end of the staffe to the platform being even although it be rising or descending backwards I say then the axis of the bore of that peece wil be found to be elevated to the degree assigned If you be to imbase the peece those lines and number also set above the first named mark will perform the like office there in the thing required OF A QVADRANT LEVELL AND OTHER Instruments for Ordnance and the use of them The forme proportion and making of aquadrant and a Levell with an instrument to shew the use of it is very necessary for master-Gunners and Canoniers for the Levelling and ayming of Canon other Ordnance and Morters demonstrated in the fift plate and 15. 16. and 17 figures following CHAPTER VIII TO make a quadrant as is fitting one must first make the whole circle marked 1. which is devided by lines running from its center into 48 equall parts at the end of each is noted the number thereof inclosed in a space between two little lines within an other circle and between two Vergets or small rings where you see there is a space also by which the said line is devided equally in the midst With a quarter of this circle is made your Quadrant marked 2 being from l devided into twelue points making seven degrees and a halfe so that in all they make 90 which is iust the fourth part of the 360 degrees of the whole circumference of the world It may also be devided as you see upon the white each one the outside into 45 points wherof every of them make 8 degrees so that the whole 360 degres are comprehended within them according to this form and devision is made your other quadrant noted 3 and is marked with A. B. and C. devided into 9 equall parts each of them making 10 degrees Now by these two quadrant the plummet hanging in the midst from the point of the 45 degree which are also devided into two equall parts is showne to you the highest elevation and range of a peece yea as ever the peece is able to carry at length as you may see in the figrues following of a Canon and a Culvering The like is also showne you by the Levell marked 4 for the ayming and levelling of peeces when you are to take your marke aright which also is usefull for the making of your platformes and beddings for Ordnance all which are necessarie for the Art of Gunnerie This may also be made by a quart of the former Circle if you devide it into 12 equall points and so noted and ordered that you must beginn to count from the midst of it towards the ends or sides to the 6 point so that your plummet being upon the 6 point iust as the others you shall finde that your peece is layd at its highest elevation and range The Cartabon or your fouresquare levell marked 5 comprehends also all the circle abouesaid and is devided into 48 pointes according to the foure quarters of the world that is East South North and West making also foure particular Quadrants whereof the forked dart comming from the center or midst showes all the lines not onely of the Circle but also of the Quadrant or your foure square levell and running in a line from the midst marked with O and N or with O and S it will make a Levell and is in the first degree of the right Quadrant but comming from the midst and betweene the said lines it will shew you your highest elevation as the other Quadrants haue done The handle noted E. F. if it be possible must be 2 foote and a halfe long whereof each foote must be 16 ynches to the end it may make iust 40 inches that in 3 foote and foure inches of our ordinary foote which is an ordinary pace or halfe a Geometricall one Of a Quadrant Levell and the use of them Each of these ought to haue in the midst and at the end a little hole going from the one side of the handle to the other which serue for this use that this instrument being set upon the brich of your peece looking through one of them aboue the highest Frizes you may giue a shreud gesse how farre your peece will carry the bullet according to the length condition and proportion thereof The two pins which you see on the sides of it marked C F serue to this end that thereby you may discerne the quality of the place which you would measure the point dessigning by its fall from the East towards the North the length bredth depth and height of the same Finally this instrument contayneth many misteries of great consequence and is of excellent use both for an Inginer and a Canonier The common rule whereby a Canonier may know how farre his peece will carrie and how farre from one degree to an other according to the elevation thereof let him first see how many paces it will carry being laid even with the mettle which afterward he shall devide by 50. and multiply the Quotient by 11. and that will bring out the number of the further digression or range which if he devides again by 44. he shall then find the quotient to be the just number of