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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	foot_n	half_a	inch_n	1,859	5	11.0254	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A43483	The second part of the principles of art military, practised in the warres of the United Provinces consisting of the severall formes of battels, represented by the illustrious Maurice Prince of Orange of famous memorie, and His Highnesse Frederick Henry Prince of Orange, that is Captaine Generall of the Army of the high and mighty Lords the States Generall of the United Provinces : together with the order and forme of quartering, encamping, and approaching, in a warre offensive and defensive.; Principles of the art militarie. Part 2	Hexham, Henry, 1585?-1650?	1642 (1642)	Wing H1654; ESTC R18347	75,268	96

the moate For the effecting whereof one must make provision of many things necessary thereunto and first of all get good store of longbrush and bundles of boughs to fill up the moate with a great number of plancks and posts ioyned and made together like a Gallowes all of them having one height and bredth which are so framed and made by the Carpenters before they are brought down into the Aproaches tha one may either take them asunder or pin them together without any great labour for being brought thither where they are to be used Jt is easily done by marking the joynts and peeces with one and the same number which they may fit and joyne together without any great difficulty Such a Gallowes hath five peeces to wit two posts which stand upright one croswise over them which ioynes the other two together and two props or supporters of timber to bear the crosse post up the two posts are set upright being 8 or 9 foot long and are cut halfe a foote in the upper end of them for the crosse beame or post to rest upon the other two posts and to ioyne them together and a foot and a halfe at the lower end is sharpned and set fast into the Ground so that it remaines seven foot high for the top of the Gallery Yo shall see the forme of it set out in the 160 figure following whereof the length of them from a b to c d are each of them 9. foot long and the bredth 6. or 7. inches the halfe of this breadth at the uppermost end of these two posts is cut the length of halfe a foot to lay the crosse beame upon them which ought to be cut in the like manner having the length of ten foot or thereabouts for the longer this crosse post is the broader will the Gallery be and the better for the souldiers to march five or fixe in front when they are to give an assault upon the breach the greatnesse is answerable to the two others being marked with A C. Now forasmuch as these posts are made in such a manner with joynts that they may soone be joined together or severed they cannot be so firme as those which are joined and pinned fast together by force without being afterwards taken asunder especially because of the great weight which they are to beare therefore there are props made to support the crosse post as you may see by E.F. and G.H. marked in the 160. figure all which being done and all the peeces joined and pinned fast together as is fitting every peece is marked and holes bored through them to fasten them together in a little time when there is occasion to have them set up Of the Bords and Planks for a Gallery AFter this you must provide in a readinesse good store of Fir boards and plancks which must be as long as the two posts or rather four or five inches longer so that if the distance between post and post be 5 foote broad then these plancks must be five foote and a halfe long for the odd half foot is divided into two equall parts taking up three inches on either side of the two posts into which holes are bored to naile the plancks and the posts fast together The ordinary space between the posts joyned together is commonly 4. or 5. but seldome six foot in bredth which oftentimes is changed according to the condition of the place and as the danger is great or little The thicknesse of the plancks is without any certain measure because it is needlesse to make them all of one thicknesse for it may so fall out that somtimes you must use a thick planck and some whiles a thinner is fitter to stop a hole withall as occasion may serve Now for the joyning and fastening of your posts together you must provide good store of oaken pins and bore all the holes with a borer to the end the holes may not cleave now all these pins ought to be of one bignesse Also in Galleries there are used nailes some greater and longer as you shall have use for some of them are 4. or 5. inches long for to naile the plancks with which covers the sides some other 6. or 7. inches long which nailes the props into the posts you must have good store of them of all sises for to use them when necessity shall require Your ordinary wheel-barrowes and shovels are here of exellent use but you must have shovels that have longer hafts then ordinary to cast the earth a good way into the moate which cannot be so well done with short hafts Jn this place one ought to make use of thick plank-blinds which we have mentioned in the chapter of gabions and blinds which serve for a very good use in Galleries as we shall show you hereafter A Gallerie raised without being covered with Earth is represented unto you in the 161 figure After you have sapt through the Counterscharfe