the Roofe of the house n. the Roofe or cover of the house A scale of 40 foote The first Storie of the Cureing house where the potts stand which hold the Suger and is 8. foote a inches from the ground haveing 14. steps to rise of 7. inches to a stepp In this storie is 924 potts and they use to have another storie above this which will hold above 600. potts more The Index of the Cureing house a. the roome where they knock out the suger when it is cured or made into whites and is called the knocking roome when they knock it out for muscavados they finde the midle of the pott well coloured but the upper and nether parts of a broâ—â—er colour the topp frothy and light the bottom verie browne and full of Molosses both which they sett aside to be boyld againe with the Mosses in the Cisterns of which they make Penneles which though it be a worse kinde of suger in the spending yet you will hardly know it from the second sort of Muscove suger b. the two dores c. the passages betweene the potts upon the flour above d. the great passage in the midle of the rome from end to end e. the topps of the potts which are 16. inches square and hang betweene stantions of timber borne up by verie strong and Massy studs or posts and girded or bract togither with Iron plates or wood the length of