paces which the bullet will loose in the other ranges degree by degree as for example A battering Canon will shoot its bullet being laid even with the mettle a thousand ordinarie paces at two foot and a half the pace which being devided by 50. your quotient will give 20 which being multiplyed again by 11. it will give 220. paces which is the number of the next digression made in the second degree of the quadrant or the first after the Levell abovesaid But all the other digressions or ranges do alwaies diminish even unto the 45. degree To know then what this diminishing is from degree to degree even unto the 45. which is the highest elevation you must take the just number of the digressions from the first to the 45. which will be 44. now deviding them by the former number of 220. paces you shall find your quotient to be 5. which is the number which goes alwaies decreasing from the first to the last digression so that your Canon being laid upon its naturall mark in which it is raised a degree above the Levell even with the mettle making a 1000. paces as is said being laid upon the second degree adding 220. paces to it as an advantage then it will carry the bullet 1220. paces before it stops Again you may add the same to the third degree but the former being the greatest digression as we have taught this then and all the others will alwaies diminish 5. paces and will make but 215. above the 1220. of the second degree so that you shal have in your third degree 1435. paces in the fourth degree 1645. in the fift degree 1850 paces in the sixt 2050. paces in the seventh 2245. paces in the eighth 2435. in the ninth 2620. paces in the tenth
marked H. shewes you also another way to fitt the Calibre of a peece of ordnance with a right bullet by giuing it the requisite vent As for example take the iust Diamiter of the mouth of your peece with a paire of straight Compasses and then devide the ouertur thereof into two equall parts and draw from the Center the circle marked B. A. and E. whose Center also is noted to be D. which is the forme and Circumference of your peeces mouth orbore Then set the two points of your compasse vpon the points A. and B. in drawing one after another the crossoe lines vnder C. from whence you shall draw a line parpendicular to D. downe to the bottome of the circle marked E. and from thence another line to the point A. Then set one of the points of your compasse vpon the point E. and the other vpon the line which you haue drawne from thence towards A. and marke well the point which the circle makes thereof from F. where letting rest the point of your Compasse you shall raise the other which was in the point E. vpon the first line perpendicular which you haue made from the crosse-line at C. by the Center to D. where the point C. will shew you how much lesse the bullet must be Then the Dyamiter or Calibre of the mouth of your peece for giuing it the necessary vent so that putting the one point of your compasse upon the center D. and draw in the other which is sett vpon the edge of the circumference and Largenesse of the peeces mouth O. to the point G. and so in making an other circle the Dyamiter thereof will be the iust and requisite calibre and Circumference of your bullet and which will fit thebore of a whole Canon or any other peece which you shall desire There is a third way found out byskillfull Canoniers by abating the twentieth part of the Calibre of your peece in the circumference thereof to the bullet which with a sufficient abatement and vent for your peece which rule is easily found out by takeing the iust Dyamiter of the mouth of your peece OF A FEARNE A SCALET AND A WINCH The description of a Fearne called in French a Guindall in Netherdutch a Bock from a Goate with a Scallet and a Winch being of excellent use about the traine of Ordnance Represented unto you in the fift plate and 14. 15. and 16. figures following THE Carriage being placed in a readinesse you are then to hoise up your peece into it which in regard of the weight of it be it a Canon or any other great peece of Ordnance cannot be well done without the ingenious help of the Fearne or Ghynne ropes a Goats foot or an yron crow leavers to wind up the Rouler c. especially when a wheel is graveled and sticks fast in some deepe rutt or rotten ground then you must use the helpe of the Scallet or Winch demonstrated unto you in the figures following First then you must make and frame your Fearn according to this model used in the States service which is accounted the best number 14. and for the goodnesse of it ought to be preferred before all others and for the lightnesse of it may upon a march be laid upon a waggon to be carried along in the train of the Ordnance with the Scallet Winch and all appurtenances thereunto belonging It is made upon three feet beames