and that you are come to the edge or brinke of the moate and resolve to lay a Gallerie over it you must first of all provide good store of these bundles of long brush before mentioned brought downe in waggons and abundance of wheele-barrowes to fetch Earth into the Gallerie to cast these things into the moat and to fill it up even to that place where you intend to make a Mine and in so doing you shall by degrees fill up the moate and make a good foundation for your Gallerie to rest and stand upon But because any cannot cast and lay these bush-faggots in order as one would you shall meet with some venturous souldier or another who for money will adventure in the night to goe out at the mouth of the Gallerie into the moate to lay them in order And to the end they may not be seen by the Enemy one must observe well to make the perpendicular of the face of the Bulwarke which will be the shortest way to come unto it The moate then being filled with these long bundles and fagots of Brush abovesaid so that one may cast Earth upon them brought from the next sap the work-men fetches good store of Earth in wheel-barrowes upon plancks laid in the Gallerie and brings it to the mouth of the Gallerie casts it upon a heape and then two or three workemen which are apointed to worke in the mouth of the Gallerie casts it into the moate to settle the fagotts This Earth cast up in the forme of a heape serves to cover and make a blinde for the work-men onely before but not on the sides and therefore they must be constrayned to make blinds on that side which is most dangerous til the posts be set up yea oftentimes they must make blinds on both sides of the Gallerie if an Enemy flanks it from two places After this one begins to set up one of the posts ioyned and pinned together as hath been taught and as you may see in the 160 figure And sets some men

which they suspect there is a mine and so cut it of invvardly But for their advantage they make ready also their Countermine made in that place chambers their povvder attending the effect of the Enemies mine and vvhen he springs his mine then they retire themselues into their nevv vvorke cut off and the Enemy being lodged in that peece of the Bulvvarke or Rampart vvhich they haue quitted then they blovv up their Countermine and slay all those vvhich they find in it The like also is done in outvvorkes and Counterskarfes vvhen one is driven to quitt them and that one cannot keepe them any longer OF PALISADOES PALES TVRNE-PIKES BARRICADOES QVADRANT-TANTERNAILES AND BEARES THE TENTH CHAPTER WEe haue often made mention of Palisadoes and the use of them especially vvhen they are struck into the ground about dry moates for then they serue in stead of vvater against the sudden assault of an Enemie so that not onely the moates before great vvalls and Rampards ought to be set with them but also all Outvvorkes must be fortified vvith them They are likevvise of excellent use in the Field vvhen trenches are set round vvith them and struck in round about Forts and vvorkes vvhich lie in the most dangerous places They are of no lesse use also in Fortresses especially vvhen the Beseiged are constrayned to make cuttings off vvithin a tovvne or Fort moreover they are good to be struck in upon the topp of Breaches vvhereof vve vvill treat in the next chapter These Palisadoes then are made in this manner follovving one makes choise of good and strong Sparrs being some 3 or 4 ynches in Diameter but of severall lengths according to the place into vvhich they are to be struck vvhereof some of them may be 5 6 or 7 foote long Novv the lovver end of them must be sharpened and pointed and the upper end flatt that they may be driven into the ground vvith a mallet or a beetle one bores also a hole some 3 or 4 ynches under the head of the Palisadoe an other some three ynches under the first hole and a third hole on the side through the middest of the tvvo others in such sort that the nailes vvhich are driven through it resemble as it vvere the corners In some also they use to driue in tvvo nailes so that they are not struck in a right Angle but rises a little tovvards the head of the Palisadoe The length of these nailes must be some eight or tvvelue ynches and so bigg that they cannot be easely bowed or broken and the Head vvhich is driven into the Palisadoe is some-vvhat greater then that vvhich sticks out vvhich ought to be very sharpe When you are to use these Sparrs vvhereof you must haue good store you take first of the shortest size being but fiue foot long and strick in a long ranke of them as you shall finde necessarie They are driven into the ground the depth of a foot and a half or sometimes more according as the Earth is conditioned and thus you shall make your first ranke then you shall driue in an other ranke of Palisadoes being six foote long vvhich are set behind the first ranke to the end they may run in a right line vvith the first but must be struck in a little sidelings to the end that their nailes may fill all places necessarie and the heads of these Palisadoes ought to stand about halfe a foote higher then the others In the same manner you driue in the third ranke vvhich must be half a foot higher then the second and thus you may doe if you vvill driue in a fourth ranke yea as many as it pleases you These Palisadoes are represented unto you in the 164 figure For the Palisadoes