or supporters triangular-wise upon which it stands The demonstration is this a. a. a. are the three feet which at the top or head of it are industriously joyned together from b. to c. is the length of it some 13. or 14. foot long it is framed a foot broad and half a foot thick d. and e. showes a great iron bolt with a round head and at the other end a crosse wedge to clench and joyne it close together f. g. is the copper hook and ring upon which the uppermost pullie or Truckle hangeth h. the uppermost truckle itself through which the ropes are let down and woundup i. i. the cable or winding roap k. the lower truckle above the Rouler l. l. the plate-work within which the rowler turns in its bed and sockets m. is the rowler it self n. n are the ends of the two roaps well pleated and bound about which are to be put through the eares of your peece which is to be hoised up o. o. the two oblique yron plated feet upon which it stands and rests upon the ground and by reason they are so made cannot so easily slip away or sinck into the Earth but makes the Fearn to stand stedfast and firm p. p. are the holes into which the two wooden leavers are put into the Rowler and wound up by two men the one taking out his leaver to put it into an other hole while the other with all his strength holds the rouler fast q. are the two winding leavers r. the Goats foot or yron crow necessary both for the Fearne Scallet and Winch. One of the winding roaps must be at least 25. foot long and in circumference a Geometricall inch and one fift part the ends whereof must be so wreathed and bound fast together that they must not loosen The main roap must be 73. foot long and 1. and three foure parts of a foot about the slip must be well wrought and bound about with packthred which is put through the two holes of the Rowler OF A SCALLET The other Engine is called in French a Scalet or a Ladderet in Netherdutch a Knape which must have likewise a strong iron crow belonging to it a thicke oaken board upon which the pillars or supporters of the weight stands which are well nigh two foot long and a foot broad and about halfe a foot in thicknesse The two pillars of the Scalet must be enchased a quarter of a foot in the thick board to give it the more firmnesse whereupon they stand and must be a matter of 2. Geometricall foote high about the said board and ⅗ and ¼ part of a foot thick each pillar as you see having 8. holes boored through them at an equall distance one from another through which you are to put your great yron bolt which with the iron crow must sustain and beare up the ponderosity unto this bolt there is an iron chain fastned to it and nailed to the right hand pillar as you may mark the bolt it self ought to be one and one fifth part of a Geometricall inch round and one an a half of a foot long each pillar must stand at least half a foot one from an other Vpon this yron bolt which may be put into any of the holes as you raise vp the peece and as occasion serues resteth your yron crow and leavers and receiveth strength from it to lift vp your wheel peece and all at a dead lift out of any rutt moorish ground or place when it sticks fast in it and as you raise it by this engine you
the best Alligations of these mettals for Ordnance is for every 200. lb. of Copper 20 lb. of tinne and 5 lb. of brasse or Latton is to be mixted therewith And Digeo Vffano a Spainyard Captaine of the Ordnance in the Castle of Antwerpe in his instruction of Artilerie affirmeth that the best ligature for Ordnance is 100 lb. of Copper 8 lb. of tinne and 5 lb. of Latton and 10 lb. of Sow-lead affirming that lead being tough cold maketh the peece-become hard But le Sieur de Brissac a french man in his militatie discourses saith that the french Founders vnto every 100 lb. of Copper doe either ad 20 lb. of Bell-mettal which is 25 pound of Tinne Lead for 100 lb. of Copper orbrasse or else 10 lb. of soft tinne to every 100 lb. of Copper The Lords the States have in the Hagh avery brave founderie and a work-house ioyning to it in which they doe all their massive workes and behinde that aspacious roome where they Settand place all their carriages which is kept faire and dry and besides the Master Founder hath a house to dwell in all which belongs to the Land The Master Founder must be very carefull in makeing choise of his powders Earths wherewith he is to make his Mouldes for the Casting of brasse Ordnance in that they be able to resist the fire and receiue the melted mettals So that they maye render them to be east and founded neately without being Subject either to be diminished crackt or peeld when they shal be nealed which is such a matter as without experience cannot be done well Wherefore I wil conclude with master Norton in his practize of Artillerie that good Earths are neither fatt nor leane