vvhich are used against assaults there are two sorts of them The first is that sort of Palisadoes vvhich are sett upon the Parapets of Forts Outworks and Redoubts for to hinder an Enemy that they may not so soone assault or scale a place these ought to be 3 or 4 ynches in Diameter and some 6 or 7 foote long vvhereof the half past is driven into the Parepett and the other half stands upright For the other sort those great headed piles or pales clasped together vvith chaines and plates of yron vvhich stād alwaies upon Rāpards and Bulvvarkes covered vvith a little roof against the time of necessity vvhen as an Enemy seekes to assault a Fortresse For by this meanes he is repulsed vvhen he vvould scale a Rampard because these Palisadoes or logs being cast dovvne a vvall annoyes greatly the Beseigers in regard of their vveight vvhich they are not able to resist though they be armed with head peeces OF PALISADOES PALES VRIZ-RVYTERS CAVALLIERS DE FRIZE Called in English Turne-piks THE TENTH CHAPTER WEe haue observed in our declaration of Originall names vvhence the Cavalleries De Frize tooke their name to witt at the siege of Groeninghen in Frizeland vvhere they served for great use by stopping and hindring the Enemies horse when they came to relieue the Tovvn and then got this name of Vrize ruyters in Dutch Cavalliers de Frize in French and Frize Horses or Turne-pikes in English and besides the stopping of a suddaine charge of Horse they are of excellent use to be clapt on the topp of a breach or some vveake place of a Trench or a vvall and good store of them ought to be carryed along vvith an Army on vvaggons to be sett up in some Avenus or passages to stop and hinder the sudden attempt of an Enemy vvhen one hath no time to cast up a trench In Fortresses they are also of greater use then chaines or Barres vvhich crosseth the streets For a man may skip over a chaine and a good Horse will leap over it But being beset and crossed vvith Turne-pikes neither Foot nor Horse are able to passe over them seeing they have staves and sharp points through them on all sides They may be set up also in the streets of Suburbs and other places instead of Barres and vvhere some broad places are to be kept in joyning many of them together vvhich is done ordinarily in the expeditions of Warres They are made in this manner following you take a tree of firme wood vvhich will not cleave vvhere of the Diameter is five or sixe inches and some 10 or 14 foot long vvhich is made vvith six corners so that it hath six sides and in the midst of these sides one bores three or foure inches one from another cros-wise and thē puts through these holes round javelings vvhereof the Diameter is an inch and a half or at the most two inches the lengt of them is sixe or size foot and so made that they are all of one length which are made of a strong and a firme piece of timber which will not easily bend nor will be weakned by raine these are thrust through these holes so that they are of a just length on both sides and have as many

continually to fetch Earth in their wheele-barrowes others from the top of the heape casts the Earth with their Tong-shovels into the moate and gets more ground to set up the other past for haveing got a matter of five foot or there-abouts they sett up the other past ioyned together as is said after they have set forward the blinds for to cover the sides of it which two posts being set up then they naile the plancks fast to both sides of the Gallerie and they set onely the others upon it without fastning them by covering the side onely with Earth which may be beaten downe by the Enemie till it is able to resist a Canon bullett and then casts Earth above the Gallerie about a foote or a foote and a halfe high which must be spread and laid even to the end fireworks may not lie upon it and spoile the Gallerie by fyring of it It happens sometimes that one side of the Gallerie is out of the Enemies sight and cannot be beaten downe with their Canon in such sort that one needs not cover it with Earth and then that time and charge is saved unlesse it lies so that an Enemie can sett fire on it with pitch ropes and other fire workes or spoyle it with his Canon which lies in his Outworkes which being so then of necessity you must cover that side till it is able to resist the Enemies Canon And because it would be very darke if the whole Gallerie were covered with Earth and so very incommodious for the workmen therefore to helpe that on the safest side there are little windowes or holes made of a foote high and a foot and a halfe long betweene every three or foure postes ioyned together to give light into the Gallerie This work is continually aduanced and the heape raised by the workemen which cast the Earth into the moate in a great quantity before them haveing alwaies a singular care that the heape from whence they cast their Earth growes not too low least the workemen be discovered Afterward they sett up the third posts ioyned together in the same manner as hath been said and make fast the boards and planks to them this labour must be continued till the Gallerie is advanced even to the very soote and barme of the Rampard All which is shown in the 162 figure where a Gallerie is made covered as also to show that one of the posts ioyned and sett up which must be nailed to the other with planks and the heape of earth behinde