but betweene both and of a fine and subtill graine or mould which soone dryeth and remayneth firme without breaking being able to resist the vehemencie of the fire and such Earths are most commonly of a yellow or a red colour Now to finde such Earths as are fitt for your worke it behoueth you to sinke diversse pits or Caues vnder ground which have not bin much stirred And after you have begun your worke and Compounded your Earths in a bouke or heape and wett and moistned them like paste beginn then to heate them with a rod of yron as the Potters vse to doe their Claye Then take two third parts of the whole lumpe and mixe it with lint of linnen cloath and then beate the same together vntill they be well incorporated that they maye appeare all one substance and if any small stones should chance to fall amongst it then pick thene out or bruise them as small as maye be that the powders being well tempred maye serue for your moulds and formes Of makeing of moulds for the founding of Ordnance THe Master Founder having prepared and resolued of what kind and what sort of that kinde the Ordnance is which he intends to cast he is then first to make a perfect Modell there of either of timber or of Earth orboth with all the Mouldures Ornaments compartiments euen as you would have the peece to be which you must thinnely annoint with soft hogt-grease and then cover it over uith a Colume of the afore said tempered Earthp made and dryed by little and litle augmenting it vntill it be of a Competent strength and thicknesse This Colume must be made so as it may be taken into two or more parts to the end to take the said modell or patterne out of yt and it is to befortifyed on the outside with plates of yron at long as the Chase of the peece is and with yron Wyres an inch each from an other and lastly with y-ron Hoopes a foote or two assunder to knock off and on as occasion shall require Their must elso be a smooth and equall Cillender whose Dyamitre must be iust the beigth of the Bore and made of the same Earth moulded vpon a stronge Iron square Barre and vpon a Cord woulded about the same to make therewith the soule Concaue or hollow Cillinder of the peece by placing yt by helpe of the Base and Muzzle ring exactly in the midst of the Vacuity of the outermost Colume which whenthe Patterne or Modell Shal be taken out will remaine hollow to receiue the metrall that must make the bodie of the peece All these must be well ioynted together polished smooth dryed Nealed that the mettall maye runne fine and come off smooth and neate Lastly the patterne of the breech with all the Mouldures and Cascabell is in like manner to be Couvered ouer by litle and litle with the same tempered Earth which must afterwards be Luted neatly and strongly to the breech end of the outter Colume all which Mouldures Rings Armes Devises Flowers Trunions Dolphins and Circles maye be at pleasure added there vnto vpon the patterne either with waxe earth or playster and so the perfect Impression thereof wil be receiued by the Concavity of the outward Colume keeping still the due prescribed proportion of the peeces yow intend to cast accordingto the kind sort thereof for the rest se master Norton in his 21 22 Chapters of the practize of Artillerie Having thus digressed I will returne againe to my former matter and giue the gentle Reader to vnder stand shat the States have Conditioned with their Master Founder that he shal be at the charge of makeing all Mouldures Formes castings borings and finding of firing for which he hath from the States six gildens or 12 hillings starling for the founding of 100 lb. weight so that for a whole Canon which weighs 7000 lb. weight he hath 840 gilders for him and his men the rest proportionally Now when any old brasse peeces are to be cast they are deliuered to him by weight and he is allowed him ten pounds in every 100 lb. weight for drosse and wast for you must vnderstand that Copper brasse have much more drosse in them then gould or silver because the finer the Alloye is the lesser it will consume by fire The greatest number of new peeces cast in the States Founderie at the Hagh euery yeare by the helpe of some 20 men are sixe whole Canons twelve half Canons and sixe long Feild peeces or demy Culvering makeing in all the number of 24 peeces of Ordnance But of late yeares they cast diverse sorts of french short Demy Canon and smaller Drakes as now the occasion of fervice requires These Ordnance being founded and made the Master Feunder is to deliuer them to the States vpon Proofe in the presence of some Commissioners and the Controuleur of the Ordnance who are to ouersee them and to take care that the peece which is to be tryed be well loaded with her due weight of powder and bullet and rammed well home The proofe of a whole Canon which weights 7000 lb. weight and carries an yron bullet of 48 lb. weight must be charged with 32 lb. of fine powder and with the bullet
may clap thick fagots or boards vnder the wheele till you advance it higher to an other hole The Winch or Windlace represented here unto you in the 14. figure is called in Netherdutch a Windaes or a Dumcracht and is a differing Engine from the former but of singular use also for the heaving vp of a peece of Ordnance carriage and all let it be never so great or any ponderous weight as blocks loggs c. yea it is of such great strength and force that it is able to overturne a house and hath no neede but of one man to put it a worke Now to make it stronge and sufficient it must be two foote long at the least 1 foot and a half broad and half a foot thick with avice and a teethed scrue comming out of the midst of the woodworke of it and winding up its teeth by the force of two secret wheeles turning within the midst of the woodworke This Engine may also be used as the former for the lifting up of a peece of ordnance out of adeep rutt morish ground or any durt or mire into which it is sunck by laying of thick boards and faggots vnder the wheele as is said and this will be done quickly so that you need not loose much time vpon a march and thus much in brief for the making and use of these three Instruments The figures whereof follow in the next page HOW ONE IS TO MOVNT A PEECE VPON ITS carriage by the helpe of a Fearne or a Ghynne THE FIFTH CHAPTER BEfore you are to mount your peece above all things you must have a singular care that the Fearn be so firmly set that it doth not recoil or slip away in any manner and so that the rope and pullie or truckle comming downe from the head fall just vpon the eares of the peece whereof to be assured you may let fall downeward from the pullie aboue a whipcoard with a plummet or some small stone hanging downe and turning the said Fearn till the Plummet falls just in the very midst as is said If it be in a plaine even and fast ground you may have the lesse care in setting firme and steadfast the feete of your Fearn vpon it but if it be a Sandie and a soft Earth into which the feete may sinke or give back according to the greatnesse of the weight then you must put plancks blocks or some solid thing vnder the feete setting tent pinnes about it according as necessity shall require and as opportunity will permit you Your Fearn then being thus firmly placed and setled the Gunner shall get vp by a ladder or some stepps to the head or top of it having the rope in his hand shall put it through the vppermost truckle of the head and let it fall downe to the other that he which catches it may put it through the left side of the peece in his hand to fasten it as wee shall shew hereafter into the eares of the peece and so having put it through them he drawes it vp till he can give it to him that is aboue him and then he puts it againe through the hole of the right hand truckle and gives it downe to him that is vnder him who reaches it againe to him that is above and so he fastens it to the head of the Fearn giving it some turnes till it comes under the vppermost truckle as you see This done he must fasten it with great discretion to the lower truckle by puting the rope through the eares of the peece putting the end of it thorow three times as well through the eares as through the ring which is under the said truckle after this you shall begin to hoise your peece putting a great and a long peece of timber into the mouth of the peece to guide it aright that it doth not swagg from one side to an other a dangerous thing which stricking against one of the feete of the Fearn or against the Rouler may break it and so hinder the whole worke Those which mounts it must have a care to keepe the peece steddie and right untill the weight of the peece is well setled The Generall or his Lieutenant Generall in the meane while having a watchfull eye as well vpon the ropes as vpon the feete of the Fearne that the feet do not slip away or the rope be cadgeld one among an other or drawing not alike may breake Therefore when they begin to hoise the peece vp they must give a blow or two with a staff vpon the ropes to part them a sunder one from an other that each may beare an equall weight If you perceive that your Fearne beginnes to give back then you must presently let your peece sinke and underlaye and settle well the feete of it and that as gently as may be to the end the Crosse beame or Rouler may not be disjoynted or broken Finally giving two or three turnes to the Maine rope vpon the rouler or winder of the Fearn you must wind it vp carefully and very gently with the help of two men only in such sort that when one of the levers or handles hath gone about the other must be held fast till that the other man hath put this in its place to