which the man stands and works is also here pourtrayed out When the Gallerie is brought over almost to the very foote of the Rampart then one may come to it with more safety for then the heape is taken away and a blinde made of thick oaken plankes to begin a mine into the Bulwarke At the lower end of these posts abovesaid as you may see from B to D there is an other post besides of the same greatenesse which cannot be seene therefore wee have purposely omitted it but will remember to speake of it when we handle the makeing of the posts and palisadoes THE EIGHTH CHAPTER OF MINES AS a Gallery is an ancient invention so likewise Mines which we make at this day have been heretofore in use amongst the Ancients also And this is the last thing wherewith the besieged are troubled A Mine then according to the definition of Vegetius is a Cave by which one makes secret goings under the Eearth to come by night unawares to a Fortresse or by which one diggeth into the foundation and bowels of a wall or of a Bulwark underpropping the earth with posts of wood and laying under it dry wood for when they would make a hole in the wall they set fire on this wood which being burnt with the props the wall fell down and the Besiegers being in a reddinesse attending the fall of the wall ran presently up by that breach to assault the Fortresse which is understood also of our moderne Mines which we make in by blowing up the powder that is laid in them whence it appeareth clearly that this is also an ancient invention being a little changed and amended at this day This mineing or digging under the earth is called in Latine Cuniculus of which name ancient Writers as Iulius Caesar Livius and Curtius make often mention of in the description of this Stratagem it signifieth a Moole from whence the name is taken because the Mines made under Rampards and Bulwarks resembles the holes and passages which Mooles makes under the earth There are others which derive this name from the Latine word Cuneus because the Mines are made in the fashion of a Wedge which is thick at the beginning and diminisheth little by little even as the Mines which make a rupture in those places where they are made may be compared to a wedge which cleaveth a piece of timber in sunder Mines were of old called Cuniculary He that is desirous to know more thereof let him read Vegetius and Vitruve who have written of Military inventions among the ancients We will here describe in a few words how our moderne Mines are made at this day The last meanes for the forcing of an Enemy besieged to make him yeeld is this making of a Cave or Mine under the earth which is begun and finished as is said after you have brought your Gallery over to the Barme or foot of a Rampard or Bulwark But before it is begun you must have all things necessary and in a reddinesse for the effecting of this work first of all ye must have Spades Shovels Pickaxes and all kinde of Masons tooles with all things requisite to pierce and break the Wall wherewith the Rampart is made Afterward one prepares props to support and beare up the Mine from falling or sinking being two or two inches and a halfe thick the length of them being not alike because the entrance into the Mine is made higher then towards the end of it One is furnished also with firre planks for to line the Mine vvithin as above that it may not sink and fall down for it must be set with planks on all sides as vvell as the foundation especially if the earth be moulding and vvettish But before you begin to make your Mine it vvill be necessary that you knovv the condition of the place that is whether the Bulwark be hollow and vaulted or whether the foundation be laid with Branchages Logs or borne up with Piles and whither water may not spoile your Mine if you should mine too low In case that the Rampard or the Bulwark into which you intend to mine were laid with logs or supported upon great Piles which happens ordinarily in moorish and rotten places upon which you must build your Bulworks and Rampards or when one can get no other Earth but sand you must trie and get out all these Piles with Cables or ropes by winding them out with an instrument ordained for this

the Quartering of a Regiment of Horse Of Particular Quarters BEsides the Quarters aboue mentioned there are also Particular Quarters in a Campe which ought to come into consideration to wit The Generals The Generall of the Ordinance the Quarter for the Canon Carriages and waggons as also some other Quarters which shall be discribed as falloweth The Generall hath a square place of Ground giuen him which as a Regiment is 300 foote deepe and 600 foote broade and his Tents and Pivillions sett vp and disposed of as the Generall and his Tent-master shall thinke fitting Also there is given to the Generall of the Ordinance a depth of 300 foote and a bredth of 480 foote for him and his traine of Ordinance Officers and Handie crafts men to Quarter in hauing a little trench cast round about it In which ground also is built a foure square Redoubt with haire cloth ouer it to laye in powder and Fireworkes for feare of fyring and to keepe them from wetnesse and rayne seing they are not so combustible and will not take fire so soone as straw or sailes will There is also a place ordayned of 300 foote in bredth and depth for some chiefe Officers of the feild which are not lodged within the Regiments The waggons also have a certaine place given them that they may give noe hindrance to the Campe The depth is also commonly 300 foote but the bredth must be answerable to the nomber of waggons The Market place where Marchands Victulars Tradsmen Butchers and Bakers are lodged have a depth also of 300 foote given them and is some 400 foote broad in the midst whereof there is an open place left for the market place and the sides are divided into rowes of hutts and streetes They make ordinarily eight rowes of hutts whereof foure are sett upon the one and foure vpon the other side every hutt being ten foote broade and betweene every two rowes of hutts there is a streete left some 20 foote broade The first two Rowes of hutts next to the market plaee are appointed for Mercers wollen and linnen Drapers and some other choise wares The Tavernes and Ordinaries takes up the second the third are for handicrafts men and fourth for Butchers and Bakers There is likewise a vacant place left for the lodging of Voluntiers and Strangers which hath noe certaine measure but must fall out sometimes more and sometimes lesse as occasion serves and this is the description of a quarter or Campe both in generall and particular as neere as may The Ichnographie of a Campe THE FOVRTH CHAPTER THe Quartermaster Generall makes first a Scale which will serue for a sheete of paper fitting it according to the proportion as the said paper will beare either greater or lesser and then makes a draught vpon it According to the measure of his Scale he drawes out vpon this some parallell lines of 300 foote deepe which shewes the depth of every quarter with some other parallell lines of some 50 80 or 90 foote as the ground will afford and the divisions betweene Regiment and Regiment Afterwards he marketh upon a paper euery one of the said quarters and Regiments a part according to the proportion of the same scale as one hath drawne the lines aboue said and then cut it of so that they haue all one depth of 300 foote and the bredth according to the list of the number of the Companies of every Regiment and how many foote every Regiment and quarter will take up It were better to take a peece of past board paper then make cut out also vpon the said paper the depth the bredth and the name of the Regiment the Colonell and person to whome the quarter belongs doing the like in all the other quarters These littles papers being so cut and ordered one may put and lay them again upon the paper with the parallell lines abouesaid euen till they he laid according to your desire and let them be as they are fitted One must nevertheless have a care that the Generals quarters be in the middest and that there bee a convenient space without his quarter aswell before as on both sides as the figure following will showe marked with the letter A where the Generall is lodged in the midst of the Campe and the bredth of his quarter according to this scale is 1250 foote and the depth as is said 300. The quarters are separated one from an other by streetes and divisions some lesse some more as the ground will give it as somewils 500 otherwhils 80 92 or 100 foote betweene quarter and quarter as you may see in the figure following Finally the Quartermaster Generall takes first the bredth and depth of the whole quarter and Campe and draws it out as io taught upon a paper The bredth here takes up 3000 foote and the depth 2000. The draught of the campe being drawne upon a paper and the whole quarter designed it will be easie then to lay them out in the field How one must marke and lay Out the quarters in a field To this end the Quartermaster Generall hath a chaine divided into Rhyn-landish foote Rodds at 12 foot the rodd an instrument vsed in fortification or at least a wodden crosse with foure right angles and a good number of Beackons with banroles vpon them called Quarter beackons whereof the statues are painted and are some nine or ten foote long and sets vp one of these angles of every quarter Being come into the field in which he is resolued to encampe the Army first he layes out the circuit of the Generall quarter with foure exteriour lines in such sort that every corner of the quartes makes a right angle After one hath measured out the foure lines abouesaid he sets vp foure quarter Beacons and then begins to lay out every quarter a part according to the proportion which he hath marked in this paper but to the end one may not err he puts upon the little cut paper the number of every quarter with which also the Beacons are marked by which meanes the same quarter is bounded in the field and the number is painted or cut upon the Beacons It will not be amisse to have alwayes foure of them of one number which may easely be known by the Beacons in case they were all of one coulour All which is demonstrated in the figure of a Campe where the Beacons are set up and noted with the figures 1 2 3 4. The duty of a Quartermaster of a Regiment AFter all this is done and every particular quarter drawne out in the Feild euery quartermaster distributes the ground to the Companies of his Regiment according to the Iehnographie of the figure of 10 Companies showne before for a Regiment In laying out of his quarter he vseth a line of 300 foote long and every eight foote is marked for the depth and bredth of the huts and streets sticking downe into the ground at euery eighth foote a