make likewise its turne about or else the other man shall stay his hand till that his fellow drawing out his hath put it also in its hole which must be done so often till the peece be hoised so high that you may put your Carriage vnder it Also you must take heede that your peece knocketh not against any part of your Fearne which might cause any disaster or that the Fearne might breake and letting the peece fall a mischiefe may happen and put all into disorder wherefore you must put the carriage under it very gently that the Tronions may fall just into the holes or clasping sockets of the carriage and so guide your peece by the beame which it hath in its mouth that it falls softly to rest upon its carriage and then locking it well in and fastning it with the wedges you may then loosen your ropes and taking away the Fearne your peece being thus mounted you may draw it whithersoever you please HOW A CANONIER OUGHT TO CHARGE A PEECE CHAPTER VI. A Peece being brought to a Batterie and planted upon a Platforme having powder bullets his linstock scowrers Rammers and all things else in a readinesse after he hath stuck down his linstockin some place under the winde and first carefully cleared his peece with his scowrer and sheepe-skin within and sees that the touch-hole be not stopped or any dust or filth cleaving to it then one of his Companions which is to assist him for commonly there must bee two Canoniers to every Canon or great peece of Ordnance brings him the pouch barrell with powder iust before the mouth of the peeee and putting his Ladle or charger into it fils it and least it might be overfull giues it
a little iogg that the Surplus may fall down againe into the barrell after this he puts it gently into the mouth of his peece even till the end of his Ladle comes up to the very brich and touch-hole of his peece and then turnes his Ladle softly and lets it lye within the chamber of the peece and drawing out his Ladle almost to the mouth of his peece puts it back againe to take up the loose cornes which were spilt by the way and to bring them up to the charge of powder this done he drawes out his Ladle and takes out of the pouch-barrell a second Ladle full for by triall before he knowes the weight and charge of powder which his Ladle will hold and which his peece well require and so putting in his second Ladle full up to the former drawes it out and doth as he did before that no loose cornes may lie in the bottome of the mould of his peece and in drawing out of his Ladle he must haue a care that he let fall any powder upon the ground for it is a thing unseemely for a Cannonier to trample it under his feete Then he takes a wispe of straw hay or any other thing and puts it so hard into the mouth of the peece turning his ladle to come to the end of his Rammer hee driues up the wispe and carries up with it the loose cornes which happily may be by the way in the mould of the peece even up to the charge of powder and then giving the stopper and powder two or three shoues to make it lie close together in the chamber of his peece he drawes out his Rammer puts in his bullet which roules gently into his peece up to the wispe or stopper which keepes up the powder all this while his Companion stopping the touch-hole with his finger that no powder flies out of it but that it be also well fild and stopt with powder which hee may do out of his touch-horne afterwards and then puts in his second wispe after his bullet And the Canonier is to be forwarned that he stands not iust before the mouth of his peece while this is a doing but aside of it least a danger or mischelfe might happen to him and thus the peece having its due charge both of powder and bullet he shall cover his touch-hole with a dry sheepskin after he hath levelled his peece and setting away his pouch barrell of powder with the rest in some Concaue or hollow hutt into the ground covered over with sodds or earth he shall attend the Gentleman 's of the Ordnance his command before he giues fire An other observation for a Canonier Touching the charging of a peece Frons-berghen maintaineth that one ought to take in powder one half of the weight of the Bullet Rivius and some others are of the opinion that the more powder one puts in the swifter and further the bullet wil fly shewing many reasons to proue it But experience the mistris of this Art teacheth us otherwise for a peece being loaded with two third parts of the bullets weight in powder sends the bullet going more swiftly and will carry it further which hath bin so often tryed that it is without all contradiction giving this reason that the exhencia is so swift and violent that it bursteth out of the mould before the two third parts of the powder be fired and this hath beene found irrefutable Again others maintain that if one should forcibly ramme in the bullet then the powder might take fire ere it could cast out the bullet and then would cause the bullet to fly further then otherwise it would do but you must consider in so doing you either indanger the break ing of your peece or else make it crooked and unserviceable because your ordinary peeces will not bear so great a charg of powder this hath bin tryed upon the Sea strand at Scheveling by the Hagh in Holland before his Excellency prince Maurice of famous memory where first one and the same peece was loaded with ten pound of fine powder to see how far she would carry her bullet The place being marked where the bullet rested shee was loaden again with 9. pounds which shot as far as the ten pound did but last of all shee was charged but with 7. pounds of the same powder which carried her bullet further then the two former shots whence one may obserue that a peece of Ordnance may be overcharged and therefore a good Gunner ought to haue a singular care to giue his peece her due measure and charge Of the Gunners service in generall NOw forasmuch as Ordnance are Engins of force reason waight and measure and the Gunners men exercised and experienced in them and their apurtenances in making platforms with defences Troniers Gabbions Loopes Parapets of earth and Faggots about 23. or 24. foot high of Faggots of 2. foot high of earth bed upon bed vnto eleven foot high and after 3. foot of Terraplene to raise the Troniers and Loopes so that for the Canon it be 3. foot wide in the Barb and within 12. foot wide without the lower part therof to descend scarpwise the better to discover the Enemies avenews and offend them the more freely for avoyding the blast and smoake and ruine it would else make For the Culverings 2 foot and a halfe within and 9 foot without will suffice and for lesse peeces lesse measures If the Battery be to be made with Gabbions they being filled with earth without stones moistned and rammed 7. foot a peece in dyametre 3. rankes betwen 2. peeces if the place will permit or 2. at the least and 3. rowes also one before another setting one betwen two so if the 1. ranke haue 3. the second will haue two and the third one but it will be hard to make a safe Battery with Gabbions Canon or Culvering proofe And each platforme is to haue 30. foot for the reverse of the Canon and 27. foot for the Demy Canon he ought to see that it be levelled or rising 1. foot for 20. backwards the better to stay the reverse and facility the bringing the peece being loaded to the Loop He ought to search and examine the goodnesse of the peeces their Ladels Rammers Spunges and Tampion fitnesse and roundnesse of the shot force and goodnesse of the powder and match And to see all fitted accordingly and to place the powder covertly hid safe from the fire of his owne as also of the Enemies Ordnance to see the Gunners take their markes toward the under part giving each under Gunner his charge HOW A CANNONIER OVGHT TO LAY AND Levell his Peece and to amend a bad shott CHAPTER VII HAving time and Command to lay and Levell a Peece according to the ordinary ayme to try how farr it will carry the Canonier shall take a long ruler and laying it vpon the midst of the Frizes aswell of the brich as of the muzzle of the peece and
great bridges the one called a punt bridge which is laid longwaies end to end over the Rhine or any other great River and the other a Maze schip bridge as you shall see in the figure following Command then being given to the Captain of the Bridges and his men for the first they lade Ordnance and all manner of equipage in those great Punts as beames plancks cordage cables anckors windlasses winches and all other necessaries to bring them up to the Rendevous Now when the Captain of the Bridge is to lay a great Punt bridge over the Rhyne or the Whale as at Nemegen Schencksconce Wesell or at Rhenebergh taking first the breadth and distance of the River from the one side to the other they can easily give a gesse how many of these punts being 50 foot long and 10. foot broad will serve to reach over the River The first punt then being laid longwise from the edge of the one side of the River being fastened to two great Stakes and Anckers driven into the ground they then lay at the furthest end of the first punt and other punt laying Brush at both ends of the punts which rises and falls that horse and waggons may passe over them and alwaies fasten and bind them together with ropes and cables which stayes the punts by casting out ankors and cables into the streame to hold them fast together and thus they do till they have laid over 15. or 16. of these long punts which will reach over from the one to the other side of the river at the end whereof there are cast up two halfe moones if it be not neare a Town and a Steckado or two Gats made that none may passe over it without leave having alwaies a guard to defend it and keep it from burning Number 37 is the figure of a peece of a basket Bridge such a one as was used at our last enterprise upon Hulst made of wicket about the bignesse of ones middle finger with supporters of wickers within it as hedges a foot distant one from another to strengthen it and helpe it from bending when one goes over it being also matted in the bottom and covered round about with waxed Canvas being carried between two men with two coole staves some 13 foot long as two men carries a hand barrow being laid crossewise peece to peece and fastened together with ropes and at both ends anckors the length whereof from a to b is 6. foot and the breadth from c to d two foot and a half and is a foot in heigth so that 2 men in front may go over a moat upon any surprisall of a Towne Number 38 is a Maze bridge laid crossewaies such a one as our Army passed over the Maze at the Grave Venlo and Mastricht having beames some 15 or 16 foot long and crosse beames over the Maze schips with plancks from the one side of the river to the other and is held fast together by cables and anckors as the figure following of such a bridge doth demonstrate Number 39 is the figure of a Mathematicall Horse watermill first invented by Vitrivius and is of singular use for the drayning out of water in Marrish groundes and places being drawne but with one horse as the figure demonstrates and by relieving it with fresh horses and a Driver may go night and day the experience whereof we saw at the seige of the Bosch what abundance of water twenty of them drayned out of the overflowne Meddowes and the River of the Dummell which did helpe and further our Approaches greatly Number 40. is the figure of a Water Scoupe made after this manner following first you take three long pooles or Sparrs and at the top bind them together with a match or a Cord from the top whereof discends an other Cord which is bound fast to the hast of the Scoupe as you may see and the feet of the Sparrs put into the ground Triangular wise with which you see the figure of a man casting water out of a moate or a ditch This plate P following will shew you the Figures of all that is said above THE DEMONSTRATION OF A COPPER OVEN A KNEADING Trough and a Bread Chest with the appurtenances thereunt o belonging NVmber 41. is the figure of a new invented Copper Oven set upon three Iron chimnies for the baking of bread for an Armie having at both ends two mouths or doores which opens and shuts whereof the length of one of them from a to b is nine foot long the breadth from c to d is three foot the heigth from e to f to the top is a foot and a halfe and the bottome upon which the bread bakes marked g h is two foot and a halfe This Oven as is said stands upon three Iron chimnies noted 1. into which fuel and turf is put to heat this Oven how many loafes and pounds of bread it will bake in three houres the list following will show you Number 42. is the figure of a Kneading Trough which from k to i is seven foot long and from m to n is two foot broad the ledge or cover o is three foot high and the bottome p is almost two foot broad to this kneading trough you must have water pailes dow knives peeles to draw out the batches of bread and all other necessaries belonging to a Baker Number 43. is the figure of a Bread chest very usefull in the warres for the carrying of Bread and Bisket upon a march whereof the length from q to r is eight foot long the bredth from s to t is foure foot long the height from u to w is three foot to the Cover and the roofe or Cover from w to x is likewise three foot high This Bread-chest being set up a waggon and drawne with three lustie horses will carry a thousand yea twelve hundred pounds of bread or bisket if need require the Figures follow THE DEMONSTRATION OF MATERIALS VSED IN OVR WARRES FOR the making of Trenches Approches Saps and works of Fortification as followeth Number 44. is a short plated Shovell to work in a Sapp or in a Gallery Number 45. is a long plated Shovell Number 46. is an Iron Crow or a Goats foot Number 47. is a Hatchet to cut wood with Number 48. is a Mattock Number 49. is a spade with plated iron Number 50. is a Sod-Spitter Number 51. is a Pickaxe Number 52. is a two handed Rammer to drive Palizadoes into the Ground Number 53. is a wheele-barrow to carry earth and Sodds in for the making up of workes Palizadoes of two sorts you shall find in my second part in the chapter of Approaches figure 166. And Frize Ruyters or Turne-Pikes in the same chapter figure 165. And foot angles or foot tanternailes in the same chapter figure 147. All other warrlike preparations and neceessaries you shall find in the list following The Office and charge of the Generall or Master of the Ordnance and all other Officers